DOCSLIB.ORG

Modelling Autobiographical Memory Loss Across Life Span Di Wang,1 Ah-Hwee Tan,1,2 Chunyan Miao,1,2,3 Ahmed A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modelling Autobiographical Memory Loss Across Life Span Di Wang,1 Ah-Hwee Tan,1,2 Chunyan Miao,1,2,3 Ahmed A The Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-19) Modelling Autobiographical Memory Loss across Life Span Di Wang,1 Ah-Hwee Tan,1,2 Chunyan Miao,1,2,3 Ahmed A. Moustafa4,5 1Joint NTU-UBC Research Centre of Excellence in Active Living for the Elderly 2School of Computer Science and Engineering 3Alibaba-NTU Singapore Joint Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 4School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia 5Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar fwangdi,asahtan,[email protected], [email protected] Abstract the psychological basis presented by Conway and Pleydell- Pearce(2000), which has been widely accepted and sup- Neurocomputational modelling of long-term memory is a ported by neural imaging evidence (Addis et al. 2012). Our core topic in computational cognitive neuroscience, which is prior work (Wang, Tan, and Miao 2016) focuses on memory essential towards self-regulating brain-like AI systems. In this retrievals using imperfect cues and “wandering in reminis- paper, we study how people generally lose their memories and emulate various memory loss phenomena using a neuro- cence”, which refers to recalling a sequence of seemingly computational autobiographical memory model. Specifically, random but contextually connected memory across different based on prior neurocognitive and neuropsychology studies, episodes of life events. In that prior work, we assume that we identify three neural processes, namely overload, decay the memory formation and retrieval processes can always and inhibition, which lead to memory loss in memory for- be performed perfectly, which would rarely be true in real- mation, storage and retrieval, respectively. For model valida- world scenarios. Moreover, due to the hardware constraints tion, we collect a memory dataset comprising more than one in agents or robots, discard of certain portion of the stored thousand life events and emulate the three key memory loss memory is necessary in most complex application domains. processes with model parameters learnt from memory recall Therefore, with a totally different purpose, in this paper, we behavioural patterns found in human subjects of different age show AM-ART can accurately emulate various human mem- groups. The emulation results show high correlation with hu- man memory recall performance across their life span, even ory loss phenomena. with another population not being used for learning. To the Specifically, we employ three key processes in AM-ART best of our knowledge, this paper is the first research work to replicate the three widely studied memory loss phases, on quantitative evaluations of autobiographical memory loss namely during memory formation, storage and retrieval using a neurocomputational model. (Jahn 2013), respectively. Moreover, we introduce three novel parameters to AM-ART to regulate the corresponding memory loss processes, namely overload as the likelihood Introduction of being affected by cognitive overload during formation In recent years, many governments and agencies have in- (Daselaar et al. 2009), decay as the rate of long-term mem- vested a record-high amount of resources to look deeper into ory fading during storage (Rubin 1982), and inhibition as human brain’s functional dynamics. However, as of today, the likelihood of retrieval failure during retrieval (Storm and it is still difficult or impossible to quantitatively evaluate a Levy 2012). Our approach of using a neural network with wide range of brain dynamics at the neural network level. relevant control parameters to model memory loss aligns From the point of view of AI, neurocomputational models with cognitive experts’ opinion that “the individual pattern built upon neurocognitive and neuropsychology theories can of impaired memory functions correlates with parameters of provide insight into human behavioural processes in a rapid structural or functional brain integrity” (Jahn 2013). and quantitative manner. For example, according to Wang, For performance evaluations, we collect an autobiograph- Gauthier, and Cottrell(2016), “one advantage of computa- ical memory dataset comprising more than one thousand tional models is that we can analyse them in ways we cannot life events from public domains. However, because this col- analyse human participants to provide hypotheses as to the lected dataset does not span across one’s entire life (e.g., underlying mechanisms of an effect.” from childhood to 70s), in order to conduct relevant ex- In this paper, we evaluate how people generally lose periments, we alter the event dates so that the collected their memories by exploiting an established computational life events are equally distributed across the life stages and autobiographical memory model (Wang, Tan, and Miao the ratio among pleasant, neutral and unpleasant memories 2016), named Autobiographical Memory-Adaptive Reso- in each life stage conforms to the distribution reported by nance Theory network (AM-ART). AM-ART is built upon Berntsen and Rubin(2002). Moreover, it has been found that people of all ages tend to recall more pleasant memories Copyright ⃝c 2019, Association for the Advancement of Artificial rather than unpleasant ones, although the voluntarily non- Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. recalled unpleasant memories are still retained. We model 1368 Figure 1: Network structure of AM-ART. All its input channels in F1 and the F2 and F3 layers match specific brain regions. this tendency based on the memory survey data reported ory loss is essential towards self-regulating systems to ac- by Rubin and Berntsen(2003). Subsequently, we perform commodate physical