Patentamt Europaisches || || 1 1| || || || 1 1 1| 1 1| || || (19) J European Patent Office

Office europeen des brevets (11) EP 0 631 478 B1

(12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION

(45) Date of publicationation and mention (51) |nt. CI.6: A43B 5/04 of the grant of the patent: 11.09.1996 Bulletin 1996/37 (86) International application number: PCT/CA93/00030 (21) Application number: 93903118.3 (87) International publication number: (22) Date of filing: 03.02.1993 WO 93/14656 (05.08.1993 Gazette 1993/19)

(54) SPORTS AND SUPPORT SYSTEM FUSS-STUTZSYSTEM FUR SPORTSCHUHE SYSTEME DE SUPPORT ET CHAUSSURE DE SPORT

(84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: MacPhail, David M. AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL Whistler, British Columbia VON 1 BO (CA) PTSE (74) Representative: Harding, Richard Patrick (30) Priority: 03.02.1992 US 831241 A. R. Davies & Co. 27 Imperial Square (43) Date of publication of application: Cheltenham GL50 1 RQ (GB) 04.01.1995 Bulletin 1995/01 (56) References cited: (73) Proprietor: MACPOD ENTERPRISES LTD. EP-A- 0 205 128 EP-A- 0 371 958 Willowdale, Ontario, M2P 2P5 (CA) WO-A-90/12515 DE-A- 3 504 002 DE-A- 3 636 496 FR-A- 2 063 622 US-A-4 513 520

CO CO

Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, give CO2 any person may notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in ^o a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. Q. 99(1) European Patent Convention).

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Description While some types of rear entry do disclose gaiters or cuffs which provide a degree of relatively free FIELD OF THE INVENTION flexion, there remains numerous problems, the most serious of which is the fact that the device employed to This invention relates to a fit and support system for 5 secure the foot of the user exerts, in addition to the the foot and, more particularly to a fit and support sys- downward directed force on the foot, a simultaneous tem or footwear device suitable for sports footwear, rearward directed force on the leg which acts to resist such as ski boots, hockey skates, cycling and the forward flexion in spite of any free hinging action of the like. Thus, the invention relates in particular to applica- cuff. The result is an interference with the physiologic tions where the footwear device serves as a connection 10 function of the foot and leg of the user. means between the foot and sports equipment such as Yet another problem resides in buckle or overlap a ski, skate blade, roller skate wheels or a bicycle pedal. type footwear. In order to provide for entry of the foot of the user and for resistance to flexion, plastic materials BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION are employed for the outer shell which has f lexural qual- 15 ities. This is necessary in order to facilitate the afore- Alpine ski boots, footwear and cycling mentioned requirements. Plastic materials by their very shoes are among the many types of sports footwear nature tend to resist point loadings by a relaxation of the known. Existing footwear does not provide for the material at the point where stress is applied. This char- dynamic nature of the architecture of the foot by provid- acteristic creates serious problems for two reasons. ing a fit system with dynamic and predictable qualities to 20 First, the teaching of this application is that force must substantially match those of the foot and lower leg. be applied and maintained only to specific areas of the Although somewhat vaguely stated, a generally foot and leg of the user while allowing for unrestricted accepted theme has arisen over the years, one of indis- movement of other areas. The application and mainte- criminate envelopment and "overall restraint" applied to nance of such force by flexible plastic materials in the the foot and leg within the footwear. The stated position 25 structures of prior art is necessarily difficult, if it is possi- of various authorities skilled in the art of the design and ble at all. fabrication of footwear for skiing is that the foot functions Second, the plastic materials in relaxing under the best when movement about its articulations are sub- application of stress assume a new shape by moving stantially prevented or restricted. into void areas. Thus, the probability is great that the Thus, the problem with existing footwear arises due 30 plastic material will change shape so as to inhabit the to the dynamic nature of the architecture of the foot. very area required for the uninhibited displacement of When the wearer is standing with the weight equally dis- the structures of the foot and leg. The result of these tributed between left and right feet so that the centre of limitations is interference with the physiologic function of mass of the wearer is manifesting itself in the centre the user. between the feet, the architecture of the wearer's foot 35 EP-A-0 205 128 discloses a ski having a lock- assumes a specific configuration. As the wearer begins ing device which simultaneously acts on the instep and to shift his weight towards one foot so that the other foot heel of a user's foot for securing the foot in a position in bears proportionately less weight, the wearer's centre of the boot. The locking device also restrains movement of mass moves over the medial aspect of the weighted foot the foot laterally. so as to assume a position of balance. In order for this 40 WO-A-90 515 discloses a having a fore- movement of the wearer's centre of mass to occur, the foot/midfoot compression member to seat the heel of a architecture of the weighted foot must undergo a pro- user's foot against the heel counter. gressive re-alignment. Existing footwear does not ade- quately anticipate this re-alignment of the architecture SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION of the foot and thus such footwear inhibits the wearer's 45 ability to assume a balanced position. According to the invention, there is provided a foot- A problem with existing footwear for skiing, in par- wear device comprising a rigid base for supporting the ticular the rear entry type, relates to the obstruction of foot of a user thereon; a heel counter on the rigid base the leg in forward flexion. A relatively freely flexing gaiter for contact with the foot of a user in a first area of the or cuff is necessary in order to permit the posterior mus- so foot posterior to the posterior aspect of the heel of the cle groups of the lower leg to modulate external force foot; a medial forefoot counter associated with the rigid exerted on the footwear. This requires that the axis of base for contact with the foot of a user in a second area the footwear be allowed to rotate so that small degrees of the foot medial to the medial aspect of the head of the of flexion/extension occur at the foot with the lower leg first metatarsal of the foot; and a forefoot/midfoot com- being relatively passive and that large degrees of flex- 55 pression member for contact with the foot of a user in a ion/extension occur as coordinated ankle, knee and hip third area of the foot located on the dorsum for exerting flexion. The construction of the prior art requires flex- a downwardly and rearwardly directed force on the dor- ion/extension to occur primarily at the knee and hip sum of the foot; characterized in that the medial forefoot joints which is disadvantageous to the user. counter, the posterior heel counter and the forefoot/mid-

2 3 EP 0 631 478 B1 4 foot compression member are configured and arranged application of both turning and edging forces relative to the rigid base so that pressure contact with applied to the ski. Monopedal function accommo- the foot of a user occurs primarily in the first, second dates both these processes, and third areas of the foot whereby the remainder of the (iv) In skiing, the mechanics of monopedal function foot is rendered substantially unconstrained to accom- 5 provide a down force acting predominantly through modate the changing architecture of the foot resulting the ball of the foot (which is normally almost centred from movement between bipedal and monopedal directly over the ski edge). In concert with trans- stances and, wherein the forefoot/midfoot compression verse torque (pronation) arising from weight bear- member includes a plate in the form of a supero-lateral ing on the medial aspect of the foot which torque is first metatarsal counter for applying a substantially 10 stabilized by the obligatory internal rotation of the infero-medially acting force on the supero-lateral aspect tibia, the combination of these forces results in con- of the first metatarsal. trol of the edge angle of the ski purely as a result of An inventive feature of the technology disclosed in achieving a position of monopedal stance on the the present application is that the footwear accommo- outside foot of the turn. dates, supports and enhances physiologic function of 15 (v) The edge angle can be either increased or the user on both two feet and on one foot. In this speci- decreased in monopedal function by increasing or fication, the former will be referred to as "bipedal func- decreasing the pressure made to bear on the tion" or "bipedal stance" and the latter is referred to as medial aspect of the foot through the main contact "monopedal function" or "monopedal stance". It is points at the heel and ball of the foot via the mech- intended that either reference pertain to both dynamic 20 anism of pronation. As medial pressure increases, and static states. It should also be understood that the horizontal torque (relative to the ski) increases footwear also accommodates states, usually transitory, through an obligatory increase in the intensity of between bipedal and monopedal function. internal rotation of the tibia. Thus, increasing Monopedal function is a physiologic state wherein medial pressure on the plantar aspect of the foot balance is achieved with the weight of the body borne 25 tends to render the edge-set more stable. The ski on the medial plantar aspect of one foot. It has been edge-set will not be lost until either the state of bal- recognized that the ability to balance on one foot (usu- ance is broken or the skier relinquishes the state of ally the one to the outside during a skiing or skating monopedal function on the outside ski. turn) is superior, in terms of balance and control, to bal- ance on two feet, in sports such as skiing and skating 30 In order to accurately describe the biomechanics of wherein an instrument such as a ski or ice blade is bipedal and monopedal function, it is necessary to affixed to the sole of the footwear. Monopedal function is employ anatomical terms. extremely relevant in such applications for the following Bipedal function or bipedal stance, in the context of reasons: the invention disclosed, is defined as being a weight 35 bearing state wherein the feet are neither supinated (i) Balance on one foot, achieved through prona- (rolled outward) or pronated (rolled inward). This is tion, provides superior control of the articulations described as a "neutral" state of the foot. It is usually over balance on two feet. This translates to superior associated with weight bearing on two feet wherein control of the ski or skate blade. It also translates each foot bears an equal proportion of the weight of the into superior dynamic or kinetic balance. The 40 body. mechanics of monopedal function permit the centre Monopedal function or monopedal stance is of mass of the body to be accurately placed and its defined as being the state achieved at the conclusion of relative position maintained, if necessary, with a progressive weight transfer from two feet to the medial regard to the ski or skate blade affixed to the sole of aspect of the plantar surface of one foot. As the weight the footwear. 45 transfer occurs, the foot to which the weight is being (ii) A dominant position on the outside foot in the arc transferred undergoes pronation until a physiologic of a turn affords more efficient and precise control state of balance is achieved on one foot. Monopedal of the instrument since the inner limb, being rela- function distinguishes itself from other possible states of tively passive, is utilized primarily for the purpose of balance on one foot in that the ability to mobilize the assisting balance. so joints of the body required to reorient the centre of mass (iii) The most important source of rotational power relative to the foot is possible while simultaneously with which to apply torque to the footwear is the maintaining a state of balance in relation to the forces adductor/rotator muscle groups of the hip joint. In acting on the user. order to optimally link this capability to the footwear, As an example, one can bear weight on one foot there must be a mechanically stable and competent 55 without having that foot pronate and, thus, not assume connection originating at the plantar processes of the position required for monopedal function, thus there the foot and extending to the hip joint. Further, the is no significant inward movement of the ankle bone. balanced position of the skier's centre of mass, rel- This is done by shifting the weight to bear on the lateral ative to the ski edge, must be maintained during the aspect of the foot, and using the extrinsic leg and intrin-

3 5 EP 0 631 478 B1 6 sic foot musculature to support its medial arch. How- in the way of a forefoot/midfoot compression member. ever, this form of balance produces a relatively static The restraint provides a force acting principally down- position in terms of ability to re-orient the centre of mass ward and rearward so as to maintain the heel of the user of the body relative to the supporting limb. This static in constant contact with the heel counter. Restraint quality is typical of states of balance on one foot 5 against inward and downward displacement of the achieved by other than monopedal function. With mono- medial structures of the foot situated between the heel pedal function, medial movement of the inside ankle counter and the counter medial to the medial aspect of bone is involved. the head of the first metatarsal is avoided. The foot articulates in order to facilitate muscle The portions of the foot between the heel counter function. Muscles respond in opposition to loads 10 and the counter medial to the head of the first metatar- imposed upon the foot. A process ensues wherein the sal, including the medial and lateral malleolus and lower chain of articulations, initiated at the foot, are continu- part of the leg, are free of any restraint, which would ously mobilized so as to maintain a state of balance. preclude the displacement of structures required for Some of the articulations involve displacements monopedal or bipedal function. beyond the neutral envelope of the architecture of the 15 Reference points are defined as specific areas of foot. Any significant source of interference to these dis- the foot associated with the limit of displacement of key placements can potentially disrupt the flow of the structures relating to bipedal and/or monopedal func- dynamic chain. tion. Elements of the footwear device set opposite these The important characteristic of the footwear device points serve to help define the limits of displacement. of the present application is that it accommodates 20 These elements also serve to assist the function of monopedal function and, in so doing, couples the foot to muscles which facilitate balance by providing a source the footwear at specific points while providing the of resistance. In some instances, reference points can remainder of the foot the relative freedom required so be utilized to transfer turning forces from the foot to the that its articulations may respond to loads imposed on footwear. it. Thus, related muscle function is also accommodated. 25 A leg member is provided in certain applications to Precise coupling of the foot to the footwear is possible control the movement of the leg of the user relative to because the foot, in weight bearing states, but espe- the rigid base. The leg member is rotatably connected cially in monopedal function, becomes structurally com- to the rigid base of the footwear device. The leg member petent to exert forces in the horizontal plane relative to encircles the leg at the top of the footwear device and the sole of the footwear at the points of a triangle formed 30 controls the movement of the leg at this point. by the posterior aspect and oblique posterior angles of In the area of the malleolus, the leg is free to pivot the heel, the head of the first metatarsal and the head of both laterally and medially from its pivot point at the top the fifth metatarsal. In terms of transferring horizontal of the footwear device. Thus, it is intended that the leg torsional and vertical forces relative to the sole of the be unrestrained in terms of medial/lateral movement at footwear, these points of the triangle become the princi- 35 the malleolus so that there is freedom for the articula- pal points of contact with the bearing surfaces of the tions of the ankle/foot complex. footwear. The leg member cooperates with, but is independ- In order to accommodate monopedal function and ent in its action from, the forefoot/midfoot compression integrate with the mechanics of the foot and leg, the member. footwear device according to the present invention in its 40 Provision has been made in the footwear device in various embodiments utilizes aspects, such as anchor order to prevent movement of the leg beyond a prede- points, control points, restraint points, articulation termined point in both fore and aft movement since points, reference points and, in particular applications, movement beyond certain limits is detrimental to skier also a leg member. balance. In addition, such movement can overstress The footwear device utilizes an anchor point in the 45 structures of the foot. form of a heel counter. This anchor point serves to pre- An important object of the invention is to provide a vent rearward movement of the heel relative to the base footwear device which accommodates the physiology of of the footwear device. The rear portion of the heel of both bipedal and monopedal function. In this respect, the user is designated as the anchor point for its articu- the displacements of the foot associated with pronation, lations with the foot which occur during shifting of the so which are required to assume a monopedal stance, are user's weight when moving between bipedal stance and permitted and accommodated. Further, the displace- monopedal stance. ments of the foot required to resume a bipedal stance A control point in the form of a counter set medial to from a monopedal stance are also permitted and the head of the first metatarsal is used in order to accommodated. restrain the first metatarsal against medial movement, 55 It is also an object of the invention that the elements such as would occur when internal torsional force is of the footwear device influence the displacements of applied to the foot. the foot associated with a bipedal or monopedal func- The footwear device provides restraint to the upper tion and, in so doing, cause them to occur relative to the portion of the forefoot/midfoot (instep) of the user's foot

4 7 EP 0 631 478 B1 8 rigid base of the footwear device in a manner which is hindfoot counter elements mounted on the rigid both consistent and predictable. base; The changes which the configuration of the foot and Figure 1 0 is a plan view of the rigid base of the foot- the leg undergo in going from bipedal to a monopedal wear device of Figure 9 with an additional counter function and vice-versa involves a complex sequence of 5 element shown and with the foot of a user in a events which the elements of the footwear device must bipedal stance; accommodate and be perfectly coordinated with. It is an Figure 1 1 is a plan view of the footwear device of object of the invention to provide the means for such Figure 1 0 but with the foot of a user in a monopedal coordination. Any significant source of interference may stance; act to disrupt the sequence of events in which the foot 10 Figure 12 is a medial elevation of the footwear and leg are engaged. Such interference can have pro- device of Figure 10; found implications on the entire physiology of the user. Figure 1 3 is a medial elevation of a footwear device Therefore, any interference of this nature is detrimental according to the invention having a rigid base with a to the user and undesirable. midfoot/forefoot compression member and a heel In order to accommodate the nature and sequence is counter mounted on the rigid base; of the required displacements of the foot and leg, it is an Figure 1 4 is a plan view of the footwear device of object of the invention that the footwear device be inti- Figure 13 but additionally with continuous periph- mately connected to the foot and leg of the user at spe- eral counter elements mounted on the rigid base; cific areas only. It is important that all remaining Figure 1 5 is a front elevation of the footwear device structures of the footwear device be arranged in a man- 20 of Figure 13; ner which ensures that the displacements required for Figure 1 6 illustrates the elements of an instep coun- bipedal and monopedal function are in no way ter pivot and rod assembly of a footwear device obstructed or interfered with. according to the invention; Further objects and advantages of the invention will Figure 1 7 is a plan view of the footwear device of become apparent from the description of preferred 25 Figure 14 showing the outlines of the plates of an embodiments of the invention below. instep counter in relation to the areas of the dorsum of the midfoot and forefoot of a user; BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 8 is a front elevation of the footwear device of Figure 14 illustrating the instep counter in relation The invention will now be described, by way of 30 to the foot of a user; examples, with reference to the accompanying draw- Figure 1 9 is a plan view of the footwear device of ings, in which: Figure 14 illustrating the instep counter with addi- tional counter members mounted; Figure 1 is a diagrammatical illustration showing the Figure 20 is a plan view of a footwear device major elements of a fit and support system or foot- 35 according to another embodiment of the invention wear device according to the invention; having a reduced or abbreviated instep counter; Figure 2 is a medial elevation of the footwear device Figure 21 is a medial elevation, similar to Figure 13 of Figure 1 ; of the footwear device, illustrating the pivoting Figures 3 A to D illustrate plan views and medial action of the instep counter; elevations of the foot approximating the architecture 40 Figure 22 is a medial elevation of the footwear of bipedal and monopedal functions; device illustrating the change in the angle of the Figures 4 A and B illustrate stick drawings showing instep counter in response to pronation of the foot the forces acting on a person in bipedal and mono- of a user; pedal stances, respectively; Figure 23 is a plan view of the footwear device illus- Figure 5 is a plan view of a rigid base of a footwear 45 trating the outline of a key counter element of the device according to the invention with peripheral forefoot/midfoot compression member in relation to medial forefoot and heel counter elements mounted the right foot of a user; on the rigid base; Figure 24 is a plan view of a footwear device Figure 6 is a medial elevation of the footwear device according to another embodiment of the invention of Figure 5 with the foot of a user in a bipedal func- so having an abbreviated version of the instep counter tion; contacting a key area of the forefoot/midfoot of the Figure 7 is a medial elevation of the footwear device right foot of a user; of Figure 5 with the foot of a user in a monopedal Figure 25A shows the footwear device of Figure 24 function; in a medial elevation; Figure 8 is a lateral elevation of the footwear device 55 Figure 25B illustrates the elements which comprise of Figure 5; the abbreviated counter shown in Figure 25A which Figure 9 is a lateral elevation of the footwear device serve to connect the counter to the rigid arch of the of Figure 5 with additional lateral forefoot and lateral footwear device;

