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Report No. 285 W.Epa.Ie EPA Research Report 285 Nutrient Dynamics and Ecophysiology of Opportunistic Macroalgal Blooms in Irish Report No. 285 Estuaries and Coastal Bays (Sea-MAT) Authors: Ricardo Bermejo, Svenja Heesch, Moya O’Donnell, Nessa Golden, Michéal MacMonagail, Maeve Edwards, Edna Curley, Owen Fenton, Eve Daly and Liam Morrison Nutrient Dynamics and Ecophysiology of Identifying pressures Opportunistic Macroalgal Blooms in Irish Estuaries Eutrophication is still a challenge for Europe and, in 2017, 100,000 km2 of coastal ecosystems remained affected. This equates to an area almost one and a half times the size of Ireland. In Ireland, 16% of transitional and coastal and Coastal Bays (Sea-MAT) waters are classified as potentially eutrophic. The Sea-MAT project monitored four estuarine locations affected by Authors: Ricardo Bermejo, Svenja Heesch, Moya O’Donnell, Nessa Golden, Michéal macroalgal blooms (green tides). Macroalgal coverage and biomass abundances were considerably higher than the threshold values according to the monitoring tool used for the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD, MacMonagail, Maeve Edwards, Edna Curley, Owen Fenton, Eve Daly and Liam Morrison 2000/60/EC). Green tides comprise laminar and tubular Ulva spp., with tubular morphologies more numerous and less susceptible to transportation out of the estuary. Tubular morphologies appear to be buried at the end of the bloom, favouring accumulation of organic matter and nutrients in sediments. These can be a potential source of nutrients for subsequent blooms, perpetuating the eutrophication problem. The arrival of the non-native species Gracilaria vermiculophylla is an additional pressure as this species is able to bloom in areas where native species cannot. Informing policy In Ireland, the ecological status of transitional waters is assessed via the European Union WFD, based on physicochemical and biological parameters, which stipulates that good status must be achieved in order to protect associated ecosystems. The findings of the Sea-MAT project have implications for WFD assessment and provide information on future blooms in the context of climate change, as proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for Irish coastal waters, forecasting earlier blooms with greater biomasses. These blooms are of great concern to the Local Authority Waters Programme (LAWPRO), which focuses on the protection and improvement of water quality, including estuarine and coastal waters, by engaging public bodies, stakeholders and local communities, and also to An Fóram Uisce, a statutory body established to represent all stakeholders interested in water quality. Developing solutions The Sea-MAT project has provided an understanding of the role of local environmental conditions in the development of macroalgal blooms in Ireland. Recommendations to reduce the impact of seaweed tides and control their development are proposed. Molecular tools successfully revealed the multispecific composition of Irish green tides and confirmed the presence of the alien species G. vermiculophylla along Irish coasts. The determination of the nitrogen content of the seaweeds forming blooms in Ireland revealed that nitrogen levels were above that needed to sustain the blooms and that other controlling factors limited growth throughout year. Remote sensing techniques are an effective and accurate method for monitoring the spatial extent of bloom events in Irish estuaries. EPA Research: McCumiskey House, Richiew, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14. www.epa.ie Phone: 01 268 0100 www.epa.ie Twitter:@EPAResearchNews EPA Research Webpages Email: [email protected] www.epa.ie/researchandeducation/research/ EPA-ReportCover-285-Jul19-v1.indd 2 04/07/2019 10:34 EPA-ReportCover-285-Jul19-v1.indd 1 04/07/2019 10:34 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Monitoring, Analysing and Reporting on the The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for Environment protecting and improving the environment as a valuable asset • Monitoring air quality and implementing the EU Clean Air for for the people of Ireland. We are committed to protecting people Europe (CAFÉ) Directive. and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation and • Independent reporting to inform decision making by national pollution. and local government (e.g. periodic reporting on the State of Ireland’s Environment and Indicator Reports). The work of the EPA can be divided into three main areas: Regulating Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions • Preparing Ireland’s greenhouse gas inventories and projections. Regulation: We implement effective regulation and environmental • Implementing the Emissions Trading Directive, for over 100 of compliance systems to deliver good environmental outcomes and the largest producers of carbon dioxide in Ireland. target