臺灣產擬蠅虎亞科群(蜘蛛目: 蠅虎科) 蜘蛛之分類研究 a Taxonomic Study on the Spiders of Plexippoida (Araneae: Salticidae) of Taiwan

國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文

臺灣產擬蠅虎亞科群(蜘蛛目: 蠅虎科) 蜘蛛之分類研究 A taxonomic study on the spiders of Plexippoida (Araneae: Salticidae) of Taiwan

研究生：陳俊志 Chun -Chih Chen

指導教授：陳世煌博士 Shyh -Hwang Chen

中華民國一百零二年五月

誌謝

此篇論文終告完成，首先要感謝陳世煌老師，老師帶領我從對蜘蛛一無所解

到現在有了一些小小心得，並且花費許多心力與時間在審閱我的論文，衷心感謝

老師，希望老師在退休後能在蜘蛛研究方面有更大的揮灑空間。此外也要感謝陳

順其老師與徐堉峰老師，擔任我的口試委員，並提供建議讓本論文更加完整。

感謝的我爸爸媽媽和家人，在攻讀碩士階段讓我生活無後顧之憂，並在我無

法如期畢業時，給予我體諒與支持。

感謝楊樹森老師，在大學時於老師的實驗室學習，而決定繼續升學，進而

考上台灣師範大學，因此才能有本論文的誕生。

接著我想對實驗室與這段時間幫助我的人表達我的謝意，感謝扣辣，剛進實

驗室時就受到你的照顧，無論研究或是生活都受到你許多幫助。感謝文俊學長在

我對蜘蛛還懵懂之時熱心提供資料並對我的論文題目有很大的幫助。感謝宸瑜在

我最低潮時的照顧與開導，謝謝學姐當時得自己煮的補氣湯，讓我撐過最煎熬的

一個禮拜。感謝珞璿提供我許多碩論上的寶貴建議，口試時也來幫我們加油。感

謝典諺、明哲和佳容，跟大家一起到各地去採集很開心。感謝香菇、水怪、任傑

和小瞇瞇在學期末前還特地抽空來參加我的論文口試，感謝佳容送我的神秘小禮

物，感謝生科系壘的各位，讓我在碩士生活狹小的生活圈中有個發洩壓力並為我

遮風擋雨的地方，最後想感謝文郁，那些美好的日子依舊活在我的心中，並祝福

你畢業快樂。

帶著眾多感謝，我終於要畢業了，僅將此論文獻給以上我所感謝的人，你們

都是這本論文中重要的一頁。

目錄 ...... i

圖目次 ...... iii

表目次 ...... vi

附錄目次 ...... vii

摘要 ...... viii

Abstract ...... x

壹、緒論 ...... 1

貳、生活習性與形態特徵 ...... 8

参、材料與方法 ...... 13

一、研究材料 ...... 14

二、研究方法 ...... 14

肆、結果 ...... 16

Plexippoida Maddison et Heddin, 2003 ...... 17 Pelleninae Petrunkevitch, 1928 ...... 20 Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879) ...... 22 Bianor maculatus (Keyserling, 1883) ...... 26 Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877)...... 29 Sibianor pullus (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) ...... 35 Plexippinae Simon, 1901 ...... 38 Burmattus pococki (Thorell 1895) ...... 40 Epeus bicuspidatus (Song, Gu et Chen, 1988) ...... 47

i Epeus glorius Zabka, 1985 ...... 50 Epeus guangxi Peng et Li, 2002a ...... 54 Epeus taiwanus Chen et Chen, sp. nov...... 57 Evarcha fasciata Seo, 1992a ...... 63 Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846) ...... 66 Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp .nov...... 69 Evarcha hirticeps (Song et Chai, 1992) ...... 74 Pancorius crassipes (Karsch, 1881b) ...... 80 Pancorius magnus Zabka, 1985 ...... 84 Pancorius taiwanensis Bao et Peng, 2002 ...... 89 Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) ...... 92 Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887 ...... 101 Telamonia vlijmi Prószyn'ski, 1976 ...... 106 Yaginumaella lobata Peng, Tso et Li, 2002 ...... 111 Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861) ...... 115 Yaginumaella taiwanica Chen et Chen, sp. nov...... 120

