Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Dyson Technology Ltd March 2017

90 Victoria Street, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS1 6DP Tel: +44 (0)117 925 4393 Fax: +44 (0)117 925 4239 Email: [email protected] Website: www.wyg.com

WYG Environment Planning Transport Limited. Registered in England & Wales Number: 03050297 Registered Office: Arndale Court, Otley Road, Headingley, Leeds, LS6 2UJ

Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Document control

Document: Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Project: Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Client: Dyson Technology Ltd

Job Number: A099314

File Origin: A099314 Hullavington Dyson DBA

Revision: Draft

Date: February 2017

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By: Dr Tudor Skinner, Consultant Martin Brown, Principal Simon McCudden, Associate Archaeologist Archaeologist Director

Revision: 1

Date: March 2017

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By: Dr Tudor Skinner, Consultant Martin Brown, Principal Simon McCudden, Associate Archaeologist Archaeologist Director

Description of revision: Minor text and formatting revisions.

Revision:

Date:

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By:

Description of revision:

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Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Contents

1. Introduction ...... 4

1.1 Aim and Objectives ...... 4

2. Site Location and Conditions ...... 5

3. Methodology ...... 5

3.1 Sources Consulted ...... 6

4. Planning Policy Context ...... 6

4.1 National Legislation and Guidance ...... 6

4.1.1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 1979...... 6

4.1.2 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990 ...... 6

4.1.3 National Planning Policy Framework 2012 ...... 7

4.2 Local Policy and Guidance ...... 8

4.2.1 Wiltshire Core Strategy (2015) ...... 8

5. Baseline Data ...... 9

5.1 Designated Sites ...... 9

5.2 Archaeological and Historic Background ...... 10

5.2.1 Archaeological Background and Non-Designated Heritage Assets ...... 10

5.2.2 Prehistoric (to 43 AD) ...... 10

5.2.3 Romano-British (AD43 to AD410) ...... 12

5.2.4 Early medieval/Anglo-Saxon (410 to 1066 AD) ...... 13

5.2.5 Medieval Period (1066AD-c.1540AD) ...... 14

5.2.6 Post-medieval (1540-1750 AD), Industrial (1750-1900 AD) and Modern (1900- present) ...... 15

6. Historic Mapping Survey ...... 17

7. Site Walkover Survey ...... 18

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Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

8. Heritage Potential and Impacts ...... 19

8.1 Archaeological Potential ...... 19

9. Mitigation Recommendations and Conclusions ...... 22

9.1 Archaeological Remains ...... 22

Appendices ......

Frontispiece: Assorted aircraft stored outside Hangars 85 and 86 on 14th April 1946. Photograph courtesy of Dan Gurney.

A099314 March 2017 www.wyg.com creative minds safe hands

Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

1. Introduction

This Archaeological Desk Based Assessment has been prepared by Dr Tudor Skinner, Consultant Archaeologist, WYG, on behalf of Dyson Technology Ltd as part of a planning application for proposed development at Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire. The proposal is for the change of use and refurbishment of two hangars for office/research and development use. In addition, a temporary car park is to be constructed between the two hangars.

WYG are a Registered Organisation with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA).

1.1 Aim and Objectives

In accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) standard definition of a desk-based assessment (Standard and Guidance for Desk-Based Assessment, 2014):

Desk-based assessment will determine, as far as is reasonably possible from existing records, the nature, extent and significance of the historic environment within a specified area. Desk-based assessment will be undertaken using appropriate methods and practices which satisfy the stated aims of the project, and which comply with the Code of conduct and other relevant regulations of CIfA. In a development context desk-based assessment will establish the impact of the proposed development on the significance of the historic environment (or will identify the need for further evaluation to do so), and will enable reasoned proposals and decisions to be made whether to mitigate, offset or accept without further intervention that impact.

This study examines the cultural heritage potential of the proposed development site and the surrounding area. The aim of the study is to:

 Identify recorded cultural heritage sites within the site boundary;

 Identify the potential for previously unrecorded sites to be present within the site;

 Identify potential impacts and mitigation strategies where appropriate; and

 Make recommendations for further work where required.

Cultural heritage includes all buried and upstanding archaeological remains, built heritage sites, historic landscapes and any other features that contribute to the archaeological and historic interest of the area, including their settings. However, note that this document only assesses the impacts of the scheme in relation to archaeological and historic landscape remains, and a separate baseline heritage statement has been prepared, which specifically addresses the built heritage and setting impacts of the proposed scheme.

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Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

This baseline assessment considers the heritage potential within the site itself, the surrounding area and wider local and regional context. In terms of its archaeological content, this assessment does not attempt to plot and review every archaeological find and monument; rather, it aims to examine the distribution of evidence and to use this to predict the archaeological potential of the study area and the likely impacts of the development proposals on those remains.

2. Site Location and Conditions

The application site is located on the south east edge of Hullavington Airfield, set between the villages of Hullavington, Stanton St Quintin and Lower Stanton St Quintin in northern Wiltshire, between Malmesbury and Chippenham. It is located in the parish of Malmesbury St Paul Without. The application site itself comprises a roughly trapezoidal parcel of land centred on ST 89697 80804 and set at c. 105m above Ordnance Datum, including two hangars from the former airfield amidst open land. The site is bordered by open land to the south, by Stock Wood to the northwest and by the surviving runways of the airfield to the northeast. It is situated within the wider Hullavington Rolling Lowland Landscape Character Area, noted for its aforesaid aspect, irregular field systems, villages of undressed limestone and dispersed farmsteads (White Consultants 2004).

The geology of the development site comprises Jurassic Period sedimentary bedrock belonging to the Cornbrash Formation (Limestone). The southeast edge of the proposed development area borders mudstone from the Forest Marble Formation, also of the Jurassic Period. No drift geology is reported and no borehole surveys have been undertaken within the application site (British Geological Survey 2017).

3. Methodology

Impact assessment has been carried out through the consideration of baseline conditions in relation to the elements of the scheme that could cause cultural heritage impacts. Baseline conditions are defined as the existing environmental conditions and in applicable cases, the conditions that would develop in the future without the scheme. In accordance with best practice, this report assumes that the scheme will be constructed, although the use of the word ‘will’ in the text should not be taken to mean that implementation of the scheme is certain.

No standard method of evaluation and assessment is provided for the assessment of impact significance upon cultural heritage, therefore a set of evaluation and assessment criteria have been developed using a combination of the Secretary of State’s criteria for Scheduling Monuments (Scheduled Monument

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Statement, Annex 1), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07 and Transport Analysis Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9, Heritage of Historic Resources Sub-Objective). Professional judgment is used in conjunction with these criteria to undertake the impact assessment. A copy of this impact assessment methodology is included in Appendix B.

3.1 Sources Consulted

A study area of 1km buffer around the application site has been examined to assess the nature of the surrounding cultural heritage sites and place the recorded sites within their context. This study has taken into consideration the historical and archaeological background of the proposed development area. The sources consulted were:

 Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record;  National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) (formerly the National Monuments Record (NMR));  Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre;  Historic England and Local Planning Authority for designated sites;  Historic mapping including early Ordnance Survey, and  Secondary research including previously completed archaeological reports for the surrounding area, regional research frameworks and grey literature and journal articles, as appropriate.

4. Planning Policy Context 4.1 National Legislation and Guidance 4.1.1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 1979 Scheduled Monuments are designated by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport on the advice of English Heritage, as selective examples of nationally important archaeological and historical remains. Under the terms of Part 1, Section 2 of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, it is an offence to damage, disturb or alter a Scheduled Monument either above or below ground, without first obtaining permission from the Secretary of State. This Act does not allow for the protection of the setting of Scheduled Monuments.

