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Re-Excavation of an Iron Age Wheelhouse and Earlier Structure at Eilean Maleit, North Uist Lan Armit* with Contribution Brab a Strachar Y B Sy& N

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Re-Excavation of an Iron Age Wheelhouse and Earlier Structure at Eilean Maleit, North Uist Lan Armit* with Contribution Brab a Strachar Y B Sy& N Proc Antigc So Scot, (1998)8 12 , 255-271 Re-excavation of an Iron Age wheelhouse and earlier structure at Eilean Maleit, North Uist lan Armit* with contribution BrabA StrachaR y b sy& n ABSTRACT Excavations were tidal the carried isleton out settlement of Eilean Maleit, previously excavatedby Erskine Beveridge in the early part of this century, to test the hypothesis that the site represented a wheelhouse built into an earlier Atlantic roundhouse or broch. It is clear from the re-excavation that the wheelhouse indeed was into earlierset an massive-walled dry stone structure, probably Atlantican roundhouse but almost certainly not a classic broch tower. The denuded condition of this early structure when wheelhousethe builtwas suggests that significanta period of timehavemay elapsed between occupationstructures.the two the of Publication thisof work sponsoredis Historicby Scotland. INTRODUCTION Eilean Malei rocka s i t y tida soute l isleth Vallahn e o t sidth f eo y Strand (illus 1) vasa , t expanse of inter-tida lnort e sandth hn so coas Nortf o t h Uist (NCR 774F :N 8 7388, NMR7 S7 refF N : SE isle e 5) connectes i Th t. shor e substantiaa th y eo db t l stone causeway some 2m widd ean around 30 m long, and is accessible except at unusually high tides. The islet has an elevation of , somwitm ha steepe4 , rocky norther n onlna facyd slightlean y gentler southern approach (illu summi. Close remaine s2) th th Irowheelhous n e o ee t a li ntf Ag so cellulad ean r structures, partly cleared out and excavated by the antiquarian Erskine Beveridge in the early part of the 20th century (Beveridge 1911,207-9). During September 199 re-surveyes site 5th ewa partld dan y re-excavate attempn a n di o t t test the hypothesis that the wheelhouse, rather than being the primary focus of settlement, was a secondary structure, built into an earlier Atlantic roundhouse or broch tower. It was hoped that, as at the nearby Sollas wheelhouse, Beveridge had left unexcavated deposits in situ (cf Campbell 1991). VALLAY STRAND WHEELHOUSES e areTh a aroun e Vallath d y Strann exceptionalla s i d y rich archaeological landscape with outstanding evidenc f formeeo r settlement patterns, fro latee mth r prehistori post-medievao ct l periods in particular (illus 1, Armit & Dunwell forthcoming). Eilean Maleit is one of three closely * Historic Scotland, Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH | SOCIET 6 25 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998 5km ILLU S1 Location map Foshigarry1 : Mhic Ba c;2 Connain Carr;3 y lochdrach Cno;4 cComhdhalacha Eilea;5 n Maleit Sollas;6 Udale th ;7 . (BasedOrdnancee th n o CrownSurvey© p ma copyright) ARMIT: IRON AGE WHEELHOUSE, EILEAN MALEIT 257 bank roundhouse 10 20 60 80m ILLUS 2 Plan of the islet showing contours at 1 m intervals on summit; the areas marked by hachures, surroundin summite gth principalle ar , y bare rock spaced wheelhouses excavate Erskiny db e Beveridg Vallae th n ei y Stran dearle areth yn ai parf to this century othere ;th s being Cno Comhdhalacca h (Beveridge 1911,200-6 Garrd )an y lochdrach (Beveridge 1931). While there are several other wheelhouse sites in the Vallay Strand area (illus 1), including Foshigarry (Beveridge 1930), Bac Mhic Connain (Beveridge 1931), Sollas (Campbel lUdae 1991)th ld (Crawforan , Switsud& r 1977)bees ha n t i ,suggeste d that Eilean closo tw es Maleineighbourit d an t distince sar beinn i t g secondary constructions within earlier structures of complex Atlantic roundhouse form (Armit 1992, chap 12): traces of what appear originall havo yt e been intra-mural gallerie celld discernible san s ar e withi structurae nth l clutter represented on the original excavation plans of each (illus 3). This suggested sequence, by which Atlantic roundhouses are remodelled as wheelhouses, forms part of the basis for the wider interpretation of the relationship between Atlantic roundhouse wheelhoused san Westere th n si n Isles particularn I . , along with radiocarbon dating evidence from wheelhouse sites like Cnip in Lewis, Sollas in North Uist and Dun Bharabhat in Lewis (summarized in Armit 1996) this interpretation provides support for the hypothesis that wheelhouse generalle sar y later than Atlantic roundhouse Westere th n si n Isles thatd ;broaan n ,i d terms settlemene th , t pattern with which wheelhouse associatee sar lates di r than that associated with Atlantic roundhouses (this does not coursef o , , mean that certain Atlantic roundhousesr fo , example fully developed broch towers like those