伍、討論 ...... 123

陸、參考文獻...... 125

ii 圖目次

Figure 1. External features of Plexippoida ...... 146 Figure 2. External features and copulatory organs of Plexippoida ...... 147 Figure 3. Variations of the carapace of Plexippoida in Taiwan ...... 148 Figure 4. Variations of the tibial apophysis of Plexippoida in Taiwan ... 149 Figure 5. Variations of the epigyna of Plexippoida in Taiwan ...... 150 Figure 6. Bianor angulosus (Karsch 1879), female...... 151 Figure 7. Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879), male ...... 152 Figure 8. Bianor maculatus (Keyserling, 1883), male ...... 153 Figure 9. Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877), female ...... 154 Figure 10. Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877), male ...... 155 Figure 11. Sibianor pullus (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), male...... 156 Figure 12. Burmattus pococki (Thorell 1895), female ...... 157 Figure 13. Burmattus pococki (Thorell 1895), male ...... 158 Figure 14. Epeus bicuspidatus Song, Gu et Chen, 1988 ...... 159 Figure 15. Epeus glorius Zabka, 1985 ...... 160 Figure 16. Epeus guangxi Peng et Li, 2002a, male ...... 161 Figure 17. Epeus taiwanus Chen et Chen, sp .nov...... 162 Figure 18. Evarcha fasciata Seo, 1992a, male ...... 163 Figure 19. Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846), female ...... 164 Figure 20. Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp .nov., female ...... 165 Figure 21. Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp .nov., male ...... 166 Figure 22. Evarcha hirticeps (Song et Chai, 1992), female ...... 167 Figure 23. Evarcha hirticeps (Song et Chai, 1992), male ...... 168 Figure 24. Pancorius crassipes (Karsh, 1881b) ...... 169

iii Figure 25. Pancorius magnus Zabka 1985 ...... 170 Figure 26. Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826), female ...... 171 Figure 27. Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826), male ...... 172 Figure 28. Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887 ...... 173 Figure 29. Telamonia vlijmi Prószyn'ski, 1976, female ...... 174 Figure 30. Telamonia vlijmi (Prószyn'ski, 1976), male ...... 175 Figure 31. Yaginumaella lobata Peng, Tso et Li, 2002, male ...... 176 Figure 32. Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861), female ...... 177 Figure 33. Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861), male...... 178 Figure 34. Yaginumaella taiwanica Chen et Chen, sp. nov., male ...... 179

Figure 35. Collecting locations (●) of Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879)

and (￭) Bianor maculatus (Keyserling, 1883) in Taiwan ...... 180

Figure 36. Collecting locations (●) of Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877) in Taiwan...... 181

Figure 37. Collecting locations (￭) of Sibianor pullus (Bösenberg &

Strand, 1906) and (●) Burmattus pococki (Thorell, 1895) in Taiwan .

...... 182 Figure 38. Collecting locations (●) of Epeus bicuspidatus (Song, Gu et Chen, 1988) in Taiwan...... 183 Figure 39. Collecting locations (●) of Epeus glorius Zabka, 1985 in Taiwan...... 184 Figure 40. Collecting locations (●) of Epeus guangxi Peng et Li, 2002a in Taiwan...... 185 Figure 41. Collecting locations (●) of Epeus taiwanus Chen et Chen,

iv sp .nov. in Taiwan...... 186

Figure 42. Collecting locations (●) of Evarcha fasciata Seo, 1992 and (￭)

Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846) in Taiwan ...... 187 Figure 43. Collecting locations (●) of Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp .nov. in Taiwan...... 188

Figure 44. Collecting locations (●) of Evarcha hirticeps (Song & Chai,

1992) and (￭) Pancorius crassipes (Karsch, 1881b) in Taiwan. .... 189

Figure 45. Collecting locations (●) of Pancorius magnus Zabka, 1985 in Taiwan...... 190 Figure 46. Collecting locations (●) of Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) in Taiwan...... 191

Figure 47. Collecting locations (●) of Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887

and (￭) Telamonia vlijmi (Prószyn'ski, 1976) in Taiwan ...... 192

Figure 48. Collecting locations (●) of Yaginumaella lobata Peng, Tso &

Li, 2002 and (￭) Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861) in Taiwan ....

