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Économie Politique Du Colonialisme En Palestine Taher Al-Labadi

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Économie Politique Du Colonialisme En Palestine Taher Al-Labadi De la dépossession à l’intégration économique : économie politique du colonialisme en Palestine Taher Al-Labadi To cite this version: Taher Al-Labadi. De la dépossession à l’intégration économique : économie politique du colonialisme en Palestine. Economies et finances. Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2015. Français. NNT: 2015PA090021. tel-01214969 HAL Id: tel-01214969 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01214969 Submitted on 13 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS-DAUPHINE Ecole Doctorale de Dauphine (ED543) Programme Doctoral en Sciences Economiques Thèse pour l’obtention du Doctorat en sciences économiques DE LA DEPOSSESSION A L’INTEGRATION ECONOMIQUE : ECONOMIE POLITIQUE DU COLONIALISME EN PALESTINE Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 26 juin 2015 par Taher AL-LABADI Membres du jury Bruno THERET Directeur de recherches au CNRS, Université Paris- Directeur de thèse Dauphine Béatrice HIBOU Directrice de recherches au CNRS, Sciences Po Paris Rapporteur Antoine MANSOUR Docteur d’Etat en sciences économiques Rapporteur Blandine DESTREMAU Directrice de recherches au CNRS, EHSS Examinateur El Mouhoub MOUHOUD Professeur à l’Université Paris-Dauphine Examinateur Remerciements Mes remerciements vont d’abord à Bruno Théret, pour la confiance qu’il m’a accordée en acceptant de diriger cette thèse. Merci aussi pour ses conseils, sa patience et son soutien sans quoi ce travail n’aurait pu arriver à maturité. Je tiens également à exprimer toute ma gratitude envers ma famille et mes amis qui m’ont soutenu, bon gré mal gré, au cours de ces années. A ma femme Hadeel et mes enfants Mahmoud et Sham, leur présence à mes côtés a suffi à me combler. Enfin un grand merci à tous ceux qui m’ont accompagné de près ou de loin dans la réalisation de cette thèse. Ils m’excuseront de ne pas les nommer mais ils sont nombreux et la sobriété de ces mots n’enlève rien à tout ce que je leur dois. Liste des sigles AHLC Ad Hoc Liaison Committee AMP Autorité Monétaire Palestinienne AP Autorité Palestinienne APIC Arab Palestinian Investment Company CCC Consolidated Contractors Company CCG Conseil de Coopération du Golfe Arabe CEE Communauté économique européenne CNUCED/UNCTAD Conférence des Nations unies pour le commerce et le développement CPP Couloir pour la paix et la prospérité FMI/IMF Fonds monétaire international FNJ Fond national juif IDB Israel Discount Bank IDE Investissement direct à l’étranger JOD Dinar jordanien LE Livre égyptienne LI Livre israélienne LP Livre palestinienne LS Livre sterling MEFTA Middle East Free Trade Area Initiative MENA Middle East and North Africa NIS Nouveau shekel israélien OCDE/OECD Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques OLP Organisation de libération de la Palestine ONG Organisation non gouvernementale ONU Organisation des nations unies OPAEP Organisation des pays arabes exportateurs de pétrole PADICO Palestinian Development &Investment Corporation PIB Produit intérieur brut PNB Produit national brut PIC Palestine Investment Conference PJCA Palestine Jewish Colonization Association PNUD/UNDP Programme des Nations unies pour le développement PPRD Plan palestinien de réforme et de développement PSE Programme de stabilisation économique SDN Société des Nations TPO Territoires palestiniens occupés UNESCO Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East USAID United States Agency for International Development USD Dollar américain ZIQ Zone industrielle qualifiée PLDC Palestine Land Development Company Liste des tableaux Tableau 3-1 - Importations et exportations de la Palestine, en Livre égyptienne, 1920-1929 Tableau 3-2 - Produit National Net (PNN) par secteur Arabe et Juif, en prix constants de 1936 Tableau 3-3 - Composition des ressources fiscales de l’Administration de Palestine, en % Tableau 3-4 - Populations juive et arabe (en milliers) et possessions foncières juives (en km²) Tableau 3-5 – Concentration des terres agricoles appartenant à des propriétaires arabes en 1936 Tableau 3-6 - Différentiel de salaires Arabes/Juifs, par profession, par ratio (salaire arabe = 1) Tableau 3-7 - Répartition du Revenu National entre communautés juive et arabe, par secteurs d’activités, en 1936 et 1944 Tableau 3-8 - Contribution au Produit National Brut et à l’emploi par secteur d’activité pour chaque communauté en 1931 et 1945 Tableau 3-9 - Répartition de la population arabe