4.1.2 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990 The Act outlines the provisions for designation, control of works and enforcement measures relating to Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas. Section 66 of the Act states that the planning authority must have

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Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

special regard to the desirability of preserving the setting of any Listed Building that may be affected by the grant of planning permission. Section 72 states that special attention shall be paid to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of Conservation Areas.

4.1.3 National Planning Policy Framework 2012 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) sets out the Government’s national planning policies including those on the conservation of the historic environment. The NPPF covers all aspects of the historic environment and heritage assets including designated assets (World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Conservation Areas, Registered Parks and Gardens and Registered Battlefields) and non-designated assets. The NPPF draws attention to the benefits that conserving the historic environment can bring to the wider objectives of the NPPF in relation to sustainability, economic benefits and place-making (para 126).

The NPPF states that the significance of heritage assets (including their settings) should be identified, described and the impact of the proposal on the significance of the asset should be assessed. The planning application should include sufficient information to enable the impact of proposals on significance to be assessed and thus where desk-based research is insufficient to assess the interest, field evaluation may also be required. The NPPF identifies that the requirements for assessment and mitigation of impacts on heritage assets should be proportional to their significance and the potential impact (para 128).

The NPPF sets out the approach local authorities should adopt in assessing development proposals within the context of applications for development of both designated and non-designated assets. Great weight should be given to the conservation of designated heritage assets and harm or loss to significance through alteration or destruction should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional (para 132). Additional guidance is given on the consideration of elements within World Heritage Sites and Conservation Areas (para 138).

Where there is substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset a number of criteria must be met alongside achieving substantial public benefits (para 133). Where there is less than substantial harm the harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the development (para 134). Balanced judgements should be made when weighing applications that affect non-designated heritage assets (para 134). The NPPF also makes provision to allow enabling development (para 140) and allowing development which enhances World Heritage Sites and Conservation Areas (para 127).

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Where loss of significance as a result of development is considered justified, the NPPF includes provision to allow for the recording and advancing understanding of the asset before it is lost in a manner proportionate to the importance and impact. The results of these investigations and the archive should be made publically accessible. The ability to record evidence should not however be a factor in deciding whether loss should be permitted (para 141).

4.2 Local Policy and Guidance 4.2.1 Wiltshire Core Strategy (2015) The Wiltshire Core Strategy is the principal document in the council's Local Plan. It was adopted in 2015 and covers the administrative county of Wiltshire, excluding areas within the New Forest National Park. It sets out the spatial planning strategy for the area up to 2026. A number of earlier policies relating to development, archaeology and the historic environment have been superseded by two overarching policies in the Core Strategy, within Strategic Objective 5: protecting and enhancing the natural, historic and built environment:

 Core Policy 57: Ensuring high quality design and place shaping

A high standard of design is required in all new developments, including extensions, alterations, and changes of use of existing buildings. Development is expected to create a strong sense of place through drawing on the local context and being complimentary to the locality. Applications for new development must be accompanied by appropriate information to demonstrate how the proposal will make a positive contribution to the character of Wiltshire through:

i. Enhancing local distinctiveness by responding to the value of the natural and historic environment, relating positively to its landscape setting and the existing pattern of development and responding to local topography by ensuring that important views into, within and out of the site are to be retained and enhanced.

iv. Being sympathetic to and conserving historic buildings and historic landscapes.

 Core Policy 58: Ensuring the conservation of the historic environment

Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment.

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Designated heritage assets and their settings will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced in a manner appropriate to their significance, including:

i. Nationally significant archaeological remains ii. World Heritage Sites within and adjacent to Wiltshire iii. Buildings and structures of special architectural or historic interest iv. The special character or appearance of conservation areas v. Historic parks and gardens vi. Important landscapes, including registered battlefields and townscapes

Distinctive elements of Wiltshire’s historic environment, including non-designated heritage assets, which contribute to a sense of local character and identity will be conserved, and where possible enhanced. The potential contribution of these heritage assets towards wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits will also be utilised where this can be delivered in a sensitive and appropriate manner in accordance with Core Policy 57.

Heritage assets at risk will be monitored and development proposals that improve their condition will be encouraged. The advice of statutory and local consultees will be sought in consideration of such applications.

The full text of the relevant policies can be seen in Appendix D.

5. Baseline Data 5.1 Designated Sites

A study area of 1km buffer of the application site has been examined to assess the nature of the surrounding cultural heritage sites and place the recorded sites within their context.

There are no World Heritage Sites, Registered Battlefields or Scheduled Monuments within the study area. The application site is located within the Hullavington Airbase Conservation Area. RAF Hullavington was a showpiece build during a rollout of airfields across the country in the mid to late 1930s. The majority of the buildings were constructed of Bath stone. It also has 24 Aircraft storage units, a number of which retain their original earth covering. It operated from 1937 to 1965. The Conservation Area encompasses the buildings, the airfield and some adjacent land.

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Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

One Grade II listed building is located within the 1km buffer study area, though it is located at some distance from the site itself, on the southern approach into the village of Hullavington. Rose Cottage, an 18th-century gabled house of two storeys, is located on the southern edge of the village (List entry 1356039). It has a colourwashed render and a stone slate roof. There is a stone plaque with bunches of grapes and the letters ‘JT’.

The locations of the designated heritage assets within the study area are indicated in Appendix D, Figure 2.

5.2 Archaeological and Historic Background 5.2.1 Archaeological Background and Non-Designated Heritage Assets A data search of the Wiltshire Historic Environment Record has been undertaken and the details of sites can be seen in Appendix D and on Figures 3 and 4. The Historic Environment Record for Wiltshire holds details for 14 recorded archaeological monuments (excluding designated assets), as well as 1 archaeological event, within the 1km study area.

There are two pre-modern heritage assets in or adjacent to the application site that are worthy of further attention. One complex of overlapping cropmarks is situated immediately to the northeast of the proposed development. This complex includes two conjoining ring ditches of unknown date (HER MWI2525 & 2526) joined by a further ring ditch 60 metres to the south (HER MWI2527). All three ring ditches overlap with a network of irregular rectilinear cropmarks of unknown function or date (HER MWI 2528). Given that these cropmarks terminate abruptly at the road dividing the application site from the runway it is reasonable to assume that they extend into the application area but have been obscured by the existing development and landscaping.

One early medieval monument is potentially located within the application site. In his ‘Place Names of Wiltshire’, Gover (1939, 51) identified a strata publica (lit. ‘public street’) with a former bridleway that ran along the south side of Stock Wood and then northeast to Kingway Barn and beyond (HER MWI5530). The identification is not firm and it is unclear whether the road referred to was constructed in that period or was instead an earlier survival. Nonetheless it increases the potential presence of heritage assets within the application site. A number of features from RAF Hullavington are set extant upon the application site. These include two D-type hangers designed for the storage of medium to large-sized aircraft. Gun testing butts are recorded to the southwest of the application site (HER MWI63888), adjacent to the former location of a blister hangar.

5.2.2 Prehistoric (to 43 AD) Across Britain, the main evidence for the Palaeolithic period are stone tools. Sites are typically recognised from lithic scatters, often found within river gravels and terraces. The geography of known remains is often

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highly regionalised, as sediments from the period have often been destroyed or reworked by natural processes. Palaeolithic activity in the region is not well characterised due to the paucity of data. Typically, ‘sites’ are recognised from lithic scatters, often found within river gravels and terraces and the open landscape findspots of the Avon valley, although the density drops in the Upper Avon and north of Salisbury (Hosfield et al. 2007, 30-31).