5 9 EP 0 631 47878 B1 10

Figure 26 is a medial elevation of a footwear device DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED according to yet another embodiment of the inven- EMBODIMENT tion having a forefoot/midfoot compression member with a medial forefoot counter, mounted to the Referring to Figures 1 and 2, a sports footwear fit medial aspect of the instep counter; 5 and support system or footwear device according to the Figure 27 is a medial elevation of a footwear device invention is indicated generally at 2000 with the right according to another embodiment of the invention foot 2001 of a user inserted therein. The footwear having a forefoot/midfoot compression member device 2000 comprises five main elements, i.e. a rigid with a medial midfoot counter, mounted to the base 2100, a plurality of side counters 2201, 2202, medial aspect of the instep counter; 10 2203, 2204 and 2205 (collectively referred to by refer- Figure 28 is a medial elevation illustrating the ele- ence numeral 2200), heel counters 2301, 2302 and ments which form a leg member of a footwear 2303, collectively referred to by reference numeral device according to the invention; 2300, a forefoot/midfoot compression member or fore- Figure 29 is an isometric view of the leg member of foot/midfoot pivotal support, generally shown at 2400, Figure 28; w and a leg member, generally shown at 2500. Figure 30 is a plan view showing the leg member of The five main elements are interrelated and inter- Figure 28; dependent in terms of producing the overall effect relat- Figure 31 is a plan view of the leg member of Figure ing to the principal object of the invention. In terms of 28 with the leg of a user in a bipedal stance illus- this object, there exists a specificity of the side counters trated within the leg member; 20 2200, the heel counter 2300 and the forefoot/midfoot Figure 32 is a plan view of the leg member, similar compression member 2400 which act in concert to con- to Figure 31, but with the leg of a user in a mono- trol the position and displacements of the foot of the pedal stance; user relative to rigid base 2100 while the rigid base Figure 33 is a posterior elevation of the leg member 2100 and the leg member 2500 act in concert to control of Figure 28; 25 the movement of the leg relative to rigid base 2100. Figure 34 is an anterior elevation of the leg member Control of the movement of the leg is important to pre- of Figure 28; serve the physiologic function of the user which the Figure 35A illustrates the elements of journal ten- counter structure of the footwear device 2000 associ- sion adjustment means taken along lines A-A in ated with the foot is acting to accommodate and Figure 28; 30 enhance. In this respect loss of physiologic function Figure 35B illustrates the elements of rear travel amounts to loss of function of the footwear device 2000. limiters of the leg member of Figure 28; Hence, the interdependency of the elements. Figures 36 A to D illustrate the elements of a for- Figure 2 illustrates the footwear device 2000 in a ward travel limiter of the leg member of Figure 28; medial side elevation with the right foot 2001 of a user Figure 37 is a graphical illustration showing the 35 inserted in the footwear device 2000. interaction and influence on the movement of the In order to fully appreciate the objects of the inven- upper containment assembly of the leg member; tion, a knowledge of the displacements of the foot and Figures 38 A to C illustrate the elements of ante- leg necessary for the user to make a transition from a rior/posterior containment coupling means of the bipedal to a monopedal stance are necessary. leg member of Figure 28; 40 Figures 3 A to D illustrate four views of the right foot Figures 39 A to C illustrate three views of the poste- of a user. Figures 3A and 3B depict a medial elevation rior aspect of the foot and leg; and a plan view, respectively, of the foot in a bipedal Figure 40 is a side view of a ski boot incorporating function. Anatomically speaking, the foot is said to be in the elements of the footwear device of Figure 1 ; a "neutral" position. Figures 41 A and B are side views of a cycling 45 Figures 3C and 3D depict a medial elevation and a incorporating the elements of the footwear device of plan view, respectively, of the foot in a monopedal func- Figure 1, shown in closed and open positions, tion. Anatomically speaking, the foot is said to be in a respectively; pronated position. Figures 42 A and B are, respectively, side and plan The foot pronates as it makes the transition views of the cycling shoe of Figure 41 ; and so between bipedal and monopedal function. The bony Figures 43 A and B are side views of a hockey and ligamentous architecture of the foot enables the skate incorporating the elements of the footwear foot to change its shape during this transition, while device of Figure 1 , shown in closed and open posi- maintaining its structural integrity. Figures 3 A and B tions, respectively. represent the foot during bipedal function. Figures 3 C and D represent the foot during monopedal function. Comparing Figures 3 A and B with Figures 3 C and D, it can be seen that during pronation:

6 11 EP 0 631 478 B1 12

the ankle (tibio-talar) joint dorsiflexes, and the tibia of the first metatarsal during the operation of the inven- rotates internally; the amount of internal rotation is tion. proportional to the degree of dorsiflexion; Both the anchor and control points are dependent on the correct functioning of the forefoot/midfoot pivotal the horizontal distance L (from the most posterior 5 support for their operation. aspect of the calcaneus to the first metatarsal head) Figures 4 A and B, respectively, illustrate stick increases in length (i.e. L2>L1); drawings of a user in a bipedal stance and monopedal stance. It should be noted that the forces shown acting the vertical distance H (from the most dorsal aspect on the user are an approximation only and not entirely of the navicular to the supporting surface (the rigid 10 accurate since they do not include more complex forces base)) decreases in length (i.e. H2

7 13 EP 0 631 478 B1 14

aspects of the heel of a user relative to the rigid tially free from deformation or distortion relates to the base 2100; stated object as does the use of rigid counters rigidly 2. means to locate and maintain the medial/lateral connected to a rigid base and set opposite key areas of position of the head of the first metatarsal of a user the foot and leg. An object of the invention being that on an axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal 5 these rigid counters maintain the position of the foot and centre of the rigid base 2100 such that posterior or leg relative to the structures of the footwear device 2000 anterior displacement of the head of the first meta- while as directly as possible transferring force from the tarsal, which occurs in conjunction with movement foot and leg to the footwear device 2000 without delay. It in and out of pronation, will occur along this axis; is also an object of the invention that forces exerted 3. means to substantially maintain the positions 10 externally on the footwear device 2000 by the ski be defined in objects 1 and 2 while accommodating the transferred as directly as possible and without delay to physiologic function of the foot and leg in both static the foot of the user. and dynamic bipedal and monopedal stances; Referring particularly to Figures 2 and 15, the fore- 4. means to control the displacements of the struc- foot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 comprises a rigid arch tures of the midfoot and forefoot in a manner that 15 2410 rigidly connected to the rigid base 2100, an instep provides consistency of these displacements which counter 2420 and a rod 2440. Rod 2440 is connected to occur relative to the rigid base 2100 while maintain- instep counter 2420 via a pivot connection, generally ing the objects set out in 1 , 2 and 3; indicated at 2430 in Figure 15, and connected to arch 5. means to provide a mechanical advantage so 241 0 by a threaded interface such that the instep coun- that the forces exerted by various aspects of the 20 ter 2420 can be raised relative to rigid base 2100 by foot are directed in a manner that is advantageous rotating rod 2440 in the appropriate direction to provide to the user in the activity for which the footwear for entry of the foot of a user into the footwear device device 2000 is intended; 2000. Once the foot has been positioned on rigid base 6. means to control movement of the leg of the user 2100, instep counter 2420 can then be adjusted down- relative to rigid base 2100 in a manner that ensures 25 ward by rotating rod 2440 in the appropriate direction to that the movements are substantially consistent bring a suitable downwardly and rearwardly acting force and predictable with regard to the position of the leg to bear on the dorsum of the foot of the user. Instep member 2500 relative to the rigid base 2100 and counter 2420 should be tensioned with the foot of the further that the manner in which the leg member user in a bipedal function. 2500 influences the leg does not adversely affect 30 The footwear device 2000 is continuously con- the influence on the foot of the rigid base 2100, side nected to the peripheral of the foot of a user only at the counters 2200, heel counter 2300 and the fore- principal points of force transfer, namely the medial foot/midfoot pivotal support 2400; and aspect of the head of the first metatarsal, the posterior 7. means to connect the rigid base 21 00 of the foot- aspect of the heel, the postero-lateral aspect of the heel wear device 2000 to the principal points of force 35 and the postero-medial aspect of the heel. transfer of the foot in a manner which ensures that Not only is it desirable that the peripheral counters forces exerted by the foot will be transferred as of the footwear device 2000 continuously contact the directly as possible and without delay to an instru- foot of a user and afford rigid resistance to displacement ment, such as a ski, connected to the rigid base of the foot relative to rigid base 21 00 only at these coun- 2100 of the footwear device 2000. 40 ter surfaces, such limited contact is also necessary for the correct operation of the footwear device 2000. No In the present example, the footwear device 2000 is other contact must occur at the perimeter of the foot intended to be used as a ski boot and, therefore, refer- which would act to obstruct displacements necessary to ence will be made to the footwear device 2000 in this assume a monopedal stance once the transition from a context. 45 bipedal stance to a monopedal stance has been initi- The structures of a ski boot are, of necessity, made ated by the user. The avoidance of any obstruction is from rigid materials. Rigid plastics are preferable but required in order to ensure that a monopedal stance will metals may also be suitably employed for some struc- be attained without interference or delay. Such interfer- tures. ence would be deleterious to the user and is, therefore, The movements of the foot in both bipedal and so undesirable. monopedal function occur around specific points of the If structures are placed in the areas between foot. These movements are, therefore, predictable. counters 2201, 2301, 2302 and 2303, the material of Since the object of the invention is to permit, accommo- which they are composed must be one that yields read- date, control and enhance specific functions of the foot ily under the slightest pressure so that no significant and leg, which as previously mentioned are predictable, 55 source of resistance, which would act to obstruct the the footwear device 2000 must possess predictable necessary displacements of the foot, will be introduced. characteristics if the object is to be obtained. The use of Other counters, namely 2202, 2203, 2204 and 2205 rigid materials and close tolerance axes for movement are located at the perimeter of rigid base 2100. How- combined with articulating structures which are essen- ever, contact with the foot of the user by these counters

8 15 EP 0 631 478 B1 16 is of an intermittent nature. Further, these counters are occur without adverse effect on the operation or influ- located relative to the foot so that they engage their ence on the leg of leg member 2500. Further, any respective areas only at the extreme of displacement of means provided to inter-connect forefoot/midfoot pivotal the structures of the foot associated with either a support 2400 and leg member 2500 must be of a mate- bipedal or a monopedal stance. Hence they do not inter- 5 rial and construction which yields readily under pres- fere with these displacements. sure so that movement of leg member 2500, for Continuous contact is permitted with the dorsum of example, will not adversely influence or affect fore- the foot at particular areas of forefoot/midfoot pivotal foot/midfoot pivotal support 2400. support 2400. However, means are provided, for exam- It is an object of the invention that the angle of pos- ple pivot connection 2430, to ensure that the required 10 terior element 2524 be adjustable so as to provide the displacements of the foot are not obstructed. correct angle for the calf of the user's leg and that Leg member 2500 affords continuous contact with means be provided to render the position of posterior the leg of a user at its medial and lateral aspects only at element 2524 rigid relative to rigid base 2100 once the the superior (upper) portion of the leg member 2500. It angle is set so that rearward movement of the leg of a is necessary that adequate clearance be provided to 15 user is prevented. An adjustable rear stop 2550 is pro- ensure that contact with the medial and lateral aspects vided so that the angle of leg member 2500 can be of the leg inferior (below) to the superior (upper) portion adjusted. Posterior element 2524 provides a rigid sur- of leg member 2500, which could obstruct or in any way face which ensures that rearward movement of the leg interfere with medial/lateral movement of the malleolus, will be prevented once posterior element 2524 contacts does not occur. It is especially important that contact by 20 rear stop 2550. This function is important for the correct rigid structures of the footwear device 2000 with the operation of the invention. malleolus of a user be avoided within the limits of A tension adjustment means 2560, 2561 is pro- bipedal and monopedal function. vided in the journal of leg member 2500. Adjustment Continuous contact with the anterior (front) and means 2560, 2561 employs a mechanism such as BEL- posterior (rear) aspects of the leg of a user with the 25 LEVILLE™ springs which introduces a constant resist- respective elements 2523 and 2524 of leg member ance into the leg member journal. This tension acts to 2500 is permitted and desirable. Such contact is of no resist rotation of leg member 2500 about its axis. The consequence provided resistance means 2560 and effect of tension adjustment means 2560, 2561 is a con- 2561 , mounted in the journal of leg member 2500 and stant dampening of movement of leg member 2500 forward travel limiter 2570, are adjusted in a manner 30 throughout its permitted range of rotation. Further, the which does not restrict the flexion of the leg required for degree of dampening can be increased or decreased by a bipedal or a monopedal function during operation of increasing or decreasing the tension acting on the BEL- the footwear device 2000. LEVILLE™ springs which in turn act on the journal of leg Contact with the postero-lateral and postero-medial member 2500. In addition, should a lesser or greater aspects of the calf of a user is also acceptable and 35 range of tension adjustment be desired by the user, desirable provided the inferior aspects of the surfaces of BELLEVILLE™ washers of a suitable specification can the leg which are contacted by leg member 2500 are not be substituted. Should the user desire a relatively free anatomically conformed to since this could provide rotating leg member, tension can be minimized on the interference to the lateral/medial displacement of the BELLEVILLE™ springs or, alternatively, they can be malleolus which must be allowed to occur without delay. 40 removed from the leg member journal. The shape of the anterior (front) element of the leg Another object of the invention is that a means be member 2523 is important. It must be of a suitable form provided by which the forward rotation of leg member to permit internal rotation of the leg of a user when mak- 2500 can be arrested after a specified degree of move- ing a transition from a bipedal to a monopedal stance ment. It is a further object of the invention that the point and external rotation when making the transition from a 45 at which the means employed to arrest forward rotation monopedal to a bipedal stance. of leg member 2500 be adjustable. It is a yet a further The shape of the posterior element 2524 of the leg object of the invention that the rate at which the means member 2500 is also important in that it should allow for employed to arrest the forward rotation of leg member the same rotation of the leg as the anterior element 2500 be adjustable. It is yet a further object that the var- 2523. However, the shape is less critical since the pos- so ious means provided to control movement of leg mem- terior aspect of the leg at the calf, being soft tissue, is ber 2500 be adjustable independently of each other so somewhat adaptable to the surface of posterior element that the user is able to select the angle at which poste- 2524. rior element 2524 rigidly prevents rearward movement Of equal importance is the relationship between of the leg of a user, the amount of constant resistance in forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 and leg member 55 the journal of leg arms 2521 and 2522, the degree of 2500. It is necessary that the influence on the structures forward rotation of leg member 2500 relative to the posi- of the foot and leg associated with these elements be tion at which it is initially located by posterior leg mem- independent of each other. Thus, for example, adjust- ber 2524, rear stops 2550 and 2551 and finally, the ment of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 should force and duration at which the movement of leg mem-

9 17 EP 0 631 478 B1 18 ber 2500 is arrested at the termination of its forward movement of the foot beyond the counters be pre- rotation, such that the requirements of the morphology, vented. among other things, of a particular user can be provided It is the object of the continuous counters that they for. remain in constant contact with the associated area of In order to attain the objects stated above, a for- 5 the foot in both bipedal and monopedal functions. ward travel limiter means, generally shown at 2570, is The principal useful function of the continuous provided which acts to increase the constant resistance peripheral counters is in efficiently transferring forces provided by tension adjustment means 2560, 2561 after exerted by the foot of a user to rigid base 2100 and a specified degree of rotation of leg member 2500 about thereafter to the device affixed to the rigid base, in this its axis has occurred and to arrest the rotation of leg 10 particular example, a ski. In order for the user to enjoy member 2500 after a predetermined degree of rotation. maximum control of the ski, it is important that these The amount of rotation of leg member 2500 which can forces be transferred as directly as possible and without occur before forward travel limiter means 2570 engages delay. As previously stated, this is an object of the inven- is adjustable. The tension of the resistance means pro- tion. It is also important that forces exerted by the ski on vided is also adjustable such that the rate at which the is rigid base 2100 be transferred as directly as possible movement of leg member 2500 is arrested, once front and without delay to the foot of the user so that appro- traveller limiter means 2570 engages, can also be priate muscle action can be accurately and quickly stim- adjusted. Should the user desire a lesser or greater ulated which would act to make corrections which force than afforded by the spring or springs provided in influence the relative position of the joints in order to forward travel limiter 2570, springs with a lesser or a 20 maintain the user's state of balance. greater tension can be substituted. An equally important function of the continuous Thus, it is possible, in employing the aforemen- peripheral counters is that they act in concert with fore- tioned elements, to provide an infinite number of combi- foot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 in locating, and main- nations with which to adapt the function of leg member taining the location of, the principal areas of force 2500 to the morphology and physiology of a particular 25 transfer of the foot relative to rigid base 21 00. This func- user since means are provided to first establish the tion is extremely useful and important since the charac- angle of leg member 2500 relative to rigid base 2100, teristics of the ski are dependent for consistent and second, means are provided to allow for the a relatively accurate performance on the consistent application of free rotation of leg member 2500 forwardly of rear stops forces relative to its centre. The positioning of, and 2550 and 2551 or to introduce a constant resistance to 30 maintenance of the position of, the foot of a user is an rotation of the leg member 2500 by tensioning resist- object of the invention. ance means 2560, 2561 , third, means are provided to Hence, the construction of such counters should be adjust the relative amount of forward rotation of leg of a rigid material and any surface treatment or covering member 2500 permitted to occur before its movement is employed for the counter surface adjacent the respec- arrested by adjusting the position at which forward travel 35 tive area of the foot should be of a material capable of limiter 2570 engages, and fourth, means are provided to readily transferring force with minimal loss due to com- adjust the force with which forward travel limiter 2570 pression. In some instances, for example, where dis- arrests the movement of leg member 2500. placement of a structure of the foot must occur parallel The various structures of the invention will now be to the counter, the counter should be of a material which discussed in greater detail because it is important that 40 readily permits such movement while simultaneously the perspective of the synergistic and interdependent preventing displacement of the foot towards the counter. relationship of these elements be fully understood. An example of such material would be a dense, thin closed cell, nitrogen filled foam which is specifically The Rigid Base 2100 designed to permit relative movement. 45 It is the object of the intermittent counters that they The rigid base 2100 is an important element of the contact the associated area of the foot only during a footwear device 2000 in that it provides the structure specific function, for example, during a bipedal or a which ties the various elements together and ensures monopedal function. Since it is intended that these continuity and consistency of operation which is an counters receive contact from a structure of the foot object of the invention. The rigid base acts in combina- so which is in motion, the use of materials or surface treat- tion with the other elements of the footwear device ments of counter faces which permit a small degree of 2000. compression which can act to "cushion" shock from a momentary displacement beyond the envelope of a Side and Rear Peripheral Counters 2200 AND 2300 bipedal or a monopedal function is desirable. However, 55 it is of the utmost importance that such materials, if Side and rear peripheral counters are of two types, employed, not interfere in any way with the displace- i.e. continuous counters and intermittent counters. Both ments of the foot necessary to assume a bipedal or a types of counters are rigid structures rigidly mounted to monopedal stance. rigid base 2100. It is an object of the invention that

10 19 EP 0 631 478 B1 20

Of great importance are the areas on the medial Figure 6 illustrates a medial elevation of the foot- aspect of the foot situated between intermittent medial wear device 2000 with the right foot 2001 of a user posi- midfoot counter 2202 and continuous medial forefoot tioned on rigid base 2100 and showing the position of counter 2201 and between intermittent medial midfoot continuous medial forefoot counter 2201 mounted to counter 2202 and intermittent medial hindfoot counter 5 rigid base 21 00 relative to the medial aspect of the head 2203 and continuous postero-medial heel counter 2303 of the first metatarsal. The foot is illustrated in a bipedal which must remain free of any element(s) which would stance. The approximate centre of the medial aspect of interfere with the displacements of the foot required for the head of the first metatarsal is indicated by a cross. a monopedal function. Figure 7 illustrates the position of continuous Of equal importance is the area on the lateral side 10 medial forefoot counter 2201 mounted to rigid base of the foot situated between intermittent lateral hindfoot 2100 relative to the medial aspect of the head of the first counter 2204 and the distal end of the lateral aspect of metatarsal with the foot in a monopedal stance. The the foot which must remain free of any element(s) which approximate centre of the medial aspect of the head of would interfere with the displacements of the foot the first metatarsal is indicated by a cross. Of great required for a bipedal or a monopedal function. 15 importance is the relative anterior movement of the head of the first metatarsal bone which has occurred in The Continuous Counters 2201 . 2301 . 2302 and 2303 comparison to the position of the medial aspect of the head of the first metatarsal as seen in Figure 6 and Figure 5 is a plan view of the footwear device 2000 which occurs in conjunction with compression of the with the right foot 2001 of a user in a bipedal function, 20 arch. It is an object of the invention that both of the positioned on rigid base 2100 and showing the location changes in the architecture of the foot described above of continuous medial forefoot counter 2201, continuous be permitted and accommodated by the footwear postero-medial oblique heel counter 2303, continuous device 2000. postero-lateral oblique heel counter 2302 and continu- It should be noted that, with the exception of rigid ous posterior heel counter 2301 . It should be noted that, 25 base 2100, other elements of the footwear device 2000 with the exception of rigid base 2100, other elements of have been omitted in Figures 6 and 7 for the sake of the footwear device 2000 have been omitted in Figure 5 clarity. for the sake of clarity. Medial forefoot counter 2201, has several useful Continuous medial forefoot counter 2201 and con- functions. First, it acts to prevent medial displacement of tinuous postero-medial oblique heel counter 2303 are 30 the foot such as would occur when an internally directed both continuous rigid medial side counters rigidly rotational force is exerted about a centre proximal to the mounted to the medial aspect of rigid base 2100. Con- head of the first metatarsal which would tend to rotate it tinuous postero-lateral oblique heel counter 2302 is a medially. continuous rigid lateral counter mounted to the lateral Second it provides a vertical resistance which acts aspect of the posterior end of rigid base 21 00. Continu- 35 to limit inward rolling of the foot beyond the degree of ous posterior heel counter 2301 is a continuous rigid pronation required for monopedal function. Third, the posterior counter rigidly mounted to the posterior aspect counter acts to provide resistance for muscles which of rigid base 2100. function to counter horizontal loads exerted in the Continuous medial forefoot counter 2201 is posi- medial horizontal plane by the medial aspect of the first tioned so as to be substantially medial to the medial 40 metatarsal in other than bipedal stance. When the skier aspect of the head of the first metatarsal when the user is in monopedal stance or in the transition to a mono- is in a bipedal or a monopedal stance. pedal stance from a bipedal stance, an angular relation- When the user initiates the transition from a bipedal ship of the leg is formed with the footwear device 2000 to a monopedal stance, the head of the first metatarsal such that the force exerted by the leg on rigid base 2100 advances towards the distal end of rigid base 21 00 (Fig- 45 results in a horizontal force being exerted towards the ure 3 B and 3 D). When the user initiates the transition medial counter in addition to the vertical force exerted from a monopedal to a bipedal stance, the head of the against rigid base 2100. Figure 4 illustrates this angular first metatarsal recedes towards the proximal end of relationship. Medial forefoot counter 2201 acts to resist rigid base 2100. this horizontal force while simultaneously providing a It is an object of the invention that these movements so source of resistance with which to oppose the reaction be permitted and accommodated. Thus, medial forefoot force exerted horizontally by muscles which act to counter 2201 is positioned so as to be medial to the establish balance. medial aspect of the head of the first metatarsal in a A fourth and extremely important function of medial bipedal stance. The counter extends anteriorly at its forefoot counter 2201 is that it establishes and main- anterior end so as to also provide for a medial face 55 tains the medial position of the centre of the plantar medial to the head of the first metatarsal in a monopedal aspect of the head of the first metatarsal relative to the stance. Thus, this extension of the counter acts to pro- longitudinal axis of the ski which is essential for effecting vide continuous contact in states between a bipedal and control of edge mechanics. The centre of the plantar a monopedal function. aspect of the head of the first metatarsal is the principal