...... 193 Figure 49. Collecting locations (●) of Yaginumaella taiwanica Chen et Chen, sp. nov. in Taiwan...... 194

v 表目次

表一、台灣產蠅虎科蜘蛛分類群學名沿革一覽表 ...... 195

vi 附錄目次

Appendix 1. Collecting Locations in Chinese and English ...... 199 Appendix 2. A checklist of Plexippoida of Taiwan ...... 204

vii 摘要

擬蠅虎亞科群（Plexippoida）是蠅虎科中的亞科群之一，包含擬

蠅虎亞科（Plexippinae）及蠅犬亞科（Pelleninae）共有 22 屬，目前

已知有 687 種。常見於田間、灌叢及樹林中，廣泛分布於世界各地，

亦是台灣常見的徘徊性蜘蛛之一。擬蠅虎亞科群的雄蛛在顎葉部有鋸

齒狀突起，以及在盾片上具有一突起構造可資區別。本研究主要是參

考臺灣師範大學館藏標本的採集紀錄和相關文獻，至台灣各地（附錄

一）進行樣本採集，採集時選擇平原草地、山區步道以及林地等蠅虎

可能出現的棲地，以目視法為主，掃網為輔，發現蜘蛛則以空底片盒

捕捉，之後於實驗室進行觀察鑑定以及後續之繪圖與測量。本論文報

告台灣產擬蠅虎亞科群 (Plexippoida) 蜘蛛共二亞科（plexippinae）和

（Pelleninae）10 屬 22 種，其中擬蠅虎亞科有七屬十八種，包括新紀

錄三屬，分別為緬蛛屬（Burmattus）、艾普蛛屬（Epeus）和獵蛛屬

（Evarcha），新種三種為臺灣艾普蛛（Epeus taiwanus Chen et Chen, sp. nov.）、臺灣獵蛛（Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp. nov）和臺灣雅

蛛（Yaginumaella taiwanica Chen et Chen, sp. nov.），新紀錄種共九種，

分別為波氏緬蛛（Burmattus pococki）、雙尖艾普蛛（Epeus bicuspidatus）、榮艾普蛛（Epeus glorius）、廣西艾普蛛（Epeus

viii guangxi）、帶獵蛛（Evarcha fasciata）、黃帶獵蛛（Evarcha flavocincta）、

毛首獵蛛（Evarcha hirticeps）、弗氏紐蛛（Telamonia vlijmi）、條紋雅

蛛（Yaginumaella striatipes），並首次紀錄雙尖艾普蛛、榮艾普蛛與毛

首獵蛛之雌蛛，文中並將 Plexippus incognitus (Dönitz et Strand, 1906)

處理為排除種；而蠅犬亞科（Pelleninae）共計三屬四種，包括新紀

錄二屬，分別為菱頭蛛屬（Bianor）和西菱頭蛛屬（Sibianor），新紀

錄種三種，分別為華南菱頭蛛（Bianor angulosus）、斑菱頭蛛（Bianor maculatus）和暗色西菱頭蛛（Sibianor pullus）。本研究結果可增進擬

蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛物種多樣性與地理分布的了解，以做為往後台灣蠅虎

科蜘蛛各方面研究的基礎。

關鍵字：擬蠅虎亞科群、擬蠅虎亞科、蠅犬亞科、新種、新紀錄種。

ix Abstract

Plexippoida is one of the groups of Salticidae that contains subfamilies Pelleninae and Plexippinae. Males of the Plexippoida bear a serrula on the male endite and a bump on the tegulum. The plexippoids are wandering spiders that are common in Taiwan and inhabit among the shrubs, in the fields and the frosts. I searched jumping spiders from varied habitats in various localities of Taiwan and collected specimens with bare hands or with the aid of sweeping nets. I captured and maintained living spiders in the empty film boxes. Specimens were examined and measured under a stereomicroscope (Leica M3Z). The Plexippoida consists of about 687 described species in the world. Totally two subfamilies, ten genera and twenty-two species from Taiwan are reported in this study. There are seven genera and 18 species of subfamily Plexippinae found in Taiwan, including three new species, i.e., Epeus taiwanus sp. nov., Evarcha formosana sp. nov., and Yaginumaella taiwanica sp. nov., three newly recorded genera, i.e., Burmattus, Epeus, and Evarcha, and nine newly recorded species, i.e., Burmattus pococki, Epeus bicuspidatus, E. glorius, E. guangxi, Evarcha fasciata, E. flavocincta, E. hirticeps, Telamonia vlijmi and Yaginumaella striatipes. The females of Epeus bicuspidatus, E. glorius and Evarcha hirticeps are described for the first time. Plexippus incognitus (Dönitz et Strand, 1906) is excluded from the spider fauna of Taiwan. There are three genera and 4 species of subfamily Pelleninae found in Taiwan, including two newly recorded genera, i.e., Bianor and Sibianor, and three newly recorded species, i.e., Bianor angulosus, B. maculatus, and Sibianor pullus. All known species belonging to the

x plexippoida are described or redescribed and illustrated based on Taiwanese specimens. In addition, their geographical distribution in Taiwan are also provided. The results of present study will also serve as a foundation for the futher researches.