memory constraints. For example, to model evaluations based on the memory recall data reported achieve better efficiency, deep reinforcement learning agents by Berntsen and Rubin(2002). Specifically, we learn the normally perform mini-batch learning based on the experi- memory loss parameter values by emulating the memory re- ence replay strategy (Lin 1993). Other than the improvement call performance of human subjects in different age groups in time-wise learning efficiency, experience replay also pos- and further use the learnt parameter values to predict the sesses the following perk: “the behavior distribution is aver- performance of human subjects in the subsequent life stage. aged over many of its previous states, smoothing out learn- The emulation results show high correlation, even with the ing and avoiding oscillations or divergence in the parame- memory recall performance of another population reported ters” (Mnih et al. 2013). However, by performing random by Rubin and Schulkind(1997). sampling, the conventional experience replay strategy ig- As such, we show that AM-ART can accurately capture nores the importance or the quality of different experiences. the characteristics of human autobiographical memory loss. To incorporate the quality of the experiences during sam- Therefore, we provide a useful tool to analyse various mem- pling, various experience replay techniques, such as prior- ory loss phenomena that may be difficult or impossible in itized (Schaul et al. 2015), hindsight (Andrychowicz et al. human subjects. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is 2017) and dual (Wei et al. 2018), have been proposed in the the first research work on quantitative evaluations of autobi- literature. Nonetheless, these extended strategies are built ographical memory loss using a neurocomputational model. upon purely goal-orientated mechanisms, without any neu- rocognitive basis. Although not being the focus of this paper, Related Work it will be quite stimulating to implement autonomous agents For the same purpose of using a neurocomputational model that are able to emulate human memory recall behaviours. to verify neurocognitive theories and perform quantitative evaluations, Wang, Gauthier, and Cottrell(2016) use PCA AM-ART Model and Its Dynamics (principal component analysis) and MLP (multi-layer per- The network structure of Autobiographical Memory- ceptron) with one hidden layer, wherein different number of Adaptive Resonance Theory (AM-ART) model is shown in hidden neurons are used to represent the corresponding level Figure1. AM-ART is a three-layer neural network, wherein of the human participants’ pattern recognition ability. Their the event-specific knowledge of autobiographical memory model supports the “experience moderation effect” observed is presented to the bottom layer F1 to encode life events in by Gauthier et al.(2014). In this paper, we use AM-ART as the middle layer F2 and a sequence of related events in F2 the neurocomputational model to replicate human memory are encoded into an episode in the top layer F3. AM-ART is loss phenomena in different age groups. consistent with the hierarchical model established by Con- Many well-established cognitive models, such as Soar way and Pleydell-Pearce(2000), which is supported by neu- (Laird 2012), ACT-R (Anderson et al. 2004) and Icarus ral imaging evidence (Addis et al. 2012), in terms of both (Langley 2006), employ functionally specific memory mod- the network architecture and functional dynamics (Wang, ules. Moreover, few such cognitive models further inves- Tan, and Miao 2016). Furthermore, we find that the circuit tigate the dynamics of long-term memory forgetting, e.g., of AM-ART network may reside in the temporal lobe of the Derbinsky and Laird(2013) heuristically
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dissociation Between Declarative and Procedural Mechanisms in Long-Term Memory
    ! DISSOCIATION BETWEEN DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL MECHANISMS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Dale A. Hirsch August, 2017 ! A dissertation written by Dale A. Hirsch B.A., Cleveland State University, 2010 M.A., Cleveland State University, 2013 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2017 Approved by _________________________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Bradley Morris _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Christopher Was _________________________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Karrie Godwin Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Lifespan Development and Mary Dellmann-Jenkins Educational Sciences _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human James C. Hannon Services ! ""! ! HIRSCH, DALE A., Ph.D., August 2017 Educational Psychology DISSOCIATION BETWEEN DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL MECHANISMS IN LONG-TERM MEMORY (66 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Bradley Morris The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential dissociation between declarative and procedural elements in long-term memory for a facilitation of procedural memory (FPM) paradigm. FPM coupled with a directed forgetting (DF) manipulation was utilized to highlight the dissociation. Three experiments were conducted to that end. All three experiments resulted in facilitation for categorization operations. Experiments one and two additionally found relatively poor recognition for items that participants were told to forget despite the fact that relevant categorization operations were facilitated. Experiment three resulted in similarly poor recognition for category names that participants were told to forget. Taken together, the three experiments in this investigation demonstrate a clear dissociation between the procedural and declarative elements of the FPM task.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is It Like to Be Confabulating?