Like the Palaeolithic period, the Mesolithic is characterised by ephemeral traces of activity and sites are principally recognised from concentrations of lithics, as the temporary settlements used by these communities left little other trace in the landscape. Mesolithic activity in Wiltshire is focussed around the south, northeast and northwest of the county with a focus on riverine environments (Hosfield et al. 2007, 57). No Palaeolithic or Mesolithic artefacts have been identified within the search area.

The Neolithic was a period of increasingly permanent human occupation, although seasonal mobility and the exploitation of wild resources continued throughout the period. Mortuary monuments, along with the introduction of pottery and domesticated animals, and arable farming practices traditionally mark the beginning of the Neolithic period. The construction of large ceremonial monuments mark a clear change in ideology from the preceding Mesolithic period, and such monuments arguably indicate increasing stratification within society; common examples in Wiltshire include causewayed enclosures, such as Windmill Hill at Avebury, long barrows, such as West Kennet or Adam’s Grave and the Stonehenge cursus. There is also a developing tradition of structured deposits in pits, including the significant, recent finds at Bulford SFA, while the megalithic building tradition begins at Stonehenge and Avebury. Within the study area, a findspot of a Neolithic flint arrowhead is recorded west of Stanton St Quintin (Mon. No 208265).

The Bronze Age period is characterised by significant changes in material culture, and domestic and ceremonial architecture. The introduction of bronze metalworking is traditionally associated with the appearance of Beaker culture. Mortuary ceremonies also change emphasis in this period, with a shift from the large communal complexes and inhumations of the Neolithic, to individual cremations and round barrow cemeteries. Across Britain, the Bronze Age is also associated with increased agriculture activity and enclosures, associated with improved cultivation techniques, particularly in the Middle and Late periods. There was a shift to enclosed, settled agricultural communities in the middle to late Bronze Age in Wiltshire (Fitzpatrick et al. 2007, 117). No Bronze Age material has been identified within the study area but the circular crop marks identified during the aerial photograph search may represent earlier Bronze Age funerary monuments, commonly known as barrows.

By the Iron Age period, the regional landscape saw increasing evidence for field systems and enclosures and the period is also marked by evidence for the appearance of iron technology in the archaeological

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record. These changes are reflected throughout much of southern Britain, and the increased visibility of agricultural remains was prefigured in the late Bronze Age landscape in many regions. Defended sites and hillfort settlements have been the major focus of research within southern Britain over a number of years, and regionally, hillforts with chalk ramparts, as well as enclosed settlements are characteristic of the Wessex Iron Age. Malmesbury was originally the focus of an Iron Age promontory hillfort with substantial defences recorded in the north-east quadrant of the town. The defences of the fort appeared to be a stone wall which was burnt and subsequently robbed in the early medial period for renewed defences (Fitzpatrick 2007, 136).

No sites of early or later prehistoric date have been identified within the application site or the wider study. However, a number of cropmark features identified from aerial photographs potentially attest to prehistoric settlement and activity. One complex of overlapping cropmarks is situated immediately to the northeast of the application site. This has been divided into two conjoining ring ditches of unknown date (HER MWI2525 & 2526) joined by a further ring ditch 60 metres to the south (HER MWI2527). All three ring ditches overlap with a network of irregular rectilinear cropmarks of unknown function or date (HER MWI 2528). A larger complex of cropmarks has been identified on the west edge of the study area, separated from the application site by Stock Wood. The cropmarks consist of linear parchmarks and pits, most running broadly north/south, with potential pits enclosed by a rectilinear structure to the east of the complex (HER MWI2532). It is listed as a potential settlement site of unknown date by Wiltshire Historic Environment Record.

5.2.3 Romano-British (AD43 to AD410) Britain was occupied following Claudius’ successful invasion of 43 AD, and the southwest region witnessed extensive Roman activity and influence in the cultural landscape, particularly in Somerset, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire. Within Wiltshire this influence included extensive rural settlement, including small towns, such as the nearby Mildenhall, villas, and rural settlements and small villages, such as Knook and Chapperton Down on Salisbury Plain. The area also had significant urban settlement at Bath and Old Sarum, as well as a network of roads. North Wiltshire in particular is known as a significant area of pottery production, not least for the quantity and distribution of the Savernake-type wares (Holbrook et al. 2007).

No archaeological materials or features have been identified either within the application site or within the wider study area though the Roman road now known as the Fosse Way runs southwest to northeast approximately 3 miles to the west. Meanwhile, a Roman villa was excavated south of the study area in Stanton Park in 1910 (Mon. No 208219). This identified part of a room and a hypocaust, including wall plaster and Samian ware, generally dating between the 2nd and 4th centuries AD. A findspot of a coin of

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Probus (late 3rd century) is recorded in the vicinity of Stanton St Quintin (Mon. No 212719), as is an urn, in a quarry between Upper and Lower Stanton (Mon. No 212710).

5.2.4 Early medieval/Anglo-Saxon (410 to 1066 AD) The early medieval period is one of significant social, political, economic and cultural change. The mechanisms by which Roman territories came under Anglo-Saxon control and the degree of either system collapse or continuity from the late Romano-British period has generated much speculation in the context of southwest Britain. Burial sites are, however, a likely indicator of physical claims to land and are, in a number of cases, associated with earlier, prehistoric monuments. Roman field systems demonstrably influence the patterns of early medieval field and parish boundaries in some areas. It is clear, nevertheless, from monuments such as the Wansdyke, which runs north of the site, that this was a period of perceived, if not actual threat. This was also a period where Christianity became increasingly important, and sites in Wiltshire have been identified by archaeologists and historians as having early churches or monastic settlements. Perhaps the most visually conspicuous evidence for Saxon presence in the landscape of Southern England comes from cemeteries and burial sites, which are regarded by many as complex expressions of contemporary ideology, ritual and cultural identity (Williams 1998). The application site is located in one of the heartlands of the former kingdom of Wessex, and positioned between two foci of early medieval settlement, Malmesbury and Chippenham. Malmesbury is first mentioned in a spurious charter (though derived from an authentic source) of 675, granting land to a priest called Aldhelm (Edwards 1988). This is presumably the same bishop (and later saint) discussed by Bede who, as Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey, was noted for the introduction of the Benedictine Rule and notorious for his tortuously elaborate Latin prose. Meanwhile, its abbey was the burial place of Saxon king Aethelstan, grandson of Alfred the Great. By the time of the Domesday survey, Malmesbury was rated one of the principal settlements in Dorset. Chippenham meanwhile is chiefly known as the site of the Viking raid on Wessex in 878 and later setting for the surrender of Guthrum to Alfred (Keynes 1983).

None of the settlements in close proximity to the application site receive mention in the early medieval documentary record, save for Corston, mentioned in a confirmation of privileges to Malmesbury Abbey in 1065, on the eve of the Norman Conquest. A battle was recorded in 1016 between Cnut and Edmund Ironside in Sherston, c. 8 kilometres to the northwest of the application site. An early medieval hoard, including coins dating from 802 to 840, was found in Leigh Delamere to the southwest of the site in the mid 19th century (Mon. No 208228). An Anglo-Scandinavian harness fitting of 10th-century date has also been identified to the south of the site, in the parish of Stanton St Quinton (Portable Antiquities Scheme WILT- D1636B). Notwithstanding these identifications, there is little firm evidence for early medieval activity in or near the application site. One early medieval monument is potentially located within the application site. In his ‘Place Names of Wiltshire’, Gover (1939, 51) identified a strata publica (lit. ‘public street’) with a former

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bridleway that ran along the south side of Stock Wood and then northeast to Kingway Barn and beyond (HER MWI5530). The identification is not firm and it is unclear whether the road referred to was constructed in that period or was, instead, an earlier survival.

