Cyber-Crimes: a Practical Approach to the Application of Federal Computer Crime Laws Eric J
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Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress
Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a “botnet,” to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic, -
A Taxonomy of Computer Worms ∗
A Taxonomy of Computer Worms ∗ † ‡ § ¶ Nicholas Vern Stuart Robert Weaver Paxson Staniford Cunningham UC Berkeley ICSI Silicon Defense MIT Lincoln Laboratory ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION To understand the threat posed by computer worms, it is A computer worm is a program that self-propagates across necessary to understand the classes of worms, the attackers a network exploiting security or policy flaws in widely-used who may employ them, and the potential payloads. This pa- services. They are not a new phenomenon, having first per describes a preliminary taxonomy based on worm target gained widespread notice in 1988 [16]. discovery and selection strategies, worm carrier mechanisms, We distinguish between worms and viruses in that the worm activation, possible payloads, and plausible attackers latter infect otherwise non-mobile files and therefore require who would employ a worm. some sort of user action to abet their propagation. As such, viruses tend to propagate more slowly. They also have more Categories and Subject Descriptors mature defenses due to the presence of a large anti-virus industry that actively seeks to identify and control their D.4.6 [Operating Systems]: Security and Protection—In- spread. vasive Software We note, however, that the line between worms and viruses is not all that sharp. In particular, the contagion worms General Terms discussed in Staniford et al [47] might be considered viruses Security by the definition we use here, though not of the traditional form, in that they do not need the user to activate them, but Keywords instead they hide their spread in otherwise unconnected user activity. Thus, for ease of exposition, and for scoping our computer worms, mobile malicious code, taxonomy, attack- analysis, we will loosen our definition somewhat and term ers, motivation malicious code such as contagion, for which user action is not central to activation, as a type of worm. -
Strategies of Computer Worms
304543_ch09.qxd 1/7/05 9:05 AM Page 313 CHAPTER 9 Strategies of Computer Worms “Worm: n., A self-replicating program able to propagate itself across network, typically having a detrimental effect.” —Concise Oxford English Dictionary, Revised Tenth Edition 313 304543_ch09.qxd 1/7/05 9:05 AM Page 314 Chapter 9—Strategies of Computer Worms 9.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the generic (or at least “typical”) structure of advanced computer worms and the common strategies that computer worms use to invade new target systems. Computer worms primarily replicate on networks, but they represent a subclass of computer viruses. Interestingly enough, even in security research communities, many people imply that computer worms are dramatically different from computer viruses. In fact, even within CARO (Computer Antivirus Researchers Organization), researchers do not share a common view about what exactly can be classified as a “worm.” We wish to share a common view, but well, at least a few of us agree that all computer worms are ultimately viruses1. Let me explain. The network-oriented infection strategy is indeed a primary difference between viruses and computer worms. Moreover, worms usually do not need to infect files but propagate as standalone programs. Additionally, several worms can take con- trol of remote systems without any help from the users, usually exploiting a vul- nerability or set of vulnerabilities. These usual characteristics of computer worms, however, do not always hold. Table 9.1 shows several well-known threats. Table -
Paradise Lost , Book III, Line 18
_Paradise Lost_, book III, line 18 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ++++++++++Hacker's Encyclopedia++++++++ ===========by Logik Bomb (FOA)======== <http://www.xmission.com/~ryder/hack.html> ---------------(1997- Revised Second Edition)-------- ##################V2.5################## %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% "[W]atch where you go once you have entered here, and to whom you turn! Do not be misled by that wide and easy passage!" And my Guide [said] to him: "That is not your concern; it is his fate to enter every door. This has been willed where what is willed must be, and is not yours to question. Say no more." -Dante Alighieri _The Inferno_, 1321 Translated by John Ciardi Acknowledgments ---------------------------- Dedicated to all those who disseminate information, forbidden or otherwise. Also, I should note that a few of these entries are taken from "A Complete List of Hacker Slang and Other Things," Version 1C, by Casual, Bloodwing and Crusader; this doc started out as an unofficial update. However, I've updated, altered, expanded, re-written and otherwise torn apart the original document, so I'd be surprised if you could find any vestiges of the original file left. I think the list is very informative; it came out in 1990, though, which makes it somewhat outdated. I also got a lot of information from the works listed in my bibliography, (it's at the end, after all the quotes) as well as many miscellaneous back issues of such e-zines as _Cheap Truth _, _40Hex_, the _LOD/H Technical Journals_ and _Phrack Magazine_; and print magazines such as _Internet Underground_, _Macworld_, _Mondo 2000_, _Newsweek_, _2600: The Hacker Quarterly_, _U.S. News & World Report_, _Time_, and _Wired_; in addition to various people I've consulted. -
