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Tesis 1465.Pdf Naturalis Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de La Plata http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Estructura de comunidades de dípteros caliptrados saprófagos (Diptera: Calyptratae) en áreas urbanizadas y naturales en la Patagonia Septentrional Olea, María Sofía Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Dirección: Mulieri, Pablo R. Co-dirección: Spinelli, Gustavo R. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo 2016 Acceso en: http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/id/20180614001591 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo “Estructura de comunidades de dípteros caliptrados saprófagos (Diptera: Calyptratae) en áreas urbanizadas y naturales en la Patagonia Septentrional” Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de La Plata Lic. Olea, María Sofía Director de tesis: Dr. Pablo R. Mulieri. Co- director: Dr. Gustavo R. Spinelli. Año: 2017 1 Índice AGRADECIMIENTOS……………………………………………………………..1 RESUMEN…………………………………………………………………………..4 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………5 Prefacio………………………………………………………………………………6 CAPÍTULO 1: Introducción y metodología general…………………………………….8 1.1. Dípteros caliptrados y su importancia como indicadores ecológicos……………………………………………………………………10 1.2. Familias de dípteros caliptrados saprófagos que contienen especies saprófagas………………………………….……………………………...…12 1.3. Contribuciónes sobre dípteros caliptrados en la Patagonia Argentina..….16 1.4. Antecedentes de estudios ecológicos de caliptrados en la Patagonia…….17 1.5. Objetivos general………………………………………………….…...….18 1.6. Objetivos específicos…………………………………………….…......…18 1.7. Metodología General……………………………………….…………..…19 1.8. Área de estudio……………………………………………………....……19 1.9. Parque Nacional Lanín……………………………………….…………...19 1.10. Parque Nacional Lago Puelo.……………………………………..……….23 1.11. Métodos de colecta……………………………………...…………………24 1.12. Variables ambientales medidas……...……………………………….……29 1.13. Preservación e identificación del material…………………………………29 2 CAPÍTULO 2: Evaluación de los métodos de muestreos para sarcosaprófagos y otros gremios de dípteros caliptrados.......................................................................................31 2.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………………31 2.2. Materiales y Métodos……………………………………………………….33 2.3. Muestreo………………………………………………………………….…33 2.4. Criterio de clasificación de los gremios…………………………………....33 2.5. Análisis de los datos………………………………………………………...35 2.6. Diversidad y abundancia…………………………………………………....35 2.7. Tasa de captura……………………………………………………………...36 2.8. Resultados………………………………………………………….……..…37 2.9. Composición de gremios……………………………………………………42 2.10. Diversidad de dípteros caliptrados sarcosaprófagos……………………..48 2.11. Tasa de captura…………………………………………………….………51 2.12. Discusión………………………………………………………….……….51 CAPÍTULO 3: Composición y estructura de los ensambles de dípteros caliptrados sarcosaprófagos …………………………………………………………………………..57 3.1. Introducción………………………………………………………………...57 3.2. Materiales y Métodos…………………………………………………...…..58 3.3. Área de estudio………………………………………………………...……58 3.4. Método de colecta…………………………………………………………...62 3.5. Análisis de los datos……………………………………………………...…62 3.6. Diversidad de dípteros caliptrados sarcosaprófagos………………………..62 3 3.7. Estructuras de las comunidades…………………………………….…….....63 3.8. Relación entre la composición faunística y las variables ambientales….….63 3.9. Diferenciación de las comunidades en los diferentes sectores muestreados……………………………………………………………………...64 3.10. Resultados…………………………………………………………...……..65 3.11. Diversidad y estructura de las comunidades de caliptrados sarcosaprófagos del PNL y del PNLP………………………………………………………..…....68 3.12. Relación entre las variables ambientales y las especies de caliptrados sarcosaprófagos…………………………………………………………………..70 3.13. Diferenciación de las muestras en los diferentes ambientes donde fueron colectadas……………………………………………………………………...…72 3.14. Diferenciación de las comunidades de caliptrados saprófagos entre sectores.………………………………………………………………..………...73 3.15. Similitud entre las comunidades de dípteros caliptrados sarcosaprófagos en los tres sectores muestreados………………………………………………….....74 3.16. Especies responsables de la diferenciación de las comunidades de dípteros caliptrados sarcosaprófagos de los tres sectores muestreados…………….……..75 3.17. Diversidad y estructura de las comunidades de caliptrados sarcosaprófagos en los tres sectores muestreados………………………………………..…..……75 3.18. Discusión………………………………………………………………..…78 CAPITULO 4: Evaluación del efecto de la cobertura arbórea en la diversidad y abundancia de dípteros caliptrados saprófagos………………………………………...82 4.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………...