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Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress
Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a “botnet,” to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic, -
Checks to Avoid Malware Protect Your Laptop with Security Essentials
What is Malware? Malware is software that can infect you computer and can be a virus or malicious software that can harm & slow your system or try to steal your personal information. To help avoid malware follow the check list below. Checks to avoid Malware Check you have updated Antivirus software installed such as Microsoft Security Essentials Install and run an Anti-Malware program such as Malwarebytes Uninstall any Peer 2 Peer software such as Limewire or Vuze Be careful with email attachments and never respond to mails asking for your password Protect your Laptop with Security Essentials Microsoft Security Essentials is a free antivirus software product for Windows Vista, 7 & 8. It pro- vides protection against different types of malware such as computer virus, spyware, rootkits, trojans & other malicious software. Download & install Security Essentials from the following link http:// www.microsoft.com/security_essentials/ Clear Infections using Malwarebytes Malware bytes is free to download & install from http://www.malwarebytes.org Once installed it is recommended that you run a Full Scan of your laptop to check for any malware that may reside on the system. Once complete, follow the on screen instructions to finish removing any threats found. You should regularly run updates and scans to ensure your system remains clean. It is also advisable to scan external storage devices such as USB keys as they can spread infections. If the above criteria are fully met, ISS staff at the service desk on the ground floor of the library are happy to investigate problems on your laptop For more information go to http://www.dcu.ie/iss ISS online service desk: https://https://iss.servicedesk.dcu.ie Follow ISS on Twitter @ISSservice . -
A Taxonomy of Computer Worms ∗
A Taxonomy of Computer Worms ∗ † ‡ § ¶ Nicholas Vern Stuart Robert Weaver Paxson Staniford Cunningham UC Berkeley ICSI Silicon Defense MIT Lincoln Laboratory ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION To understand the threat posed by computer worms, it is A computer worm is a program that self-propagates across necessary to understand the classes of worms, the attackers a network exploiting security or policy flaws in widely-used who may employ them, and the potential payloads. This pa- services. They are not a new phenomenon, having first per describes a preliminary taxonomy based on worm target gained widespread notice in 1988 [16]. discovery and selection strategies, worm carrier mechanisms, We distinguish between worms and viruses in that the worm activation, possible payloads, and plausible attackers latter infect otherwise non-mobile files and therefore require who would employ a worm. some sort of user action to abet their propagation. As such, viruses tend to propagate more slowly. They also have more Categories and Subject Descriptors mature defenses due to the presence of a large anti-virus industry that actively seeks to identify and control their D.4.6 [Operating Systems]: Security and Protection—In- spread. vasive Software We note, however, that the line between worms and viruses is not all that sharp. In particular, the contagion worms General Terms discussed in Staniford et al [47] might be considered viruses Security by the definition we use here, though not of the traditional form, in that they do not need the user to activate them, but Keywords instead they hide their spread in otherwise unconnected user activity. Thus, for ease of exposition, and for scoping our computer worms, mobile malicious code, taxonomy, attack- analysis, we will loosen our definition somewhat and term ers, motivation malicious code such as contagion, for which user action is not central to activation, as a type of worm. -
Enisa Etl2020
EN From January 2019 to April 2020 Spam ENISA Threat Landscape Overview The first spam message was sent in 1978 by a marketing manager to 393 people via ARPANET. It was an advertising campaign for a new product from the company he worked for, the Digital Equipment Corporation. For those first 393 spammed people it was as annoying as it would be today, regardless of the novelty of the idea.1 Receiving spam is an inconvenience, but it may also create an opportunity for a malicious actor to steal personal information or install malware.2 Spam consists of sending unsolicited messages in bulk. It is considered a cybersecurity threat when used as an attack vector to distribute or enable other threats. Another noteworthy aspect is how spam may sometimes be confused or misclassified as a phishing campaign. The main difference between the two is the fact that phishing is a targeted action using social engineering tactics, actively aiming to steal users’ data. In contrast spam is a tactic for sending unsolicited e-mails to a bulk list. Phishing campaigns can use spam tactics to distribute messages while spam can link the user to a compromised website to install malware and steal personal data. Spam campaigns, during these last 41 years have taken advantage of many popular global social and sports events such as UEFA Europa League Final, US Open, among others. Even so, nothing compared with the spam activity seen this year with the COVID-19 pandemic.8 2 __Findings 85%_of all e-mails exchanged in April 2019 were spam, a 15-month high1 14_million -