5.2.5 Medieval Period (1066AD-c.1540AD) The Norman Conquest of c. 1066 provides a firm date for the commencement of the medieval period across England. The origin of the social and physical structure of the landscape is rooted in the early medieval period with the rise of feudal estates, ecclesiastical power, both spiritual and temporal, and the development of nucleated settlement of villages and small towns. Like other parts of England the wealth of this part of Wiltshire was made on the back of sheep, with the downs used for grazing, while the greensand below the chalk was used for arable production. Monastic barns, such as Bradford-upon-Avon, and large churches, like Bishops Cannings and Potterne, attest to the prosperity of the area during the Middle Ages.

The site itself is located across the historically longstanding intersection of two parishes, that of Malmesbury St Paul Without and Stanton St Quintin; it also borders the parish of Hullavington. This reflects a longstanding division, noting that Malmesbury St Paul Without represents a reorganisation in 1894 of the former parish of Malmesbury. More precisely, the site is partly positioned in the former chapelry and tithing of Corston in Malmesbury parish. Both Corston and Hullavington are located within Startley Hundred in Domesday Book. Stanton St Quintin was instead located within the hundred of Chippenham. In Domesday Book Corston was a possession of the manor of Brokenborough, held by Malmesbury Abbey in both 1066 and 1086 and apparently a large and wealthy estate centre boasting mixed agricultural outputs. Hullavington meanwhile appears to have been a wealthy settlement of lesser magnitude, boasting much the same agricultural disposition. This was held by Harold Godwinsson in 1066, and by Ralph of Mortimer in 1086. Stanton St Quintin was held by a Brictric in 1066 and by Osbern Giffard in 1086. The abbey of St Mary’s, Glastonbury remained the tenant-in-chief both before and after the Norman Conquest. By 1377 the hundred of Startley had been incorporated within a new hundred of Malmesbury, along with the hundred of Chedglow and borough of Malmesbury (Freeman 1989). By various accounts of withdrawn suit to the former hundred of Startley in the 13th century, it is clear that Stanton St Quintin came to be rated within the aforesaid hundred, and thereafter Malmesbury.

The manor of Corston (which encompasses part of the application site) remained in the hands of Malmesbury Abbey until the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century, first within Brokenborough, then within the short-lived manor of Cowfold, before becoming the caput of an eponymous manor. The manor of Stanton St Quintin was held by various private owners, and was rated for a time within the Honour of Gloucester. At some point after the Domesday survey, Hullavington came into the possession of

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Clatford Priory, until the suppression of alien benefices in the 15th century. Thereafter, it was held by Eton College from 1443 until 1958.

No archaeological materials or features from the later medieval period have been identified within the proposed application site or the wider study area. The application site and its immediate surrounds are found in an area characterised by a predominantly rural economy. The field names are most informative in this respect, as almost all of the fields in the 18th and 19th century surveys are known as Leazes, indicative of common pasture on a parish boundary (Everitt 1985), an apt description for the location of the application site. This presumably reflects the forms of activity that took place at this location throughout the later medieval period, a mode of land use that was certainly present in the post-medieval period. In the immediate area, the churches of St Mary, Hullavington (Mon. No 208784) and St Giles, Stanton St Quintin (Mon. No 212330) reflect extant medieval architecture of the 12th century. A dovecote in Stanton St Quintin represents the last surviving element of the former manor house, dating from between the 13th and 15th centuries (Scheduled monument 1018612 & List entry 1200472).

5.2.6 Post-medieval (1540-1750 AD), Industrial (1750-1900 AD) and Modern (1900-present) The post-medieval period is an age of transition between the medieval word and the Industrial and Agricultural revolutions of the 18th and early 19th century. Across much of the area, the main pattern of rural settlement characteristic of the medieval period persisted during the post-medieval period with the use of the chalk downland for extensive grazing of sheep, with enclosure of the uplands being sporadic and late, historically speaking. That said, it is apparent the area of the application site, and the wider study area was subject to enclosure at an early date, and by the time of the 1719-20 surveys of Corston and Stanton St Quintin (see Historic Mapping below), all of the relevant land was divided into enclosed Leazes. Following the Dissolution, the manor of Corston proceeded through various private hands. In 1718 it was held by Sir Edward de Bouverie, who at this time purchased the adjacent manor of Stanton St Quintin, and in so doing drew all the land within the present application site under a single tenant-in-chief. These manors later passed into the hands of the Earl of Radnor. As mentioned above, the adjacent manor of Hullavington was held by Eton College, a situation that continued until 1958.

Post-medieval activity within the study area is largely represented by designated and non-designated farm buildings on the south edge of the contemporary settlement of Hullavington. Rose Cottage, an 18th-century gabled house of two storeys, is located on the southern edge of the village (List entry 1356039). It has a colourwashed render and a stone slate roof. There is a stone plaque with bunches of grapes and the letters ‘JT’. It is joined by two locally listed buildings, Barnfield Farm and 105 Hullavington. Barnfield Farm is a 19th-century farmstead with a courtyard plan (HER MWI66038). The farmhouse is the

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only surviving historic structure. Likewise 105 Hullavington comprises a 19th-century farmstead of dispersed plan (HER MWI66039). The farmhouse is the only surviving historic structure. There was formerly an outfarm located on the southeast edge of the village in the 19th century (HER MWI66056). This has since been demolished. Wood Farm in the southwest of the study area is the only other locally listed building of post-medieval date (HER MWI66037). This is a redeveloped outfarm of 19th-century date that retains a courtyard plan.

Agriculture dominated the area until 1936, when construction began on what became RAF Hullavington, as part of the rapid expansion of airborne infrastructure during a build-up of tensions in Europe in the 1930s (Photograph 7). It opened in 1937 as a Flying Training Station, is strongly representative of the improved architectural quality characteristic of the air bases developed under the post-1934 expansion of the RAF (HER MWI5546; Priddle 2003). Many of the buildings were constructed using Bath stone, and included the incorporation of Neo-Georgian and Art Deco styles. RAF Hullavington was a combined training school and aircraft storage unit, capable of holding over 500 aircraft at any given time, and one of the few in possession of a modern control tower at the outbreak of war. It maintained grass runways until 1941, when the introduction of larger aircraft necessitated strips of concrete and tarmac. Throughout the Second World War it operated predominantly as a training school, although was briefly redirected towards providing air cover for Bristol and Bath. In 1942 the Empire Central Flying School was established at Hullavington, in order to standardise procedure between allied pilots. It continued as a training facility after the war, specialising in airborne deployment. It was also the headquarters for a NATO facility, the Defence Codification Data Centre between 1966 and 1986, before this moved to Glasgow. RAF Hullavington was closed in 1993. Subsequently, it has been used by Volunteer Gliding Schools and as barracks for 9 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps.

It has 24 Aircraft Storage Units, a number of which retain their original earth covering, originally employed as a form of camouflage and protection. Most of the buildings associated with the airfield are located to the north and the east of the study area. Nonetheless, two D-type hangars are located on the application site itself. These were designed for the storage of medium and large aircraft. A blister hangar was also positioned in the southwest of the application site. Further detail on the extant built stock of Hullavington Airfield can be consulted in the built heritage report. A number of modern military features within the study area are recorded as undesignated heritage assets by the Wiltshire Historic Environment Record. A gun testing butt is located in the southwest corner of the application site (HER MWI63888). Another is located on the east edge of the study area, across the site from the runways (HER MWI63887). Finally, there is an extant air raid shelter associated with a pair of hangars on the south side of the airfield (HER MWI63955).