…….82 4.2. Materiales y Métodos………….………………………………………...….83 4.3. Método de colecta y medida de cobertura…………………………………..83 4.4. Análisis de los datos……………………………………………………...…84 4.5. Resultados………………………………………………………………...…85 4.6. Diversidad de caliptrados en los intervalos de cobertura arbórea……….....87 4 4.7. Relación entre la cobertura arbórea y la abundancia de dípteros caliptrados sarcosaprófagos………………………………………………………………….89 4.8. Discusión……………………………………………………………………91 CAPITULO 5: Ensamble de dípteros caliptrados sarcosaprófagos en un gradiente de intervención antrópica…………………………………………………………………....94 5.1. Introducción……………………………………………………………..…..94 5.2. Materiales y Métodos…………………………………………………..……96 5.3. Área de estudio…………………………………………………………..….96 5.4. Análisis de los datos………………………………………………………...98 5.5. Estructura de las comunidades……………………………………………...98 5.6. Comparaciones de abundancia y riqueza………………………………......98 5.7. Resultados………………………………………………………………….100 5.8. Estructura y variación de las comunidades de caliptrados en el gradiente de urbanización…………………………………………………………………….103 5.9. Preferencia de hábitat de las especies más abundantes………..……….…107 5.10. Discusión…….…………………………………………………………...109 CAPITULO 6: Conclusiones generales……….………………………………………..114 BIBLIOGRAFÍA…………………………………………………………………….…118 5 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer principalmente a mi director: Dr. Pablo Mulieri, por su gran ejemplo, guía, enseñanza, dedicación, compresión, paciencia, apoyo y sobre todo amistad, lo que me ayudo a no aflojar en momentos difíciles. En pocas palabras, el director que todo tesista quisiera tener! A mis directores los Dres Juan Carlos Mariluis y Gustavo R. Spinelli por la libertad que me dieron para trabajar, por haberme concedido el honor de ser su tesista. También al Dr. Luciano Patitucci, por su gran amistad bancándome en momentos difíciles, por su ayuda, enseñanza, ejemplo y guía, muchas veces cumpliendo un excelente rol de co-director a pesar de no serlo. Nuevamente al Dr. J. Mariluis, por su apoyo y confianza a lo largo de estos años. A la Dra. Maria Julia Dantur Juri (Chuchu) quién confió en mí desde estudiante de grado, abriendome las puertas en este gran mundo de la investigación. Por sus consejos y gran amistad. Al Museo de Ciencias Naturales ―Bernardino Rivadavia‖ MACN y al Dr. Arturo Roig quién me abrió las puertas del museo brindando la posibilidad de utilizar sus instalaciones y medios para el desarrollo de ésta investigación. Igualmente quiero agradecer al CONICET por financiar esta tesis. Quiero agradecer a Administración de Parques Nacionales (APN) (Parque Nacional Lanín y Parque Nacional Lago Puelo) y a los guardaparques que nos brindaron todo lo que tuvieron a su alcance (camioneta, lancha, guía, colaboración, mapas, etc) para que los muestreos se puedan realizar de la mejor manera. A mis compañeros del MACN Susana Konopko, Rocio Gonzales Vaquero, Joanna Rodriguez, Alicia Schaller, Beatriz Settembrini, Luis Companucci, Diego Carpintero, 6 Geronimo Galvani y Juanjo Martinez, por ser unos excelentes compañeros y amigos; cuyas hermosas charlas de todos los mediodías hacen que el día de trabajo sea muy ameno. A todas aquellas personas que formaron parte de mi vida estos años, y que de una forma u otra ayudaron a que esto sea posible. Por ultimo, quiero expresar mi eterno agradecimiento a mi familia que supo acompañarme desde la distancia, comprender muchas veces mi ausencia y mis decisiones. 7 Persevera y triufarás…. A la memoria de mí querida abuela Mercedes Cuesta de Guardiola 8 RESUMEN Calyptratae (Diptera: Brachycera) constituye uno de los grupos más diversos biológicamente y en riqueza de especies del orden Diptera, cuya distribución abarca la mayoría de las regiones biogeográficas del mundo. Entre los caliptrados se destacan las familias Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae y Sarcophagidae, dado que son las que presentan mayor cantidad de especies con estadios larvales implicados en la descomposición de materia orgánica, constituyendo el principal componente de las comunidades de dipteros sarcosaprófagos. Estos dipteros cumplen un rol importante como descomponedores, y se encuentran implicados en procesos de gran importancia medica- veterinaria y forense. El area de muestreo fue el Parque Nacional Lanín (PNL) y el Parque Nacional Lago Puelo (PNLP) y áreas urbanas aledañas, en las que se identificó el elenco específico de las comunidades de caliptrados sarcosaprófagos. El análisis inicial fue evaluar si el método de trampa cebada es el más adecuado para la captura de dipteros caliptrados sarcosaprófagos. Se evaluó la diversidad, tanto a escala de parques nacionales y en los distintos sectores del bosque andino-patagónico (PNL Norte,
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