11 21 EP 0 631 478 B1 22

mechanical point of the foot responsible for such con- eral displacement which occurs at the heads of the sec- trol. Therefore, correct placement, and control of the ond through fifth metatarsals and their associated movement of, the centre of the plantar aspect of the phalanges. It is an object of the invention that this lateral head of the first metatarsal is a critical factor in obtaining displacement be permitted and accommodated. maximum performance from the ski. 5 Structures of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 Continuous rigid posterior heel counter 2301, illus- minimize the role of intermittent rigid lateral forefoot trated in Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8, is rigidly connected to counter 2205 such that it can be eliminated from the rigid base 2100 posterior to the posterior aspect of the footwear device 2000 without adverse effect. However, heel of a user. The main useful function of posterior heel if lateral forefoot counter 2205 is mounted to rigid base counter 2301 is that it acts to prevent rearward move- 10 2100, care should be taken to ensure that it is located ment of the foot at the heel such as would occur when a so as to contact the lateral aspect of the head of the fifth rearwardly directed force is exerted against the counter metatarsal only when the foot of the user is in a mono- by the posterior aspect of the heel of the foot of a user. pedal stance with the full anticipated weight of the user, Continuous rigid postero-medial oblique heel coun- including all additional loads imposed during the activity, ter 2303 illustrated in Figures 5, 6 and 7 is rigidly con- is applied to rigid base 2100 such that the width between nected to rigid base 2100 postero-medially to the the lateral face of continuous medial forefoot counter oblique postero-medial aspect of the heel of a user. The 2201 and the medial face of intermittent lateral forefoot main useful function of continuous postero-medial counter 2205 is equal to or greater than the maximum oblique heel counter 2303 is that it acts to prevent distance between the medial aspect of the head of the medial displacement of the heel of a user such as would 20 first metatarsal and the lateral aspect of the head of the occur when an externally directed rotational force is fifth metatarsal. exerted on the foot about a centre distal to the heel. The useful function of intermittent lateral forefoot Continuous rigid postero-lateral oblique heel coun- counter 2205 is in preventing lateral displacement of the ter 2302 illustrated in Figures 6 and 8 is rigidly con- forefoot in a monopedal stance. When in contact with nected to rigid base 2100 postero-laterally to the 25 the lateral aspect of the head of the fifth metatarsal, oblique postero-lateral aspect of the heel bone of the intermittent lateral forefoot counter 2205 acts to assist user. The main useful function of continuous postero- forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 in preventing lat- lateral oblique heel counter 2302 is that it acts to pre- eral displacement of the foot such as would occur when vent lateral displacement of the heel of a user such as an externally directed rotational force, about a centre would occur when an internally directed rotational force 30 proximal to it, is exerted against the counter by the foot is exerted on the foot about a centre distal to the heel. It of a user. should be noted that postero-lateral oblique heel coun- Figures 9 and 10 illustrate intermittent rigid lateral ter 2302 is the sole continuous peripheral counter hindfoot counter 2204 which is rigidly attached to rigid mounted on the lateral aspect of rigid base 2100. base 2100 lateral to the lateral aspect of the heel bone Collectively, posterior heel counter 2301, postero- 35 of a user. It is intended that this counter fully contact the lateral oblique heel counter 2302 and postero-medial lateral aspect of the heel of a user only in a bipedal heel oblique counter 2303 function to establish and stance. Note that Figure 10 illustrates the foot of a user maintain the position of the heel of a user relative to in a bipedal stance with rigid lateral hindfoot counter rigid base 2100. This function is an object of the inven- 2204 in full contact with the lateral aspect of the heel of tion and is important in that these counters assist to 40 a user. Of utmost importance is that intermittent rigid position, and fix the position of, the foot relative to centre medial counter 2203, with the exception of its proximal of the ski which is a critical factor in obtaining maximum end, is not in contact with the medial aspect of the heel performance. in a bipedal stance. Figure 1 1 illustrates the foot of a user in a mono- The Intermittent Counters 2202. 2203. 2204 and 2205 45 pedal stance. Of utmost importance is that intermittent rigid lateral hindfoot counter 2204, with the exception of Figure 9 illustrates intermittent rigid lateral forefoot its proximal end, is not in contact with the medial aspect counter 2205 which is rigidly connected to rigid base of the heel while rigid medial hindfoot counter 2203 is in 2100 lateral to the lateral aspect of the head of the fifth full contact with the medial aspect of the heel of a user. metatarsal so as to contact the foot of a user in a mono- so Thus, it is intended that only one of the intermittent pedal stance. medial or lateral rigid hindfoot counters 2203 or 2204 be Figure 3 B illustrates a plan view of the right foot in in full contact with their respective aspects of the heel of a bipedal stance without rigid base 2100. Figure 3 D a user at any one time. It is also intended that, during illustrates a plan view of the right foot in a monopedal states between a bipedal and a monopedal stance, stance without rigid base 2100. Reference lines R1 and 55 there will be simultaneous partial contact with the heel R2 serve to gauge the relative displacements of various of a user with both the lateral and medial intermittent structures of the foot. In Figures 3 B and D, a cross indi- rigid hindfoot counters 2203 and 2204 but without full cates the centre of the medial aspect of the head of the contact with the heel of a user with either of the two first metatarsal. It is especially important to note the lat- counters.

12 23 EP 0 631 478 B1 24

The hindfoot intermittent side counters have several tion to counter horizontal loads exerted in the medial useful functions. First, both intermittent lateral hindfoot horizontal plane in other than a bipedal stance. When counter 2204 and the intermittent medial hindfoot coun- the skier is in the transition to a monopedal stance from ter 2203 act to define the limits of movement required a bipedal stance, an angular relation of the leg is formed for the foot of a user to assume the architectural config- 5 with the footwear device 2000 such that the force uration required for either a bipedal or a monopedal exerted by the leg on rigid base 2100 results in a hori- function. zontal force being exerted towards the intermittent In the transition from a monopedal stance to a medial hindfoot counter in addition to the vertical force bipedal stance, it is desirable that the changes in the exerted against rigid base 2100. Medial intermittent architecture of the foot be arrested when the architec- 10 hindfoot counter 2203 acts to resist this horizontal force ture associated with a bipedal function is achieved and while simultaneously providing a source of resistance that the foot not be permitted to supinate substantially with which to oppose the reaction force exerted horizon- beyond this point. In this respect, lateral hindfoot inter- tally by muscles which act to establish balance to a mittent counter 2204 cooperates with forefoot/midfoot user. Figures 4 A and 4 B illustrate this relationship. pivotal support 2400 to substantially prevent changes in 15 Figures 2 and 1 1 illustrate intermittent rigid medial the architecture of the foot beyond that associated with midfoot counter 2202 which is rigidly mounted to rigid a bipedal function. Intermittent lateral hindfoot counter base 2100 substantially medial to the medial aspect of 2204 also cooperates with forefoot/midfoot pivotal sup- the first cuneiform of the midfoot of a user. The means port 2400 in preventing lateral displacement of the foot, by which this rigid counter element is rigidly attached to relative to rigid base 2100, such as would occur when a 20 rigid base 2100 is important in that contact with the foot force is exerted on the foot of a user which would tend must be effected only in the area substantially medial to to cause the foot to move laterally. the medial aspect of the first cuneiform. Contact must Intermittent medial hindfoot counter 2203 acts sim- not occur at other areas of the medial aspect of the foot ilarly to lateral hindfoot intermittent counter 2204 in that between intermittent medial midfoot counter 2202 and it cooperates with forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 25 continuous forefoot medial counter 2201 and medial and forefoot continuous counter 2201 and intermittent midfoot counter 2202, intermittent medial hindfoot coun- midfoot counter 2202 in substantially preventing ter 2203 and continuous medial heel counter 2303 changes in the architecture of the foot of a user from which would interfere with a monopedal function. exceeding the limits associated with that of a mono- Intermittent medial midfoot counter 2202 has two pedal stance when these changes are occurring in the 30 useful functions. It contacts the medial aspect of the first direction of progressive pronation of the foot. Medial cuneiform bone of a user only when the limit of medial hindfoot intermittent counter 2203 provides a vertical displacement of the first cuneiform is reached associ- resistance which acts to prevent inward rolling of the ated with a monopedal function. Thus it serves to help foot beyond the degree of pronation required for a define the limit of medial displacement of the architec- monopedal stance. 35 ture of the foot associated with monopedal function. This function is especially important since, in the In a transitory state where the referenced foot is transition to a monopedal stance from a bipedal stance, between a bipedal and a monopedal function, medial a progressively angular relationship is established displacement of the first cuneiform bone may occur between the leg of a user and rigid base 2100 such that when an internally directed rotational force is exerted by a horizontal component of force acting medially is 40 the foot of the user against continuous medial forefoot exerted by the leg in addition to the vertical force counter 2201 and continuous lateral heel counter 2302. exerted against rigid base 2100 in a bipedal stance. Since the full structural integrity of the foot associated Thus, it is important that midfoot intermittent coun- with a monopedal function has not yet been achieved, ter 2202 and hindfoot intermittent medial counter 2203 the internally directed rotational force may cause the be positioned at the limit of medial displacement of 45 bones of the midfoot of the user to be displaced medi- structures of the foot associated with a monopedal ally. In such an instance, intermittent rigid medial coun- stance, so they may act to arrest momentary displace- ter 2202 will act to prevent medial displacement beyond ment beyond these limits and thus assist the user in the limit of monopedal function and, in so doing, act to establishing a position of monopedal stance without assist continuous medial counter 2201 in transferring delay. so the internally directed rotational force to rigid base Intermittent medial hindfoot counter 2203 cooper- 2100. ates with continuous forefoot counter 2201 in preventing medial displacement of the foot of a user such as would The Forefoot/Midfoot Pivotal Support Member 2400 occur when a force is exerted which would tend to cause the foot to be displaced medially relative to rigid 55 Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the forefoot/midfoot com- base 2100. pression member or forefoot/midfoot pivotal support Medial hindfoot intermittent counter 2303 also member, generally shown at 2400, in relation to other cooperates with continuous forefoot counter 2201 in elements of the footwear device 2000. Figure 13 illus- providing a vertical resistance for muscles which func- trates a medial elevation of footwear device 2000 illus-

13 25 EP 0 631 478 B1 26 trating forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400, which effected, lock nut 2442 is tightened so as to rigidly comprises rigid arch 2410, instep counter 2420, instep secure, and fix the position of, rod 2440 to arch 2410. counter pivot 2430 and rod 2440. The right foot 2001 of Lock nut 2435 is similarly tensioned so as to fix the a user is shown for reference. Other elements of the position of, and rigidly connect, rod 2440 to connector invention, with the exception of rigid base 2100 and heel 5 link 2434. Pivot axis pin 2433 should be of a close toler- counter 2300, have been omitted for the sake of clarity ance fit to pivot mount 2431, connector link 2434 and in Figure 13. pivot mount 2432 such that a substantially rigid connec- Figure 14 illustrates the footwear device 2000 in a tion is made to instep counter 2420 while allowing for plan view illustrating forefoot/midfoot pivotal support free rotation about pivot axis pin 2433. member 2400 comprising rigid arch 2410, instep coun- 10 As a prelude to adjusting the height of instep coun- ter 2420, instep counter pivot 2430 and rod 2440. With ter 2420, lock nut 2435 should be slackened so as to the exception of heel counter 2300, medial forefoot allow rotation of the lower end of rod 2440 within con- counter 2201 and rigid base 21 00, other elements of the nector link 2434. Rod 2440 can then be rotated so as to footwear device 2000 have been omitted for the sake of bring a downwardly and rearwardly force to bear on the clarity. 15 dorsum of the foot of a user without instep counter 2420 Figure 15 illustrates the footwear device 2000 in a rotating. Prior to final tensioning of lock nuts 2435 and front elevation illustrating forefoot/midfoot pivotal sup- 2442, instep counter 2420 should be adjusted so that port 2400. With the exception of rigid base 2100, other the counter surfaces are correctly aligned with the elements of the invention have been omitted for the respective areas of the dorsum of the user's foot. sake of clarity. Attention is drawn to the clearance 20 Lock nuts 2435 and 2442 can then be tensioned so between the arch 2410 of forefoot/midfoot pivotal sup- as to make rigid the connection of rod 2440 to arch 241 0 port 2400 and the foot of a user which ensures that and to connector link 2434. This done, the only articula- there will be no contact between these two entities dur- tion possible between rigid arch 2410 and instep coun- ing normal operation of the footwear device 2000. This ter 2420 is about the pivot axis 2433. is an object of the invention which is essential for its cor- 25 Materials employed for the construction of the vari- rect operation. ous elements of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 In this embodiment, forefoot/midfoot pivotal support should be of a sturdy and rigid nature which guarantee 2400 comprises instep counter 2420, pivotally con- predictable and consistent performance so that the nected to rod 2440 by a pivot means generally shown at object of the invention which is to permit, accommodate, 2430. Pivot mounts 2431 and 2432 are connected to 30 control and enhance specific functions of the foot and instep counter 2420. Connector link 2434 has a pilot leg can be obtained. Materials and/or surface treat- hole substantially the same diameter as the rod 2440. A ments employed to cover the side of the instep counter larger diameter hole is bored from the bottom of con- 2420 which interfaces with the dorsum of the foot of a nector link 2434 so as to form a seat for the lower end of user should be of a firm, dense foam, for example, rod 2440. The threaded end of rod 2440 is inserted 35 which allows some degree of compression and is adap- through a hole in the lower end of connector link 2434 tive in nature but which has substantially one hundred so that the lower end of rod 2440, which is larger in percent recovery. Other materials or methods may be diameter than the remainder of the rod 2440, seats itself suitable provided the characteristics are as described. on the face of the larger diameter hole in connector link The surface of the material which addresses the dor- 2434. Lock nut 2435 is threaded down from the top of 40 sum of the foot should be of a low friction nature since rod 2440 so that it contacts the top of connector link there will be some slight relative movement between the 2434 and, when tightened, draws the larger diameter foot 2001 and instep counter 2420. end of rod 2440 onto the seat in connector link 2435 The location and operation of certain elements is and, in so doing, locks and secures rod 2440 to connec- also important for the correct functioning of the inven- tor link 2434. This prevents rotation between the two 45 tion. For example, the apex of the longitudinal arch of elements. Pivot axis pin 2433 is inserted through the the foot of the user is located substantially in the area of holes in pivot mount 2431 , connector link 2434 and pivot the talo-navicular joint. When the head of the first meta- mount 2432 such that instep counter 2420 is connected tarsal advances and recedes longitudinally on rigid to, and rotatable relative to, rod 2440, about a horizontal base 2100, as it must when the user goes from a axis. so bipedal to a monopedal stance and vice-versa, instep Figure 16 illustrates an enlarged view of pivot 2430, counter 2420 must pivot in unison with this movement rod 2440 and the associated elements which connect it on its transverse axis so that its anterior end rises and to instep counter 2420. falls in height above rigid base 2100 with the advancing To facilitate assembly, rod 2440 is threaded, and and receding of the head of the first metatarsal. Simi- inserts into, a threaded hole in arch 241 0 such that rota- 55 larly, the posterior end of instep counter 2420 must rise tion of rod 2440 by handle assembly 2441 allows instep and fall with the decompression and compression of the counter 2420 to be raised or lowered relative to rigid arch. Should instep counter 2420 not accommodate the base 2100. Once the correct adjustment has been dynamic nature of the arch of the foot, the transition to a monopedal or a bipedal stance could be prevented or

14 27 EP 0 631 478 B1 28 delayed. Thus, an object of the invention is that instep suitably shaped at its posterior end and a covering counter 2420 permit the changes in the architecture of material employed which provides protection for ten- the foot, described above, to occur substantially without dons it may come in contact with. interference or delay. Forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 has several Since the axis of the centre of movement of the 5 useful functions which relate to the action of instep aforementioned displacements of the architecture of the counter 2420 on the dorsum of the foot. Before these foot is the not the mean distance between the base and functions can be appreciated, a basic understanding of the head of the first metatarsal but, rather, substantially the shape and function of the foot is necessary. the mean distance between the head of the first meta- The base of the first metatarsal is a key element tarsal and the talo-navicular joint, pivot 2430 mounted 10 whose ability to articulate in specific planes, in concert on instep counter 2420 must be positioned closer to the with the structures of the midfoot, largely determines the base of the first metatarsal so that it will follow, as function of the foot as it relates to a bipedal and mono- closely as possible, its sagittal plane movements. Thus, pedal function. The dorsum of the first metatarsal the correct location of pivot 2430 of instep counter 2420 defines the centre of the substantially longitudinal ridge is important for the correct operation of the invention. 15 of the forefoot, dividing it into lateral and medial halves. Experience to date has shown that it may be desir- Control of the displacements of the first metatarsal, par- able that pivot 2430 be positioned so as to be slightly ticularly at its articulation with the midfoot, is an impor- biased towards the posterior end of the distance from tant object of the invention. the head of the fifth metatarsal to the talo-navicular joint The description above with reference to Figure 4 since biasing the forces exerted on the dorsum of the 20 describes the movements and displacements of the foot foot by forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 in this man- and leg which the invention permits and accommo- ner appears to afford the most favourable arrangement dates. Forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400, particu- in terms of maintaining the head of the first metatarsal in larly instep counter 2420, must permit these constant contact with rigid base 2100 and the posterior displacements to occur while simultaneously maintain- aspect of the heel of the user in constant contact with 25 ing its influence, as it pertains to a rearwardly and down- continuous posterior heel counter 2301 . However, other wardly acting force, on the dorsums of the first arrangements are not precluded and experimentation, metatarsal and midfoot. bearing in mind the objects of the invention, may result It should also be appreciated that bipedal and in a configuration superior to the one described above. monopedal functions are weight bearing states requir- Medial displacement of the base of the first meta- 30 ing that the user exert a force with the key points of the tarsal is another aspect of the displacement of the struc- plantar aspect of the foot on rigid base 2100 in order to tures in the area of the midfoot which the footwear attain the physiologic state, namely; the heel, the head device 2000 must accommodate. Figure 3D illustrates of the first metatarsal and the head of the fifth metatar- the infero-medial displacement of the first metatarsal sal. The phalanges (toes) also play a role in exerting a which occurs only at its base. There are several alter- 35 downward force on rigid base 2100. Among other nate ways in which this infero-medial displacement is things, forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 must act to accommodated by the invention. assist the user in achieving a monopedal or a bipedal It is important to know that it is a weight bearing function by controlling movement of the foot in a manner state in which the foot of a user is progressively pronat- which defines the limits of the two functional states. ing towards a monopedal function. Pronation produces 40 By limiting the attitude of the foot to the configura- infero-medial displacement of the midfoot. Thus, the tions associated with these two states, the foot is pre- tendency is for the force exerted by instep counter 2420 vented from assuming configurations detrimental to the on the dorsum of the midfoot to be reduced during pro- mechanics of ski control. At the same time, control of nation, particularly in the area of the base of the first the movements and position of the foot ensures that the metatarsal since this area is also displacing infero- 45 sequence of events involved in the transition between medially, away from instep counter 2420. Instep counter states of bipedal and monopedal function becomes 2420 is simultaneously being levered upward around its repetitive in nature. Repetition of patterns is the way axis at pivot 2430 by the head of the first metatarsal new skills are learned. It has been demonstrated scien- which is advancing anteriorly. tifically that patterns of movement which are repeated Attention should also be directed to the tendons on so frequently are assimilated by the neurological system of the dorsum of the foot, particularly the tendon of the tibi- the user. The invention, which encourages consistent alis anterior muscle. This tendon lies along the antero- movements, affords a function which is advantageous to lateral aspect of the tibia at its inferior end and is prom- the user. inent at the supero-medial aspect of the first cuneiform. The invention does not directly produce the physiol- Thus, care should be taken to ensure that instep coun- 55 ogy associated with a bipedal or a monopedal function ter 2420 does not adversely impinge on this tendon or since these are a product of, and are dependent on, the on other smaller tendons which radiate up the anterior user. The invention acts in accommodating these func- aspect of the lower leg. In order to guard against such tions and in providing elements which make them possi- impingement, it is important that instep counter 2420 be ble and enhances their physiologic function once the