Tangled Web : Tales of Digital Crime from the Shadows of Cyberspace
TANGLED WEB Tales of Digital Crime from the Shadows of Cyberspace RICHARD POWER A Division of Macmillan USA 201 West 103rd Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46290 Tangled Web: Tales of Digital Crime Associate Publisher from the Shadows of Cyberspace Tracy Dunkelberger Copyright 2000 by Que Corporation Acquisitions Editor All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a Kathryn Purdum retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, pho- Development Editor tocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Hugh Vandivier publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the infor- mation contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the Managing Editor preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility Thomas Hayes for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Project Editor International Standard Book Number: 0-7897-2443-x Tonya Simpson Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-106209 Copy Editor Printed in the United States of America Michael Dietsch First Printing: September 2000 Indexer 02 01 00 4 3 2 Erika Millen Trademarks Proofreader Benjamin Berg All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or ser- vice marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que Corporation cannot Team Coordinator attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should Vicki Harding not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Design Manager Warning and Disclaimer Sandra Schroeder Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate Cover Designer as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. -
Compromised by Design? Securing the Defense Electronics Supply Chain
Compromised By Design? Securing the Defense Electronics Supply Chain John Villasenor November 2013 Executive Summary Electronic “chips” are found everywhere—not just in critical defense systems, but John Villasenor is a also in the broader infrastructure for power, finance, communications, and nonresident senior fellow transportation. All of these systems function effectively only when the electronic in Governance Studies circuits at their heart can be trusted to operate as intended. and the Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings. He is also a Unfortunately, ensuring trust has become much more difficult in recent years. professor of electrical Concern over the growth of counterfeit electronics (parts that have been harvested from discarded systems, relabeled, and sold as new to unsuspecting buyers) has engineering and public 1 policy at UCLA. grown in recent years. These parts can fail prematurely, with potentially disastrous consequences. Thanks to recent congressional attention, improved detection methods, and heightened screening requirements for parts destined for defense systems, however, the threat of counterfeits is being actively addressed. Yet the supply chain is almost completely unprotected against a threat that may turn out to be more significant in the long term: Chips could be intentionally compromised during the design process, before they are even manufactured. If placed into the design with sufficient skill, these built-in vulnerabilities would be extremely difficult to detect during testing. And, they could be exploited months or years later to disrupt—or exfiltrate data from—a system containing the compromised chip. As chips have gotten more complex and design teams have grown larger and more globalized, the opportunities to insert hidden malicious functionality have increased. -
Cyber Warfare: Surviving an Attack