Keywords: New species, Newly recorded species, Plexippoida, Pelleninae, Plexippinae.

xi 壹、緒論

一、蠅虎科研究背景

蜘蛛屬於節肢動物門（Arthropoda）、蛛形綱（Arachnida）、蜘蛛

目（Araneae），全世界目前大約有 43678 種，分別包含 3898 屬，112

科（Platnick, 2013）。

蠅虎科(Salticidae) 是蛛形綱蜘蛛目中最大的一科，而目前世界紀

錄則有 591 屬 5570 種（Platnick, 2013）。根據 Coddington and Levi

（1991）的系統演化研究之結果，目前蠅虎的分類地位為，蛛形綱

（Arachnida）、蜘蛛目（Araneae）、後紡亞目（Suborder Opisthothelae）、

新蛛下目（Infraorder Araneomorphae）、二爪類（Dionycha）、蠅虎科

（Salticidae）。

蠅虎科最早由 Blackwall 在 1841 年建立。1901 年法國蜘蛛學者

Simon 在蜘蛛誌（Histoire naturelle des araignées）一書中，首次對蠅

虎進行有系統的分類整理，利用簡單的外部形態特徵，以及螯肢後堤

齒的數目為分類依據，將蠅虎科分為複齒組（Group Pluridentati）、單

齒組（Group Unidentati）以及裂齒組（Group Fissidentati），並建立了

69 個屬，之後 Petrunkevitch（1928）根據 Simon（1901）之分類，建

立 22 個亞科。直到 Prószyn'ski（1976）以生殖器官構造作為分類依

1 據建立較完整的分類系統。Maddison & Hedin（2003）利用五種基因

序列（28S, 16S, EF1-α,CO1, ND1），進行 81 屬蠅虎科蜘蛛的親緣關係

分析，將其分為三個亞科群：蠅獅亞科群（Marpissoida）、擬蠅虎亞

科群（Plexippoida）以及 Amycoida 亞科群。其中擬蠅虎亞科群為單

系群，包含了擬蠅虎亞科（Plexippinae）、蠅犬亞科（Pelleninae），其

成員中雄蛛的觸肢器盾片（tegulum）上具有一突起構造，以及在顎

葉（endite）有鋸齒狀突起，為此亞科群的共衍徵。

Maddison（1996）利用蠅虎的外部形態特徵，輔以電顯圖，將

Prószyn'ski（1976）原歸於蠅犬亞科（Pelleninae）下之獵蛛屬

（Evarcha）、雅蛛屬（Yaginumaella）與部分的菱頭蛛屬（Bianor）蜘

蛛轉移到擬蠅虎亞科中。Logunov（2001）利用第一對步足腿節與脛

節膨大模式、盾板是否具有丘狀突起（tegular knob）與第一對步足是

否具有毛叢（fringes）...等特徵，將菱頭蛛屬（Bianor s. lat.），分為菱

頭蛛屬（Bianor s. str.）與西菱頭蛛屬（Sibianor）；Maddison & Hedin

（2003）的親源關係分析結果顯示，支持獵蛛屬與雅蛛屬包含於擬蠅

虎亞科下，但西菱頭蛛屬（Sibianor）則轉移回蠅犬亞科。Maddison et al.（2008）在一次新的親源關係分析中，除了原有西菱頭蛛樣本

（Sibianor aemulus），再加入一種菱頭蛛屬蜘蛛（Bianor maculatus），

其結果支持菱頭蛛與西菱頭蛛兩屬皆屬於蠅犬亞科。目前擬蠅虎亞科

2 群（ Plexippoida）全世界共有 22 屬，687 種。擬蠅虎亞科（Plexippinae）

共有 409 種 13 屬，分別為：Anarrhotus、Burmattus、Baryphas、Evarcha、

Epeus、Hyllus、Pancorius、Plexippus、Polemus、Schenkelia、Telamonia、

Thyene 與 Yaginumaella 等屬；蠅犬亞科（Pelleninae）共有 278 種 9

屬，分別為：Bianor、Habronattus、Harmochirus、Havaika、Microbianor、