15 29 EP 0 631 478 B1 30 basic states have been attained. Thus, the function and A fourth important function of forefoot/midfoot piv- object of the invention relates to its accommodation, otal support 2400 lies in its ability to automatically adapt enhancement and support of the physiologic function of its longitudinal aspect to longitudinal aspect of the the user. instep of the user. The principal use of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 5 Pivot 2430 of instep counter 2420 offers several 2400 is in first locating, and constantly maintaining the advantages in this respect. First, it permits forefoot/mid- position of, the posterior aspect of the heel of a user in foot pivotal support 2400 to align itself with the longitu- firm contact with the anterior face of posterior heel dinal aspect of the dorsum of the forefoot/midfoot counter 2301. Thus, heel counter 2300, particularly portion of the user when rod 2430 is adjusted so as to posterior heel counter 2301, cooperates with, and is a 10 bring the forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 into con- key element on which forefoot/midfoot pivotal support tact with the dorsum of the forefoot/midfoot portion of 2400 is dependent for its correct operation. the user's foot. Pivot 2430 acts to allow instep counter The second useful function of forefoot/midfoot piv- 2420 to rotate on its substantially transverse axis and, otal support 2400 relates to its control of the displace- thus, to adapt to the angle of the longitudinal ridge of the ments and movement of the foot. Once adjusted to the 15 individual foot of each user. foot of a user in a bipedal stance, forefoot/midfoot piv- It is important for the correct operation of the inven- otal support 2400 substantially contains the architecture tion that the initial adjustment of forefoot/midfoot pivotal of the foot between the limits of a bipedal and a mono- support 2400 be made so that a downwardly and rear- pedal function; both of which are weight bearing states. wardly acting force is exerted sufficient to maintain the Thus, forces exerted on the user which would tend to 20 plantar aspect of the head of the first metatarsal bone in cause the foot to move upward, away from rigid base constant contact with the rigid base 21 00 and the poste- 2100, are prevented if forefoot/midfoot pivotal support rior aspect of the heel of the user in constant contact 2400 has been correctly adjusted. This being the case, with posterior heel counter 2301 . the foot can only substantially assume the position of Second, pivot 2430 allows instep counter 2420 to either a bipedal or a monopedal stance. Containment of 25 tilt in the fore/aft plane in response to the changes in the the foot in this manner is an object of the invention. state of the medial arch of the foot during the transition Containment as such is considered desirable since between bipedal and monopedal stance. During these the relationship of the musculature associated with transitions, among other things, the medial arch of the bipedal function is also preserved. Thus, the user is foot compresses and the head of the first metatarsal more readily able to assume a state of monopedal func- 30 advances towards the anterior end of rigid base 21 00 in tion when shifting his weight to one ski since the move- the transition to monopedal function. The arch of the ment of the foot, controlled by forefoot/midfoot pivotal foot decompresses and the head of the first metatarsal support 2400, is vastly more predictable, in terms of recedes towards the posterior end of rigid base 2100 in movement, than when the foot is relatively uncontrolled the transition to a bipedal function. or unlimited in this respect. This is particularly true 35 A fifth function of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support when the foot is allowed to progress beyond a bipedal or 2400 lies in its cooperation with peripheral counter "neutral" position into a position of supination. members in transferring forces exerted by the foot of a A third important use of forefoot/midfoot pivotal sup- user to rigid base 21 00. Such cooperation enhances the port 2400 is that it provides a source of resistance to effectiveness of forces exerted by the foot which are certain movements of the foot. Resistance, in this con- 40 intended to be transferred to the ski. Cooperation of this text, acts to provide a mechanical advantage to certain nature is an object of the invention. muscles which exert specific forces on the various As an example, in one embodiment the instep counters and to rigid base 2100 of the invention. counter 2420 comprises a number of plates which act in For example, a muscular system which acts to exert different planes. One of these plates acts to apply an a downward force on rigid base 2100 at the plantar 45 infero-medially acting force to the supero-lateral aspect aspect of the head of the first metatarsal gains mechan- of the first metatarsal, particularly at its head. Force ical advantage from instep counter 2420 in that it acts to applied in this manner acts to maintain contact of the resist the reaction force produced. This force tends to medial aspect of the head of the first metatarsal with the displace the dorsum of the midfoot upwardly. Instep lateral face of continuous medial forefoot counter 2201 . counter 2420, of forefoot/midfoot compression member so The supero-lateral face of instep counter 2420 also 2400, is fixed in position relative to rigid base 2100 at cooperates with continuous postero-medial heel coun- axis pin 2433. Thus, it acts to oppose the reaction force. ter 2303 in transferring externally directed rotational This results in a greater application of force being forces exerted by the foot about a centre between the exerted at the head of the first metatarsal. The invention two referenced counters. provides the user with mechanical advantage in terms 55 The instep counter 2420 has a number of plates of supporting physiologic function. This is advanta- which act as counters relative to specific areas of the geous to the user and is, therefore, an object of the dorsum of the foot which are defined globally. Instep invention. counter 2420 is comprised of four plates. Three of these plates exert forces on specific areas of the dorsum of

16 31 EP 0 631 478 B1 32 the foot while a fourth provides restraint against upward The area encompassed by counter 2420 involves movement without applying a force which would con- the dorsum of the first metatarsal, the dorsum of the strict displacement of the area of the foot associated base of the second metatarsal, the dorsum of the first with it. and second cuneiforms and the dorsum of the navicular. Yet another useful function of forefoot/midfoot com- 5 Care should be exercised in ensuring that force applied pression member 2400 lies in the means provided for to these areas is substantially evenly distributed. In par- the plates, which act as counters in exerting forces on ticular, special attention should be directed to the the dorsum of the foot, to maintain these forces during accommodation of the tendon of the anterior tibialis infero-medial and supero-lateral displacement of the muscle, located on the supero-medial aspect of the first midfoot and proximal aspects of the metatarsals such 10 cuneiform, to ensure that the surfaces of instep counter as occur during the transition to bipedal and monopedal 2420 do not impinge on it with adverse effects. functions. As a prelude to providing a detailed descrip- In Figure 20 the architecture of the foot of the user tion of this embodiment, specific functions of the plates approximates that of a bipedal function. Dorsum first comprising instep counter 2420 will be discussed. metatarsal/dorsum midfoot counter 2421 is pivotally Figure 17 is a plan view illustrating instep counter 15 connected to rod 2440 via pivot 2430. Rod 2440 is con- generally shown at 2420 and comprising dorsum first nected to rigid arch 2410 via a threaded hole such that metatarsal/dorsum midfoot counter 2421 , supero-lateral rod 2440 can be rotated to adjust instep counter 2420 first metatarsal counter 2422, supero-lateral midfoot downwardly so as to bring it into contact with the dor- counter 2423 and second through fifth dorsal metatarsal sum of the foot of a user and thus exert a force acting restraint 2424. In order to relate these plates to the 20 downwardly and rearwardly applied substantially evenly respective areas of the foot 2001 of a user, they are to the dorsum of the first metatarsal and the dorsum of illustrated as outlines only. With the exception of rigid the midfoot such that the plantar aspect of the head of base 2100, heel counter 2300 and continuous medial the first metatarsal is maintained in constant contact forefoot counter 2201, other elements of the invention with rigid base 21 00 and the posterior aspect of the heel have been omitted for the sake of clarity. 25 of the user is maintained in constant contact with the Figure 18 is a front elevation illustrating the relation- anterior face of posterior heel counter 2301. In other ship of plates 2421, 2422, 2423, and 2424 to the foot respects, the operation of forefoot/midfoot pivotal sup- 2001 of a user. Rigid arch 2410 and rigid base 2100 are port 2400 is essentially the same as previously dis- also shown. Other elements of the footwear device cussed in this application. 2000 have been omitted for the sake of clarity. 30 Figure 21 is a medial elevation of the invention illus- Figure 1 9 is a plan view of the invention as in Figure trating the same elements as shown in Figure 20. Atten- 1 7 with the addition of continuous medial forefoot coun- tion is directed to counter surface of dorsum first ter 2425, which, in this instance, replaces continuous metatarsal/dorsum midfoot counter 2421 whose trans- medial forefoot counter 2201 which is normally mounted verse aspects are substantially parallel to rigid base to rigid base 2100. Intermittent medial midfoot counter 35 2100. Attention is also drawn to the axis of rotation of 2426 is rigidly connected via two rigid arms to dorsum instep counter 2420 about pivot 2430. first metatarsal/dorsum midfoot counter 2421. In this As stated previously, the proximal aspects of the instance, medial midfoot counter 2426 replaces contin- dorsum of the first metatarsal and the dorsum of the uous medial midfoot counter 2202 which is normally midfoot represent a key point of displacement wherein mounted to rigid base 2100. The mounting of counters 40 the foot can be substantially prevented from progress- 2425 and 2426 in place of counters 2201 and 2202 ing beyond a bipedal function, in recovering from the respectively is optional as is the substitution of either pronated position, and from progressing into supination. one or both of the counters for those mounted to instep The application of a downwardly and rearwardly acting counter 2420. force exerted on this area, in cooperation with heel 45 counter 2301 , will substantially prevent such an occur- The Dorsum First Metatarsal/Dorsum Midfoot Counter rence. Further, the progression into a monopedal func- 2421 tion from a bipedal function, which is an object of the invention, can occur without restriction due to the action Figure 20 is a plan view of another embodiment of of pivot 2430 whose function has previously been the invention illustrating forefoot/midfoot compression so explained. Again, because of the action of pivot 2430, member 2400 in which instep counter 2420 consists the plantar aspect of the head of the first metatarsal is solely of dorsum first metatarsal/dorsum midfoot coun- maintained in constant contact with rigid base 2100 and ter 2421. Rigid base 2100, rigid arch 2410, pivot 2430, the posterior aspect of the heel of the user is maintained continuous medial forefoot counter 2201 and heel coun- in constant contact with the anterior face of posterior ter 2300 are also shown in order that their relationship 55 heel counter 2301 . In effect, one of the principal objects with dorsum first metatarsal/dorsum midfoot counter of forefoot compression member 2400 is obtained with a 2421 can be appreciated. Other elements of the inven- single counter face. tion have been omitted for the sake of clarity. Control of the displacements of the foot in this man- ner is considered advantageous to the user and an

17 33 EP 0 631 478 B1 34 object of the invention. Thus, an important function and ter 2421 has been abbreviated and modified so as to use is afforded by the invention so much so that an contact the dorsum of the foot in an area substantially acceptable level of performance is obtained with instep centred at the junction of the base of the first and sec- counter 2420 comprised solely of dorsum first metatar- ond metatarsals and the first and second cuneiforms. sal/dorsum midfoot counter 2421 . 5 With the exception of continuous medial forefoot coun- In order to ensure the transfer of externally directed ter 2201 and heel counter 2300 other elements of the lateral forces to rigid base 2100 an intermittent lateral invention have been omitted for the sake of clarity. forefoot counter should be mounted to rigid base 2100 Again, it is stressed that contact afforded the dorsum of ensuring that the instructions provided previously in this the foot by dorsum first metatarsal/dorsum midfoot application for placement are followed. 10 counter 2421 be of a nature which ensures the force is In order to ensure correct function of the invention distributed substantially evenly and that the tendon of with instep counter 2420 rotatable only at pivot 2430, the tibialis anterior muscle is not adversely affected. attention is drawn to some important details relating to Figure 25A illustrates the invention in a medial ele- the construction and alignment relative to the foot of the vation showing the same embodiment of instep counter user. 15 2420 as in Figure 24. With the exception of rigid base Figure 22 illustrates a medial elevation as in Figure 2100, continuous forefoot counter 2201 and heel coun- 21 except that the architecture of the foot of the user ter 2301 other elements of the invention have been approximates that of a monopedal function. It should be omitted for the sake of clarity. noted, in Figure 22, that the profile of the arch has It should be noted that the face 2452 of the counter become compressed, as compared to that shown in 20 surface which addresses the foot has been suitably Figure 21 , while the head of the first metatarsal and its formed so as to avoid edges which would act to form associated phalange, has advanced towards the distal aggressive angles. The shape is such that it affords a end of rigid base 2100. degree of adaptability to the variation in the instep angle It will also be noted that dorsum first metatarsal- among different users. dorsum midfoot counter 2421 has rotated progressively 25 In this particular application, it is important that a on its substantially transverse axis provided by pivot suitable material such as a firm, compliant foam which 2430 so that its anterior end has risen while its posterior allows some degree of compression and is adaptive in end has fallen relative to rigid base 2100. These nature but which has substantially one hundred percent changes occur in conjunction with the anterior advance recovery be used to cover the surface of the counter of the head of the first metatarsal such that dorsum first 30 which interfaces with the foot of the user. Experience metatarsal/dorsum midfoot 2421 counter continues to has indicated that a suitable material is one which com- exert a downwardly and rearwardly acting force distrib- presses like a firm "gel" and which yields with some uted substantially evenly over the dorsum of the first resistance under constant pressure. metatarsal bone and dorsum of the midfoot during the While pivot 2430 has been eliminated, means is transition from a bipedal to a monopedal stance. The 35 provided to permit the threaded portion of rod 2440 to same is true of the reverse sequence. rotate in the threaded hole in rigid arch 2410 without Figure 23 illustrates a plan view of the invention as simultaneously rotating instep counter 2421 . Figure 25B in Figure 20 except the foot 2001 of a user is now repre- illustrates a modification of pivot 2430 wherein pivot sented in a monopedal stance positioned on rigid base mounts 2431 and 2432 and pivot axis pin have been 2100 compared to the bipedal position of Figure 20. It 40 eliminated. Instep counter connector link 2450 is will be noted that the base of the first metatarsal in this mounted directly to dorsum first metatarsal/dorsum mid- view has displaced medially in conjunction with com- foot counter 2421 with rod 2440 inserted and lock nut pression of the arch. The movement is, in reality, infero- 2451 installed on instep counter connector link 2450 medial but only the medial aspect is apparent in plan and adjusted, as previously described for pivot 2430 view. This infero-medial displacement occurs pivotally 45 and rod 2440, so as to permit the downwardly and rear- around a centre located substantially at the head of the wardly acting force exerted on the dorsum of the foot by first metatarsal. Provision is made in dorsum first meta- forefoot/midfoot compression member 2400 to be tarsal/dorsum midfoot counter 2421 such that sufficient adjusted without rotating dorsum first metatarsal/dor- width is provided on the medial aspect of the counter at sum midfoot counter 2421 relative to the rigid base once its proximal end to allow for this medial displacement. In so it is properly positioned on the foot of the user. Once the this respect, the width of the counter anticipates the dis- required force on the dorsum of the foot of the user has placement and continues to contact and exert a down- been attained lock nuts 2451 and 2442 should be wardly and rearwardly acting force on the dorsum of the secured so that instep counter 2421 is rigidly connected first metatarsal and midfoot of the user. to rigid arch 2410. Figure 24 illustrates a plan view of another embod- 55 The abbreviated dorsum first metatarsal/dorsum iment of the invention comprising an embodiment of midfoot counter described is intended for those desir- forefoot/midfoot compression member 2400 wherein ous of fabricating the invention at the lowest possible the pivoting facility of pivot 2430 has been eliminated. cost. As such, it only fully meets one object of the inven- Further, dorsum first metatarsal/dorsum midfoot coun- tion which is the containment of the architecture of the

18 35 EP 0 631 478 B1 36 foot within the limits of bipedal function during the func- with continuous medial forefoot counter 2201 in main- tion itself and when recovering from a position of prona- taining a parallel relationship with the centre of the head tion. This, in itself, is a useful and desirable function of the first metatarsal and the longitudinal centre of the advantageous to the user. While it is believed that such ski once rigid base 2100 has been correctly aligned and an application may not be entirely suitable for the expert 5 secured to the ski surface. The maintenance of align- skier, experience has demonstrated that it is quite ade- ment of the first metatarsal of a user, as such, is an quate for beginning skiers experiencing lower forces object of the invention. This is a very useful function in exerted by and upon the foot. that it causes the head of the first metatarsal, which is a The use of a round, rather than a square, shape for key element in controlling the ski, to move with refer- instep counter 2421 is possible provided it seats in the 10 ence to the centre and longitudinal axis of the ski. centre of the designated area. The use of such a shape Phased movement in the manner described is is advantageous as rod 2440 can remain free to rotate extremely important in that it has positive effects on the in instep counter connector link 2450 without the neces- transfer of forces to the ski ensuring that it will occur in sity of adjusting the position of instep counter connector a predictable manner as well as ensuring that such link 2450 relative to the foot of a user. 15 forces will be transferred as directly as possible, and without delay, both of which are objects of the invention. The Supero- Lateral First Metatarsal Counter 2422 The Midfoot Supero-Lateral Counter 2423 Figures 17 and 19 are plan views of the footwear device 2000 illustrating forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 20 Figures 1 7 and 1 9 are plan views of the footwear 2400 with supero-lateral first metatarsal counter 2422 device 2000 illustrating supero-lateral midfoot counter positioned lateral to the supero-lateral aspect of the first 2423 positioned over the supero-lateral aspect of the metatarsal. Figure 18 is a front elevation showing the midfoot. Figure 18 is a front elevation showing the posi- position of supero-lateral first metatarsal counter 2422 tion of supero-lateral midfoot counter 2423 relative to relative to the foot 2001 of a user. 25 the foot 2001 of a user. Supero-lateral first metatarsal counter 2422 acts to Supero-lateral midfoot counter 2423 acts in concert exert a substantially infero-medial force on the supero- with the dorsum first metatarsal/dorsum midfoot counter lateral aspect of the first metatarsal, particularly at its 2421 in exerting a force downwardly and rearwardly distal aspect where it is prominent relative to the head of substantially evenly to the supero-lateral aspect of the the second metatarsal. Force applied in this manner 30 midfoot. In addition, it exerts an infero-medial force substantially prevents lateral displacement of the head which acts to prevent lateral displacement of the foot. of the first metatarsal. Such displacement would tend to The action of supero-lateral midfoot counter 2423 is occur, for example, when a force is exerted on the foot- complementary to that of dorsum first metatarsal/dor- wear device 2000 which tends to displace the head of sum midfoot counter 2421 . It acts mainly in defining the the first metatarsal laterally or when an external rota- 35 lateral limit of bipedal function and in substantially pre- tional force is exerted at the head of the first metatarsal venting supero-lateral displacements of the foot such as about a centre proximal to it which, in conjunction with would tend to occur when the foot is under the influence resistance offered by continuous postero-medial of forces which tend to make it separate from contact oblique heel counter 2303, tends to rotate the head of with rigid base 2100. the first metatarsal laterally. Such displacements are 40 substantially prevented by the action of supero-lateral The Metatarsals Two Through Five Dorsum Restraint first metatarsal counter 2422. 2424 While an object of the invention, and useful function of supero-lateral first metatarsal counter 2422, is to pre- Figures 1 7 and 1 9 are plan views of the footwear vent lateral displacement of the head of the first meta- 45 device 2000 illustrating metatarsals two through five tarsal, it is also the object of the invention to permit the dorsum restraint 2424 positioned substantially over the head of the first metatarsal to advance and recede dur- dorsums of metatarsals two through five of the foot of a ing the transition between a monopedal and a bipedal user. Figure 18 is a front elevation showing the position function. Thus, great care should be exercised in con- of metatarsals two through five dorsum restraint 2424 structing, and adjusting the position of, the plates which so relative to the foot 2001 of a user. comprise the counters of instep counter 2420 in order to The useful function of metatarsals two through five ensure both objects will be met. In this respect, any cov- dorsum restraint 2424 is that it acts to restrain the met- ering or treatment applied to continuous medial forefoot atarsals lateral to the first metatarsal against upward counter 2201 and supero-lateral first metatarsal counter movement such as would occur if the metatarsals 2422 should have a surface material, and be of a 55 attempted to lift off rigid base 2100. Since metatarsals nature, which does not resist the necessary longitudinal two through five displace laterally at their heads during movement of the head of the first metatarsal. the transition from a bipedal to a monopedal stance, Yet another object and useful function of supero-lat- metatarsals two through five dorsum restraint 2424 eral first metatarsal counter 2422 is that it cooperates does not exert a force in the normal operation of the

