STATIONS, RAILWAYS, URBAN PLANNING AND MOBILITY POLICIES. THE CASE STUDY OF NAPLES AND CAMPANIA
Prof. Ing. Ennio Cascetta Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Trasporti “L. Tocchetti” Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Event 1 Bologna October, 2012 Place. SEP / 2012
OUTLINE
• THE CONTEXT
• RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
• OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES OF THE PROJECT
• THE METRO SYSTEM IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA 2000-2012
• THE VALUE OF BEAUTY
2
1 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 The metropolitan area of Naples
TheE. metropolitanCascetta areas centred around Naples with 3.5 millions inhabitants3 3 hasBologna one October, with 2012 the highest residential density in the world (1900 inh./kmq)
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Metropolitan areas in the world: population and residential densities
Luz (Large Urban Zone Metropolitan): population and residential densities
6000,0
5 .16 9 5000,0
4000,0
3000,0 2 .6 0 7
1.9 0 3 2000,0 1.6 0 2 1.4 16
1.0 8 5 1.0 7 7 1.0 2 3 9 6 9 9 6 7 1000,0 9 18 6 9 1 6 7 0 6 5 5 6 2 0 590 460 444 284 278
0,0
Milan Wien Tokyo Lisbon Rome Madrid Berlin Praga Istanbul Naples Lond on Ath ens Brussels New Yo rk Bud apest BarcelonaVarsavia Munchen Copenh agen
Paris (LUZ as Ile de Fr)
Population (inh/10.000) Residential Densities (inh./kmq) E. Cascetta 4 Bologna October, 2012 Font: Eurostat LUZ: an area with a significant share of the resident commute into the city
2 OUTLINE
• THE CONTEXT
• RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
• OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES OF THE PROJECT
• THE METRO SYSTEM IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA 2000-2012
• THE VALUE OF BEAUTY
5
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 The railway history in Campania 3 october 1839: • Opening of the Naples-Portici line 7.250 km long with the king Ferdinand II •The Vesuvius locomotive
1839: line Naples-Portici, first railway E. Cascetta 6 in6 Italy Bologna October, 2012
3 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 The railway history in Campania 1889: the Cumana, the second metropolitan railway in the world after that of London
E. Cascetta 7 7 Bologna October, 2012
THE REGIONAL METRO SYSTEM OF CAMPANIA
“Direttissima” Pozzuoli - Gianturco
Gianturco
Pozzuoli
8 1925. Opening of the “Direttissima” Pozzuoli - Gianturco
4 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Railways in Naples and Campania before the year 2000 N. of stations 340 N. of public operators 4 FS 943 Km SEPSA 47 Km Circumvesuviana 101 Km Alifana 88 Km total current extension fo the 1179 Km railways network
E. Cascetta 9 9 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Railways in Naples and Campania before the year 2000 Transportation system • Fragmentary, degraded infrastructure • Lack of attention to the impacts on the territory • Un-coordinated design process (company based decisions); lack of system/global vision of the regional railways system • Very-long construction times (30 years and more) • The only new, post-war railways infrastructure in Naples: 4 km of the line1 Naples Metro Land-use system • increasing urban sprawl and increasing car use • location choices based on “car accessibility” E. Cascetta 10 10 Bologna October, 2012
5 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Infrastructures as generators of negative impacts: (1980-1990)
E. Cascetta 11 11 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Infrastructures as generators of negative impacts: (1980-1990)
E. Cascetta 12 12 Bologna October, 2012
6 RAILWAYSOBJECTIVES IN NAPLES AND AND STRATEGIES CAMPANIA BEFORE OF THE THE PROJECT YEAR 2000
The planning process, started in 1996 in Naples and extended in 2001 to the whole region is based on the idea that only a highly integrated and extended railways system can provide sustainable mobility in an area with densities such as those of the central area of Campania.