at Dun Carloway or Loch na Berie in Lewis, need not be contemporary with some wheelhouses). It was decided in 1995, therefore, to select one of the three Vallay Strand wheelhouses for re-excavatio orden i teshypothesio e t r th t s that these wheelhouses were secondary structures 258 SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998 within complex Atlantic roundhouses. Eilean Maleit was chosen primarily because the lack of apparent soil depth withi interioe structurne th th f ro e suggested that ther beed eha n o littln r eo backfillin Beveridge'f go s trenches thauntouched y an ,tan d primary deposits might, thereforee b , accessibl limitee th n ei d time available. Both Garry lochdrac Cnod han Comhdhalacca h appear to have a much greater internal depth of deposits which, on the basis of Beveridge's accounts of his excavations (1931, 1911), suggests that thebeed yha n backfille considerabla o dt e extent, perhaps to stabilize the piers. BEVERIDGE'S EXCAVATIONS Beveridge's 800-word accoun excavations hi f o t t Eileaa s n Maleit (1911, 207-9 restrictes i ) d largely to a general locational description, a brief list of finds (see below) and a detailed verbal description of the complex morphology of the exposed structural remains. The latter, however, adds little to his plan of the excavated structure (illus 3). The report, unfortunately, includes no description of the nature of the excavated deposits; no mention of their depth, consistency or variability thers i r indication ea ;no limite th excavationf f nso o . Significantly, therattempo n s ei t disentanglo t e wha complee th t e appear b modere xo th t phasin e o excavatee t s ney th f go d remains as presented in the published plan, other than to note that the annexes were 'evidently to e considereb f secondaro s da y origin' (ibid, 209). Callander's recors discussionhi f do s with Beveridge about this site in 1914 appears to confirm that the possible composite character of the excavated structure was not considered even then (cf Callander's notes in Beveridge 1931, 33). The published plan appears to show a wheelhouse approximately 7 m in internal diameter, divide stony db e piers into nine bay varyinf so g shap sized evidencey an . Nonpieran e d th f seha o i^!____*f tj> if atfab ILLUS 3A Beveridge's plan of Eilean Maleit 260 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998 for bridging lintels linking to them to the outer wall, such as are normally found at around waist to shoulder height in better-preserved wheelhouses (cf Armit 1996, chap 8). The two westernmost piers, however, abutte innee dth r wheelhouse wall. Beveridge appear havo st e been uncertain abou outee limite th th t f rso wall, indicatint gi only with a dotted line around the east arc. Elsewhere, the periphery of the wheelhouse was adjoine masa y cellulaf db so r structures. Despit sprawline eth apparentld gan y irregular forf mo these cells, however possibls i t i , discero et n traceintra-muran a f so l passage withi originan na l double-walled arrangement wit originan ha l overall thicknes f somso m5 .e4. Thi especialls si y soute are e cleawesth d f th hao an n tri arcs. Similar arrangements, equally disturbe latey db r cells, can be discerned at the neighbouring sites of Cnoc a Comhdhalach and Garry lochdrach where the circumstance excavatiof so recordind nan g were similar (illus 3). The Royal Commissio e Ancienth d Historican o an nt l Monument f Scotlano s d (RCAHMS) plan (1928, 88-9, fig. 142) differs in a few respects from that of Beveridge, particularl outedetaie e th th dispositio e f rn yo th li cell d san certaif no n internal piers. Although somewhad idi t t modif neae yth t circularit interioe th f y o shows ra Beveridge'n i t s planno s i t i , clear whether the site was formally re-surveyed or whether Beveridge's plan was simply modified clarified RCAHMe an th y db S surveyors RCAHMe Th . S plasubsequentls nwa y reproducey db Scott (1948 discussios hi n )i wheelhousef no related san d structures. RE-SURVEY WHEELHOUSE e re-surve Th e sit n 199th ei f yo 5 showed that Beveridge's original plad beenha n somewhat idealized althougmaie th nf o feature l hal s were represented. Judging fro accurace mth certaif yo n measurements in the original plan, such as the distance between the inner ends of the extreme east and west piers, it appears that Beveridge took a number of key measurements by tape to form a basic framework, and then sketched in other features by eye. Thus the disposition and relationships of interior features are generally fairly well represented (allowing for the distortion in overall shape discussed below) whil outee eth r walcellulad lan r structures away fro centre mth e are much less faithfully rendered. The most notable divergence, however, between Beveridge's plan and the 1995 re-survey was the shape of the interior of the building.
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