19 37 EP 0 631 478 B1 38 footwear device 2000 which would act downwardly The dorsum of the user's foot is designated as a since such a force would act to restrict the required lat- restraint point. Forces directed on the dorsum of the foot eral displacement. by forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 act to secure specific aspects of the dorsum of the foot against the The Continuous Medial Forefoot Counter 2425 5 various counter elements connected to rigid base 2100. One of the primary objects of the counter elements Figure 26 illustrates a medial elevation of the inven- of the footwear device 2000 is to establish the posterior tion in which continuous medial forefoot counter 2201, limit of the heel of the foot of the user and the medial normally rigidly mounted to rigid base 2100, is replaced limit of the head of the first metatarsal. Figures 22B and by continuous medial forefoot counter 2425 rigidly 10 22D illustrate the posterior limit of the posterior aspect mounted to instep counter 2420. Other than the element of the heel of the foot of a user and the medial limit of to which it is mounted, all other aspects are as previ- the medial aspect of the head of the first metatarsal. ously described in this application for continuous medial These limits are defined, in the footwear device 2000, forefoot counter 2201 . by continuous medial forefoot counter 2201 and contin- 15 uous heel counter 2300. The function of these counters The Intermittent Medial Midfoot Counter 2202 in providing continuous contact with the respective areas of the foot is dependent on the action of instep Figure 27 illustrates a medial elevation of the inven- counter 2420 of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400. tion in which intermittent medial midfoot counter 2202, Continuous heel counter 2300 is particularly normally rigidly mounted to rigid base 2100 by rigid 20 dependent on the force exerted on it by dorsum first arms, is replaced by intermittent medial midfoot counter metatarsal/dorsum midfoot counter 2421 which is prin- 2426 rigidly mounted by rigid arms to instep counter cipally directed downwardly and rearwardly. Continuous 2420. Other than the element to which it is mounted, all medial forefoot counter 2201 is particularly dependent other aspects are as previously described in this appli- on the force exerted on the supero-lateral aspect of the cation for intermittent medial midfoot counter 2202. 25 first metatarsal by supero-lateral first metatarsal counter 2422 which is principally directed infero-medially. In SUMMARY OF INTERRELATIONSHIP AND INTER- addition, it should be noted that continuous medial fore- DEPENDENCY OF COUNTER SYSTEMS foot counter 2201, continuous heel counter 2300 and forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 are all dependent The importance of the interdependent and cooper- 30 on rigid base 2100. ative nature of the elements of the footwear device In the transfer to rigid base 2100 of an internally 2000, in particular the counter elements of the foot, can- directed rotational force exerted by the foot of a user, as not be overemphasized. The correct function of the foot- directly as possible and without delay, continuous heel wear device 2000, especially as it relates to the counter 2300 is dependent on the action of forefoot/mid- accommodation and maintenance of physiologic func- 35 foot pivotal support 2400 which maintains the heel of tion of the user, is dependent on the correct positioning the foot in constant contact with this element and, in and cooperation of the elements of the footwear device particular, in contact with continuous postero-lateral 2000. oblique counter 2302. Continuous medial forefoot coun- In order to define the function of the various counter ter 2201 is dependent on supero-lateral first metatarsal elements of the foot, titles are assigned to the various 40 counter 2422 to maintain the medial aspect of the head elements which are associated with their function. The of the first metatarsal in constant contact with it. The heel of the user is designated as the "anchor point" of internally directed rotational force exerted by the foot of the foot while the medial aspect of the head of the first the user is primarily transferred to rigid base 2100 by metatarsal is designated as the "control point" of the the cooperation and interdependence of postero-lateral foot. 45 oblique counter 2302 and continuous medial forefoot The midfoot, malleolus and lateral aspect of the counter 2201. Continuous posterior heel counter 2301 head of the fifth metatarsal of the user are designated assists the process by ensuring that the heel of the user as "articulation points" since displacements of struc- is prevented from moving posteriorly relative to rigid tures of the foot and leg relative to the anchor and con- base 2100. trol points occur in these areas. so In the transfer to rigid base 2100 of an externally The medial and lateral aspects of the hindfoot and directed rotational force exerted by the foot of a user, as the medial aspect of the midfoot are designated as "ref- directly as possible and without delay, continuous heel erence points" since the limit of displacement relating to counter 2300 is again dependent on the action of fore- a bipedal or a monopedal stance is associated with foot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 which maintains the these areas. The medial aspect of the midfoot can serve 55 heel of the foot in constant contact with this element as a "transfer point" in addition to its function as an and, in particular, in contact with continuous postero- "articulation point" for the transfer of internally directed medial oblique counter 2303. Supero-lateral first meta- rotational force when the area comes into contact with tarsal counter 2422 is dependent on continuous medial intermittent midfoot counter 2202. forefoot counter 2201 to maintain the lateral aspect of

20 39 EP 0 631 478 B1 40 the head of the first metatarsal in constant contact with The Lea Member 2500 it. The externally directed rotational force exerted by the foot of the user is primarily transferred to rigid base Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the footwear device 2000 2100 by the cooperation and interdependence of pos- with leg member 2500 shown in relation to other ele- tero-medial oblique counter 2303 and supero-lateral 5 ments of the footwear device 2000. first metatarsal counter 2422. Again, continuous poste- Figure 28 illustrates a medial elevation illustrating rior heel counter 2301 assists the process by ensuring the elements which form the leg member 2500. With the that the heel of the user is prevented from moving pos- exception of rigid base 2100, continuous medial forefoot teriorly relative to rigid base 2100. counter 2201 and heel counter 2300, other elements of In terms of the function of intermittent midfoot coun- 10 the footwear device 2000 have been omitted for the ter 2202, intermittent medial hindfoot counter 2203, sake of clarity. intermittent lateral hindfoot counter 2204 and intermit- Leg member 2500 comprises two main elements, tent lateral forefoot counter 2405 which is to contact the i.e. a lower leg member mount assembly 2510 and area of the foot associated with each counter only at the upper leg member containment assembly 2520. Lower limit of displacement of the structures of the foot relating 15 leg member mount assembly 2510 is comprised of to a bipedal or a monopedal stance, the function of medial leg member rigid mount 2511 and lateral leg these counters is dependent on the control of the move- member rigid mount 2512 (Figure 33), both of which are ments of the foot provided by the interdependent and rigidly connected to rigid base 2100 while upper leg cooperative relationship of rigid base 2100, continuous member containment assembly 2520 comprises medial medial forefoot counter 2201 , continuous heel counter 20 leg member rigid arm 2521 and lateral leg member rigid 2300 and forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400. arm 2522 (Figure 30), leg member anterior element The efficient transfer to rigid base 2100 of a down- 2523, leg member posterior element 2524 both of which ward directed force exerted by the foot is primarily are connected by anterior/posterior containment cou- dependent on the action of leg member 2500 in resist- pling means 2530. Lower leg member mount assembly ing the reaction force arising from the contraction of the 25 2510 and upper leg member containment assembly extensor muscles of the posterior aspect of the lower 2520 are rotatably connected to each other by journal or leg. However, the function of leg member 2500 in resist- resistance means 2560 and 2561. BELLEVILLE™ ing this reaction force is dependent on forefoot/midfoot washer 2564 can be fitted to either one or both of jour- pivotal support 2400 in maintaining the heel of the user nal or resistance means 2560 and 2561 should the user in constant contact with heel counter 2300 and the 30 require a source of resistance to be added which acts at heads of the metatarsals in constant contact with rigid a constant rate of force to oppose rotation of upper leg base 2100. Continuous heel counter 2300 acts in con- member containment assembly 2520 about its axes. cert with forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 to pre- Media] leg member rigid arm 2521 and lateral leg mem- vent rearward or forward movement of the foot. ber rigid arm 2522 have an area recessed around the Maintaining the heel of the user in constant contact with 35 hole which receives axis screws 2562 (typical) for heel counter 2300 by the action of forefoot/midfoot piv- receiving a BELLEVILLE™ washer, should it be fitted otal support 2400 ensures that reaction force, which (Figure 35). would tend to cause the foot to move anteriorly on rigid Leg member posterior element 2524 is a rigid struc- base 2100, will be resisted. This being the case, the ture rigidly connected to medial leg member rigid arm posterior aspect of leg member 2500 can effectively 40 2521 and lateral leg member rigid arm 2522 to form a resist the reaction force which would tend to cause the rigid assembly which, in cooperation with journals 2560 posterior aspect of the leg at the superior aspect of the and 2561 and medial leg member rigid mount 251 1 and leg member to move posteriorly. lateral leg member rigid mount 2512, connects the In addition, downward directed force at the head of assembly to rigid base 2100 such that when the lower the metatarsals, in particular, the head of the first meta- 45 extensions of medial leg member rigid arm 2521 and tarsal can be exerted by the contraction of the posterior lateral leg member rigid arm 2522 are in contact with tibialis muscle which acts to create flexion of the first rearward leg member travel limiters 2550 and 2551, metatarsal. In this example, a reaction force, directed rearward movement of the leg of a user beyond the primarily upward, will be exerted at the base of the first anterior face of leg member posterior element 2524 is metatarsal. Forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 will so prevented. Further, upper leg member containment act to resist any upward movement of the base of the assembly 2520 is substantially rigid medially and later- first metatarsal arising out of the reaction force and thus ally relative to rigid base 21 00 such that medial or lateral ensure that the downward force exerted by the foot of displacement of the medial and lateral aspects of the the user is transferred to rigid base 2100 as directly as leg at the superior portion of the leg member contain- possible and without delay. 55 ment assembly beyond the medial and lateral limits is prevented while flexion of the leg between the limits imposed by rear travel limiters 2550 and 2551 and for- ward travel limiter 2570 is permitted.

21 41 EP 0 631 478 B1 42

At least one rearward travel limiter is provided to formed by leg member anterior element 2523 and leg arrest rearward movement of the upper leg member member posterior element 2524. Heavy black lines and containment assembly 2520. In this particular embodi- annotations indicate the medial, lateral, anterior and ment, two rearward travel limiters, 2550 and 2551 , are posterior faces of the leg member containment assem- shown mounted on medial leg member rigid mount 5 bly Arrows within the assembly indicate the spatial rela- 2511 and lateral leg member mount 2512 respectively. tionship of these opposing faces. A similar effect can be achieved with one rearward It is an object of the invention that when leg mem- travel limiter for the footwear device 2000 and/or alter- ber anterior element 2423 is interfaced with leg member nate mounting arrangements. posterior element 2424 so as to contact the leg of the Leg member anterior element 2523, illustrated in 10 user at the medial, lateral, anterior and posterior Figure 28, is a rigid structure which is secured, in coop- aspects of the upper leg member assembly 2520 and eration with leg member posterior element 2524, to the the adjustment is secured by anterior/posterior coupling leg of the user by coupling means 2530. The interface of means 2530, the medial/lateral spacing of the leg mem- leg member anterior element 2523 and leg member ber assembly faces is substantially maintained during posterior element 2524 is such that the two elements is normal operation of the footwear device 2000 and the cooperate with each other to form a rigid containment anterior/posterior spacing is not exceeded. assembly which encircles the leg of a user during oper- Further, it is an object of the invention that contact ation of the footwear device 2000. with the anterior aspect of the shin of the user by leg Various means can be employed to ensure that the member anterior element 2523 and contact with the calf structure created by the interaction of leg member ante- 20 muscle of the user by leg member posterior element rior element 2523 and leg member posterior element 2524 be substantially maintained during rotation of leg 2524 is rigid and that it substantially maintains its form member 2500 about its axes at journals 2560 and 2561 and shape during operation of the footwear device such that the upper leg member containment assembly 2000. 2520 responds, as directly as possible, and without Materials employed for construction should be 25 delay, to forward or rearward movement of the leg so durable and rigid in nature. Rigid plastics are a suitable that the influence on the leg of upper leg member con- material for such purpose. Metals may also be tainment assembly 2520 is constantly maintained dur- employed with good results. Reinforcing by established ing normal operation of the footwear device 2000. It is structural engineering principles should be employed, if also an object of the invention that contact with the leg necessary, to ensure that upper leg member contain- 30 by the medial and lateral faces of the superior aspect of ment assembly 2520, rotatably connected to lower leg upper leg member containment assembly 2520 be sim- member assembly by close tolerance journals 2560 and ilarly maintained during normal operation of the inven- 2561 , creates, when interacting with the leg of a user, a tion. rigid structure capable of establishing and maintaining a It is of importance, and a object of the invention, predetermined relationship of its medial/lateral and pos- 35 that means be provided to ensure that force applied by terior aspects with rigid base 2100 at various points of the anterior/posterior faces of the upper leg member rotation of leg member 2500 relative to rigid base 2100. containment assembly 2520 to the anterior/posterior In this particular embodiment, journals 2560 and aspects of the leg of a user is minimized. There are two 2561 ensure that the medial and lateral faces of upper reasons for this. First excessive force may act to com- leg member containment assembly 2520 maintain a 40 press the posterior muscles of the leg of the user. Com- parallel relationship with rigid base 2100 during rotation pression of this nature could interfere with physiologic of the assembly about the axes of journals 2560 and function of the leg and foot of the user. It is an object of 2561 . In some instances, it may be advantageous to the invention to accommodate physiologic function. incorporate cam devices or similar mechanisms in jour- Therefore, anterior/posterior compression of the leg by nals 2560 and 2561 which would create non-parallel 45 the leg member assembly which is deleterious to physi- relationship of the leg member containment assembly ologic function is to be avoided. with rigid base 2100 during rotation of the assembly The second reason has to do with the necessity of about its axes. permitting the leg of a user to rotate within the upper leg Figure 29 is an isometric view of the footwear member containment assembly 2520, Figure 3C and device 2000 illustrating leg member anterior element so the accompanying explanatory material previously pro- 2523 in an exploded view about to be inserted into leg vided in this disclosure indicate the obligatory internal member posterior element 2524. Leg member anterior rotation of the leg, accompanying pronation of the foot, element 2523 is fitted with four flanges (one of which is which is required in making a transition from a bipedal to hidden). These flanges act at the medial and lateral a monopedal stance. External rotation of the leg occurs inferior and superior aspects to interlock leg member 55 in making the transition from a monopedal to a bipedal anterior element 2523 with leg member posterior ele- stance. In order to accommodate the physiologic func- ment 2524 so as to substantially unite the two elements. tion associated with a bipedal and a monopedal stance, Figure 30 illustrates leg member 2500 in a plan upper leg member containment assembly 2520 must view with the leg of a user within the encirclement accommodate this rotation of the leg. It is an object of

22 43 EP 0 631 478 B1 44 the invention to provide for such rotation. It will also be Figure 34 illustrates an anterior elevation of the noted from Figure 33 that the user's ankle is free to footwear device 2000 illustrating the elements of leg move medially to accommodate the physiologic function member 2500 with the leg of a user in a bipedal stance associated with movement from a bipedal to a mono- in position within the footwear device 2000. With the pedal stance. 5 exception of rigid base 2100 and continuous medial In order to ensure correct functioning of the foot- forefoot counter 2201 other elements of the invention wear device 2000, the construction of leg member ante- have been omitted for the sake of clarity. As in Figure 33 rior element 2523 and leg member posterior element attention is directed to the dashed lines indicating the 2524 must be of a form which anticipates rotation of the medial and lateral aspects of the leg of a user. Again, leg of a user and a material which does not interfere 10 clearance provided which ensures that contact of the with or delay this movement. In this respect, design and malleolus with structures of the leg member will be construction which renders leg member anterior ele- avoided during normal operation of the footwear device ment 2523 "anatomically conforming" should be 2000 should be noted by the reader avoided. As the posterior aspect of the leg of a user is Leg member 2500 is fitted with three mechanisms composed of soft tissue, which is somewhat accommo- 15 for controlling the movement of the leg member contain- dating in nature, some degree of "anatomic conform- ment assembly; medial rear travel limiter 2550 and lat- ance" of leg member posterior element 2524 with the eral rear travel limiter 2551 , medial journal/resistance calf of the user is of no consequence provided the pos- means 2560 and lateral journal/resistance means 2561 tero-lateral and postero-medial oblique aspects of the with optional BELLEVILLE™ washer 2564, and forward calf are not unduly compressed. However, excessive 20 travel limiter 2570. anterior/posterior compression of the leg, as previously In the case of medial rear travel limiter 2550 and lat- stated, is to be avoided. eral rear travel limiter 2551 at least one of these ele- Figure 31 illustrates a plan view of the footwear ments is to be provided. In this particular embodiment, device 2000 with the leg of a user in a bipedal stance both medial and lateral rear travel limiters, 2550 and illustrated within the upper leg member containment 25 2551 are provided. assembly 2520. The longitudinal and transverse axes of In the case of medial journal/resistance means the leg of a user are indicated with a cross. 2560 and lateral journal/resistance means 2561, at Figure 32 illustrates a plan view of the footwear least one of the journals is to be fitted with a resistance device 2000 with the leg of a user in a monopedal means such as BELLEVILLE™ washer 2564. stance illustrated within the leg member containment 30 Figure 35A illustrates the elements of journal ten- assembly. Note the rotation of the leg, indicated by a sion adjustment means 2560 and 2561 in Section A-A heavy black cross, which has occurred relative to rigid (see Figure 28) while Figure 35B illustrates the ele- base 2100 as compared to its position in Figure 31 . ments of rear travel limiters 2550 and 2551 . In Figures 31 and 32, with the exception of rigid Rear travel limiters 2550 and 2551 comprise travel base 2100 and continuous medial forefoot counter 35 limiter mounting base 2552 (typical), travel limiter 2201 , other elements of the footwear device 2000 have adjustment screw 2555 and lock nut 2554. A travel lim- been omitted for the sake of clarity. iter mounting base is connected to medial leg member Figure 33 illustrates a posterior elevation of the rigid mount 251 1 and lateral leg member rigid mount footwear device 2000 illustrating the elements of leg 2512 opposite the extensions of medial leg member member 2500. The leg of a user in a bipedal stance is 40 rigid arm 2521 and lateral leg member rigid arm 2522. illustrated positioned within the leg member assembly. Lock nuts 2554 are threaded onto each of the two travel With the exception of rigid base 2100 and heel counter limiter adjustment screws 2553 which are then threaded 2300 other elements of the invention have been omitted into the receiving threads in the two travel limiter mount- for the sake of clarity. Attention is drawn to the dashed ing bases 2552. Travel limiter adjustment screws 2553 lines indicating the medial and lateral aspects of the leg 45 are adjusted so as to contact the extensions on medial of a user. Note that contact of the leg with the medial leg member rigid arm 2521 and lateral leg member rigid and lateral face of the upper leg member containment arm 2522 and establish the rearmost position of leg assembly 2520 occurs only at its superior aspect. Care- member posterior element 2524. Lock nuts 2554 are ful examination of the medial and lateral areas of the leg then tightened so as to secure the adjustments of travel situated between the superior aspect of the leg member so limiter adjustment screws 2553. containment assembly and heel counter 2300 will reveal Journal/resistance means 2560 and 2561 are com- that clearance is provided between the leg of a user and prised of axis screw(s) 2562 (typical), which rotatably medial leg member rigid mount 251 1 , lateral leg mem- connect medial leg member rigid mount 251 1 to medial ber rigid mount 2512, medial leg member arm 2521 and leg member rigid arm 2521 and lateral leg member rigid lateral leg member arm 2522, such that contact with the 55 mount 2512 to lateral leg member rigid arm 2522, and leg by these structures, particularly the malleolus, dur- flat washer(s) 2563 which are positioned between ing the normal operation of the footwear device 2000 is medial leg member rigid mount 251 1 and medial leg avoided. member rigid arm 2521 and lateral leg member rigid mount 2512 and lateral leg member rigid arm 2522 so