    What is it like to be Confabulating? Sahba Besharati, Aikaterini Fotopoulou and Michael D. Kopelman Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London UK Different kinds of confabulations may arise in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This chapter first offers conceptual distinctions between spontaneous and momentary (“provoked”) confabulations, as well as between these types of confabulation and other kinds of false memories. The chapter then reviews current explanatory theories, emphasizing that both neurocognitive and motivational factors account for the content of confabulations. We place particular emphasis on a general model of confabulation that considers cognitive dysfunctions in memory and executive functioning in parallel with social and emotional factors. It is argued that all these dimensions need to be taken into account for a phenomenologically rich description of confabulation. The role of the motivated content of confabulation and the subjective experience of the patient are particularly relevant in effective management and rehabilitation strategies. Finally, we discuss a case example in order to illustrate how seemingly meaningless false memories are actually meaningful if placed in the context of the patient’s own perspective and autobiographical memory. Key words: Confabulation; False memory; Motivation; Self; Rehabilitation. 1 Memory is often subject to errors of omission and commission such that recollection includes instances of forgetting, or distorting past experience. The study of pathological forms of exaggerated memory distortion has provided useful insights into the mechanisms of normal reconstructive remembering (Johnson, 1991; Kopelman, 1999; Schacter, Norman & Kotstall, 1998). An extreme form of pathological memory distortion is confabulation. Different variants of confabulation are found to arise in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Emotionally Charged Autobiographical Memories Across the Life Span: the Recall of Happy, Sad, Traumatic, and Involuntary Memories
    Psychology and Aging Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2002, Vol. 17, No. 4, 636–652 0882-7974/02/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//0882-7974.17.4.636 Emotionally Charged Autobiographical Memories Across the Life Span: The Recall of Happy, Sad, Traumatic, and Involuntary Memories Dorthe Berntsen David C. Rubin University of Aarhus Duke University A sample of 1,241 respondents between 20 and 93 years old were asked their age in their happiest, saddest, most traumatic, most important memory, and most recent involuntary memory. For older respondents, there was a clear bump in the 20s for the most important and happiest memories. In contrast, saddest and most traumatic memories showed a monotonically decreasing retention function. Happy involuntary memories were over twice as common as unhappy ones, and only happy involuntary memories showed a bump in the 20s. Life scripts favoring positive events in young adulthood can account for the findings. Standard accounts of the bump need to be modified, for example, by repression or reduced rehearsal of negative events due to life change or social censure. Many studies have examined the distribution of autobiographi- (1885/1964) drew attention to conscious memories that arise un- cal memories across the life span. No studies have examined intendedly and treated them as one of three distinct classes of whether this distribution is different for different classes of emo- memory, but did not study them himself. In his well-known tional memories. Here, we compare the event ages of people’s textbook, Miller (1962/1974) opened his chapter on memory by most important, happiest, saddest, and most traumatic memories quoting Marcel Proust’s description of how the taste of a Made- and most recent involuntary memory to explore whether different leine cookie unintendedly brought to his mind a long-forgotten kinds of emotional memories follow similar patterns of retention.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Phonological Memory Deficits in Boys With
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2012 Understanding Phonological Memory Deficits In Boys With Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (adhd): Dissociation Of Short-term Storage And Articulatory Rehearsal Processes Jennifer Bolden University of Central Florida Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Bolden, Jennifer, "Understanding Phonological Memory Deficits In Boys With Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity Disorder (adhd): Dissociation Of Short-term Storage And Articulatory Rehearsal Processes" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2468. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2468 UNDERSTANDING PHONOLOGICAL MEMORY DEFICITS IN BOYS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD): DISSOCIATION OF SHORT-TERM STORAGE AND ARTICULATORY REHEARSAL PROCESSES by JENNIFER BOLDEN B.S. Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University, 2004 M.S. University of Central Florida, 2008 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology in the Department of Psychology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2012 Major Professor: Mark D. Rapport © 2012 Jennifer Bolden vii ABSTRACT The current study dissociated and examined the two primary components of the phonological working memory subsystem – the short-term store and articulatory rehearsal mechanism – in boys with ADHD (n = 18) relative to typically developing boys (n = 15).