those who don’t comply. Knowledge: We provide high quality, targeted and timely Environmental Research and Development environmental data, information and assessment to inform • Funding environmental research to identify pressures, inform decision making at all levels. policy and provide solutions in the areas of climate, water and sustainability. Advocacy: We work with others to advocate for a clean, productive and well protected environment and for sustainable Strategic Environmental Assessment environmental behaviour. • Assessing the impact of proposed plans and programmes on the Irish environment (e.g. major development plans). Our Responsibilities Radiological Protection Licensing • Monitoring radiation levels, assessing exposure of people in We regulate the following activities so that they do not endanger Ireland to ionising radiation. human health or harm the environment: • Assisting in developing national plans for emergencies arising • waste facilities (e.g. landfills, incinerators, waste transfer from nuclear accidents. stations); • Monitoring developments abroad relating to nuclear • large scale industrial activities (e.g. pharmaceutical, cement installations and radiological safety. manufacturing, power plants); • Providing, or overseeing the provision of, specialist radiation • intensive agriculture (e.g. pigs, poultry); protection services. • the contained use and controlled release of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs); Guidance, Accessible Information and Education • sources of ionising radiation (e.g. x-ray and radiotherapy • Providing advice and guidance to industry and the public on equipment, industrial sources); environmental and radiological protection topics. • large petrol storage facilities; • Providing timely and easily accessible environmental • waste water discharges; information to encourage public participation in environmental • dumping at sea activities. decision-making (e.g. My Local Environment, Radon Maps). • Advising Government on matters relating to radiological safety National Environmental Enforcement and emergency response. • Conducting an annual programme of audits and inspections of • Developing a National Hazardous Waste Management Plan to EPA licensed facilities. prevent and manage hazardous waste. • Overseeing local authorities’ environmental protection responsibilities. Awareness Raising and Behavioural Change • Supervising the supply of drinking water by public water • Generating greater environmental awareness and influencing suppliers. positive behavioural change by supporting businesses, • Working with local authorities and other agencies to tackle communities and householders to become more resource environmental crime by co-ordinating a national enforcement efficient. network, targeting offenders and overseeing remediation. • Promoting radon testing in homes and workplaces and • Enforcing Regulations such as Waste Electrical and Electronic encouraging remediation where necessary. Equipment (WEEE), Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and substances that deplete the ozone layer. Management and structure of the EPA • Prosecuting those who flout environmental law and damage the The EPA is managed by a full time Board, consisting of a Director environment. General and five Directors. The work is carried out across five Offices: Water Management • Office of Environmental Sustainability • Monitoring and reporting on the quality of rivers, lakes, • Office of Environmental Enforcement transitional and coastal waters of Ireland and groundwaters; • Office of Evidence and Assessment measuring water levels and river flows. • Office of Radiation Protection and Environmental Monitoring • National coordination and oversight of the Water Framework • Office of Communications and Corporate Services Directive. The EPA is assisted by an Advisory Committee of twelve members • Monitoring and reporting on Bathing Water Quality. who meet regularly to discuss issues of concern and provide advice to the Board. EPA RESEARCH PROGRAMME 2014–2020 Nutrient Dynamics and Ecophysiology of Opportunistic Macroalgal Blooms in Irish Estuaries and Coastal Bays (Sea-MAT) (2015-W-MS-20) EPA Research Report Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency by National University of Ireland, Galway Authors: Ricardo Bermejo, Svenja Heesch, Moya O’Donnell, Nessa Golden, Michéal MacMonagail, Maeve Edwards, Edna Curley, Owen Fenton, Eve Daly and Liam Morrison ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY An Ghníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil PO Box 3000, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Ireland Telephone: +353 53 916 0600 Fax: +353 53 916 0699 Email: [email protected] Website: www.epa.ie Acknowledgements Disclaimer © Environmental Protection Agency 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is published as part
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