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6. Historic Mapping Survey

A selection of historic maps, including the early Ordnance Survey maps, the Malmesbury tithe map and a number of assorted enclosure maps were viewed at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre during the preparation of this report - a selection of maps are presented in Appendix E. Due to copyright issues it has not been possible to reproduce all images here. The mapping indicates that the area of the application site had comprised mixed, enclosed arable and pasture from at least 1718 until it was redeveloped into storage facilities for RAF Hullavington in 1936. Prior to this, field name evidence indicates that it comprised common pasture at the intersection between three parish boundaries, a situation of presumed long standing. The northwest boundary of the site reflects the former course of a road running between Corston and Stanton Park, first documented in the 11th century, and eradicated by the new runways.

Saxton’s map of Wiltshire (1576) depicts Hullavington and Stanton St Quintin, but no further detail. Speed reproduces the same details, but also indicates their position within Malmesbury hundred (1616). The first indication of site particulars in large scale mapping is found in Andrews and Dury’s 1773 map of Wiltshire. This depicts the aforesaid settlements, including Corston, and the road leading between Corston and Stanton Park. The Ordnance Survey map of 1813 (OSD 169) expands on this by depicting Stock Wood on the north side of the road.

The earliest detailed mapping of the site is found in the enclosure surveys of the manors of Stanton St Quintin and Corston, produced in 1719 and 1720 respectively. The Stanton St Quintin survey depicts land immediately to the southwest of the application site divided into three enclosures, two named New Leaze and another labelled as Fee land (490/1071). The Corston survey covers the application site itself (490/774). The remainder is depicted as enclosed ‘Layes’ (sic). A map of 1782 depicts the Stanton St Quintin edge of the site with field names, with two named ‘Cottel’s New Leaze’ and another named simply ‘New Leaze’ (490/1072). By 1834 these had been consolidated into two fields, one of which was called ’Charles New Leaze’ (1553/121). As the parish of Stanton St Quintin had previously had its tithes commuted, there is no following tithe map and award.

Following the 1720 survey of the manor of Corston, there is no further fine scale mapping until 1834. This depicts this part of the application site divided between two fields, ‘The Nine Acres’ and ‘Starveall’ (1553/105). The former name is clear enough, but the latter requires further examination. ‘Starveall’, as a field name, is found in several places in Wiltshire, including Stanton Fitzwarren and Chippenham (see Gover et al. 1939). This name indicates an area of poor cultivation (Field 2014). The Malmesbury tithe map of 1842 shows two parcels of land within the application site, bearing the above-mentioned names (TA/192). Both were arable, held by the Earl of Radnor and leased to one John Weeks Handy. The identical situation

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is recorded on a map of the Radnor estate produced in a map of the Radnor estate produced in the 1860s (1946/2/E/1).

The first edition 25-inch map (Wiltshire XIII.13, surveyed 1885) depicts the two fields of Stanton St Quintin much as earlier depicted. However, in the Corston part of the site, Starveall and The Nine Acres have been consolidated into a single field. No change is evident in the second editions of either the 25-inch or 6-inch maps. However, on the third edition 25-inch map of 1923 a small plantation appears to have been established on the south side of the Corston fields (Wiltshire XIII.13, revised 1921). This appears to represent the situation immediately prior to the construction of RAF Hullavington.

7. Site Walkover Survey

The site walkover took place during inclement weather, including wind, precipitation and low light. A selection of site photographs is included in Appendix C. This description focuses on potential archaeological material within the application site. For extended detail on the extant built fabric, please consult the Heritage Statement. The application site forms a trapezoid portion of land on the west side of Hullavington airfield, set between Stock Wood to the northwest and open grassland to the south (Photograph 1). The area of the application site circumscribes the immediate area around two D-type hangars constructed in the later 1930s, designed for the storage of medium and large aircraft. These are numbered 85 and 86 respectively. The application site also encompasses an area designated for temporary car parking. A small number of ancillary buildings and structure are present within the application site.

Neither Hangar 85 (Photograph 2) or Hangar 86 (Photograph 3) are currently in use. Given their wide footprint and light construction it is unlikely that either has deep foundations. As such it is possible that archaeological deposits could survive under the footprint of the hangars, albeit partially truncated. This applies to both the ancillary structures adjacent to the hangars (above ground storage tanks and breezeblock lean-tos) and the two smaller buildings immediately north of Hangar 86 (a boiler room and an electricity substation; Photograph 5). The concrete and asphalt access routes that cover the area around the hangars and the northeast side of the site in general will also only have resulted in slight ground reduction in their immediate area. The undulating concrete speed bumps next to the site of a former blister hangar (Photograph 4) are unlikely to have deeper foundations than expected elsewhere. Otherwise the remainder of the site is defined by overgrown grass, reflecting its long term use as pasture (Photograph 6). It is worth noting that the ground within the application site could have been disturbed more generally when it was used as overflow storage for large aircraft following the cessation of hostilities in 1945. A photograph of the application site from 1946 shows almost all the available space within the application site

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taken up with aircraft of various sizes (Photograph 7); however disturbance is unlikely to have been to a significant depth

A water tank is located immediately to the southeast of Hangar 86, enclosed within a wire mesh fence. Underground services are recorded running from the electricity substation along the northwest and northeast extents of Hangar 86 and beyond. They also run along the northwest perimeter of Hangar 85, before turning northwest at the termination of the Stock Wood treeline. Further services run along the access roads defining the northeast perimeter of the application site, with several extending southwest into the area of the application site proper. The open nature of the site makes it amenable to common mitigation strategies throughout (e.g. monitoring, trial trenching, etc).

8. Heritage Potential and Impacts 8.1 Archaeological Potential

The only designated heritage assets within the application site are the extant hangars and ancillary features of RAF Hullavington, insofar as they comprise elements of the Hullavington Airbase Conservation Area. The proposed refurbishment of the hangars will undoubtedly have an impact on the Conservation Area. There is circumstantial evidence that the northwest boundary of the site preserves the course of a routeway present in the 11th century, although this identification should be treated with some caution, deriving as it does from place-name analysis alone. There is a low to medium chance that groundworks on or near this perimeter could identify archaeological material of early or later medieval date. A more compelling archaeological resource has been identified immediately to the northeast of the application site boundary. This comprises cropmark features of potential ring-ditches (HER MWI2525, MWI2526 and MWI2527) in among a more complex network of irregular linear and rectilinear features (HER MWI2528). It is unclear what sort of activity this represents, but the sudden termination of these features at the perimeter road surrounding the current runways indicates that these features likely extend (or once extended) to the southwest, within the area of the proposed application. There is a medium to high chance that intrusive groundworks on the north east perimeter of the application site, in the area of the proposed car park, would encounter archaeological remains of potential later prehistoric date. However, the works involved in creating the temporary car park will not involve any intrusive ground works. Otherwise, this is not an area rich in archaeological material – there is, in general, a low chance of archaeological material being present.

Only one listed building is located within the study area, that of Rose Cottage, an 18th-century gabled house of two storeys located on the southern edge of the village of Hullavington (List entry 1356039). There is no intervisibility between Rose Cottage and the proposed application site. Its setting also relates to

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its position in and movement to and from the southern end of Hullavington village. As a result it is not considered that it will be adversely affected by the proposed development.

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Table summarising the potential, heritage value and anticipated magnitude of impact and significance of effect for each individual heritage assets/ group of assets.

