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Documentación Internacional DOS DOCUMENTOS INTERNACIONALES SOBRE GIBRALTAR: EL "LIBRO ROJO" Y LA II RESOLUCIÓN DE LA O. N. U. I POLÍTICA INTERNACIONAL se ha ocupado, respectivamente, de Gibraltar en sus aspec- tos político y diplomático, (por la pluma del infrascrito) y militar y naval (por las de los señores Martínez Campos y Manresa). Ha inserto una serie de textos internacionales referentes a dicha Colonia, tanto en el estudio sobre la descolonización, aparecido en su número 74, como en los referentes a la primera resolución (o consensus) de la O.N. U, en 1964. Y ha recogido íntegramente, con observaciones y sin mutilaciones, el «Libro Blanco» británico de este año. Al comentarlo, anunciábamos que el Ministerio de Asun- tos Exteriores español pensaba darle réplica. Esta se ha producido, en forma de «Libro Rojo», precediendo de cerca a la segunda resolución de la O. N. U. sobre el problema, jue juntamente con el texto introductorio del «Libro Rojo», publicamos después. Em- pecemos por destacar las características del «Libro Rojo». Se trata de un espléndido volumen de 546 páginas, en el que, tras de la exposición preliminar, sé recogen 140 documentos, ocho mapas y dos fotografías aéreas. Los docu- mentos constituyen en algunos casos una revelación, aun para los especialistas, y en su mayoría lo son para el público—español, británico o de tercer origen—al que interesa el problema. España viene acusando exagerada cautela en la publicación de textos diplomáticos; otras cancillerías, o particulares, desigualmente escrupulosos, llenan aquel vacío con publicaciones que, en el mejor de los supuestos, son incompletas, sin que falten las de clara tendenciosidad anti-española. En el caso concreto de Gibraltar, y a falta del recurso que más rápidamente pudiera solucionar el problema que creó y man- tiene, la fuerza material, podemos exhibir la razón, ahora que el tema ha saltado a la palestra internacional por su discusión en la O. N. U. En las páginas del texto introduc- torio del «Libro Rojo» se describe con precisión irrefutable la trayectoria del problema, así como posición de las partes; sin que la defensa del punto de vista español pueda adolecer de la tacha en que incurrió el «Libro Blanco» británico, porque el nuestro recoge objetivamente también los documentos o alegatos más adversos. Los elogios que tributamos al «Libro Rojo» no impiden algunos reparos, que no merman su valor. Así, encontramos que el Libro reduce la extensión proporcionalmente asignable a algunas facetas del problema, quizá porque las crea menos oportunas o útiles en los momentos actuales. Como el papel de Gibraltar como foco perpetuo de conspiraciones, propagandas y otras intromisiones en la vida nacional española, y no sólo en tiempos puramente históricos. Su función antineutralística en las dos guerras mundiales y la que durante la civil entre españoles favoreció males espoleados desde el exterior. Las sugestiones secretas, pero conocidas, del período 1915-19. La continuación de los ataques a la sobe- ranía española en el período de regateos entre los tres «Grandes» (cuando, en el mo- mento máximo de la diplomacia secreta, Stalin ofrecía a Churchill «el trozo de territo- 257 17 DOS DOCUMENTOS SODRE GlBRALTAR: EL «LIBRO ROJO» Y LA II RESOLUCIÓN DE LA 0. N. U. rio vecino ocupado por Franco»). Tampoco hubieran venido mal los edificantes textos de las instrucciones que el «Colonial Office» daba a los gobernadores militares del Peñón en el siglo xix, para invadir el territorio vecino, prosiguiendo una política hostil iniciada con la ayuda a berberiscos beligerantes. La irradiación del peligro (manejos respecto a Tarifa y Ceuta), las vejaciones vergonzosas a los escasos residentes españoles, especialmente en el período 1938-45. Nos parece grave la falta de desarrollo exposi- tivo del problema del corrimiento continuo de la frontera marítima sobre la Bahía, que no podrá separarse por mucho tiempo del inevitable planteamiento diplomático del co- rrimiento de la línea terrestre. En el Libro (Documento 17, pág. 189) se da cuenta de que la correspondencia entre los dos gobiernos, concluida en 1883 por decisión inglesa, se ha presentado al Parlamento de Londres en 1883. Pero, además de que tales docu- mentos son de difícil manejo, hechos nuevos se han añadido a las ampliaciones inglesas del puerto (?), mediante las «iicensing zones» y la línea del «meridiano central», aparte de las provechosas regulaciones unilaterales del acceso por mar a La Línea, población española que sigue esperando la construcción de su puerto. Igualmente, y pensando en la posible ampliación del Libro en futuras ediciones, señalamos la conveniencia de que cualquier lector pueda conocer y juzgar por su propio criterio la «Gibraltar (Cons- titution) Order in council» de 1964, que los ingleses califican de Constitución demo- crática do un ente autónomo. Porque su lectura prueba que se trata de un régimen colonial, y no de los más avanzados, dentro de la lista de categorías coloniales en que el Reino Unido distribuye a sus dependencias, según el desarrollo de las institu- ciones locales. Además de dicha disposición, habría