et juive en Israël, 1948-1974 Tableau 4-1 - Composition du PIB annuel par secteur d’activité économique, 1970-1991, en % Tableau 4-2 - Commerce extérieur des TPO selon les pays, en millions d’USD, en 1986 Tableau 4-3 - Distribution de l’emploi par secteur d’activité économique dans les TPO et en Israël, en % de l’emploi annuel par région, 1970-1991 Tableau 4-4 - Salaires moyens des employés palestiniens dans les TPO et en Israël (en NIS), 1970-1990 Tableau 4-5 - Emploi en Israël de travailleurs des TPO, en milliers, 1968-2004 Tableau 4-6 - Distribution de l’emploi des Palestiniens par secteur d’activité économique dans les TPO et en Israël, en % de l’emploi annuel, 1970-2004 Tableau 5-1 - L’aide américaine à Israël de 1949 à 1996, en millions d’USD Liste des figures Figure 4-1 - Taux de change annuel moyen USD/IL et JOD/IL, 1970-1981 Figure 4-2 - Taux de change annuel moyen USD/NIS et JOD/NIS, 2000-2013 Figure 4-3 - Taux d'inflation en Israël et dans les TPO, 2000-2013 Figure 5-1 - Taux de croissance du PIB réel des TPO, 1995-2013, (prix 2004) Figure 5-2 - Taux de chômage dans les TPO (en%), 2000-2013 Figure 5-3 - Importations à partir de la bande de Gaza, en nombre de camions, 2006-2014 Figure 5-4 - Exportations à partir de la bande de Gaza, en nombre de camions, 2005-2014 Unités de mesure Le dunum : à l’origine, le dunum représente la quantité de terrain qu’un homme peut labourer en un jour ce qui a conduit à différentes mesures en fonction des régions. En Palestine, le dunum métrique fut fixé à 1000 m² en 1928 par les Britanniques et cette valeur est restée. Par conséquent 1000 dunum équivalent à 1 km². Table des matières Introduction générale ........................................................................................................................ 13 Hypothèses générales ................................................................................................................ 15 Méthodologie ............................................................................................................................. 20 Annonce de plan ........................................................................................................................ 24 PARTIE 1 – CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE ET CADRAGE THEORIQUE ............................................. 27 Chapitre 1 – Les fondements modernes de l’ordre colonial en Palestine ..................................... 29 Section 1 / Situer le fait colonial ................................................................................................. 29 1.1/ Théories et sémantique du colonialisme ............................................................................. 29 1.2/ Problématiser l’étude du colonialisme ............................................................................... 34 1.3/ Le colonialisme de peuplement : séparatisme et dépossession .......................................... 37 Section 2 / Colonialisme et processus de civilisation................................................................. 40 2.1/ Processus civilisationnels et topologie des ordres sociaux ................................................. 40 2.2/ L’expansion de l’Etat européen et son universalisation ..................................................... 45 2.3/ Le capitalisme à la conquête du monde .............................................................................. 47 Section 3 / Sionisme et colonialisme ........................................................................................... 50 3.1/ L’expansion de l’Europe et le déclin de l’empire ottoman................................................. 50 Vers une modernisation défensive. ........................................................................... 50 La dépendance financière et la réforme du régime foncier. ..................................... 51 Un mandat britannique sur la Palestine. .................................................................. 54 3.2/ Le sionisme, un nationalisme et un colonialisme ............................................................... 55 Conclusion du chapitre 1 ............................................................................................................ 59 Chapitre 2 – Economie politique, Politique économique et domination ....................................... 61 Section 1 / L’économie politique et les fondements de la dépolitisation ................................. 61 1.1/ L’économie politique classique et la société de marché ..................................................... 62 Aux origines
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