Modunda、Neaetha、Pellenes 與 Sibianor 等屬。

二、臺灣產蠅虎之研究歷史

台灣產蠅虎之研究（表一）始於松村松年（Matsumura, 1911）

在臺灣害蟲編附益蟲篇記載台灣蟻蛛（Pyroderses formosanus）一種。

之後中島利重（Nakajima, 1921）記錄台北新公園（現二二八和平紀

念公園原址）採集之長崎蠅虎（Nagasakia typical）、日本蟻蛛

（Myrmarachne japonica）以及姬蠅虎（Theyne orientalis）。而後齋藤

三郎（Saito, 1933）在札幌博物學會報中紀錄了六種台灣蠅虎，即含

日本蟻蛛以及黑色蟻蛛（Myrmarachne innermichelis）、大蟻蛛（M. magnus）、淡色條斑蠅虎（Plexippus incognitus）、茶色條斑蠅虎（P. paykullii）以及台灣西蒙蟻蛛（Simonella formosana）。齋藤三郎（Saito,

1936）重新記錄了茶色條斑蠅虎。隨後萱嶋泉（Kayashima, 1942）在

臺灣產家蜘蛛一書中首次記錄台灣的白鬚蠅虎（Menemerus confuses），並重新描述茶色條斑蠅虎。隔年，萱嶋泉（Kayashima, 1943）

3 出版「台灣的蜘蛛」，書中在蜘蛛的形態與生態方面有簡單的描述，

其中包含蠅虎，共 6 屬 8 種：黑條蠅虎（Aelurillus dimorphus）、安德

遜蠅虎（Hasarius adansoni）、白鬚蠅虎、ㄩ字斑蠅虎（Menemerus pullus）、黑色蟻蛛、茶色條斑蠅虎、白星茶色銀虎（Sitticus patellidens）

以及寬胸蠅虎（Rhene atrata）。齋藤三郎（Saito, 1961）在原色蜘蛛

類圖說中，首次紀錄粗腳條斑蠅虎（Plexippus crassipes），並重新繪

圖描述安德遜蠅虎以及台灣西蒙蟻蛛。而後李長林（Lee, 1964）在「台

灣的蜘蛛」一書中，詳細繪圖描述蠅虎的形態特徵及其習性，共記錄

蠅虎 9 屬 13 種，其中橙黃蠅虎（Carrhotus detritus）為首次紀錄，並

將白雌蠅虎（Jotus munitus）與黑條蠅虎（Aelurillus dimorphus）處理

為同物異名，其中李長林（Lee, 1964）淡色條斑蠅虎（Plexippus incognitus）的構造圖，與其他種的條斑蠅虎屬（Plexippus）蜘蛛之觸

肢及外雌器構造極為不同，可能並非條斑蠅虎屬蜘蛛有待研究。八木

沼健夫（Yaginuma, 1970）在日本的真正蜘蛛類中首次紀錄了台灣的

箭形蠅虎（Marpissa elongata）。朱和大熊（Zhu & Okuma, 1975）在

臺灣產蜘蛛之校訂表中，整理前人文獻，蠅虎科共計 11 屬 17 種，名

錄中將Pyroderes formosanus 與Myrmarachne formosana 處理為同物異

名並採用 Myrmarachne formosana 為有效學名；而白雌蠅虎與黑條蠅

虎仍列為兩不同物種，並將長崎蠅虎與姬蠅虎視為疑問種。胡（Hu,

4 1984）出版的中國農林蜘蛛一書中，包含了台灣的蠅虎科蜘蛛共 9 屬

14 種，並首次紀錄擬台灣蟻蛛（Myrmarachne formosicola）、無刺蟻

蛛（Myrmarachne sansiborica）及直線伊蛛（Icius linea）。陳（Chen,

1996）修訂的臺灣地區蜘蛛名錄，記錄台灣蠅虎共計 10 屬 18 種，並

將橙黃蠅虎（Carrhotus detritus）學名訂正為 C. xanthogramma；白星

茶色蠅虎（Sitticus patellidens）學名訂正為白星褐蠅虎（Sitticus penicillatus）。粗腳條斑蠅虎（Pancorius crassipes）改屬處理為粗腳

獵蛛（Evarcha crassipes）；ㄩ字斑蠅虎（Menemerus pullus）改屬處

理為橫紋蠅虎(Marpissa pulla)；台灣西蒙蟻蛛(Simonella formosana)