Potential Description and value Magnitude of Impact and Significance of Effect Archaeology

Main application site

Later prehistoric Cropmark features of potential ring-ditches (HER MWI2525, MWI2526 and No major groundworks are required for the temporary features MWI2527) are located in among a more complex network of irregular linear car park, so this will have a negligible magnitude of and rectilinear features (HER MWI2528) adjacent to the northeast perimeter of impact on the potential later prehistoric features, the application site. Given the absence of significant later prehistoric material resulting in a neutral adverse effect. in the immediate region, these should be considered to be of regional importance (medium heritage value), depending on survival. Early/later There is circumstantial evidence that the northwest boundary of the site No groundworks are specified within the purported medieval preserves the course of a routeway present in the 11th century although this course of the routeway. They will have a negligible routeway identification should be treated with some caution, deriving as it does from magnitude of impact on the potential routeway, place-name analysis alone. This should be considered to be of local importance resulting in an unmitigated neutral adverse effect. (low heritage value), depending on survival. Previously The application site is not located in a rich archaeological landscape. Surviving No major groundworks are required for the temporary unrecorded features on the site are likely to range between local to regional (low to car park, so effects will be of negligible magnitude on archaeological medium) heritage value. unrecorded archaeological remains present, resulting remains in an unmitigated neutral effect.

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9. Mitigation Recommendations and Conclusions 9.1 Archaeological Remains

No major groundworks are required as part of the current proposals. Under these circumstances, and given the paucity of later prehistoric material known from the immediate region, there should be no requirement for any further archaeological mitigation at this stage.

Development proposals for the wider airfield site will be developed in due course and the potential archaeological effects of those proposals will be addressed in any future application for them.

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Bibliography  British Geological Survey (2017) Geology of Britain Viewer http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html [Accessed 20.02.2017]

 DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework.

 DCLG (2014) Planning Practice Guidance Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment.

 Edwards, H. (1988) The Charters of the Early West Saxon Kingdom. British Archaeological Reports British Series 198.

 Everitt, A. (1985) Landscape and Community in England. Hambledon Press

 Field, J. 2014. A History of English Field Names. Routledge

 Fitzpatrick, A., Brunning, R., Johns, C., Minnitt, S., Moore, T. and Mullin, D. (2007) ‘Later Bronze Age and Iron Age’, in C.J. Webster (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England. Somerset County Council

 Freeman, J. 1989. ‘Corston’, in D.A. Crowley (eds) A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 14, Malmesbury Hundred. Oxford University Press

 HMSO (1979) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act.

 HMSO (1990) Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act.

 Holbrook, N., Davenport, P., Evans, D., King, T. Leach, P. and Webster, C. ‘Roman’, in C.J. Webster (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England. Somerset County Council

 Hosfield, R., Straker, V., Gardiner, P., Brown, A., Davies, P., Fyfe, R., Jones, J. and Tinsley, H. (2007). ‘Paleolithic and Mesolithic’, in C.J. Webster (ed.) The Archaeology of South West England. Somerset County Council

 Keynes, S. (1983) Alfred the Great: Asser’s Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources. Penguin Books.

 Priddle, R. (2003) Wings over Wiltshire: an aeronautical history of Wiltshire. ALD Design and Print

 White Consultants (2004) North Wiltshire Landscape Character Assessment. http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/north_wiltshire_landscape_character_assessment_2004_volume_1.pdf [Accessed 20.02.2017]

 Williams, H. (1998) ‘Monuments and the past in early Anglo-Saxon England’, World Archaeology 30 pp90-108

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Historic Mapping  Christopher Saxton – Wiltoniae Comitatus (1576)

 John Speed – Wilshire (1616)

 490/1071 - Map of the manor of Stanton St Quintin (1719)

 490/774 - Map of the manor of Corston (1720)

 Andrews’ and Dury’s Map of Wiltshire (1773)

 490/1072 - Enclosure map for Stanton St Quintin (1782)

 The Ordnance Survey, Malmesbury, OSD 169 (1813)

 1553/105 – Map of the manor and tithing of Corston (1834)

 1553/121 – Map of the parish of Stanton St Quintin (1834)

 TA/192 - Tithe map of Malmesbury (1842)

 1946/2/E/1 – Book of maps for the Radnor Estate (1860s)

 The Ordnance Survey County Series First Edition 25” map coverage, revised 1895, published 1897 (Sheets LXXVI.3 & LXXVI.7)

 The Ordnance Survey County Series Second Edition 25” map coverage, revised 1895, published 1897 (Sheets LXXVI.3 & LXXVI.7)

 The Ordnance Survey County Series Third Edition 25” map coverage, revised 1907, published 1909 (Sheets LXXVI.3 & LXXVI.7)

 The Ordnance Survey County Series First Edition 6” map coverage, revised 1931 to 1940, published 1932 to 1945 (Sheets LXXVI.3 & LXXVI.7)

 The Ordnance Survey County Series Second Edition 6” map coverage, revised 1931 to 1940, published 1932 to 1945 (Sheets LXXVI.3 & LXXVI.7)

 The Ordnance Survey County Series Third Edition 6” map coverage, revised 1931 to 1940, published 1932 to 1945 (Sheets LXXVI.3 & LXXVI.7)

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Appendices

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Appendix A – Site Location Plan and Proposed Layout

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0 75 150 300 450 600 750 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright ATS RE March 2017 V1 and database right 2017. All rights reserved. Created: Checked: Date: Version: Title: Metres Sheet Size: A4 Scale of Original: 1:12,500 Client: Arndale Court Dyson Headingley Leeds Site Location Plan LS6 2UJ Project: TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 Office: Project No: Figure No: e-mail: [email protected] Hullavington Airfield 4154 A099314 1 Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

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Appendix B – Assessment Methodology

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Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Methodology

No standard method of evaluation and assessment is provided for the assessment of significance of effects upon cultural heritage, therefore a set of evaluation and assessment criteria have been developed using a combination of the Secretary of State’s criteria for Scheduling Monuments (Scheduled Monument Statement, Annex 1), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07 and Transport Analysis Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9, Heritage of Historic Resources Sub-Objective). Professional judgement is used in conjunction with these criteria to undertake the impact assessment.

Value

The table below provides guidance on the assessment of cultural heritage value on all archaeological sites and monuments, historic buildings, historic landscapes and other types of historical site such as battlefields, parks and gardens, not just those that are statutorily designated.

Value Examples Very High World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments of exceptional quality, or assets of acknowledged international importance or can contribute to international research objectives Grade I Listed Buildings and built heritage of exceptional quality Grade I Registered Parks and Gardens and historic landscapes and townscapes of international sensitivity, or extremely well preserved historic landscapes and townscapes with exceptional coherence, integrity, time-depth, or other critical factor(s) High Scheduled Monuments, or assets of national quality and importance or that can contribute to national research objectives Grade II* and Grade II Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas with very strong character and integrity, other built heritage that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical association. Grade II* and II Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and historic landscapes and townscapes of outstanding interest, quality and importance, or well preserved and exhibiting considerable coherence, integrity time-depth or other critical factor(s) Medium Designated or undesignated assets of regional quality and importance that contribute to regional research objectives Locally Listed Buildings, other Conservation Areas, historic buildings that can be shown to have good qualities in their fabric or historical association Designated or undesignated special historic landscapes and townscapes with reasonable coherence, integrity, time-depth or other critical factor(s) Assets that form an important resource within the community, for educational or

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Value Examples recreational purposes. Low Undesignated assets of local importance Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations but with potential to contribute to local research objectives. Historic (unlisted) buildings of modest quality in their fabric or historical association Historic landscapes and townscapes with limited sensitivity or whose sensitivity is limited by poor preservation, historic integrity and/or poor survival of contextual associations. Assets that form a resource within the community with occasional utilisation for educational or recreational purposes. Negligible Assets with very little or no surviving cultural heritage interest. Buildings of no architectural or historical note. Landscapes and townscapes that are badly fragmented and the contextual associations are severely compromised or have little or no historical interest.

Magnitude

The magnitude of the potential impact is assessed for each site or feature independently of its archaeological or historical value. Magnitude is determined by considering the predicted deviation from baseline conditions. The magnitude of impact categories are adapted from the Transport Assessment Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9) and Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07.