E. Cascetta 13 13 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYSOBJECTIVES IN NAPLES AND AND STRATEGIES CAMPANIA BEFORE OF THE THE PROJECT YEAR 2000 • improving level of services of transportation system and the liveliness of the city – “car as an option not as a necessity” – integrated services
• improving accessibility to urban areas and areas of cultural interest and tourist attractions
• promote sustainable urban development (transit-oriented developments)
• improve urban quality through high quality architectural and aesthetic standards for railways stations and surrounding area (station renaissance)
E. Cascetta 14 14 Bologna October, 2012
7 OUTLINE
• THE CONTEXT
• RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
• OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES OF THE PROJECT
• THE METRO SYSTEM IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA 2000-2012
• THE VALUE OF BEAUTY
15
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
Infrastructures and rolling stock Public transport services
• National Railway . High frequencies • Regional Railway • Even-spaced timetables (easy-to-memorize) • Urban Metro • Rende-vouz between rides of different lines • Cable cars • Integrated fares • Bus: feeder network • High accessibility to stations • Nodes: access and interchange places • Integration with other modes and land-use
E. Cascetta 16 Bologna October, 2012
8 THE METRO SYSTEM IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA 2000-2012
THE METRO SYSTEM IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA 2000-2012
12 zones
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Number of subscriptions 10.758 30.898 50.325 57.316 62.241 69.640 75.080 78.778
% variation wrt previous 187% 63% 14% 9% 12% 7,8% 4,9% year Fonte: Consorzio Unico Campania
9 THE METRO SYSTEM IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA 2000-2012 The project 2015 The infrastructures network: invariants +options (zoom on the central area)
19
THE METRO SYSTEM IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA 2000-2012 End of the project : area of Naples
20 At the end of the project 60% of Neapolitans won’t be more far than 500 metres from a station
10 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Regional metro system
Year 2000 Completed Construction Design Total
Railways (km)
Stations (numb.)
Naples metro system
Construction Year 2000 Completed Design Total
Railways (km) 26 20
Stations (numb.) 27 14 source: Centro Studi ACaM (2010) Investment costs
E. Cascetta 21 21 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLESThe strategyAND CAMPANIA of “beauty” BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
The new stations of the Regional Metro System:
- modern architectural places designed by international architects and enriched by art works.
- not only functional for travel, but also symbols of the new transportation system. Aggregation centres, nice to see and comfortable to pass through.
- Opportunity of urban renewal of the neighbouring areas.
E. Cascetta 22 22 Bologna October, 2012
11 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings The architects Gae Aulenti Nicola Pagliara Mario Botta Loris Rossi Silvio d’Ascia Dominique Perrault Peter Eisenman Boris Podrecca Massimiliano Fuksas Karim Rashid – Sergio Cappelli Zaha Hadid Richard Rogers Anish Kapoor Futue Systems Uberto Siola
Hans Kollhoff A. Siza Vieira – E. Souto de Moura
Vittorio Magnano Lampugnani Oscar Tusquets Blanca Francesco e Alessandro Mendini Benedetta Tagliabue E. Cascetta 23 23 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings S. Rosa station (before and after) (by Alessandro Mendini)
E. Cascetta 24 24 Bologna October, 2012
12 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
S. Rosa station (by Alessandro Mendini)
E. Cascetta 25 25 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings
Dante station (before and after) (by Gae Aulenti)
E. Cascetta 26 26 Bologna October, 2012
13 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings Dante station (by Gae Aulenti)
E. Cascetta 27 27 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations Vanvitelli station (by Capobianco)
E. Cascetta 28 28 Bologna October, 2012
14 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations Materdei stations (by Atelier Mendini)
E. Cascetta 29 29 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations Museo station (by Aulenti)