改屬處理為台灣蟻蛛（Myrmarachne formosana）；直線伊蛛（Icius linea）改屬處理為直線黑條蠅虎（Phintealla linea）；黑條蠅虎與白

雌蠅虎處理為同物異名並改屬為眼鏡黑條蠅虎（Phintella versicolor）；淡色條斑蠅虎與茶色條斑蠅虎根據 Yaginuma（1977）處

理為同物異名並訂正學名為 Plexippus paykulli。之後，陳（Chen, 2001）

出版臺灣常見蜘蛛圖鑑，書中詳細描述蠅虎外部形態構造、習性與分

布，並發表一新紀錄屬：孔蛛屬（Portia sp.），與四種新紀錄種：鰓

蛤蟆蛛（Harmochirus brachiatus）、毛垛兜跳蛛（Ptocasius strupifer）、

多彩紐蛛（Telamonia festiva）以及細齒方胸蛛（Thiania subopressa）。

隔年，彭等（Peng et al., 2002）發表了九種臺灣蠅虎，其中包含五個

5 新種：吳氏褐蠅虎（Sitticus wuae）、類觸合蠅虎（Synagelides palpaloides）、齒沃蛛（Wanlessia denticulata）、垂雅蛛（Yaginumaella lobata）和球斑馬蛛（Zebraplatys bulbus）；以及兩個新記錄種：藍

翠蛛（Siler cupreus）以及觸合蠅虎（Synagelides palpalis）。同年，

彭和李（Peng & Li, 2002b）描述典藏於美國哈佛大學比較動物學博

物館（Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University）於 1930

年代在臺灣採集之標本，發表了六種台灣蠅虎，其中包含四個新種：

列偉胞蛛（Cytaea levii）、臺灣右蛛（Dexippus taiwanensis）、長牛

蛛（Tauala elongata）和臺灣褐蠅虎（Sitticus taiwanensis）。兩個新

記錄種為：大盤蛛（Pancorius magnus）和柔弱條斑蠅虎（Phintella debilis）。而鮑和彭（Bao & Peng, 2002）根據在惠蓀林場以掉落式陷

阱收集到的蜘蛛，發表了六個台灣蠅虎的蠅虎：臺灣華蛛（Chinattus taiwanensis）、白鬚侏斑蛛（Euophrys albopalpalis）、球狀侏斑蛛

（Euophrys bulbus）、臺灣盤蛛（Pancorius taiwanensis）、帶小跳蛛

（Neon zonatus）和橢圓雀躍蛛（Spartaeus ellipticus）。黃（Huang, 2004）

於未發表的碩士論文中共記錄台灣產蟻蛛屬（Myrmarachne）11 種，

包含三新紀錄種：條蟻蛛（M. annamita）、艾氏蟻蛛（M. edwardsi）

和摺腹蟻蛛（M. kiboschensis），並將 Pyroderes formosana Matsumura,

1911 處理為疑問種。同年，張和卓（Chang & Tso, 2004）記錄產於

6 陽明山國家公園的纓孔蛛（Portia fimbriata）為台灣新紀錄的蠅虎。

隔年張和李（Zhang & Li, 2005）描述墾丁國家公園的台灣孔蛛（P. taiwanica）新種，並認為張和卓（Chang & Tso, 2004）的纓孔蛛可能