Ransoming Government What State and Local Governments Can Do to Break Free from Ransomware Attacks About the Authors
A report from the Deloitte Center for Government Insights Ransoming government What state and local governments can do to break free from ransomware attacks About the authors Srini Subramanian | [email protected] Srini Subramanian is a principal in Deloitte & Touche LLP’s Cyber Risk Services practice and leads the Risk & Financial Advisory practice for the State, Local Government and Higher Education (SLHE) sector. He has more than 30 years of technology experience, and more than 20 years of cyber risk services experience in the areas of information security strategy, innovation, governance, identity, access management, and shared services. Subramanian is a member of the National Association of State CIOs (NASCIO) Security and Privacy subcommittee. He is an active participant in the National Governors Association (NGA) Policy Council for State Cybersecurity formed in February 2013. Subramanian is the coauthor of the biennial Deloitte—NASCIO Cybersecurity Study publication with NASCIO since 2010. The recent two publications include the 2016 Deloitte-NASCIO Cybersecurity Study—State governments at risk: Turning strategy and awareness into progress and the 2018 Deloitte-NASCIO Cybersecurity Study—State governments at risk: Bold plays for change. Pete Renneker | [email protected] Pete Renneker is a managing director in Deloitte & Touche LLP’s Cyber practice and serves as the Technical Resilience Offering leader. In this capacity, his focus is on the development and delivery of cross-industry services which help clients develop the ability to withstand disruptions to critical business technology. This work includes helping clients respond to cyberattacks, accelerate business recovery from these events, and transform cyber and resiliency programs in anticipation of emerging threats. -
Strategies of Computer Worms
304543_ch09.qxd 1/7/05 9:05 AM Page 313 CHAPTER 9 Strategies of Computer Worms “Worm: n., A self-replicating program able to propagate itself across network, typically having a detrimental effect.” —Concise Oxford English Dictionary, Revised Tenth Edition 313 304543_ch09.qxd 1/7/05 9:05 AM Page 314 Chapter 9—Strategies of Computer Worms 9.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the generic (or at least “typical”) structure of advanced computer worms and the common strategies that computer worms use to invade new target systems. Computer worms primarily replicate on networks, but they represent a subclass of computer viruses. Interestingly enough, even in security research communities, many people imply that computer worms are dramatically different from computer viruses. In fact, even within CARO (Computer Antivirus Researchers Organization), researchers do not share a common view about what exactly can be classified as a “worm.” We wish to share a common view, but well, at least a few of us agree that all computer worms are ultimately viruses1. Let me explain. The network-oriented infection strategy is indeed a primary difference between viruses and computer worms. Moreover, worms usually do not need to infect files but propagate as standalone programs. Additionally, several worms can take con- trol of remote systems without any help from the users, usually exploiting a vul- nerability or set of vulnerabilities. These usual characteristics of computer worms, however, do not always hold. Table 9.1 shows several well-known threats. Table -
Hostscan 4.8.01064 Antimalware and Firewall Support Charts
HostScan 4.8.01064 Antimalware and Firewall Support Charts 10/1/19 © 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco public. Page 1 of 76 Contents HostScan Version 4.8.01064 Antimalware and Firewall Support Charts ............................................................................... 3 Antimalware and Firewall Attributes Supported by HostScan .................................................................................................. 3 OPSWAT Version Information ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Antimalware Compliance Module v4.3.890.0 for Windows .................................................. 5 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Firewall Compliance Module v4.3.890.0 for Windows ........................................................ 44 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Antimalware Compliance Module v4.3.824.0 for macos .................................................... 65 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Firewall Compliance Module v4.3.824.0 for macOS ........................................................... 71 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Antimalware Compliance Module v4.3.730.0 for Linux ...................................................... 73 Cisco AnyConnect HostScan Firewall Compliance Module v4.3.730.0 for Linux .............................................................. 76 ©201 9 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public. -