E. Cascetta 30 30 Bologna October, 2012
15 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Montesanto (before)
E. Cascetta 31 31 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Montesanto after (Silvio D’Ascia)
E. Cascetta 32 32 Bologna October, 2012
16 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Montesanto (station)
E. Cascetta 33 33 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Scampia
LE VELE
SCAMPIA
Stazione Scampia PISCINOLA
E. Cascetta 34 34 Bologna October, 2012
17 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Scampia (Nanu)
E. Cascetta 35 35 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
Stazione di Giugliano (Raffone)
E. Cascetta 36 Bologna October, 2012
18 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
Stazione Università (Karim Rashid ) Opened in 2011
E. Cascetta 37 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Toledo Station Opened in 2012 Achille Cevoli
Bob Wilson
E. Cascetta 38 Bologna October, 2012
19 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Toledo Station Opened in 2012
William Kentrige
E. Cascetta 39 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings New designed stations: Municipio station - Work in progress
E. Cascetta 40 40 Bologna October, 2012
20 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings New designed stations: Municipio station - Work in progress
E. Cascetta 41 41 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings New designed stations: Municipio station (by Alvaro Siza e Souto Moura)
E. Cascetta 42 42 Bologna October, 2012
21 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings New designed stations: Garibaldi station (by Perrault)
E. Cascetta 43 Bologna October, 2012
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Architectural quality of stations and renewal of the surroundings New designed stations: Garibaldi station (by Perrault)
E. Cascetta 44 Bologna October, 2012
22 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Impact evaluation (estimated/measured)
pax/km on regional railways
year year CO2 ; 4 % Reduction of road fuel consumption
Pax/yr on Naples railways
Transit modal share
wrt 1996)
Average large italian cities: 29%
Cars/p.c.
E. Cascetta 45 Bologna October, 2012 source: Centro Studi ACaM
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Modal share public transport in motorised trips
City Metropolitan area Suburbs – main city
Stoccolma - 40,0% 55,0% Greater London - 39,2% 39,2% Helsinki 64,0% 38,0% 64% Paris – Ille-de France 63,6% 29,4% 63,6% Madrid Community 63,5% 49,6% 42% Bilbao 60,0% 44,2% 60% Barcellona 59,1% 40,8% 59,1% Praga 57,0% - 57% Naples (*) 42,9% 35,0% 39,9% Berlino 41,0% - 41% Francoforte 40,0% 18,0% 40% Torino 37,2% 26,7% - Brussels 36,0% 23,0% 36% Vienna 34,0% 31,9% - Roma Province 32,4% 26,6% - Oslo Region 31,7% 21,6% 31,7% Amsterdam 28,0% 12,8% 28% E. Cascetta SOURCE: EMTA BAROMETER OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT 2007 46 Bologna October, 2012 EMTA: EUROPEAN METROPOLITAN TRANSPORT AUTHORITIES (*) SOURCE: CAMPANIA REGION
23 RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000 Endowment Endowment Total Railways railways/surface railways/inhabitant Metropolitan areas (km) (km/km2) (cm/inh) Greater London 1249,5 0,79 16,91 Naples Province (2015) 349,27 0,30 11,3 Barcellona 927,3 0,29 19,44 Naples Province 309,27 0,26 10,03 Manchester 319 0,25 12,56 Vienna 1538 0,24 65,47 Milano Province 429,1 0,22 11,27 Valencia 294 0,21 17,66 Amsterdam 193 0,19 14,26 Oslo 859 0,17 83,88 Stoccarda 438 0,15 18,21 Paris Ile-de-France 1622 0,14 14,62 Helsinki 93 0,13 9,39 Bilbao 263,9 0,12 23,25 Berlino 3425,9 0,11 57,52 Siviglia 190 0,11 15,65 Madrid 814 0,10 13,65 Greater Lyon 30,5 0,06 2,61 Roma Province 314,8 0,06 8,32 Bruxelles 253,1 0,05 8,49 Stoccolma 308 0,05 16,21 E. Cascetta Praga 53,7 0,01 3,16 47 Bologna October, 2012 SOURCE: EMTA BAROMETER OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT 2007
OUTLINE
• THE CONTEXT
• RAILWAYS IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA BEFORE THE YEAR 2000
• OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES OF THE PROJECT
• THE METRO SYSTEM IN NAPLES AND CAMPANIA 2000-2012
• THE VALUE OF BEAUTY
48
24 THE VALUE OF BEAUTY What is the value of esthetics in public transportation ? What are the effects of esthetics in transportation choices?