為台灣孔蛛之錯誤鑑定。

三、研究動機

蠅虎科為蜘蛛目中種類最多的一科，目前在中國大陸有 89 屬 398

種（Tsim, 2006），而台灣只有 29 屬 46 種，其中屬於擬蠅虎亞科群的

種類有 2 亞科 5 屬 8 種（附錄二）；近年蠅虎科分類系統受到系統

學（Systematics）之影響，分類層級與方法亦發生許多改變，而有關

台灣產蠅虎科之分類研究，大多數研究僅是零星之發表，且根據平時

野外採集與實驗室館藏標本，尚有許多文獻未記錄之物種。因此本研

究主要整理前人文獻，並檢視個人採集與實驗室標本，對蠅虎科中的

擬蠅虎亞科群重新進行有系統之整理與訂正，除了描述各物種之形態

特徵外，並重新繪圖和測量，以了解台灣產擬蠅虎亞科群的物種多樣

性與各物種之地理分布，以期作為將來進一步研究台灣產蠅虎科系統

分類研究及生態、演化、行為等其他方面研究的基礎。

7 貳、生活習性與形態特徵

一、分布與生活習性

擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛大多分布在舊世界的地區，少數亦分布於新世

界（Maddison & Hedin, 2003），如獵蛛（Evarcha）等，有些如茶色條

斑蠅虎（Plexippus paykulli）則為世界廣泛分布。而擬蠅虎亞科群蜘

蛛生活環境從平地至中高海拔地區皆有其分佈，為日行性蜘蛛，白天

在登山步道旁的欄杆、落葉堆或樹葉枝條上常可發現其蹤跡，牠們多

數徘徊尋找並捕食獵物，但有些種類則採用等待獵物的策略，如艾普

蛛（Epeus）等，有些種類在人類住所亦常見，如茶色條斑蠅虎等。

擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛通常會選擇葉片構築絲巢，但有時於住家牆上

角落亦可發現擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛築的絲巢，雌蛛於絲巢中產下卵囊，

並會持續護卵。

二、形態特徵

擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛身體分為頭胸部（cephalothorax）及腹部

（abdomen）（Fig. 1），兩者以腹柄（pedicel）相連。

（一）頭胸部（Cephalothorax）

頭胸部具有硬化的幾丁質外骨骼，背面者稱背甲（carapace），腹

8 面者稱胸板（sternum）。背甲的形狀多為卵形以及梨形（pear-shaped），

部分接近長橢圓形（oblong）或菱形（rhomboid）（ Fig. 3）。頭胸部有

六對附肢，第一對為螯肢（chelicerae），第二對為觸肢（pedipalp），

第三～六對為步足。

背甲由頸溝（cervical groove）分為頭部和胸部。頭部具有八枚

單眼，排成 4-2-2 三列，由前至後分別稱為第一眼列（anterior eye row,

AER）、第二眼列（second eye row）和第三眼列（posterior eye row,

PER）。第一眼列有四眼，中央兩眼為前中眼（anterior median eye,

AME），側邊兩眼為前側眼（anterior lateral eye, ALE），第二眼列有兩

眼為後中眼（posterior median eye, PME），第三眼列兩眼稱為後側眼

（posterior lateral eye, PLE）；前後中眼所圍成之區域稱為中眼域

（median ocular area, MOA）。前中眼前緣至背甲前緣之間的部分為額

（clypeus, Fig. 2A:Cl）；胸部中央凹陷處為中窩（thoracic groove），由

此向外延伸岀輻射狀的放射溝（radial groove）（ Fig. 1A）。

螯肢（chelicera）分為兩節，由基節（paturon）和毒牙（fang）

組成，毒牙平時收在基節的牙溝（fang groove）內，牙溝兩側有小齒，

前側者稱為前牙堤齒（promarginal teeth），後側者稱為後牙堤齒

（retromarginal teeth）。台灣產擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛大多具有兩枚前牙堤

齒，一枚後牙堤齒，但有的種類為雖有兩枚前牙堤齒，其後牙堤齒為

9 一分叉的板齒（Fissidentati），如鰓蛤蟆蛛和斑菱頭蛛雄蛛的螯肢（Figs.

8B, 9B, 10B）；也有少數種類的雄蛛僅具一枚前牙堤齒，如華南菱頭

蛛和波氏緬蛛（Figs. 7B, 13B）。

觸肢（pedipalp）有六節組成（Fig. 1B），由內而外分別為基節

（coxa）、轉節（trochanter）、腿節（femur）、膝節（patella）、脛節

（tibia）和跗節（tarsus）。成熟雄蛛的觸肢跗節會膨大為觸肢器（palpal organ）；觸肢基節特化為下顎（maxillae），又稱為顎葉（endite）；下