COVID-19 Critical Infrastructure Cyber Threat Brief
Digital Intelligence Securing the Future COVID-19 Critical Infrastructure Cyber Threat Brief CLIENT CONFIDENTIAL Cyjax Purpose This Cyber Threat Brief is intended to help mitigate the risk of cyberattacks against UK critical infrastructure during the coronavirus pandemic. We have defined critical infrastructure as: food supplies, medical supplies, transportation, security services, telecommunications, utilities and financial services. This report provides a broad overview of all relevant coronavirus-related digital threats, alongside more general vulnerabilities that attackers could exploit. We at Cyjax hope this will help organisations and their staff protect themselves from digital threats during this national crisis. If you require any further assistance or advice, please contact us. Overview of malicious cyber activity We have witnessed a significant uptick in cyberattacks exploiting fear of the coronavirus to compromise victims. Notably, however, there has not been a surge in the total number of attacks. Instead, existing cybercriminal operations have been rethemed with COVID-19 lures. Attackers have not gained more resources, but are instead repurposing their existing phishing, ransomware, and malware infrastructure to include COVID-19-themed keywords in a bid to infect more users. [1] All sectors are being targeted with COVID-19-themed attacks, including those operating in the critical infrastructure space. Attacks have ranged from generic “spray and pray” attacks to highly targeted advanced persistent threat (APT) operations. A broad array of nation-state actors have been involved from China, Russia, North Korea and Iran, among others. Sophisticated cybercriminals are also staging coronavirus-themed attacks. Most notably, organised ransomware gangs, who have continued to compromise, encrypt and leak data from a diverse group of organisations. -
Key Benefits Core Technologies and Technical Features
Advanced threat prevention Malwarebytes Endpoint Security is an innovative platform that delivers powerful multi- layered defense for smart endpoint protection. Malwarebytes Endpoint Security enables small and large enterprise businesses to thoroughly protect against the latest malware and advanced threats—including stopping known and unknown exploit attacks. Key Benefits Blocks zero-hour malware Easy management Reduces the chances of data exfiltration and saves Simplifies endpoint security management and identifies on IT resources by protecting against zero-hour vulnerable endpoints. Streamlines endpoint security malware that traditional security solutions can miss. deployment and maximizes IT management resources. Saves legacy systems Scalable threat prevention Protects unsupported programs by armoring Deploys protection for every endpoint and scales as vulnerabilities against exploits. your company grows. Increases productivity Detects unprotected systems Maintains end-user productivity by preserving Discovers all endpoints and installed software on your system performance and keeping staff on revenue- network. Systems without Malwarebytes that are positive projects. vulnerable to cyber attacks can be easily secured. Core Technologies and Technical Features Anti-Malware Proactive anti-malware/anti-spyware scanning Three system scan modes (Quick, Flash, Full) engine Enables selection of the most efficient system scan Detects and eliminates zero-hour and known based on endpoint security requirements and available viruses, Trojans, worms, rootkits, adware, and system resources. spyware in real time to ensure data security and network integrity. Extends its protection to Windows Server operating systems. | Santa Clara, CA | malwarebytes.com | [email protected] | 1.800.520.2796 Advanced threat prevention Malicious website blocking Advanced malware remediation Prevents access to known malicious IP addresses Employs delete-on-reboot to remove persistent or so that end users are proactively protected from deeply embedded malware. -
The Cyberpeace Institute Foreword 2 Acknowledgements 5