    [Show full text]
  • Does Articulatory Rehearsal Help Immediate Serial Recall?
    Research Article Does Articulatory Rehearsal Help Immediate Serial Recall? Alessandra S. Souza & Klaus Oberauer University of Zurich, Switzerland Running-head: Rehearsal in working memory Author Note Alessandra S. Souza, and Klaus Oberauer, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland. This research was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation to K. Oberauer (project 149193). Correspondence should be addressed to Alessandra S. Souza, Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Zürich, Binzmühlestrasse 14/22, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] 2 REHEARSAL IN WORKING MEMORY Abstract Articulatory rehearsal is assumed to benefit verbal working memory. Yet, there is no experimental evidence supporting a causal link between rehearsal and serial-order memory, which is one of the hallmarks of working memory functioning. Across four experiments, we tested the hypothesis that rehearsal improves working memory by asking participants to rehearse overtly and by instructing different rehearsal schedules. In Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2, we compared an instructed cumulative-rehearsal condition against a free-rehearsal condition. The instruction increased the prevalence of cumulative rehearsal, but recall performance remained unchanged or decreased compared to the free-rehearsal baseline. Experiment 2 also tested the impact of a fixed rehearsal instruction; this condition yielded substantial performance costs compared to the baseline. Experiment 3 tested whether rehearsals (according to an experimenter-controlled protocol) are beneficial compared to a matched articulatory suppression condition that blocked rehearsals of the memoranda. Again, rehearsing the memoranda yielded no benefit compared to articulatory suppression. In sum, our results are incompatible with the notion that rehearsal is beneficial to working memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Pervasive Autobiographical Memory Loss Encompassing Personali
    Autobiographical memory unknown 1 Autobiographical memory unknown: Pervasive autobiographical memory loss encompassing personality trait knowledge in an individual with medial temporal lobe amnesia Aubrey A. Wanka,b, Anna Robertsona1, Sean C. Thayera, Mieke Verfaelliec,d, Steven Z. Rapcsaka,b,f, & Matthew D. Grillia,e,f* aDepartment of Psychology, 1503 E University Blvd., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; bBanner Alzheimer’s Institute, 2626 E River Rd., Tucson, Arizona 85718, USA; cMemory Disorders Research Center, 150 South Huntington Ave., VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA; dDepartment of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St. Boston, Massachusetts 02118 ; eEvelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, 1503 E University Blvd., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA; fDepartment of Neurology, 1501 N Campbell Ave., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA. 1Anna Robertson is now at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs Psychology Department, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy., Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918, USA Email addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Corresponding Authors: Matthew D. Grilli; Aubrey A. Wank Email Address: [email protected]; [email protected] Postal Address: 1503 E University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721 Autobiographical memory unknown 2 Abstract Autobiographical memory consists of distinct memory types varying from highly abstract to episodic. Self trait knowledge, which is considered one of the more abstract types of autobiographical memory, is thought to rely on regions of the autobiographical memory neural network implicated in schema representation, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and critically, not the medial temporal lobes.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Memory and the Organization of Brain Systems
    4818 • The Journal of Neuroscience, April 30, 2008 • 28(18):4818–4822 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Working Memory and the Organization of Brain Systems Yael Shrager,1 Daniel A. Levy,2 Ramona O. Hopkins,3 and Larry R. Squire4 1University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, 2Weizmann Institute of Science, Rechovot 76100, Israel, 3Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, and 4Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161 Working memory has historically been viewed as an active maintenance process that is independent of long-term memory and indepen- dent of the medial temporal lobe. However, impaired performance across brief time intervals has sometimes been described in amnesic patients with medial temporal lobe damage. These findings raise a fundamental question about how to know when performance depends on working memory and when the capacity for working memory has been exceeded and performance depends on long-term memory. We describe a method for identifying working