Magnitude of Typical Criteria Descriptors Impact Substantial Impacts will damage or destroy cultural heritage assets; result in the loss of the asset and/or quality and integrity; cause severe damage to key characteristic features or elements; almost complete loss of setting and/or context of the asset. The assets integrity or setting is almost wholly destroyed or is severely compromised, such that the resource can no longer be appreciated or understood. (Negative) The proposals would remove or successfully mitigate existing damaging and discordant impacts on assets; allow for the restoration or enhancement of characteristic features; allow the substantial re-establishment of the integrity, understanding and setting for an area or group of features; halt rapid degradation and/or erosion of the heritage resource, safeguarding substantial elements of the heritage resource. (Positive) Moderate Substantial impact on the asset, but only partially affecting the integrity; partial loss

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Magnitude of Typical Criteria Descriptors Impact of, or damage to, key characteristics, features or elements; substantially intrusive into the setting and/or would adversely impact upon the context of the asset; loss of the asset for community appreciation. The assets integrity or setting is damaged but not destroyed so understanding and appreciation is compromised. (Negative) Benefit to, or restoration of, key characteristics, features or elements; improvement of asset quality; degradation of the asset would be halted; the setting and/or context of the asset would be enhanced and understanding and appreciation is substantially improved; the asset would be bought into community use. (Positive) Slight Some measurable change in assets quality or vulnerability; minor loss of or alteration to, one (or maybe more) key characteristics, features or elements; change to the setting would not be overly intrusive or overly diminish the context; community use or understanding would be reduced. The assets integrity or setting is damaged but understanding and appreciation would only be diminished not compromised. (Negative) Minor benefit to, or partial restoration of, one (maybe more) key characteristics, features or elements; some beneficial impact on asset or a stabilisation of negative impacts; slight improvements to the context or setting of the site; community use or understanding and appreciation would be enhanced. (Positive) Negligible / No Very minor loss or detrimental alteration to one or more characteristics, features or Change elements. Minor changes to the setting or context of the site. No discernible change in baseline conditions (Negative). Very minor benefit to or positive addition of one or more characteristics, features or elements. Minor changes to the setting or context of the site No discernible change in baseline conditions. (Positive).

Magnitude (scale of change) is determined by considering the predicted deviation from baseline conditions. Quantifiable assessment of magnitude has been undertaken where possible. In cases where only qualitative assessment is possible, magnitude has been defined as fully as possible.

During the assessment any embedded mitigation has been considered in the impact assessment and this is clearly described in this section (cross referring the development description). Therefore, the magnitude of the impacts described herein will be stated before and after additional mitigation has been taken into consideration.

Impacts may be of the following nature and will be identified as such where relevant:

 Negative or Positive.

 Direct or indirect.

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 Temporary or permanent.

 Short, medium or long term.

 Reversible or irreversible.

 Cumulative.

For the purposes of this Heritage Statement, substantial negative impacts are considered to amount to ‘substantial harm’ in National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) terms. Moderate negative impacts are considered to amount to ‘less than substantial harm’ in NPPF terms. Slight negative impacts are considered to amount to minimal harm, while negligible/no change is not considered to amount to any harm at all. For the purposes of this Heritage Statement, negative impacts that are moderate in magnitude or greater indicate that the special architectural or historic interest of listed buildings or their settings and/or the character or appearance of conservation areas would not be preserved in terms of section 16, 66 and 72 of the Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

Significance

By combining the value of the cultural heritage resource with the predicted magnitude of impact, the significance of the effect can be determined. This is undertaken following the table below. The significance of effects can be beneficial or adverse.

Significance of Magnitude of Impact Effects Cultural Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible / no Heritage Value Change

Very High Major Major – Intermediate Minor Intermediate High Major – Intermediate Intermediate – Neutral Intermediate Minor Medium Intermediate Intermediate - Minor Neutral Minor Low Intermediate – Minor Minor – Neutral Neutral Minor Negligible Minor-Neutral Minor-Neutral Neutral Neutral

Significance should always be qualified as in certain cases an effect of minor significance could be considered to be of great importance by local residents and deserves further consideration. The significance of effect is considered both before and after additional mitigation measures proposed have been taken into account.

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Appendix C – Site Photographs

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Photograph 1: Hangars 85 and 86 in front of Stock Wood, looking west

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Photograph 2: Hangar 85, looking west

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Photograph 3: Hangar 86, looking west

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Photograph 4: Traffic calming measures on the existing access road, southwest of Hangar 86, looking southwest

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Photograph 5: Boiler room immediately north of Hangar 86, looking southwest

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Photograph 6: Scrub on the southwest side of the application site, looking southwest

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Photograph 7: Assorted aircraft stored outside Hangars 85 and 86 on 14th April 1946. Photograph courtesy of Dan Gurney.

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Appendix D – Recorded Heritage Sites

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1356038 Legend 10232#*06 102321*1 *# Scheduled Monuments ± *#1023207 *# Listed Buildings

Site Boundary

1356039 *# Hullavington Airbase CA

1km Buffer

1242915 *# 1393020 *# *# 1412678 *# *# 14*#12684 *#1396584 *# 1391615

0 60 120 240 360 480 600

Metres

ATS RE March 2017 V1 Created: Checked: Date: Version:

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Sheet Size: A3 Scale of Original: 1:8,000 Client: Dyson

Project:

Hullavington Airfield

Title:

1022399 1363819 *# 1300755 # *#1363*820 Designated Heritage Assets 1200472 #*# #**# 1253946 1018612 *# * *# 1200437 1200456 Office: Project No: Figure No: 4154 A099314 2 Legend MWI63955 ± Site Boundary 1km Buffer MWI66039 ^_ ^_ HER monument points MWI66038 MWI66056 MWI63955 ^_ ^_ HER monument linears

HER monuments

MWI5530 ^_

MWI5546 M WI2 528 MWI5546 MWI2526

MWI2527 MWI2532 MWI5546 MWI63887

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^_ Project:

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Title:

Historic Environment Record

Office: Project No: Figure No: 4154 A099314 3 Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

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Recorded Heritage Sites (Historic Environment Record)

Identifier Record Type Grid Reference Description Period

Designated Heritage Assets 1356039 ST 89212 81613 Rose Cottage – 18th-century gabled house of two storeys. It has a Post-medieval Grade II Listed colourwashed render and a stone slate roof. There is a stone plaque with Building bunches of grapes and the letters ‘JT’. Conservation Areas ST 71991 08944 RAF Hullavington was a showpiece build during a rollout of airfields across the country in the mid to late 1930s. The majority of the buildings were Hullavington Conservation constructed of ‘Bath’ stone. It also has 24 Aircraft storage units, a number of Modern Airbase Area which retain their original earth covering. It operated from 1937 to 1965. The Conservation area encompasses the buildings, the airfield and some adjacent land. Registered Heritage Assets MWI2525 Monument ST 89980 80990 One of a pair of conjoined ring ditches visible on aerial photographs as a Unknown cropmark. MWI2526 Monument ST 89970 80980 One of a pair of conjoined ring ditches visible on aerial photographs as a Unknown cropmark. MWI2527 Monument ST 89980 80900 An undated ring ditch visible on an aerial photograph. Unknown MWI2528 Monument ST 89940 81050 Features visible as cropmarks on an aerial photograph. Unknown MWI2532 Monument ST 88980 80750 Linear parchmarks and pits are visible on 2001 aerial photographs. A Unknown potential undated settlement site. MWI5530 Monument ST 90000 81190 Early medieval/Anglo- Course of a 10th-century Anglo-Saxon (early medieval) road. Saxon MWI66037 Monument ST 89240 80160 Wood Barn, Stanton St Quintin – Redeveloped 19th-century outfarm with Industrial courtyard plan. MWI66038 Monument ST 89280 81620 Barnfield Farm, Hullavington – 19th-century farmstead with courtyard plan. Industrial The farmhouse is the only surviving historic structure. MWI66039 Monument ST 89290 81690 105 Hullavington – 19th-century farmstead of dispersed plan. The farmhouse Industrial

