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FAKE NEWS Y Desinformacion ------#Fakeyou Informe para la acción estratégica y legislativa --------------------- FAKE NEWS Y DESINFORMACIoN ---------------------#FakeYou MONOPOLIOS DE LA MANIPULACIÓN INFORMATIVA [(TUS) GOBIERNOS | PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS | MASS MEDIA (NO PERIODISTAS) | CORPORACIONES] Y RECORTES DE LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN Por Xnet VERSIÓN BETA SIN MAQUETAR ABIERTA A PEER REVIEW [Para correcciones y sugerencias, por favor, copiad la/s palabra/s o párrafo/s que queréis enmendar y mandad redacción alternativa con, si necesaria, motivación indicado el número de página, al email: [email protected]] Coordinación: Simona Levi Autores: Simona Levi, Robert Guixaró y Max Carbonell, Gemma Palau, Elizabeth Bodi, Gemma García, Pol Alberti participantes del Curso de Posgrado Tecnopolítica y Derechos en la Era Digital de la BSM-Universitat Pompeu Fabra dirigido por Simona Levi y Cristina Ribas Con aportaciones de Guillem Martínez, Mariluz Congosto, Alberto Escorcia, Lorin Decarli y Tatiana Bazzichelli (Disruption Network Lab Berlín) Agradecimientos a Alba Gutiérrez, Rubén Sáez, Sergio Salgado, L’entrellat Y en colaboración con Andrew Wainwright Reform Trust Las correcciones de este trabajo se han hecho con fondos de una subvención recibida por Xnet por parte del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona Licencia CC 4.0 by sa Barcelona - 14 de marzo de 2019 VERSION BETA PARA PEER REVIEW By the King. A proclamation to restrain the spreading of false news, and licentious talking of matters of state and government. England and Wales. Sovereign (1660-1685, King Charles II). Re-printed 1672. “C R HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE By the King. A PROCLAMATION To Restrain the Spreading of False News, and Licentious Talking of Matters of State and Government. CHARLES R. WHereas by the antient Laws and Satutes of this Realm, great and heavy Penalties are Inflicted upon all such as shall be found to be spreaders of false News, or promoters of any Malicious Slanders and Calumnies in their ordinary and common Discourses, and by a late Statute made in the Thirteenth year of His Majesties Reign, Whoso∣ ever shall Utter or Publish any words, or things to Incite and Stir up the People to hatred or dislike of the Person of His Majesty, or the Establisht Government, is thereby made uncapable of holding any Office or Imployment whatsoever either in Church or State. Notwithstanding all which Laws and Statutes, there have been of late more bold and Licentious Discourses then formerly; and men have assumed to themselves a liberty, not only in Coffee-houses, but in other Places and Meetings, both publick and private, to censure and defame the Proceedings of State, by speaking evil of things they understand not, and endeavour∣ ing to create and nourish an universal Jealousie and Dissatisfaction in the minds of all His Majesties good Subjects: His Majesty considering therefore that Offences of this nature, cannot proceed from want or ignorance of Laws to Restrain and punish them, but must of necessity proceed from the restlesse Ma∣ lice of some, whose seditious ends and aims are already too well known, or from the carelesse demeanour of others, who presume too much upon His Majesties accustomed Clemency and Goodnesse, Hath thought fit by Advice of His Council, to Publish this His Royal Proclamation; And doth hereby fore∣ warn, and straitly Command all His Loving Subjects, of what state or condition soever they be, from the highest to the lowest, that they presume not henceforth by Writing or Speaking, to Ʋtter or Publish any False News or Reports, or to intermeddle with the Affairs of State and Government, or with the persons of any His Majesties Counsellours or Ministers, in their common and ordinary Discourses, as they will answer the contrary at their utmost perils. And because all bold and irreverent Speeches touching matters of this highVERSION nature are punishable, not onely in the Speakers, but in the Hearers BETA also, unlesse they do speedily reveal the same unto some of His Majesties Privy Council, or some other His Majesties Judges or Justices of the Peace within the space of four and twenty hours next after such •ords spoken. Therefore that all men may be left without excuse, who shall not hereafter contain them∣ ••elves within that modest and dutiful Regard which becomes them, His Majesty doth further PARADe∣ clare, That he will proceedPEER with all Severity, against all manner REVIEW of persons who shall use any bold or un∣ lawful Speeches of this nature, or be present at any Coffee-house, or other publick or private meeting where such Speeches are used, without Revealing the same in due time, His Majesty being resolved to Suppresse this unlawful and undutiful kind of Discourse, by a most Strict and Exemplary Punish∣ ment of all such Offenders as shall be hereafter discovered. Given at Our Court at Whitehall,the 12th day of June, in the 24th year of Our Reign, 1672. GOD save the KING. EDINBƲRGH, Re-printed in the Year, 1672”. Índice 0 – RESUMEN EJECUTIVO I - LA DEFINICIÓN DE FAKE NEWS Y DESINFORMACIÓN COMO DISTRACCIÓN Modalidades de desinformación Suena infalible: El “Informe del grupo de expertos de