memory independently of patient performance. We compared patients with medial temporal lobe damage to controls who were given either distraction or no distraction between study and test. In four experiments, we found concordance between the performance of patients and the effect of distraction on controls. The patients were impaired on tasks in which distraction had minimal effect on control performance, and the patients were intact on tasks in which distraction disrupted control performance. We suggest that the patients were impaired when the task minimally depended on working memory (and instead depended substantially on long-term memory), and they performed well when the task depended substantially on working memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Year 12 SELF Cognition Memory
    Year 12 SELF Cognition Memory U3ATPSY Except where indicated, this content © Department of Education Western Australia 2020 and released under Creative Commons CC BY NC Before re-purposing any third party content in this resource refer to the owner of that content for permission. Year 12 SELF | Cognition Memory | © Department of Education WA 2020 U3ATPSY Year 12 SELF – Cognition Memory Syllabus points covered: • psychological concepts and processes associated with memory and their relationship to behaviour • multi store model of memory – Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968 • sensory register o duration, capacity, encoding • short-term memory (working memory) o duration, capacity and encoding o working memory model – Baddeley and Hitch, 1974 • long-term memory o duration, capacity and encoding o procedural memory o declarative memory – semantic and episodic • recall, recognition, re-learning • forgetting: retrieval failure, interference, motivated forgetting, decay. Instructions: Carefully read and make notes on the following material. Complete all activities. Except where indicated, this content © Department of Education Western Australia 2020 and released under Creative Commons CC BY NC Before re-purposing any third party content in this resource refer to the owner of that content for permission. 1 U3ATPSY MEMORY Memory is the organisation, storage and retrieval of information. There are three main ways of measuring what a person has remembered: • recall – retrieving information from memory without prompts • recognition – identifying information from a number of alternatives (recognition is easier than recall – e.g. multiple choice questions easier than short answer questions) • relearning – involves relearning information previously learned. If the information is learned quickly it is assumed that some information has been retained from previous learning.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Rehearsal and Loci Methods in Learning Vocabulary in EFL Context
    ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 1451-1457, July 2015 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0507.18 A Comparative Study of Rehearsal and Loci Methods in Learning Vocabulary in EFL Context Touran Ahour Department of English, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Sepideh Berenji Department of Public and Basic Science, Osku Branch, Islamic Azad University, Osku, Iran Abstract—Effective learning in foreign language settings depends on acquiring a large number of vocabularies. This study intended to compare two vocabulary learning methods known as loci and rehearsal methods to find out which one leads to better retention and recalling of words. Employing a quasi-experimental research, 80 learners from two intact classes in Islamic Azad University, Osku Branch, Iran, were randomly selected as the experimental and control groups. For the purpose of vocabulary learning, the experimental group trained in loci method while rehearsal strategy training was used in the control group. At the end of each session of the treatment, multiple-choice vocabulary tests were used to measure whether the participants can recall the lexical items from their short-term memory. A delayed multiple-choice posttest of vocabulary was also used in order to compare vocabulary learning among two groups four weeks after the treatment. Implementing Independent Samples t-test, the results indicated that experimental group was better than control group in retention and recalling of lexical items in immediate posttest. It was also found that the loci method was more effective than rehearsal in permanency of lexical items in long term memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Disordered Memory Awareness: Recollective Confabulation in Two Cases of Persistent Déj`A Vecu