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Identifier Record Type Grid Reference Description Period is the only surviving historic structure. MWI66056 Monument ST 89350 81600 Site of outfarm at Hullavington – Demolished 19th-century outfarm. Industrial MWI5546 Monument ST 90310 81350 RAF Hullavington was a showpiece build during a rollout of airfields across the country in the mid to late 1930s. The majority of the buildings were constructed of ‘Bath’ stone. It also has 24 Aircraft storage units, a number of Modern which retain their original earth covering. It operated from 1937 to 1965. The Conservation area encompasses the buildings, the airfield and some adjacent land. MWI63887 Monument ST 90720 80780 Gun testing butts at RAF Hullavington. Modern MWI63888 Monument ST 89530 80650 Gun testing butts at RAF Hullavington. Modern MWI63955 Monument ST 90630 81460 Stanton air raid shelters at RAF Hullavington Modern

Recorded Archaeological Events (Portable Antiquities Scheme) Identifier Event Type Grid Reference Description Period WILT- Findspot ‘Stanton St Quintin’ Copper alloy Anglo-Scandinavian harness fitting of 11th-century date. Early medieval/Anglo-Saxon D1636B

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Appendix E – Historic Mapping

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Andrews’ and Dury’s Map of Wiltshire (1773). The approximate location of the proposed development is outlined in red.

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

490/1071 - Map of the manor of Stanton St Quintin (1719). The application area is depicted in part, outlined in red.

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

490/774 - Map of the manor of Corston (1720). The application area is depicted in part, outlined in red.

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Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

490/1072 - Enclosure map for Stanton St Quintin (1782). The application area is depicted in part, outlined in red.

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

1553/121 – Map of the parish of Stanton St Quintin (1834). The application area is depicted in part, outlined in red.

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1553/105 – Map of the manor and tithing of Corston (1834). The application area is depicted in part, outlined in red.

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Tithe map of Malmesbury (1842). The application area is depicted in part, outlined in red.

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

First Edition Ordnance Survey 25-inch (Wiltshire XIII.13, surveyed 1885). The application site is outlined in red.

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Hullavington Airfield, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Third Edition Ordnance Survey 25-inch (Wiltshire XIII.13, revised 1921). The application site is outlined in red.

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Archaeological Desk Based Assessment

Appendix F – Local Policy

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Wiltshire Core Strategy

Core Policy 57: Enhancing high quality design and place shaping

ii. The retention and enhancement of existing important landscaping and natural features, (for example trees, hedges, banks and watercourses), in order to take opportunities to enhance biodiversity, create wildlife and recreational corridors, effectively integrate the development into its setting and to justify and mitigate against any losses that may occur through the development.

iii. Responding positively to the existing townscape and landscape features in terms of building layouts, built form, height, mass, scale, building line, plot size, elevational design, materials streetscape and rooflines to effectively integrate the building into its setting.

iv. Being sympathetic to and conserving historic buildings and historic landscapes

v. The maximisation of opportunities for sustainable construction techniques, use of renewable energy sources and ensuring buildings and spaces are orientated to gain maximum benefit from sunlight and passive solar energy, in accordance with Core Policy 41.

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vi. Making efficient use of land whilst taking account of the characteristics of the site and the local context to deliver an appropriate development which relates effectively to the immediate setting and to the wider character of the area.

vii. Having regard to the compatibility of adjoining buildings and uses, the impact on the amenities of existing occupants, and ensuring that appropriate levels of amenity are achievable within the development itself, including the consideration of privacy, overshadowing; vibration; and pollution (such as light intrusion, noise, smoke, fumes, effluent, waste or litter).

viii. Incorporating measures to reduce any actual or perceived opportunities for crime or antisocial behaviour on the site and in the surrounding area through the creation of visually attractive frontages that have windows and doors located to assist in the informal surveillance of public and shared areas by occupants of the site.

ix. Ensuring that the public realm, including new roads and other rights of way, are designed to create places of character which are legible, safe and accessible; in accordance with Core Policy 66 – Strategic Transport Network.

x. The sensitive design of advertisements and signage, which are appropriate and sympathetic to their local setting by means of scale, design, lighting and materials

xi. Taking account of the needs of potential occupants, through planning for diversity and adaptability, and considering how buildings and space will be used in the immediate and long term future

xii. The use of high standards of building materials, finishes and landscaping, including the provision of street furniture and the integration of art and design in the public realm.

xiii. In the case of major developments, ensuring they are accompanied by a detailed design statement and master plan, which is based on an analysis of the local context and assessment of constraints and opportunities of the site and is informed by a development concept, including clearly stated design principles, which will underpin the character of the new place.

xiv. Meet the requirements of Core Policy 61 – Transport and New Development

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Core Policy 58: Ensuring the conservation of the historic environment

Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment.

Designated heritage assets and their settings will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced in a manner appropriate to their significance, including:

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Appendix G – Report Conditions

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Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, Hullavington Airfield

This report is produced solely for the benefit of the Dyson Technology and no liability is accepted for any reliance placed on it by any other party unless specifically agreed by us in writing.

This report is prepared for the proposed uses stated in the report and should not be relied upon for other purposes unless specifically agreed by us in writing. In time technological advances, improved practices, fresh information or amended legislation may necessitate a re-assessment. Opinions and information provided in this report are on the basis of WYG using reasonable skill and care in the preparation of the report.

This report refers, within the limitations stated, to the environment of the site in the context of the surrounding area at the time of the inspections. Environmental conditions can vary and no warranty is given as to the possibility of changes in the environment of the site and surrounding area at differing times.

This report is limited to those aspects reported on, within the scope and limits agreed with the client under our appointment. It is necessarily restricted and no liability is accepted for any other aspect. It is based on the information sources indicated in the report. Some of the opinions are based on unconfirmed data and information and are presented accordingly within the scope for this report.

Reliance has been placed on the documents and information supplied to WYG by others, no independent verification of these has been made by WYG and no warranty is given on them. No liability is accepted or warranty given in relation to the performance, reliability, standing etc of any products, services, organisations or companies referred to in this report.

Whilst reasonable skill and care have been used, no investigative method can eliminate the possibility of obtaining partially imprecise, incomplete or not fully representative information. Any monitoring or survey work undertaken as part of the commission will have been subject to limitations, including for example timescale, seasonal, budget and weather related conditions.

Although care is taken to select monitoring and survey periods that are typical of the environmental conditions being measured, within the overall reporting programme constraints, measured conditions may not be fully representative of the actual conditions. Any predictive or modelling work, undertaken as part of the commission will be subject to limitations including the representativeness of data used by the model and the assumptions inherent within the approach used. Actual environmental conditions are typically more complex and variable than the investigative, predictive and modelling approaches indicate in practice, and the output of such approaches cannot be relied upon as a comprehensive or accurate indicator of future conditions.

The potential influence of our assessment and report on other aspects of any development or future planning requires evaluation by other involved parties.

The performance of environmental protection measures and of buildings and other structures in relation to acoustics, vibration, noise mitigation and other environmental issues is influenced to a large extent by the degree to which the relevant environmental considerations are incorporated into the final design and specifications and the quality of workmanship and compliance with the specifications on site during construction. WYG accept no liability for issues with performance arising from such factors.

March 2017

WYG Environment Planning Transport Ltd