14 Cyber Warfare: Surviving an Attack By Devabhaktuni Srikrishna Cyberspace is a new domain of warfare. Created to minimize the vulnerability of United States communications networks to a crippling nuclear first strike by the Soviet Union, the Internet that was originally envisioned to enhance U.S. security is turning into a battlefield 1 for nations or sub-national groups to launch virally spreading attacks 2 and induce network failures potentially involving critical infrastructure systems.3 Cyber warfare and cyberoffense 4 have been a part of U.S. military operations for decades.5 Treaties and rules of engagement define what is off-limits during a cyberwar.6 The more vulnerable the system is, the more policy is necessary to deter adversarial nations from launching attacks, and vice-versa. Some cyberattacks are analogous to air forces probing one anotherʼs defenses or perhaps to espionage during the Cold War, which occurred though there was no official war and no physical harm. Cyberespionage largest recent cyberattacks in their book, but due to a gap in theory and practice. operations of China, for example, against the United States and its allies Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Organizations are vulnerable to the extent have been going on for years and will Security and What to Do About It. Once a they want to be and to how much they want never really end.7 virus or malware is inadvertently to spend to address vulnerabilities. 14 And downloaded onto a networked personal cyber vulnerabilities can be completely U.S. Air Force General Kevin Chilton, computer (PC) by a user9, the PC can be eliminated -- unlike conventional, nuclear, former Commander-in-Chief of commandeered to perform cyberattacks chemical, or biological which are permanent Strategic Command, has stated that ranging from electronic banking crimes, vulnerabilities due to laws of nature. -
Editorial Sommaire
www.grasco.eu Parution trimestrielle www.larevuedugrasco.eu N°8— Février 2014 gratuite EDITORIAL SOMMAIRE EDITO1 Vers une directive « investigations fi- INTERVIEW : nancières » pour lutter contre le déve- EMILE PEREZ, DIRECTEUR DE LA COOPÉRATION INTER- NATIONALE4 loppement de l’économie criminelle ? . JACQUES BARROT, MEMBRE DU CONSEIL CONSTITU- TIONNEL, ANCIEN VICE-PRÉSIDENT DE LA COMMISSION EUROPÉENNE, CHARGÉ DE JUSTICE, LIBERTÉ ET SÉCU- RITÉ8 e CEIFAC accueillera, à Strasbourg, sa seconde promotion, RAPPORTS : DESSINER LE MINISTÈRE PUBLIC DE DEMAIN, À PROPOS du 17 mars au 4 avril 2013, formée de 30 représentants des DU RAPPORT NADAL, PAR MYRIAM QUÉMÉNER9 autorités de justice/police-gendarmerie/Douanes et Rensei- L CONSTATS ET PRÉCONISATIONS : gnement des Etats membres de l’Union européenne. DU RAPPORT NORA-MINC À LA LUTTE CONTRE LA CYBERCRIMINALITÉ, PAR ANNE SOUVIRA11 Créé eu sein de l’Université de Strasbourg dans le cadre d’un parte- PHÉNOMÉNOLOGIE DE LA CRIMINOLOGIE ORGANISÉE : nariat européen, le CEIFAC vise à promouvoir, au sein des Etats LES ESCROQUERIES AUX FAUX ORDRES DE VIREMENT, membres, le développement des investigations financières et de PAR PHILIPPE PETITPREZ16 FINANCE ET CRIME : PUISSANCES, HYBRIDATIONS, l’analyse financière dans le but de mieux lutter contre le dévelop- CONVERGENCES, PAR JEAN-FRANÇOIS GAYRAUD22 pement de l’infiltration de l’économie par des flux d’argent illicite. BLANCHIMENT D’ARGENT, UN NOUVEAU FLÉAU POUR Elles doivent également permettre de déjouer les fraudes finan- LES PARIS SPORTIFS, PAR CHRISTIAN KALB ET PIM VERSCHUUREN25 cières de grande envergure considérées comme étant en partie res- LA PRODUCTION ET LE TRAFIC DE CANNABIS DANS LE ponsables de la crise économique actuelle et qui menacent de dé- SUD DES BALKANS, PAR CYRILLE BAUMGARTNER31 stabiliser les systèmes financiers à l’échelle internationale. -
Introduction
Introduction Toward a Radical Criminology of Hackers In the expansive Rio Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, I stood in line for around an hour and a half to pay for my badge for admittance into DEF CON 21, one of the largest hacker conventions in the world. The wad of cash in my hand felt heavier than it should have as I approached the badge vendor. DEF CON is an extravagant affair and attendees pay for it (though, from my own readings, the conference administrators work to keep the costs reduced). The line slowly trickled down the ramp into the hotel con- vention area where the badge booths were arranged. As I laid eyes on the convention, my jaw dropped. It was packed. Attendees were already mov- ing hurriedly throughout the place, engaged in energetic conversations. Black t- shirts— a kind of hacker uniform— were everywhere. Las Vegas- and gambling- themed décor lined the walls and floors. Already, I could see a line forming at the DEF CON merchandise booth. Miles, a hacker I had gotten to know throughout my research, mentioned that if I wanted some of the “swag” or “loot” (the conference merchandise), I should go ahead and get in line, a potential three- to four-hour wait. Seemingly, everyone wanted to purchase merchandise to provide some evidence they were in attendance. Wait too long and the loot runs out. After winding through the serpentine line of conference attendees wait- ing for admittance, I approached the badge vendors and (dearly) departed with almost $200. Stepping into the convention area, I felt that loss in the pit of my stomach. -
The Internet Worm Incident