23 45 EP 0 631 478 B1 46 as to establish a specific contact area between the two Spring 2580 and keyed washer 2579 are positioned on sets of members. upper rod 2575 and spring tension adjustment nut 2581 For a relatively free hinging section, axis screw(s) is threaded onto upper rod 2575 so as to exert a force 2562 are typically inserted through medial/lateral leg on the top of keyed washer 2579 which acts to com- member rigid arms 251 1 and 2512. The male threaded 5 press spring 2580. end of axis screws 2562 are then threaded into the The adjustment of the means controlling the move- receiving threads of medial/lateral leg member rigid ment of the upper leg member containment assembly mounts 2521 and 2522 until the leg member rigid arms 2520 is as follows. As a first adjustment the user will are drawn into close contact with medial and lateral leg ascertain the angle at which leg member posterior ele- member rigid mounts 2511 and 2512. Care should be 10 ment 2524 is required to engage the posterior aspect of taken to ensure that medial and lateral leg member rigid the leg. Lock nuts 2554 of medial and lateral rearward arms 2521 and 2522 rotate with relative freedom. In travel limiters will be loosened. Travel limiter adjustment order to maintain adjustments, some type of lock setting screws 2552 (typical) will then be adjusted until the agent or threaded lock setting insert should be screws contact the extensions of medial and lateral leg employed on the screw threads. 15 member rigid arms 2521 and 2522. Lock nuts 2554 of If additional resistance to the rotation of leg mem- medial and lateral rearward travel limiters will be tight- ber rigid arms 2521 and 2522 about leg member rigid ened so as to secure the adjustment. mounts 251 1 and 2512 is required, axis screw(s) 2562 The user will then proceed to adjust the position at are removed and a BELLEVILLE™ washer(s) is placed which forward travel limiter 2570 arrests the forward in either one or both of the medial and lateral leg mem- 20 movement of upper leg member containment assembly ber rigid arms on the seat recessed into the arms. Axis 2520. This is accomplished by first loosening lock nut screw(s) 2562 are then re-inserted as previously 2574 and then rotating upper rod 2575 about lower rod described and tightened until the desired tension is 2573 until such time as keyed washer 2579 engages exerted by axis screw(s) 2562 on BELLEVILLE™ upper guide spring stop 2577 at the approximate limit of washer(s) 2564 to exert the force on medial leg member 25 forward travel of upper leg member containment assem- rigid mount 2511/medial leg member rigid arm 2521 bly 2520. Further forward movement of the leg member and lateral leg member rigid mount 2512/medial leg containment assembly causes spring 2580 to be com- member rigid arm 2522 required to resist rotation of pressed so that movement is eventually arrested. The these assemblies about their axis. force at which forward movement of upper leg member Figures 36A, B, C and D illustrate forward travel lim- 30 containment assembly 2520 is arrested can be adjusted iter 2570 comprised of lower rod mount 2571 , lower rod by adjusting the force brought to bear on spring 2580 by pivot 2572, lower rod 2573, lock nut 2574, upper rod spring tension nut 2581 . If the specification of spring 2575, upper rod guide mount 2576, upper guide spring 2580 is insufficient, springs of different tension may be stop 2577, rod guide/spring stop 2577, rod guide pivot substituted. Once the correct tension has been estab- 2578, keyed washers (2) 2579, spring 2580 and spring 35 lished on spring 2580, the forward limit of upper leg tension adjustment nut 2581 . member containment assembly 2520 should be verified Lower rod mount 2571 is rigidly mounted to the and further adjustment made, if required. posterior aspect of posterior heel counter 2301 and to Forward travel limiter 2570 functions to arrest the rigid base 2100. Lower rod 2573 is connected to lower movement of the leg of the user in forward flexion just rod mount 2571 by lower rod pivot 2572. Lock nut 2574 40 prior to the limit of the natural range of motion of the is threaded onto the upper section of lower rod 2573. ankle joint. When correctly adjusted the action of for- Upper rod 2575, which is hollow and threaded internally, ward travel limiter 2570 permits the user to utilize sub- is threaded onto lower rod 2573 such that an assembly stantially the full range of motion of the ankle joint. This is created which can be shortened or lengthened so as is particularly advantageous when the ankle joint is to effect adjustment of the position of the spring assem- 45 used for flexion/extension in combination with the knee bly mounted on the superior aspect of the assembly. and hip joints. In some applications, the user may wish Upper rod guide mount 2576 is rigidly mounted to to limit forward flexion of the ankle joint. This being the the posterior aspect of leg member posterior element case, forward travel limiter 2570 can be adjusted to 2524. The hole in upper guide spring stop 2578, arrest forward flexion of the leg after a specified amount intended to receive upper rod is 2575, is inserted over so of rotation of upper leg member containment assembly upper rod 2575. Rod guide pivot pin 2578 is then 2521 about its axis with lower leg member mount inserted through upper rod guide mount 2576 and assembly 2510. upper guide spring stop 2577 such that the movement Figure 37 is a graphical illustration showing the of upper rod 2575 is guided by upper guide spring stop interaction and influence on the movement of leg mem- 2577. 55 ber upper containment assembly 2520 about its axes of Keyed washer 2578 is then fitted into the guide rear travel limiters 2550 (and 2551), journal tension slots in the upper portion of upper rod 2575, which is means 2560 (and 2561) and forward travel limiter 2570. threaded so as to receive spring tension adjustment nut Arrows indicate the adjustment potential of the three 2581 , so as seat at the lower end of the guide slots. mechanisms.

24 47 EP 0 631 478 B1 48

Figure 38 illustrates the elements of anterior/poste- Medial and lateral spring steel bands 2531 and rior containment coupling means generally shown at 2532 are drawn together by their connections to closure 2530 and comprised of medial spring steel band 2531 , rod pivot mount 2533 and closure rod receptor mount lateral spring steel band 2532, closure rod pivot mount 2534 such that leg member anterior element 2523 is 2533, rod closure receptor mount 2534, rod pivot pin 5 drawn together with leg member posterior element 2535, threaded closure rod 2536, flat washer 2537 and 2524. As previously mentioned, care should be exer- rod closure nut 2538. cised in adjusting the anterior/posterior spacing of leg Figure 38 A illustrates a plan view of anterior-poste- member anterior element 2523 and leg member poste- rior containment coupling means 2530 illustrating the rior element 2524 in order to ensure that excessive elements of which it is comprised. The pivoting action of 10 compression force is not applied to the leg of the user threaded closure rod 2536 about closure rod pivot 2533 which would adversely affect the posterior muscles. allows it to engage and disengage the notch of rod clo- Leg member 2500 has several useful functions. Its sure receptor mount 2536. principal function relates to the maintenance of physio- Figure 38 B illustrates an anterior elevation of ante- logic function of the user. In this respect, the functions of rior-posterior containment coupling means 2530 illus- 15 leg member 2500 pertain mainly to the control of posi- trating the elements of which it is comprised. tion, and movement of, the leg of the user at the supe- Figure 38 C illustrates the individual elements of rior aspect of upper leg member containment assembly anterior-posterior containment coupling means 2530. 2520 relative to rigid base 2100. Medial spring steel band 2531 is connected to the Leg member 2500 serves to augment the function interior aspect of the medial aspect of leg member pos- 20 of, and is dependent on, the lower assembly of the foot- terior element 2524 at the approximate inferior/superior wear device 2000 comprised of rigid base 2100, side centre. Lateral spring steel band 2532 is similarly con- counters 2200, heel counter 2300 and forefoot/midfoot nected to the lateral aspect of leg member posterior ele- pivotal support 2400. In order for leg member 2500 to ment 2524. Closure rod pivot mount 2533 is connected influence the leg of a user in a manner which supports to the anterior end of medial spring steel band 2531 25 the objects of the invention, the position and displace- while closure rod receptor mount is connected to the ments of the foot relative to rigid base 2100 must be anterior end of lateral spring steel band 2532. controlled by the aforementioned elements as a requi- Rod pivot pin 2535 is inserted down through the site for correct functioning of leg member 2500. receiving hole in the top of closure rod pivot mount Leg member 2500 acts to define the position of the 2533. Threaded closure rod 2536 is then screwed into 30 medial and lateral aspects of the leg at the superior the receiving threads in closure rod pivot pin 2535 so aspects of upper leg member containment assembly that threaded closure rod 2536 is now pivotally con- 2520 relative to rigid base 2100 during rotation of the nected to medial spring steel band 2531 by closure rod leg member about its axes. That is to say, at predeter- pivot mount 2534. mined positions of the upper leg member containment Flat washer 2537 is positioned on threaded closure 35 assembly 2520, the medial/lateral, anterior/posterior rod 2536 and rod closure nut 2538 is threaded onto aspects of the leg at the superior aspect of upper leg threaded closure rod 2536. member containment assembly 2520 will have specific The operation of anterior/posterior containment positions relative to rigid base 2100. coupling means 2530 is as follows: With the leg of a This function is useful for several reasons. First, a user positioned on the rigid base and forefoot/midfoot 40 pronated or supinated position of the foot relates, to a pivotal support 2400 adjusted as previously described, large degree, to the position of the centre of the inferior the calf of the leg is positioned against the anterior face head of the tibia relative to a line bisecting the centre of of leg member posterior element 2524. The flanges of the heel and the centre of the leg at the superior aspect leg member anterior element 2523 are engaged with of the footwear device 2000. Figure 39 illustrates three leg member posterior element 2524 and the posterior 45 views of the posterior aspect of the foot and leg. aspect of leg member anterior element 2523 brought Figure 39A depicts the foot in a neutral or bipedal into contact with the anterior aspect of the leg of the stance. Arrows indicate the influence of postero-medial user. and postero-lateral heel counters 2301 and 2302 and Closure rod pivot mount 2533 and closure rod the medial and lateral aspects of upper leg member receptor mount 2534 are then brought into proximity so containment assembly 2520 in maintaining the position with each other so that threaded closure rod 2536 can of the corresponding aspects of the heel and leg of a be rotated on the axis of closure rod pivot pin 2535 so user relative to rigid base 2100. A vertical axis is drawn as to engage the receiving notch of closure rod receptor to indicate the approximate centre of the inferior head of mount 2534 with flat washer 2537 and closure rod nut the tibia. In this Figure, the three reference points are 2538 situated medial of the lateral aspect of closure rod 55 approximately centred on the vertical axis. receptor mount 2534. Closure rod receptor nut 2538 is Figure 39B depicts the foot in a pronated or bipedal then rotated about the threads of threaded closure rod stance. Arrows indicate the influence of postero-medial 2536 such that closure rod pivot mount 2533 is drawn and postero-lateral heel counters 2301 and 2302 and together with closure rod receptor mount 2534. the medial and lateral aspects of upper leg member

25 49 EP 0 631 478 B1 50 containment assembly 2320 in maintaining the position ing a balanced position in a bipedal or monopedal of the corresponding aspects of the heel and leg of a stance. user relative to rigid base 2100. A vertical axis is drawn The function of leg member 2500 in influencing to indicate approximate centre of the inferior head of the medial/lateral shifting of the malleolus of the user is tibia. In this Figure, the centre of the inferior head of the 5 dependent on several things. First, it is essential that no tibia now lies medial to the vertical axis. materials are introduced between the medial/lateral Figure 39C depicts the foot in a position that influence on the leg at the superior aspect of upper leg appears to be neutral or in a bipedal stance in terms of member containment 2520 and the postero-medial, the relation of the foot to rigid base 2100 but supinated postero-lateral and posterior influences on the heel of in terms of the relation of the superior aspect of the 10 the user at heel counter 2300 which would interfere with lower leg relative to rigid base 21 00. Note that in this fig- the medial/lateral shifting of the leg between these two ure the arrows representing the influence of upper leg points. This is particularly true of the areas adjacent to member containment assembly 2520 on the lower leg the malleolus. Second, the function of leg member 2500 have been deleted indicating that this element has been is dependent on the action of forefoot/midfoot pivotal omitted. In certain situations, external forces exerted on 15 support 2400 in maintaining the heel of the user in con- the footwear device 2000 without the inclusion of leg stant contact with heel counter 2300, in particular, in member 2500 could act to disrupt the relationship of the contact with posterior heel counter 2301 . three reference points of the foot and leg as illustrated in Another function relates to providing a source of Figure 39A, bipedal stance, and Figure 39B, monopedal resistance to counter reaction forces arising out of the stance. The result could be a disruption of the relation- 20 action resulting from the contraction posterior muscles ship of the three reference points as illustrated in Figure of the lower leg. The accommodation of the physiologic 39C. In terms of the objects of the footwear device states associated with bipedal and monopedal functions 2000, such disruption interferes with the physiologic encompasses the use of the powerful posterior muscles function of a bipedal or monopedal stance. of the lower leg. These muscles act primarily as exten- Leg member 2500 acts in cooperation with rigid 25 sors in isometric contraction exerting a downward force base 2100, side counters 2200, heel counter 2300 and at the forefoot which assists in maintaining the body in forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 in controlling the balance in an upright stance. The posterior muscles position of the leg of a user at the superior aspect of also function as active extensors in plantar-flexing the upper leg member containment assembly 2520 relative foot to provide for propulsion. to rigid base 2100. In this respect, leg member 2500 30 In order to maintain a person in an upright, bal- assists other elements of the footwear device 2000 in anced stance on a flat surface, the weight of the body maintaining the physiologic function of the user. must exert itself anterior to the anterior aspect of the The medial and lateral control of the associated inferior head of the tibia but posterior to the head of the aspects of the leg of a user serves an additional func- first metatarsal. In this state, the posterior muscles act tion. An object of the invention is to control movement of 35 in isometric contraction to lock the ankle joint by exert- the foot and leg so as to render key aspects of such ing a downward acting force at the heads of the metatar- movement predictable and consistent relative to rigid sals. This action balances the force exerted by the base 2100. In cooperation with heel counter 2300, leg weight of the human body. This is one of the primary member 2500 serves to establish "reference points" elements of fore/aft balance in both bipedal and mono- which serve to define the medial/lateral 'shifting of the 40 pedal function. malleolus which occurs during the transition between In the application to activities such as skating and, bipedal and monopedal stances. The limitations in particular, skiing, the posterior muscles act in both imposed on the foot and leg tend to make many of the isometric contraction and active extension to both exert movements which accompany the medial/lateral shifting internal downward acting forces on rigid base 2100 and of the malleolus, repetitive in nature. Repetition is 45 to neutralize external forces acting on the skier so as to essential for learning new skills. Thus, control of maintain the user in substantially upright bipedal or medial/lateral shifting of the malleolus in conjunction monopedal balanced stance. The posterior muscles with control of other movements of the foot by the ele- also act to exert a downward acting force to the front of ments of the footwear device 2000 is advantageous to the ski by exerting a downward force on rigid base 2100 the user in developing competence in the activity relat- so at the heads of the metatarsals. ing to the application of the footwear device 2000. Sports such as skating and skiing are dynamic in When the user makes the transition from a bipedal nature. The ability of the user to efficiently exert a down- to a monopedal stance or vice versa, the influence and ward directed force on the front of the ski during specific cooperation of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 and moments is advantageous in asserting control of the leg member 2500 ensures that lateral/medial displace- 55 device. Such force is best exerted by the posterior mus- ment within the footwear device 2000 relative to rigid cles acting to exert a downward directed force at the base 2100 will occur primarily at the malleolus. Control heads of the metatarsals. The availability of these mus- of the movements of the leg in this manner assists the cles for such purpose is reliant on the physiologic func- user in orienting the position of the upper body in attain- tion pertaining to a bipedal or monopedal stance both of

26 51 EP 0 631 478 B1 52 which are accommodated and supported by the foot- ity to employ such mechanisms is particularly advanta- wear device 2000. geous to a user in activities such as alpine skiing where A downward directed force as described involves the ski, which acts as a long lever in extending the effec- an increase in the isometric contraction of the posterior tive length of the foot, is connected to rigid base 21 00 by muscles of the leg of the user beyond the force required 5 a ski binding device. to be exerted on the heads of the metatarsals for the Figure 40 illustrates the application of the elements maintenance of an upright stance. The increase in the comprising footwear device 2000 in a ski boot generally intensity of isometric contraction of the posterior mus- shown at 2600. Elements of the footwear device 2000 cles will result in active extension of the foot, that is to are indicated at the appropriate areas and using the say, the foot will become more aligned with the lower 10 same reference numerals as before. leg. Since the heads of the metatarsals of the user are In this particular application, leg member 2500 maintained in constant contact with rigid base 2100 and comprises upper leg member containment assembly in the heel is maintained in constant contact with heel which the leg member posterior element 2524 is pivot- counter 2300, the reaction force arising out of the down- ally connected to the inferior posterior aspect of anterior ward directed force at the heads of the metatarsals will 15 leg member element 2523 by pivot 2610. Leg member tend to drive the posterior aspect of the leg of the user posterior element 2524 is rotated about pivot 2610 so posteriorly. Leg member posterior element 2524, which as to open the posterior aspect of the upper leg member is rigidly braced against such movement by rearward containment assembly to provide for entry of the foot of travel limiters 2550 and 2551, will act to resist such a user. When leg member posterior element 2524 is movement and thus counter the reaction force arising 20 rotated into position so as to contact the posterior out of the action of the posterior muscles in exerting a aspect of the leg of the user, its position is secured with downward directed force on rigid base 2100 at the anterior/posterior containment coupling means 2530. heads of the metatarsals. Thus, leg member 2500 acts Forefoot/midfoot pivotal support means 2400 is piv- to increase the effectiveness of the isometric contrac- otally connected to rigid arch 2410 by pivot 2430. Pivot tion of the posterior muscles in exerting downward 25 2430 is connected to a jack device 2620. The proximal directed forces on rigid base 2100 by resisting the reac- end of the jack device 2620 is connected to the shell of tion force arising out of such action. the footwear in the midfoot area while the distal end is The influence on the foot and leg of the user of foot- connected to a track on a lever. The track is driven by a wear device 2000 which accommodates and supports screw adjustment which allows the instep counter 2420 physiologic function, and, in particular, the cooperative 30 to be lowered so as to contact the foot of the user. The influence of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 in lever of jack device 2620 is pivotally connected to the maintaining the heads of the metatarsals in constant shell of the footwear at its distal end such that when the contact with rigid base 2100 and the heel in constant lever is raised the distal leg of the jack 2620 moves contact with heel counter 2300, the relatively free hing- upward and, in so doing, causes instep counter 2420 to ing action of leg member 2500 in controlling movement 35 be drawn upward against the top of the shell of the foot- of the leg in dorsif lexion/plantarflexion, the resistance to wear. This action provides clearance for the entry of the rearward movement of the leg at leg member posterior foot of the user into the footwear. The arrangement and element 2524 beyond the limit established by medial action of jack device 2620 is particularly advantageous and lateral rearward travel limiters 2550 and 2551 and to the user in that it moves instep counter posteriorly in the containment of the dorsum of the foot against 40 conjunction with its downward movement. This move- upward movement provided by forefoot/midfoot pivotal ment ensures that instep counter 2420 is positioned support 2400, in combination, permits the modulation of progressively towards the posterior aspect of the foot- external upward forces exerted against rigid base 2100 wear device as it is lowered to accommodate users with by the action of the posterior muscles of the leg in flex- a lower instep. ion/extension of the ankle joint or the action of the ankle 45 Figures 41 A and B and 42 A and B illustrate the joint in combination with the knee and hip joints in flex- application of the elements comprising footwear device ion/extension. The modulation of upward directed exter- 2000 in a cycling shoe generally shown at 2700. The nal forces exerted on rigid base 2100 by the use of forefoot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 is pivotally con- these mechanisms allows the user to substantially nected to rigid base 2100 as shown in Figure 1. Fore- maintain the position where the weight of his body 50 foot/midfoot pivotal support member 2400 is secured to exerts itself on rigid base 2100. This mechanism utilizes the heel of the rigid base 2100 by lever means 2710. the ankle joint of the foot to modulate fore/aft forces act- Lever means 2710 is comprised of a buckle arrange- ing upward on rigid base 2100 in a manner similar to ment connected to the rigid base 2100 in the area of that of a person pressing and releasing the gas pedal of postero-lateral heel counter 2302 with a seat intended an automobile. 55 to receive a lug fixed on the free end of a braided stain- By the same mechanism, the user is able to utilize less steel cable the other end of which is connected to muscles of the foot and leg to resist forces, when neces- the medial aspect of the rigid base 2100 in the area of sary, by rendering the leg substantially vertically rigid postero-medial heel counter 2303. through the isometric contraction of extensors. The abil-