March 2021 The CyberPeace Institute Foreword 2 Acknowledgements 5 Part 1: Setting the Scene 7 Disclaimer Introduction 9 The opinions, findings, and conclusions and recommendations in Signposting – How to read the Report 11 this Report reflect the views and opinions of the CyberPeace Institute Key Findings 15 alone, based on independent and discrete analysis, and do not indicate Recommendations 19 endorsement by any other national, regional or international entity. Part 2: Understanding the Threat Landscape 27 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not express any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Chapter 1 Background 29 CyberPeace Institute concerning the legal status of any country, territory, 1.1 A convergence of threats to healthcare 29 city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its 1.2 Healthcare as a target of choice 30 frontiers or boundaries. 1.3 Cybersecurity in the healthcare sector 32 Copyright Notice Chapter 2 Victims, Targets and Impact 35 2.1 A diversity of victims – the people 36 The concepts and information contained in this document are the 2.2 A typology of targets – healthcare organizations 38 property of the CyberPeace Institute, an independent non-profit 2.3 A variety of impacts on victims and targets 41 foundation headquartered in Geneva, unless otherwise indicated within the document. This document may be reproduced, in whole or in part, Chapter 3 Attacks 51 provided that the CyberPeace Institute is referenced as author and 3.1 Disruptive attacks – ransomware’s evolving threat to healthcare 52 copyright holder. 3.2 Data breaches – from theft to cyberespionage 57 3.3 Disinformation operations – an erosion of trust 59 © 2021 CyberPeace Institute. -
Compromised by Design? Securing the Defense Electronics Supply Chain
Compromised By Design? Securing the Defense Electronics Supply Chain John Villasenor November 2013 Executive Summary Electronic “chips” are found everywhere—not just in critical defense systems, but John Villasenor is a also in the broader infrastructure for power, finance, communications, and nonresident senior fellow transportation. All of these systems function effectively only when the electronic in Governance Studies circuits at their heart can be trusted to operate as intended. and the Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings. He is also a Unfortunately, ensuring trust has become much more difficult in recent years. professor of electrical Concern over the growth of counterfeit electronics (parts that have been harvested from discarded systems, relabeled, and sold as new to unsuspecting buyers) has engineering and public 1 policy at UCLA. grown in recent years. These parts can fail prematurely, with potentially disastrous consequences. Thanks to recent congressional attention, improved detection methods, and heightened screening requirements for parts destined for defense systems, however, the threat of counterfeits is being actively addressed. Yet the supply chain is almost completely unprotected against a threat that may turn out to be more significant in the long term: Chips could be intentionally compromised during the design process, before they are even manufactured. If placed into the design with sufficient skill, these built-in vulnerabilities would be extremely difficult to detect during testing. And, they could be exploited months or years later to disrupt—or exfiltrate data from—a system containing the compromised chip. As chips have gotten more complex and design teams have grown larger and more globalized, the opportunities to insert hidden malicious functionality have increased. -
Q3 Consumer Endpoint Protection Jul-Sep 2020
HOME ANTI- MALWARE PROTECTION JUL - SEP 2020 selabs.uk [email protected] @SELabsUK www.facebook.com/selabsuk blog.selabs.uk SE Labs tested a variety of anti-malware (aka ‘anti-virus’; aka ‘endpoint security’) products from a range of well-known vendors in an effort to judge which were the most effective. Each product was exposed to the same threats, which were a mixture of targeted attacks using well-established techniques and public email and web-based threats that were found to be live on the internet at the time of the test. The results indicate how effectively the products were at detecting and/or protecting against those threats in real time. 2 Home Anti-Malware Protection July - September 2020 MANAGEMENT Chief Executive Officer Simon Edwards CONTENTS Chief Operations Officer Marc Briggs Chief Human Resources Officer Magdalena Jurenko Chief Technical Officer Stefan Dumitrascu Introduction 04 TEstING TEAM Executive Summary 05 Nikki Albesa Zaynab Bawa 1. Total Accuracy Ratings 06 Thomas Bean Solandra Brewster Home Anti-Malware Protection Awards 07 Liam Fisher Gia Gorbold Joseph Pike 2. Threat Responses 08 Dave Togneri Jake Warren 3. Protection Ratings 10 Stephen Withey 4. Protection Scores 12 IT SUPPORT Danny King-Smith 5. Protection Details 13 Chris Short 6. Legitimate Software Ratings 14 PUBLICatION Sara Claridge 6.1 Interaction Ratings 15 Colin Mackleworth 6.2 Prevalence Ratings 16 Website selabs.uk Twitter @SELabsUK 6.3 Accuracy Ratings 16 Email [email protected] Facebook www.facebook.com/selabsuk 6.4 Distribution of Impact Categories 17 Blog blog.selabs.uk Phone +44 (0)203 875 5000 7.