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Department of Computer Science Technical Reports Department of Computer Science 1989 The Internet Worm Incident Eugene H. Spafford Purdue University, [email protected] Report Number: 89-933 Spafford, Eugene H., "The Internet Worm Incident" (1989). Department of Computer Science Technical Reports. Paper 793. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cstech/793 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. THE INTEUNET WORM INCIDENT Eugene H. Spafford CSD TR·933 November 1989 The Internet Worm Incident Techmcal• Report CSD·TR·933• Eugene H. Spafford Department of Computer Sciences Purdue University West Lafayetlc. IN USA 47907-2004 [email protected] On the cvening of 2 November 1988. someone "inrccLcd" lhe Internet with a worm progrnm. That progrnm exploited flaws in utility progrnms in systems based on BSD-derived versions of UNIX. The flaws allowed lhc program to break into those machines and copy itself. thus infccling those syslems. This program eventually spread to thousands of machines. and disrupted nonnal activities and Inlcrnet connectivity for many days. TIlis paper explains why this program was a wonn (as opposed to a virus). and provides a brief chronology of both the spread and eradication of the program. That is followed by discussion of some specific issues raised by the community's reaction and subsequent discussion of the event. Included are some interesting lessons learned from thc incident November 20. 1989 The Internet Worm Incident Techmcal• Report CSD·TR-933• Eugene H. Spafford Deparunent of Computer Scicnces Purdue University West Lafayette, IN USA 47907-2004 [email protected] 1. -
What Are Kernel-Mode Rootkits?
www.it-ebooks.info Hacking Exposed™ Malware & Rootkits Reviews “Accessible but not dumbed-down, this latest addition to the Hacking Exposed series is a stellar example of why this series remains one of the best-selling security franchises out there. System administrators and Average Joe computer users alike need to come to grips with the sophistication and stealth of modern malware, and this book calmly and clearly explains the threat.” —Brian Krebs, Reporter for The Washington Post and author of the Security Fix Blog “A harrowing guide to where the bad guys hide, and how you can find them.” —Dan Kaminsky, Director of Penetration Testing, IOActive, Inc. “The authors tackle malware, a deep and diverse issue in computer security, with common terms and relevant examples. Malware is a cold deadly tool in hacking; the authors address it openly, showing its capabilities with direct technical insight. The result is a good read that moves quickly, filling in the gaps even for the knowledgeable reader.” —Christopher Jordan, VP, Threat Intelligence, McAfee; Principal Investigator to DHS Botnet Research “Remember the end-of-semester review sessions where the instructor would go over everything from the whole term in just enough detail so you would understand all the key points, but also leave you with enough references to dig deeper where you wanted? Hacking Exposed Malware & Rootkits resembles this! A top-notch reference for novices and security professionals alike, this book provides just enough detail to explain the topics being presented, but not too much to dissuade those new to security.” —LTC Ron Dodge, U.S. -
Reversing Malware [Based on Material from the Textbook]
SoftWindows 11/23/05 Reversing Malware [based on material from the textbook] Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG What is Malware? • Malware (malicious software) is any program that works against the interest of the system’s user or owner. • Question: Is a program that spies on the web browsing habits of the employees of a company considered malware? • What if the CEO authorized the installation of the spying program? Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Reversing Malware • Revering is the strongest weapon we have against the creators of malware. • Antivirus researchers engage in reversing in order to: – analyze the latest malware, – determine how dangerous the malware is, – learn the weaknesses of malware so that effective antivirus programs can be developed. Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Distributed Objects 1 SoftWindows 11/23/05 Uses of Malware • Why do people develop and deploy malware? – Financial gain – Psychological urges and childish desires to “beat the system”. – Access private data – … Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Typical Purposes of Malware • Backdoor access: – Attacker gains unlimited access to the machine. • Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks: – Infect a huge number of machines to try simultaneously to connect to a target server in hope of overwhelming it and making it crash. • Vandalism: – E.g., defacing a web site. • Resource Theft: – E.g., stealing other user’s computing and network resources, such as using your neighbors’ Wireless Network. • Information Theft: – E.g., stealing other user’s credit card numbers. Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Types of Malware • Viruses • Worms • Trojan Horses • Backdoors • Mobile code • Adware • Sticky software Reverse Engineering (Reversing Malware) © SERG Distributed Objects 2 SoftWindows 11/23/05 Viruses • Viruses are self-replicating programs that usually have a malicious intent.