27 53 EP 0 631 478 B1 54

In operation, the foot of the user is positioned within Leg member 2500 and heel counters 2300 form an the footwear against heel counters 2300 and fore- integral part of the rearward portion of hockey skate foot/midfoot pivotal support 2400 rotated about its axis 2800. Rearward travel limiter 2551 is adjustable as is 2720 so as to bring instep counter 2420 into contact the tension of journal/resistance means 2560. A forward with the dorsum of the foot. The braided cable of lever 5 travel limiter 2570 is not fitted to this particular applica- means 2710 is drawn around a cable guide located tion of footwear device 2000. slightly distal to pivot 2430 which acts as a capstan. The In operation, the buckles on the lateral and medial lug on the end of the cable is inserted into the receiving aspects of hockey skate 2800 are disengaged and the notch on the buckle of lever means 271 0 and the buckle forward portion of the skate moved forward on its track is operated so as to effectively tension forefoot/midfoot 10 until it is disengaged with its interface with the rearward pivotal support member 2400 on the dorsum of the foot portion of the skate. At this point it can be pivoted of the user such that a downward and rearward acting around its axis at pivot 2830. The foot of the user can force is exerted on the foot which acts to maintain the now be positioned within the footwear. Once this is heel in constant contact with heel counters 2300 and done, the forward portion of the skate is pivoted back the heads of the metatarsals in constant contact with 15 into its horizontal position and moved rearward until it is rigid base 2100. again in position in relation to the rearward portion of The application of the footwear device 2000 to a the skate. The lateral and medial buckles are operated cycling shoe offers several advantages over the prior so as to effect closure of the two elements. art. Effective and efficient cycling requires thrusting of Anterior/posterior containment coupling means the foot in forward motion, rearward motion and up 20 2530 is in the form of a VELCRO™ fastener strap stroke as well as in down stroke. While the prior art pro- secured on the medial aspect of leg member posterior vides for containment of the foot in downstroke, it does element 2524 and drawn through a hoop on its lateral not provide for maintaining the position of the foot on the aspect. Leg member anterior element 2523 interlocks base of the shoe so that forces exerted by the leg and with leg member posterior element 2524 through a foot in forward movement, rearward movement and 25 flange interface fitted to the superior aspect of the two upward movement will be transferred to the pedal as elements. Relative movement of the upper leg member directly as possible and without delay. As previously containment assembly with forefoot/midfoot pivotal sup- explained in the specification and operation of the foot- port member 2400 is effected with a flex link connection wear device 2000, the heel of the foot is maintained in means 2820. constant in contact with heel counters 2300 while the 30 Vertical adjustment of instep counter 2420 is heads of the metatarsals are maintained in constant effected with rod 2440 which employs a non-rising stem. contact with the rigid base 2100. These properties of While only preferred embodiments of the invention the footwear device 2000 ensure the direct transfer of have been described herein in detail, the invention is not force in the application to cycle shoe 2700 in all aspects limited thereby and modifications can be made within of stroke. 35 the scope of the attached claims. Figure 42A illustrates the construction of rigid base 2100 and the arrangement of forefoot/midfoot pivotal Claims support and heel counters 2300 necessary to achieve the aforementioned effect. Rigid base 2100 must be 1. A footwear device comprising: suitably stiffened against longitudinal flexing so that it 40 acts like a truss in resisting upward movement of instep a rigid base (2100) for supporting the foot counter 2420 at pivot 2430. Similarly, forefoot/midfoot (2001) of a user thereon; pivotal support member 2400 must be of a rigid nature which ensures that tension drawn from the distal and a heel counter (2300) on the rigid base (2100) proximal ends of rigid base 2100 will result in 2 oppos- 45 for contact with the foot (2001) of a user in a ing rigid triangles. first area of the foot (2001) posterior to the pos- Figure 43 illustrates the application of the elements terior aspect of the heel of the foot (2001); comprising footwear device 2000 in a hockey skate gen- erally shown at 2800. Elements of the footwear device a medial forefoot counter (2201) associated 2000 are indicated at the appropriate areas. so with the rigid base (2100) for contact with the Forefoot/midfoot pivotal support member 2400 and foot (2001) of a user in a second area of the continuous medial forefoot counter 2201 form an inte- foot medial to the medial aspect of the head of gral part of the forward shell of the hockey skate which the first metatarsal of the foot (2001); and is pivotally connected to rigid base 2100 on a track located in the area of the forefoot. A buckle 2810 is 55 a forefoot/midfoot compression member (2400) located on the lateral and medial aspects of the skate for contact with the foot (2001) of a user in a which acts to secure the forward portion to the rearward third area of the foot (2001) located on the dor- portion. sum of the foot for exerting a downwardly and

28 55 EP 0 631 478 B1 56

rearwardly directed force on the dorsum of the base (2100) during movement of the foot (2001) foot; between bipedal and monopedal stances.

characterized in that the medial forefoot counter The footwear device according to any one of claims (2201), the posterior heel counter (2300) and the 1 to 6, wherein the medial forefoot counter (2201) is forefoot/midfoot compression meter (2400) are con- mounted on the rigid base (2100). figured and arranged relative to the rigid base (2100) so that pressure contact with the foot (2001) 8. The footwear device according to any one of claims of a user occurs primarily in the first, second and 1 to 6, wherein the medial forefoot counter (2425) is third areas of the foot whereby the remainder of the 10 mounted on and extends from the forefoot/midfoot foot above the rigid base (2100) is rendered sub- compression member (2420). stantially unconstrained to accommodate the changing architecture of the foot (2001) resulting 9. The footwear device according to any one of claims from movement between bipedal and monopedal 1 to 6, wherein the heel counter (2300) comprises: stances, and wherein the forefoot/midfoot compres- 15 sion member (2400) includes a plate in the form of a postero-medial oblique heel counter (2303) a supero-lateral first metatarsal counter (2422) far connected to the rigid base (2100) postero- applying a substantially infero-medially acting force medially to the oblique postero-medial aspect on the supero-lateral aspect of the first metatarsal. of the heel bone of a user for counteracting 20 medial displacement of the heel ; 2. The footwear device according to claim 1 , wherein the forefoot/midfoot compression member (2400) a posterior heel counter (2301) connected to comprises an instep counter member (2420) for the rigid base (2100) posterior to the posterior exerting the downwardly and rearwardly directed aspect of the heel of a user; and force on the dorsum of the foot and a support mem- 25 ber (2410) for the instep counter (2420), whereby a postero-lateral oblique heel counter (2302) the instep counter (2420) is pivotally or swivelably connected to the rigid base (2100) postero-lat- supported relative to the rigid base (2100). erally to the oblique postero-lateral aspect of the heel bone of a user for counteracting lateral 3. The footwear device according to claim 2, wherein 30 displacement of the heel. the instep counter (2420) is pivotable relative to the rigid base (2100) about a substantially horizontal 1 0. The footwear device according to any one of claims transverse axis. 1 to 6, further comprising a lateral forefoot counter (2205) for contact with the lateral aspect of the 4. The footwear device according to claim 1 , wherein 35 head of the fifth metatarsal when the foot of the the forefoot/midfoot compression member (2400) user is in a monopedal stance. comprises an instep counter member (2420) for exerting the downwardly and rearwardly directed 1 1 . The footwear device according to any one of claims force on the dorsum of the foot and wherein the 1 to 6, further comprising a medial midfoot counter position of the instep counter (2420) is adjustable in 40 (2202) for contact with the foot medial to the medial a vertical direction relative to the rigid base (2100). aspect of the first cuneiform of the midfoot when the foot of the user is in a monopedal stance. 5. The footwear device according to claim 4, wherein the instep counter (2420) is adjustable relative to 1 2. The footwear device according to claim 1 1 , wherein the rigid base (2100) by means of cooperating first 45 the medial midfoot counter (2202) is mounted on and second screw-threaded members, the first the rigid base (2100). screw-threaded member (2440) being connected to the instep counter and the second screw-threaded 1 3. The footwear device according to claim 1 1 , wherein member being attached to the rigid base through the medial midfoot counter (2426) is mounted on an arched support member (2410) spanning the so and extends from the forefoot/midfoot compression forefoot/midfoot portion of the foot of a user located member (2420). on the rigid base (2100). 14. The footwear device according to any one of claims 6. The footwear device according to claim 5, wherein 1 to 6, further comprising a lateral hindfoot counter the instep counter (2420) is pivotable about a sub- 55 (2204) connected to the rigid base (2100) for con- stantially horizontal transverse axis for permitting tacting the lateral aspect of the heel bone when the the instep counter (2420) to assume positions hav- foot of the user is in a bipedal stance. ing different angles of inclination relative to the rigid

29 57 EP 0 631 47878 B1 58

1 5. The footwear device according to any one of claims lower leg of a user therein and capable of pivotal 1 to 6, further comprising a medial hindfoot counter movement in forward and rearward directions rela- (2203) connected to the rigid base (2100) for con- tive to the rigid base (2100) about a substantially tacting the medial aspect of the heel bone when the transverse axis for controlling the movement of the foot of the user is in a monopedal stance. 5 leg of a user relative to the rigid base (2100).

16. The footwear device according to claim 2, wherein 23. The footwear device according to claim 22, wherein the instep counter (2420) comprises a substantially the leg member further comprises: elongate plate for applying a downward and rear- ward acting force to the dorsum of the first metatar- 10 rear stop means (2550) for limiting the extent of sal and the dorsum of the midfoot. rearward travel of the leg member relative to the base to a rearmost limiting position. 17. The footwear device according to claim 2, wherein the instep counter (2420) contacts the dorsum of 24. The footwear device according to claim 23, wherein the foot in an area substantially centered at the 15 the rear stop means is adjustable for varying the junction of the base of the first and second metatar- extent of the rearward travel to suit the require- sals and the first and second cuneiforms. ments of a particular user.

18. The footwear device according to claim 2, wherein 25. The footwear device according to claim 22, wherein the instep counter (2420) comprises a plurality of 20 the leg member further comprises: plates having surfaces which are oriented in differ- ent planes. forward travel limiting means (2570) for limiting the extent of forward travel of the leg member 1 9. The footwear device according to claim 1 8, wherein (2500) relative to the rigid base (2100) to a the instep counter comprises: 25 foremost limiting position.

a first plate in the form of a first metatarsal/dor- 26. The footwear device according to claim 25, wherein sum midfoot counter (2421) for applying a the forward travel limiting means (2570) is adjusta- downward and rearward acting force to the dor- ble for varying the extent of forward travel to suit the sum of the first metatarsal and the dorsum of 30 requirements of a particular user. the midfoot; and 27. The footwear device according to claim 26, wherein a second plate in the form of a supero-lateral the forward travel limiting means (2570) includes a first metatarsal counter (2422) for applying a resilient member (2580) for applying a damping substantially infero-medially acting force on the 35 force against the forward travel over a predeter- supero-lateral aspect of the first metatarsal. mined distance in advance of the foremost limiting position. 20. The footwear device according to claim 1 9, wherein the instep counter (2420) further comprises: 28. The footwear device according to claim 27, wherein 40 the magnitude of the predetermined distance over a third plate in the form of a supero-lateral mid- which the damping force is applied, is adjustable. foot counter (2423) for contact with the supero- lateral aspect of the midfoot to apply a force 29. The footwear device according to claim 28, wherein infero-medially substantially evenly to the the magnitude of the damping force is adjustable. supero-lateral aspect of the midfoot. 45 30. The footwear device according to claim 27, wherein 21 . The footwear device according to claim 20, wherein the leg member (2500) further comprises resist- the instep counter further comprises: ance means (2560) for providing a predetermined amount of resistance to the pivotal movement of the a fourth plate in the form of a metatarsals two so leg member relative to the rigid base. through five dorsum restraint (2424) for con- tacting the dorsums of metatarsals two through 31 . The footwear device according to claim 30, wherein five of the foot to restrain the metatarsals later- the resistance means (2560) is capable of providing ally of the first metatarsal against upward a substantially uniform resistance to the pivotal movement. ss movement over at least a substantial portion of the extent of the pivotal movement. 22. The footwear device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a leg member (2500) piv- 32. The footwear device according to claim 22, wherein otally connected to the rigid base for receiving the the leg member (2500) further comprises a leg con-

30 59 EP 0 631 478 B1 60

tainment assembly (2520) comprising a pair of FuBes erfolgt, wodurch der ubrige Teil des FuBes mutually cooperating rigid curved members (2523, oberhalb des starren Unterteils (2100) im wesentli- 2524) which together define a hollow member of chen ungehindert bleibt, die sich andernde Archi- substantially oval cross-section for receiving the leg tektur des FuBes (2001) zuzulassen, welche aus of the user therein, the cooperating members 5 einer Bewegung zwischen zweifiiBiger und einfuBi- respectively forming anterior and posterior contain- ger Stellung resultiert, wobei das VorfuB/MittelfuB- ments for the leg of a user. Kompressionsteil (2400) eine Platte in Form eines superolateral Halters (2422) fur den ersten Meta- 33. The footwear device according to claim 32, wherein tarsalknochen aufweist, urn eine im wesentlichen the leg containment assembly is configured to pro- 10 inframedial wirkende Kraft auf die superolaterale vide an internal space between the leg containment Seite des ersten Metatarsalknochens auszuuben. assembly and the user's leg to permit the rotation of the leg of a user relative to the rigid base (2100), 2. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, the internal space at least partially being filled with wobei das VorfuB/MittelfuB-Kompressionsteil a compressible material. 15 (2400) ein Risthalteteil (2420) aufweist, urn die abwarts und ruckwarts gerichtete Kraft auf den 34. The footwear device according to claim 33, wherein Riicken des FuBes auszuuben, und ein Abstiitzteil the leg containment assembly (2520) is configured (2410) fur den Risthalter (2420), durch das der Rist- to provide an internal space between the leg con- halter (2420) relativ zu dem starren Unterteil (2100) tainment assembly and the user's ankle to permit 20 neigbar oder schwenkbar gehalten wird. movement of a user's ankle relative to the rigid base in a medial direction to accommodate the 3. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, physiologic function associated with movement wobei der Risthalter (2420) relativ zu dem starren from a bipedal to a monopedal stance, the internal Unterteil (2100) urn eine im wesentlichen horizon- space at least partially being filled with a compress- 25 tale Querachse schwenkbar ist. ible material. 4. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, Patentanspruche wobei das VorfuB/MittelfuB-Kompressionsteil (2400) ein Risthalteteil (2420) aufweist, urn die 1. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung, mit: 30 abwarts und ruckwarts gerichtete Kraft auf den Riicken des FuBes auszuiiben, und wobei die Posi- einem starren Unterteil (2100) als Auflage fur tion des Risthalters (2420) in einer vertikalen Rich- den FuB (2001) eines Benutzers; tung relativ zu dem starren Unterteil (2100) einem Fersenhalter (2300) auf dem starren einstellbar ist. Unterteil (2100) zum Kontakt mit dem FuB 35 (2001) eines Benutzers in einem ersten 5. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, Bereich des FuBes (2001) hinter der hinteren wobei der Risthalter (2420) relativ zu dem starren Seite der Ferse des FuBes (2001); Unterteil (2100) mit Hilfe eines ersten und eines mit einem medialen VorfuBhalter (2201), der dem diesem zusammenwirkenden zweiten Schraubge- starren Unterteil (2100) zugeordnet ist, zum 40 windeteils einstellbar ist, wobei das erste Schraub- Kontakt mit dem FuB (2001) eines Benutzers in gewindeteil (2440) mit dem Risthalter verbunden ist einem zweiten Bereich des FuBes medial zu und das zweite Schraubgewindeteil an dem starren der medialen Seite des Kopfes des ersten Unterteil durch ein bogenformiges Abstiitzteil Metatarsalknochens des FuBes (2001); und (2410) befestigt ist, welches den VorfuB/MittelfuB- einem VorfuB/MittelfuB-Kompressionsteil 45 Teil des FuBes eines Benutzers, der auf dem star- (2400) zum Kontakt mit dem FuB (2001) eines ren Unterteil (2100) angeordnet ist, iiberspannt. Benutzers in einem dritten Bereich des FuBes (2001), der sich auf dem Riicken des FuBes 6. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, befindet, urn eine abwarts und ruckwarts wobei der Risthalter (2420) urn eine im wesentli- gerichtete Kraft auf den Riicken des FuBes 50 chen horizontale Querachse schwenkbar ist, urn auszuuben; dem Risthalter (2420) zu gestatten, Positionen mit unterschiedlichen Neigungswinkeln relativ zu dem dadurch gekennzeichnet, daB der mediale VorfuB- starren Unterteil (2100) wahrend einer Bewegung halter (2201), der hintere Fersenhalter (2300) und des FuBes (2001) zwischen zweifiiBiger und einfii- das VorfuB/MittelfuB-Kompressionsteil (2400) rela- 55 Biger Stellung einzunehmen. tiv zu dem starren Unterteil (2100) so ausgebildet und angeordnet sind, daB Druckkontakt mit dem 7. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach einem der FuB (2001) eines Benutzers hauptsachlich in dem Anspriiche 1 bis 6, wobei der mediale VorfuBhalter ersten, dem zweiten und dem dritten Bereich des

31 61 EP 0 631 478 B1 62

(2201) an dem starren Unterteil (2100) angebracht 15. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach einem der ist. Ansprtiche 1 bis 6, weiter mit einem medialen Hin- terfuBhalter (2203), der mit dem starren Unterteil 8. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach einem der (2100) verbunden ist, zum Kontakt mit der medialen Ansprtiche 1 bis 6, wobei der mediale VorfuBhalter s Seite des Fersenknochens, wenn der FuB des (2425) an dem VorfuB/MittelfuB-Kompressionsteil Benutzers in einer einftiBigen Stellung ist. (2420) angebracht ist und sich von diesem aus erstreckt. 16. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, wobei der Risthalter (2420) eine im wesentlichen 9. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach einem der 10 langgestreckte Platte aufweist, urn eine abwarts Ansprtiche 1 bis 6, wobei der Fersenhalter (2300) und ruckwarts wirkende Kraft auf den Riicken des aufweist: ersten Metatarsalknochens und den Riicken des MittelfuBes auszuuben. einen posteromedialen, schiefen Fersenhalter (2303), der mit dem starren Unterteil (2100) w 17. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, posteromedial zu der schiefen posteromedia- wobei der Risthalter (2420) den Riicken des FuBes len Seite des Fersenknochens eines Benutzers in einem Bereich bertihrt, der an der Verbindungs- verbunden ist, urn einer medialen Verlagerung stelle des Unterteils des ersten und des zweiten der Ferse entgegenzuwirken; Metatarsalknochens und des ersten und des zwei- einen hinteren Fersenhalter (2301), der mit 20 ten Dreiecksbeins im wesentlichen zentriert ist. dem starren Unterteil (2100) hinter der hinteren Seite der Ferse eines Benutzers verbunden ist; 18. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, und wobei der Risthalter (2420) mehrere Platten auf- einen posterolateralen, schiefen Fersenhalter weist, die Oberflachen haben, welche in unter- (2302), der mit dem starren Unterteil (2100) 25 schiedlichen Ebenen ausgerichtet sind. posterolateral zu der schiefen posterolateralen Seite des Fersenknochens eines Benutzers 19. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 18, verbunden ist, urn einer lateralen Verlagerung wobei der Risthalter aufweist: der Ferse entgegenzuwirken. 30 eine erste Platte in Form eines ersten Metatar- 10. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach einem der salknochen/Rticken-Mittelf u Bhalters (242 1 ) Ansprtiche 1 bis 6, weiter mit einem lateralen Vor- zum Austiben einer abwarts und rtickwarts wir- fuBhalter (2205) zum Kontakt mit der lateralen Seite kenden Kraft auf den Riicken des ersten Meta- des Kopfes des ftinften Metatarsalknochens, wenn tarsalknochens und den Riicken des der FuB des Benutzers in einer einftiBigen Stellung 35 MittelfuBes; und ist. eine zweite Platte in Form eines superolatera- len Halters (2422) fur den ersten Metatarsal- 11. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach einem der knochen zum Austiben einer im wesentlichen Ansprtiche 1 bis 6, weiter mit einem medialen Mit- inframedial wirkenden Kraft auf die superolate- telfuBhalter (2202) zum Kontakt mit dem FuB 40 ral Seite des ersten Metatarsalknochens. medial zu der medialen Seite des ersten Dreiecks- beins des MittelfuBes, wenn der FuB des Benutzers 20. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 19, in einer einftiBigen Stellung ist. wobei der Risthalter (2420) weiter aufweist:

12. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 11, 45 eine dritte Platte in Form eines superolateral wobei der mediale MittelfuBhalter (2202) an dem Mittelfu Bhalters (2423) zum Kontakt mit der starren Unterteil (2100) angebracht ist. superolateral en Seite des MittelfuBes, urn eine Kraft inframedial im wesentlichen gleichmaBig 13. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 11, auf die superolaterale Seite des MittelfuBes wobei der mediale MittelfuBhalter (2426) an dem so auszuuben. VorfuB/MittelfuB-Kompressionsteil (2420) ange- bracht ist und sich von diesem aus erstreckt. 21. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 20, wobei der Risthalter weiter aufweist: 14. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach einem der Ansprtiche 1 bis 6, weiter mit einem lateralen Hin- ss eine vierte Platte in Form einer Riickenein- terfuBhalter (2204), der mit dem starren Unterteil spannung (2424) fur die Metatarsalknochen (2100) verbunden ist, zum Kontakt mit der lateralen zwei bis fiinf zum Kontakt mit den Riicken der Seite des Fersenknochens, wenn der FuB des Metatarsalknochen zwei bis fiinf des FuBes, Benutzers in einer zweifuBigen Stellung ist. urn die Metatarsalknochen seitlich von dem

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ersten Metatarsalknochen an einer Aufwarts- 29. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 28, bewegung zu hindern. wobei die GroBe der Dampfungskraft einstellbar ist.

22. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach einem der 30. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 27, Ansprtiche 1 bis 6, weiter mit einem Schenkelteil 5 wobei das Schenkelteil (2500) weiter eine Wider- (2500), das mit dem starren Unterteil schwenkbar standseinrichtung (2560) aufweist, urn ein vorbe- verbunden ist, urn den Unterschenkel eines Benut- stimmtes AusmaB an Widerstand gegen die zers aufzunehmen, und das zu einer Schwenkbe- Schwenkbewegung des Schenkelteils relativ zu wegung in Vorwarts- und in Riickwartsrichtung dem starren Unterteil zu schaffen. relativ zu dem starren Unterteil (2100) urn eine im 10 wesentlichen quer angeordnete Achse in der Lage 31. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 30, ist, urn die Bewegung des Unterschenkels eines wobei die Widerstandseinrichtung (2560) in der Benutzers relativ zu dem starren Unterteil (2100) Lage ist, einen im wesentlichen gleichmaBigen zu steuern. Widerstand gegen die Schwenkbewegung tiber 15 wenigstens einem betrachtlichen Teil des Ausma- 23. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 22, Bes der Schwenkbewegung zu schaffen. wobei das Schenkelteil weiter aufweist: 32. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 22, eine hintere Anschlageinrichtuflg (2550) zum wobei das Schenkelteil (2500) weiter eine Schen- Begrenzen des AusmaBes der Ruckwartsbe- 20 kelaufnahmebaugruppe (2520) aufweist, die ein wegung des Schenkelteils relativ zu dem Paar gegenseitig zusammenwirkender, starrer, Unterteil in eine hinterste Grenzposition. gekrtimmter Teile (2523, 2524) aufweist, welche gemeinsam ein hohles Teil mit im wesentlichen 24. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 23, ovalem Querschnitt bilden, urn den Unterschenkel wobei die hintere Anschlageinrichtung zum Veran- 25 des Benutzers darin aufzunehmen, wobei die dern des AusmaBes der Riickwartsbewegung ein- zusammenwirkenden Teile eine vordere bzw. hin- stellbar ist, urn es den Erfordernissen eines tere Aufnahme fur den Unterschenkel eines Benut- besonderen Benutzers anzupassen. zers bilden.

25. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 22, 30 33. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 32, wobei das Schenkelteil weiter aufweist: wobei die Schenkelaufnahmebaugruppe so ausge- bildet ist, daB sie einen inneren Raum zwischen der eine Vorwartsbewegungsbegrenzungs- Schenkelaufnahmebaugruppe und dem Unter- einrichtung (2570) zum Begrenzen des Aus- schenkel eines Benutzers schafft, urn die Drehung maBes der Vorwartsbewegung des 35 des Unterschenkels eines Benutzers relativ zu dem Schenkelteils (2500) relativ zu dem starren starren Unterteil (2100) zu gestatten, wobei der Unterteil (2100) in eine vorderste Grenzposi- innere Raum wenigstens teilweise mit einem kom- tion. pressiblen Material ausgefullt ist.

26. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 25, 40 34. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 33, wobei die Vorwartsbewegungsbegrenzungs- wobei die Schenkelaufnahmebaugruppe (2520) einrichtung (2570) zum Verandern des AusmaBes dafur ausgebildet ist, einen inneren Raum zwi- der Vorwartsbewegung einstellbar ist, urn es den schen der Schenkelaufnahmebaugruppe und dem Erfordernissen eines besonderen Benutzers anzu- FuBknochel eines Benutzers zu schaffen, urn eine passen. 45 Bewegung des FuBknochels eines Benutzers rela- tiv zu dem starren Unterteil in einer medialen Rich- 27. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 26, tung zu gestatten und die physiologische Funktion wobei die Vorwartsbewegungsbegrenzungs- zu ermoglichen, die mit einer Bewegung aus einer einrichtung (2570) ein elastisches Teil (2580) zum zweifuBigen in eine einfuBige Stellung verbunden Austiben einer Dampfungskraft gegen die Vor- so ist, wobei der innere Raum wenigstens teilweise mit wartsbewegung tiber eine vorbestimmte Distanz einem kompressiblen Material ausgefullt ist. vorderhalb der vordersten Grenzposition aufweist. Revendications 28. FuBbekleidungsvorrichtung nach Anspruch 27, wobei die GroBe der vorbestimmten Distanz, tiber 55 1. Dispositif pour chaussure comprenant une base welcher die Dampfungskraft ausgetibt wird, ein- rigide (2100) destinee a supporter sur elle le pied stellbar ist. (2001) d'un utilisateur, un contrefort de talon (2300) sur la base rigide (2100), destine a venir en contact avec le pied (2001) d'un utilisateur dans une pre-

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miere zone du pied (2001) situee en arriere par rap- 5. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 4 port a I'aspect posterieur du talon du pied (2001), caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-de-pied un contrefort d'avant-pied median (2201) associe a (2420) est reglable par rapport a la base rigide la base rigide (2100) et destine a venir en contact (21 00) au moyen de premier et second organes f ile- avec le pied (2001) d'un utilisateur dans une 5 tes cooperant entre eux, le premier organe filete seconde zone du pied mediane par rapport a (2440) etant connecte au contrefort de cou-de-pied I'aspect median de la tete du premier metatarsien tandis que le second organe filete est attache a la du pied (2001), et un organe de compression de base rigide par I'intermediaire d'un support en I'avant-pied/pied median (2400) destine a venir en forme d'arc (2410) s'etendant par-dessus la portion contact avec le pied (2001) d'un utilisateur dans w d'avant-pied/pied median du pied (2001) d'un utili- une troisieme zone du pied (2001) situee sur le dos sateur place sur la base rigide (2100). du pied, af in d'exercer, sur le dos du pied, une force dirigee vers le bas et vers I'arriere, caracterise en 6. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 5 ce que le contrefort d'avant-pied median (2201), le caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-de-pied contrefort de talon posterieur (2300) et I'organe de 75 (2420) peut pivoter autour d'un axe sensiblement compression de I'avant-pied/pied median (2400) horizontal et transversal afin de permettre au con- sont configures et disposes, par rapport a la base trefort de cou-de-pied (2420) de prendre des posi- rigide (2100), de telle fagon qu'un contact sous tions ayant differents angles d'inclinaison par pression avec le pied (2001) d'un utilisateur se pro- rapport a la base rigide (2100) pendant le mouve- duise principalement dans les premiere, seconde et 20 ment du pied (2001) entre les postures d'appui sur troisieme zones du pied si bien que le reste du pied, un pied et d'appui sur les deux pieds. au-dessus de la base rigide (2100), est rendu prati- quement non contraint pour tenir compte de I'archi- 7. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant I'une quelconque tecture changeante du pied (2001) qui resulte du des revendications 1 a 6 caracterise en ce que le mouvement entre des postures d'appui sur un pied 25 contrefort d'avant-pied median (2201) est monte et d'appui sur les deux pieds, et en ce que I'organe sur la base rigide (2100). de compression de I'avant-pied/pied median (2400) comporte une plaque realisee sous la forme d'un 8. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant I'une quelconque contrefort superieur et lateral (2422) du premier des revendications 1 a 6 caracterise en ce que le metatarsien af in d'appliquer une force agissant pra- 30 contrefort d'avant-pied median (2425) est monte tiquement d'une maniere infero-mediane sur sur I'organe de compression de I'avant-pied/pied I'aspect superieur et lateral du premier metatarsien. median (2400) et il s'etend a partir de cet organe.

2. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 1 9. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant I'une quelconque caracterise en ce que I'organe de compression de 35 des revendications 1 a 6 caracterise en ce que le I'avant-pied/pied median (2400) comprend un con- contrefort de talon (2300) comprend un contrefort trefort de cou-de-pied (2420) pour exercer la force de talon oblique postero-median (2303) connecte a dirigee vers le bas et vers I'arriere sur le dos du pied la base rigide (2100) d'une maniere postero- et un support (2410) pour le contrefort de cou-de- mediane par rapport a I'aspect oblique postero- pied (2420) de telle fagon que le contrefort de cou- 40 median de I'os du talon d'un utilisateur afin de con- de-pied (2420) soit supporte a pivotement par rap- trebalancer le deplacement median du talon, un port a la base rigide (2100). contrefort de talon posterieur (2301) connecte a la base rigide (2100) en arriere de I'aspect posterieur 3. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 2 du talon d'un utilisateur, et un contrefort de talon caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-de-pied 45 postero-lateral (2302) connecte a la base rigide (2420) est monte a pivotement, par rapport a la (2100) d'une maniere postero-lateral e par rapport a base rigide (2100), autour d'un axe sensiblement I'aspect postero-lateral oblique de I'os du talon d'un horizontal et transversal. utilisateur, afin de contrebalancer un deplacement lateral du talon. 4. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 1 so caracterise en ce que I'organe de compression de 10. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant I'une quelconque I'avant-pied/pied median (2400) comprend un con- des revendications 1 a 6 caracterise en ce qu'il trefort de cou-de-pied (2420) pour exercer la force comprend en outre un contrefort d'avant-pied late- dirigee vers le bas et vers I'arriere sur le dos du pied ral (2205) destine a venir en contact avec I'aspect et la position du contrefort de cou-de-pied (2420) 55 lateral de la tete du cinquieme metatarsien lorsque est reglable dans une direction verticale par rapport le pied de I'utilisateur se trouve dans une posture a la base rigide (2100). d'appui sur un seul pied.

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1 1 . Dispositif pour chaussure suivant I'une quelconque la forme d'un contrefort de premier metatarsien/dos des revendications 1 a 6 caracterise en ce qu'il de pied median (2421) destine a appliquer une comprend en outre un contrefort median de pied force agissant vers le bas et vers I'arriere sur le dos median (2202) destine a venir en contaat avec le du premier metatarsien et le dos du pied median, et pied au milieu de I'aspect median du premier cunei- 5 une seconde plaque realisee sous la forme d'un forme du pied median lorsque le pied (2001) d'un contrefort supero-lateral de premier metatarsien utilisateur se trouve dans une posture d'appui sur (2422) destinee a appliquer une force agissant un pied. d'une maniere sensiblement infero-mediane sur I'aspect supero-lateral du premier metatarsien. 12. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 10 11 caracterise en ce que le contrefort median 20. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication (2202) du pied median est monte sur la base rigide 19 caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-de- (2100). pied (2420) comprend en outre une troisieme pla- que realisee sous la forme d'un contrefort supero- 13. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 15 lateral de pied median (2423) destinee a venir en 11 caracterise en ce que le contrefort median contact avec I'aspect supero-lateral du pied median (2426) du pied median est monte sur I'organe de afin d'appliquer une force, d'une maniere infero- compression de I'avant-pied/pied median (2400) et mediane, d'une fagon sensiblement egale, a il s'etend a partir de cet organe. I'aspect supero-lateral du pied median. 20 14. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant I'une quelconque 21. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication des revendications 1 a 6 caracterise en ce qu'il 20 caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-de- comprend en outre un contrefort lateral (2204) de pied comprend en outre une quatrieme plaque rea- pied arriere connecte a la base rigide (21 00) et des- lisee sous la forme d'un element (2424) de retenue tine a venir en contact avec I'aspect lateral de I'os 25 des metatarsiens deux a cinq, laquelle est destinee du talon lorsque le pied de I'utilisateur se trouve a venir en contact avec les dos des metatarsiens dans une posture d'appui sur les deux pieds. deux a cinq du pied afin de retenir les metatarsiens, lateralement par rapport au premier metatarsien, a 15. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant I'une quelconque I'encontre d'un mouvement vers le haut. des revendications 1 a 6 caracterise en ce qu'il 30 comprend en outre un contrefort median (2203) de 22. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant I'une quelconque pied arriere connecte a la base rigide (21 00) et des- des revendications 1 a 6 caracterise en ce qu'il tine a venir en contact avec I'aspect median de I'os comprend en outre un element de jambe (2500) du talon lorsque le pied de I'utilisateur se trouve relie a pivotement a la base rigide afin de recevoir dans une posture d'appui sur un pied. 35 dans cet element le membre inferieur d'un utilisa- teur et capable d'executer un mouvement de pivo- 1 6. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 2 tement vers I'avant et vers I'arriere par rapport a la caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-de-pied base rigide (2100), autour d'un axe sensiblement (2420) est constitue par une plaque sensiblement transversal, afin de controler le mouvement de la allongee destinee a appliquer a une force agissant 40 jambe d'un utilisateur par rapport a la base rigide vers le bas et vers I'arriere au dos du premier meta- (2100). tarsien et au dos du pied median. 23. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 1 7. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 2 22 caracterise en ce que I'element de jambe com- caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-de-pied 45 prend en outre une butee arriere (2550) pour limiter (2420) est en contact avec le dos du pied dans une I'extension du mouvement vers I'arriere de la jambe zone sensiblement centree a I'endroit de la jonction par rapport a la base, dans une position limite de la base des premier et second metatarsiens et situee le plus en arriere. des premier et second cuneiformes. so 24. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 18. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 2 23 caracterise en ce que la butee arriere est regla- caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-pied ble afin de faire varier I'extension du mouvement (2420) est constitue par une pluralite de plaques vers I'arriere pour satisfaire aux exigences d'un uti- ayant des surfaces qui sont orientees dans diffe- lisateur particulier. rents plans. 55 25. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 19. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 22 caracterise en ce que I'element de jambe com- 18 caracterise en ce que le contrefort de cou-de- prend en outre un moyen (2570) de limitation du pied comprend une premiere plaque realisee sous mouvement vers I'avant afin de limiter I'extension

35 69 EP 0 631 478 B1 70

du mouvement vers I'avant de I'element de jambe la rotation de la jambe d'un utilisateur par rapport a (2500), par rapport a la base rigide (2100), a une la base rigide (2100), I'espace interne etant rempli position limite situee le plus en avant. au moins partiellement d'un materiau compressi- ble. 26. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication s 25 caracterise en ce que le moyen (2570) de limita- 34. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication tion du mouvement vers I'avant est reglable afin de 33 caracterise en ce que I'ensemble de retenue de faire varier I'extension du mouvement vers I'avant la jambe (2520) est configure de maniere a delimi- pour satisfaire aux exigences d'un utilisateur parti- ter un espace interne entre I'ensemble de retenue culier. 10 de la jambe et la cheville de I'utilisateur afin de per- mettre un mouvement de la cheville de I'utilisateur 27. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication par rapport a la base rigide (2100), dans une direc- 26 caracterise en ce que le moyen (2570) limitant le tion mediane, afin d'autoriser la fonction physiologi- mouvement vers I'avant comporte un organe elasti- que associee au mouvement pour passer d'un que (2580) pour appliquer une force d'amortisse- 15 appui sur les deux pieds a un appui sur un seul ment a I'encontre du mouvement vers I'avant, sur pied, I'espace interne etant rempli au moins partiel- une distance predeterminee, en avant de la posi- lement d'un materiau compressible. tion limite situee le plus avant.

28. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 20 27 caracterise en ce que la grandeur de la distance predeterminee sur laquelle la force d'amortisse- ment est appliquee, est reglable.

29. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 25 28 caracterise en ce que la grandeur de la force d'amortissement est reglable.

30. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 27 caracterise en ce que I'element de jambe (2500) 30 comprend en outre un moyen resistant (2560) pour opposer une resistance d'une valeur predetermi- nee au mouvement de pivotement de I'element de jambe par rapport a la base rigide. 35 31 . Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 30 caracterise en ce que le moyen resistant (2560) est capable d'opposer une resistance sensiblement uniforme au mouvement de pivotement sur au moins une portion notable de I'extension du mouve- 40 ment de pivotement.

32. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 22 caracterise en ce que I'element de jambe (2500) comprend en outre un ensemble (2520) de retenue 45 de la jambe comprenant une paire d'elements cour- bes et rigides (2523,2524), cooperant I'un avec I'autre, qui definissent conjointement un element creux de section transversale sensiblement ovale pour recevoir a I'interieur la jambe de I'utilisateur, so les elements cooperant entre eux formant respecti- vement des organes de retenue anterieur et poste- rieur pour la jambe d'un utilisateur.

33. Dispositif pour chaussure suivant la revendication 55 32 caracterise en ce que I'ensemble de retenue de la jambe est configure de maniere a delimiter un espace interne entre I'ensemble de retenue de la jambe et la jambe de I'utilisateur afin de permettre

36 EP 0 631 478 B1

37 EP 0 631 478 B1

38 EP 0 631 478 B1

39 EP 0 631 478 B1

40 EP 0 631 478 B1

41 EP 0 631 478 B1

2441

2441 -2442

-2435 ^5 ^-2433 2442--t_ 2434-

2440-x 5

2435^1 3 v2431 2432 2430- r 1 ■2434 i — j ^2433 2440- 2431 2432

2430 FIG. 1 6

2420

2100 FIG. 1 5

2100

2440

FIG. 1 4 ■2410

42 EP 0 631 478 B1

43 EP 0 631 478 B1

44 EP 0 631 478 B1

45 EP 0 631 478 B1

46 EP 0 631 478 B1

47 =P 0 631 478 B1

48 EP 0 631 478 B1

max

FIG. 37

mm forward rotation of upper teg member containment assembly 2520 relative to of rearward travel 90 c backstop kmrter(s)

49 EP 0 631 478 B1

50 EP 0 631 478 B1

FIG. 43

51