In the RMS project a quantitative analysis of perceived aesthetic value of stations for railways travel as compared to other quality variables such as travel time, access time, service frequency and monetary cost
E. Cascetta 49 Bologna October, 2012 49
THE VALUE OF BEAUTY
Real life laboratory experiment in Interchange node
the Aversa – Napoli corridor. HQR There are some OD pairs with: Aversa center TR two services in “competition” with Influence basin respect to LOS attributes (20 minutes by car/bus/walk) Rainbow Line + Line 1 (HQR) vs. Rainbow Trenitalia Line + Line 2 (TR) Trenitalia LOS attributes Rainbow Trenitalia % var. (average values) + Line 1 + Line 2 Fare (integrated) € 0.8 € 0.8 0.0% Num. of transfer 1 1 0.0% Line 1 Line 2 Total waiting time 15 min. 13 min. - 13.3% Total on board 45 min. 43 min. -4.4% time Napoli historical center Access + egress + 38 min. 36 min. -5.3% transferE. Cascettatime 50 Total travelBologna time October, 201298 min. 92 min. -6.1%
25 Example of HQR railways station Example of TR railways station
The main differences between the two alternatives are the aesthetic quality of the new stations 51
THE VALUE OF BEAUTY The value of aesthetics: effects in transport choices Interchange node
RP survey results HQR Aversa center The OD demand from Aversa center to TR
Napoli historical center Influence basin (20 minutes by car/bus/walk) 908 one-way trips/day (measured) Rainbow
service Pass./day % Trenitalia Rainbow + Line 1 717 79% Trenitalia + Line 2 191 21%
Total 908 100% Line 1 Line 2
Napoli historical center
E. Cascetta 52 Bologna October, 2012
26 THE VALUE OF BEAUTY The value of aesthetics: differences in perceptions RP survey results A significant “context effect” was observed 100% LOS attributes overestimation
users of HQR, overestimate service 80% quality indicators with respect to "objective" measures while users of TR 60% do the opposite 40% 31% differences . 10% differences in perceived in- 20% vehicle time 0% . 43% differences in perceived access/egress time -20%
. 59% differences in perceived -40% Waiting Time Waiting
service regularity Time In-Vehicle -60% . 31% differences in perceived Irregularity Service
waiting time -80% Time Interchange
and Egress Access, Average -100% LOS attributes underestimation % var. wrt objective values (TR) % var. wrt objective values (HQR) E. Cascetta 53 Bologna October, 2012
THE VALUE OF BEAUTY Estimation results the value of waiting time for TR is 32% larger wrt HQR (4.00 euro against 3.04 euro)
35 Euro cents per trip is the economic value of aesthetic quality for a student . equal to 6 minutes of waiting time . equal to 9 minutes of access/egress time. This means that the perceived basin influence area of an HQR station is greater than a TR one (the RP survey confirm this results)
Aversa city center
10 minutes by walk
HQR station TR station
19 minutes by walk
E. Cascetta 54 Bologna October, 2012
27 Some references:
Cascetta E, Papola A. (2003). A joint mode-transit service choice model incorporating the effect of regional transport service timetable. Transportation Research B 37(7), pp. 595-614.
Cascetta E. (2005); La sfida dei trasporti in Campania. Mobilità integrata e sviluppo sostenibile; Electa Napoli.
Cascetta E, Pagliara F. (2008). Integrated railways-based policies: The Regional Metro System (RMS) project of Naples and Campania. Transport Policy 15, pp. 81–93.
Cascetta E. (2009). Transportation System Modeling: Theory and Applications. New York: Springer.
Cascetta E., Cartenì A. (2012); A quality-based approach to public transportation planning: theory and a case study; International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Taylor & Francis, in printing.
Cascetta E., Cartenì A. (2012); The value of beauty in railways stations. A quantitative analysis of aesthetic quality on travelers behavior; Transportation Research Part A, Elsevier, in printing.
E. Cascetta 55 Bologna October, 2012
28