alto nivel” Más modalidades de falsedad Nuestra definición II - PROPAGANDA - BREVE HISTORIA DE LAS FAKE NEWS, LA MANIPULACIÓN INFORMATIVA Y LA DESINFORMACIÓN III – LOS GRANDES PRODUCTORES Y VIRALIZADORES DE FAKE NEWS Y DESINFORMACIÓNVERSION Y EL NEGOCIO DE LA DESINFORMACIÓN BETA PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS | GOBIERNOS | MASS MEDIA | CORPORACIONES | NEGOCIOS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN PARALos grandes productores PEER de fake news – Gobierno REVIEW y partidos políticos invirtiendo en fake news y desinformación CASO 1: EE. UU. y Trump Dirigido, perfilado e influenciado Profundizando sobre el caso Cambridge Analytica Los grandes productores de fake news – Gobierno y partidos políticos invirtiendo en fake news y desinformación CASO 2: Campaña electoral en México Los grandes productores de fake news – Gobierno y partidos políticos invirtiendo en fake news y desinformación CASO 3: Brasil y Bolsonaro Los grandes productores de fake news – Gobierno y partidos políticos invirtiendo en fake news y desinformación España como caso de estudio - Twitter y los partidos políticos - Los bots y la industria de la desinformación - Ruido en Redes - Más bots y más ruido Los grandes productores de fake news - ecosistema informativo: medios, redes y ‘filtros invisibles’ IV - EL FACT-CHECKING - VERIFICACIÓN Y VERIFICADORES DE LA INFORMACIÓN Fact-checking a la fuente Tipos de chequeos - Chequeo de datos - Chequeo de fuentes - Análisis lingüístico de las piezas - Análisis de la narrativa generada Metodologías de fact-checking Mapeo no exhaustivo de organizaciones de fact-checking y modelos de gestión VERSION BETA Protocolos y metodologías de verificación PARAFact-checking de losPEER medios de comunicación REVIEW Otros Fact-checkers - En España - En EE. UU. - Aplicación de la Inteligencia Artificial al fact-checking Fact-checking distribuido - La larga tradición del fact-checking distribuido: el fact-checking científico - Fact-checking distribuido de los usuarios V – POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS Y LEGISLACIÓN El estado actual de la normativa Las fuentes normativas europeas y comparadas de la lucha contra la desinformación - Reino Unido - Irlanda - Estados Unidos - Alemania y Francia El derecho regional europeo: la Unión europea y el Consejo de Europa VI – RECOMENDACIONES Y CONCLUSIONES Más democracia, menos encubrimiento Recomendaciones normativas contra la desinformación y las fake news en el Estado español La definición de los sujetos implicados en la desinformación: “informadores influyentes” o los responsables de la veracidad de la información La mejora del régimen de verificación, veracidad y transparencia de los grandes responsables de la desinformación VERSION BETA VII – BIBLIOGRAFÍA PARA PEER REVIEW “Ya de joven me había fijado en que ningún periódico cuenta nunca con fidelidad cómo suceden las cosas, pero en España vi por primera vez noticias de prensa que no tenían ninguna relación con los hechos, ni siquiera la relación que se presupone en una mentira corriente. Vi informar sobre grandiosas batallas cuando apenas se había producido una refriega, y silencio absoluto cuando habían caído cientos de hombres. Vi que se calificaba de cobardes y traidores a soldados que habían combatido con valentía, mientras que a otros que no habían visto disparar un fusil en su vida se los tenía por héroes de victorias inexistentes; y en Londres, vi periódicos que repetían estas mentiras e intelectuales entusiastas que articulaban superestructuras sentimentales sobre acontecimientos que jamás habían tenido lugar. En realidad vi que la historia se estaba escribiendo no desde el punto de vista de lo que había ocurrido, sino desde el punto de vista de lo que tenía que haber ocurrido según las distintas «líneas de partido».” George Orwell, Recordando la Guerra Civil español -1942 VERSION BETA PARA PEER REVIEW RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El 25 de febrero de 2019, mientras ultimábamos este informe, en la Oficina del Parlamento Europeo en Barcelona se llevaba a cabo una conferencia al más alto nivel. Hablaba, nada más y nada menos que el vicepresidente del Parlamento europeo y responsable de Política de información, prensa y relaciones con los ciudadanos, además de expresidente de la Comunidad de Murcia (sí, la del muro contra los vecinos) y eurodiputado del Partido Popular, el Ilustre Sr. Ramón Valcárcel. Título de la conferencia: “Desinformación y elecciones europeas”. Pudimos presenciar, en vivo y en directo, cómo un representante de uno de los partidos con una de las producciones más relevantes de fake news de nuestro país, tras una exposición cargada de bonhomía paternal en la que se mezclaban con soltura fábulas urbanas sobre un hipotético y temible enemigo externo y lugares comunes pop sobre los males de la tecnología —ni el uno ni los otros acompañados de datos que lo corroborasen—, llegaba a una práctica y sencilla conclusión, algo así como: “Por vuestro bien, frente al nuevísimo peligro de la desinformación y las fake news, la solución es ‘regular’ la libertad de expresión; naturalmente de forma consensuada, faltaría mas”. [Compruébenlo ustedes mismos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WOqKZBj6XQ.
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