que hacer referencia a otras cumpli- mentarías que refuerzan el poder absoluto de la metrópoli, como la Ordenanza sobre el Estatuto de los extranjeros 1962 y, por supuesto, que a la práctica que reduce la supuesta autonomía constitucional a la aplicación del propósito de Inglaterra de que- darse para siempre, del modo más útil y sin limitación alguna. También vendría bien insertar las normas españolas que han configurado al Campo de Gibraltar: RRDD. de 12 de diciembre de 1880 y 2 de noviembre de 1904; DD. de 24 de septiembre de 1942, 29 de julio de 1944 y 2 de diciembre de 1965, entre otros. Reconocemos, con since- ridad, que no son un modelo de exhibición, ya que revelan las mezquindades y vacila- ciones de los Gobiernos españoles, estableciendo rudimentarias estructuras en lugar de haber creado, desde hace decenios, una provincia española de Gibraltar mimada por el poder central, dotada de un régimen propio, y con su núcleo en la bahía de Alge- ciras. Lento es también el funcionamiento del plan de desarrollo, enunciado con más rapidez que ejecutado. Finalmente, alguna otra pequeña omisión puede producir con- fusión al lector sobre la trabazón cronológica del relato: la primera vez que España expuso, del modo posible, la postura española ante la O. N. U., fue a poco de ingresar, y por boca del entonces ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, en los comienzos de 1956. II El Libro publica los documentos recopilados siguiendo un orden casi cronológico, dentro de las varias facetas que especializadamente desarrolla. Al referirnos a las mis- mas, seguimos el orden de la exposición original. Era forzoso al Libro iniciar su relato con el de los orígenes del problema, tan des- figuradamente abordados por el Libro Blanco británico. Es claro que no resulta muy agradable recordar que la ayuda a un pertendiente en una contienda dinástica de un país contra el que no se guerreaba dio oportunidad para ocupar a viva fuerza una plaza 258 DOS DOCUMENTOS SOBRE GlBRALTARl EL «LIBRO ROJO') Y LA II RESOLUCIÓN DE LA O.N. B. en nombre de aquél; pero que luego se izó el pabellón del ocupante, dando tiemp» para que a la hora de la paz, en un tratado negociado sin el asentimiento de las víc- timas, se estableciera un artículo de redacción confusa que en lo sucesivo y cuando con- viene se invoca, y cuando no, se declara caducado. Pensamos que el Libro pud'era haber explicado que la concesión de la libertad de culto católico a los «habitadores» de lx plaza significaba que éstos, fara los firmantes del Tratado, eran los españoles a los qut la soldadesca ocupante ahuyentó, para que ya no volvieran, por no ser autor'zadoí por la autoridad invasora en su rígida política de aislamiento del Peñón de su Campa. a fin de que no se reconstituyera de modo gradual, insensible y espontáneo, la unidaí natural y humana quebrantada. Iniciando la creación de un núcleo basado en su hete- rogéneo acampamiento de gentes importadas, primero para servir de cantineros y pro- veedores a la guarnición (aparte de las otras ocupaciones que surgen en tales casos\ y modernamente, para exhibirlo como «pueblo» adicto a la Metrópoli, de cuya confee- ción indiscutible es el género de vida, y parasitario, que disfruta ese elemento colo- cado en situación irreconciliable con la restitución a España, por mucho que ésta pregone las garantías que otorgaría a cualquier residente consagrado a una actividad b'cita. El Libro precisa dalos desigualmente divulgados sobre los intentos de reconquista y de restitución; ésta, sólo en dos casos sinceramente negociada, aunque después se los haya invocado como engaño fácil que acalle a España en momentos de apuro exte- rior inglés, en los que precisaba al menos la neutralidad del país exf-oliado. El última de estos engaños fue el desmentido (con más cinismo que éxito) por Lord Temp?ewoo8, al que una reproducción fotográfica del Times inserta en el Libro, rectifica con toda claridad. Entre los documentos constitutivos de una revelación, para muchos, están los que & estudio consagra al avance terrestre (hacia el norte) de los estrechos e incómodos ocu- pantes del pequeño espacio cedido en 1713. Avances que desde 1815 revistieron una forma escandalosa, quizá como correspondencia a la decisiva contribución española en la común victoria anti-napoleónica, y a la subsiguiente sumisión de la España fernandinm a Londres. Buena prueba de que los regímenes britanófilos no son los mejor tratadas jor sus mentores, pues lo que éstos desean para España no es un régimen estable, por dócil que sea, sino el caos. Documentos y mapas jalonan los momentos de la usurpa- ción del pedazo de itsmo que por mutua conveniencia se declarara suelo neutral en el aspecto militar, hasta que los campamentos de evacuados sanitarios (autorizados por ¡a autoridad española) se cubrieron con dos líneas, en 1854 y 1908 (según las fechas que fija el Libro), que han anticipado medio siglo el muro de la vergüenza berlinés, y haa sustraído 850 metros desde la línea de Utrech, dejando espacio para erigir el aeródromo colonial en plena guerra civil española y con mano de obra y materiales españoles.
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