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Croatia at the Crossroads Copyrighted material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium Croatia at the Crossroads A consideration of archaeological and historical connectivity Proceedings of a conference held at Europe House, Smith Square, London, 24–25 June 2013 to mark the accession of Croatia to the European Union edited by David Davison, Vince Gaffney, Preston Miracle and Jo Sofaer Archaeopress Archaeology Copyrighted material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 530 8 ISBN 978 1 78491 5315 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and authors 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Copyrighted material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................iii Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................v Interactions in the Old Stone Age: Possible Scenarios Using the Vindija Biological Evidence .................................1 Ivor Janković and Fred H. Smith Contacts and Connections in Late Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic Croatia ...................................................11 Ivor Karavanić Adriatic Connections: Exploring Relationships from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic ............................19 Dario Vujević The Mesolithic in Croatia ....................................................................................................................................33 Darko Komšo The Development of Eneolithic Cultures Between the Sava and Drava Rivers......................................................59 Jacqueline Balen Croatia and the Crossroads of Early Greek Seafarers ...........................................................................................75 Helena Tomas Multiculturalists Before We Knew It: Keeping Pace with Bronze Age Trends ........................................................85 Sanjin Mihelić Clay Birds as Religious Objects and Works of Craft in the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age of the Balkans and the Carpathian Basin .............................................................................................................91 Darko Maričević The Princes of the Crossroads — The Early Iron Age in Northern Croatia ...........................................................109 Hrvoje Potrebica Indigenous Pottery in Dalmatia During the Last Millennium BC ........................................................................123 Vedran Barbarić Salona and the Sea – Some Observations .........................................................................................................139 Branko Kirigin Interaction Between Incomers and Autochthons on Roman Funerary Stones from the Croatian Region of Pannonia (1st –4th Centuries) ...........................................................................................................................157 Branka Migotti Immigrants from Other Areas of the Roman Empire Documented on Siscia Lead Tags ......................................169 Ivan Radman-Livaja New Knowledge on Certain Early Christian Dioceses in the Eastern Adriatic Region ..........................................193 Ante Škegro The K-type Sword from Koljane in Dalmatia as Possible Evidence for the Arrival of Croats at the End of the 8th Century .....................................................................................................................................................207 Ante Milošević The Gnalić Shipwreck: Microcosm of the Late Renaissance World .....................................................................223 Irena Radić Rossi, Mariangela Nicolardi and Katarina Batur Weapons of the Military Frontier in Croatia from the End of the 17th to the End of the 19th Century – Combat Equipment and Emblems of Rank .....................................................................................................249 Dora Bošković i Copyrighted material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium ii Copyrighted material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium Adriatic Connections: Exploring Relationships from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic Dario Vujević Department of Archaeology University of Zadar [email protected] Abstract: The contribution explores cultural similarities and possible connections between the Palaeolithic sites on both sides of the Adriatic Sea. In the period from the Middle Palaeolithic Mousterian and through the Upper Palaeolithic Epigravettian Adri- atic basin was not a barrier, but a connection of two presently separate geographical features: Italian peninsula and the Eastern Adriatic coast. Sites correspond closely in terms of economy, raw material choice, as well as typological and technological char- acteristics of artefacts, indicating a wide area of mobility. Keywords: Middle Palaeolithic, Mousterian, Upper Palaeolithic, Epigravettian, Adriatic Sea From earliest times, the wider Adriatic region has Adriatic zone was situated on the periphery of this been characterized by a series of common traits in corridor, and the high mountain ranges around this geomorphological and topographical terms, as well as the zone made settling in these areas difficult. However material culture. Large mountain ranges such as the Alps the presence of sites indicates that natural barriers were or the Dinarides delineate a separate spatial whole which not insurmountable, particularly in cold periods when has been a gateway between the eastern and western the present-day Adriatic area was particularly attractive part of Southern Europe. Besides being a distinct relief because of its favourable climate. Except for the Last and spatial boundary, mountain ranges also represent Glacial Maximum (LGM), analyses indicate relatively an orographic barrier which ensured more favourable cold conditions in the periods between 70 - 60, 90 – climatic conditions to the broader Adriatic region than 100, and around 115 thousand years before present. A the area north of it. Therefore this region was a kind of somewhat milder temperature phase and lowering of refugium even in the coldest periods of the Pleistocene sea level also occurred 45,000 years ago (Shackleton et for plants and animals, as well as for Palaeolithic al. 1984: 312). Drops in temperature are indicated by communities (Surić 2006: 187). The Northern Adriatic analyses of speleothems from various European caves; plain during the low sea levels, and Caput Adriae in the these stop depositing during the severest cold periods, period of higher sea levels, were used as natural routes of meaning that ice covered the soil above (Burroughs 2005: movement for various groups of hunter-gatherers. 86). Even in the south of Europe average temperatures were 8-10°C lower than today and the environment was Geomorphological characteristics connected this region a dry open steppe. Large parts of northern Europe was to a unified whole, while climatic conditions made this not suitable for settling during these periods. However area attractive to Palaeolithic communities, giving an even during the severest drops in temperature the cold additional impetus to the settling of this region during conditions did not greatly affect the Mediterranean exceptionally cold periods. It is assumed that climatic area. The Trans-European mountain barrier probably conditions forced the Neanderthals to leave northern protected the northern Mediterranean ensuring this Europe around 60,000 years before present and seek region maintained a milder climate (van Andel and shelter in the Mediterranean regions of Spain, Italy, Tzedakis 1996). The same can be applied to the region Croatia and Greece, where conditions were more of the eastern Adriatic coast. favourable at the time (Runnels 1995: 712; Stinger and Gamble 1993: 176). The density of isotherms in the Dinaric region during the glacial period indicates great contrasts between the area During the better part of the last half million years, north and south of it (Šegota 1979: 26). The formation climatic conditions in Europe were cold and they limited of speleothems in Adriatic caves during the entire last population densities and the spread of populations Glacial indicates the existence of sufficient amounts of to northern parts of the continent. The main route of rainfall i.e. running underground water, temperatures exchange and movements between Europe and eastern high enough to keep water in liquid state, and the regions was usually limited to the corridor between presence of adequate vegetation cover (Surić 2006: Anatolia and the Balkans (Hublin 2002: 304). The 171). If we compare this with surrounding areas where 19 Copyrighted material - No unauthorized reproduction in any medium Croatia at the Crossroads Figure 1. Adriatic Sea level: A) -40 m (9,2 ka); B) -120 m (LGM) (modified after Surić 2006, p.26) the deposits of speleothems stopped temporarily during the Zrmanja valley, irrigated by abundant water from the the severest drops in
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