    Neuropsychologia 43 (2005) 1362–1378 Disordered memory awareness: recollective confabulation in two cases of persistent dej´ a` vecu Christopher J.A. Moulin a,b,∗, Martin A. Conway b, Rebecca G. Thompson a, Niamh James a, Roy W. Jones a a The Research Institute for the Care of the Elderly, St. Martin’s Hospital, UK b Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Received 7 April 2004; received in revised form 10 December 2004; accepted 16 December 2004 Available online 11 March 2005 Abstract We describe two cases of false recognition in patients with dementia and diffuse temporal lobe pathology who report their memory difficulty as being one of persistent dej´ a` vecu—the sensation that they have lived through the present moment before. On a number of recognition tasks, the patients were found to have high levels of false positives. They also made a large number of guess responses but otherwise appeared metacognitively intact. Informal reports suggested that the episodes of dej´ a` vecu were characterised by sensations similar to those present when the past is recollectively experienced in normal remembering. Two further experiments found that both patients had high levels of recollective experience for items they falsely recognized. Most strikingly, they were likely to recollectively experience incorrectly recognised low frequency words, suggesting that their false recognition was not driven by familiarity processes or vague sensations of having encountered events and stimuli before. Importantly, both patients made reasonable justifications for their false recognitions both in the experiments and in their everyday lives and these we term ‘recollective confabulation’.
    [Show full text]
  • R Ehearsal Is Rehearsal an Effective Maintenance Strategy For
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2019 Is Rehearsal an Effective Maintenance Strategy for Working Memory? Oberauer, Klaus Abstract: A common assumption in theories of working memory is that a maintenance process – broadly referred to as rehearsal – is involved in keeping novel information available. This review evaluates the effectiveness of three forms of rehearsal: articulatory rehearsal, attention-based refreshing, andelabo- rative rehearsal. Evidence for the effectiveness of these strategies is surprisingly weak. Experimental manipulations of articulatory rehearsal have yielded working memory benefits in children, but not in adults; experimentally induced refreshing prioritizes the refreshed information, but yields little benefit compared to a baseline without induced refreshing; and elaborative rehearsal improves episodic long-term memory but has little effect on working memory. Thus, although adults spontaneously use some ofthese strategies, rehearsal might not play a causal role in keeping information in working memory. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.06.002 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-173131 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Oberauer, Klaus (2019). Is Rehearsal an Effective Maintenance Strategy for Working Memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(9):798-809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.06.002 1 | Rehearsal Is Rehearsal an Effective Maintenance Strategy for Working Memory? Klaus Oberauer, University of Zurich Oberauer, K. (2019). Is rehearsal an effective maintenance strategy for working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.06.002 Address for correspondence: Klaus Oberauer, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14/22, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY and AGING 2005 – Experimental Aging Research, 31, 1
    Autobiographical memory and aging 1 Running head : AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY AND AGING 2005 – Experimental Aging Research, 31, 173-189 Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Christine Comblain1, Arnaud D’Argembeau1, 1,2 Martial Van der Linden 1 University of Liège, Belgium 2 University of Geneva, Switzerland Correspondence should be addressed to: Arnaud D’Argembeau, Cognitive Psychopathology Unit, Université de Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat B33, 4000 Liège, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +3243664657 Autobiographical memory and aging 2 Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Government of the French Community of Belgium (Direction de la Recherche Scientifique – Actions de Recherche Concertées, Convention 99/04-246). The authors wish to express their thanks to Caroline Paheau for her help in data collection. Autobiographical memory and aging 3 Abstract We investigated age-related differences in phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events. Younger and older participants were asked to recall two specific memories of each type and then to rate their memories on several sensorial (e.g., visual, taste) and contextual (e.g., location, time) characteristics. We found that emotional (both positive and negative) memories contained more sensorial and contextual details than neutral memories in both age groups, whereas positive and negative memories did not differ on most dimensions. In addition, negative memories were associated with a higher intensity of positive feelings and a reduced complexity of storyline in older as compared to younger adults. These results suggest that the effect of emotion on phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories is similar in younger and older adults, but that older adults tend to reappraise negative events in a more positive light than younger adults.
    [Show full text]