唇（labium）位於兩顎間。

步足四對，每一步足由七節所組成（Fig. 1A），即基節（coxa）、

轉節（trochanter）、腿節（femur）、膝節（patella）、脛節（tibia）、蹠

節（metatarsus）和跗節（tarsus）。跗節末端具二爪步足上常具有毛

（hair）和棘刺（spine）；有的種類之脛節會膨大，並附生流蘇狀的

長毛，如鰓蛤蟆蛛（Fig. 10F），有的種類則會在脛節、蹠節與跗節覆

有濃密的長毛，如廣西艾普蛛（Fig. 16F）。

（二）腹部（Abdomen）

擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛腹部多為卵圓形，少數為圓筒形，腹部背面體

色多變，有的具有金屬光澤，有的體色灰暗無明顯花紋，背面前端有

一棒狀的心臟斑（cardiac pattern），兩旁有兩對筋點（muscle

10 impression）。腹部腹面前方有一條胃外溝（epigastric furrow），兩側

有一對書肺（book lung），開口即為書肺氣門（lung slit）於胃外溝兩

端；生殖孔（genital opening）位於胃外溝前端，成熟雌蛛在生殖孔

和胃外溝上方通常有角質化的構造，稱為外雌器（epigynum），而雄

蛛生殖孔小且無角質化及特化構造。腹部腹面末端有三對絲疣

（spinnerets），分別為前絲疣（anterior spinneret）、中絲疣（median spinneret）和後絲疣（posterior spinneret）（Fig. 1B），中絲疣較小，不

易觀察到，絲疣後方為肛丘（anal tubercle）。

（三）生殖構造

蜘蛛的生殖構造為種類鑑定上很重要的依據，擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛

的雌雄生殖構造描述如下：雄蛛藉由觸肢末端特化的觸肢器（palpal organ）進行交配，觸肢器具有包覆其外的杯葉（cymbium），內部構

造為亞盾板（subtegulum）、中血囊（middle hematodocha）、盾板

（tegulum）、貯精管（sperm duct）、插入器（embolus）等（Fig. 2B），

除上述構造外，有些種類具有特殊的杯葉突起（retrolbasal spur）（Fig.

2D），如艾普蛛屬，而有些種類引導器（conductor）則明顯可見，如

獵蛛屬（Fig. 2C）；觸肢具有脛節突起（tibial apophysis），脛節突起

的型態或個數亦為重要的分類依據。

11 台灣產擬蠅虎亞科群雄蛛脛節突（Fig. 4）可分為六大類：

1. 端直型（Straight form）：脛節突端直（Fig. 4A），如大盤蛛（Pancorius

magnus），粗腳盤蛛（Pancorius crassipes）。

2. 彎曲型（Cruved form）：脛節突彎曲（Fig. 4B），如華南菱頭蛛

（Bianor angulosus）、暗色西菱頭蛛（Sibianor pullus）。

3. 短突起型（Short form）：脛節突短（Fig. 4C），較不易觀察，如廣

西艾普蛛（Epeus guangxi）。

4. 二叉型（Bifurcated form）：脛節突末端分叉（Fig. 4D），如毛首獵

蛛（Evarcha hirticeps）。

5. 鋸齒型（Serrated form）：脛節突具有鋸齒狀構造，此構造可能在

脛節突中段位置（Fig. 4E），如弗氏紐蛛（Telamonia vlijmi）。

6. 三突起型（Three-processed form）：脛節突起數為三個，其中一脛

節突起為鋸齒狀（Fig. 4F），如帶獵蛛（Evarcha fasciata）。

雌蛛外雌器有兩個交配孔（copulatory openings），經由交配管

（copulatory duct）分別連接內部的受精囊（spermatheca），受精囊另

一端連接受精管（fertilization duct）（ Figs. 2D, E），可將精子轉送至

子宮（uterus），子宮左右各有一條輸卵管（oviduct），分別與卵巢連

接。外雌器外部為角質化幾丁質構造，有的種類具有一個垂兜（Hood）

（Figs. 5A, B），如菱頭蛛屬（Bianor）、蛤蟆蛛屬（Harmochirus）和

12 條斑蠅虎屬（Plexippus）；有的具有兩個垂兜（Fig. 5C），如盤蛛屬

（Pancorius）；也有些種類具兩個強角質化之垂兜且覆蓋住交配孔

（Fig. 5D），如雅蛛屬（Yaginumaella）；有些種類不具垂兜，但兩交

配孔間形成一凹溝（Fig. 5E），如緬蛛屬（Burmattus）；有些為簡單的

角質化構造與交配孔（Figs. 5F, G），獵蛛屬（Evarcha）、紐蛛屬

（Telamonia），而艾普蛛屬（Epeus）外雌器角質化較弱呈透明狀，可

見內部管線之走向。

13 参、材料與方法

一、研究材料：

本研究主要是參考館藏的採集紀錄和相關文獻，至台灣各地（附

錄一）進行樣本採集，採集時選擇平原草地、山區步道以及林地等棲

地，以目視法為主，掃網為輔，發現蜘蛛則以空底片盒捕捉，攜回實

驗室內觀察鑑定後以 70%酒精固定保存，並存放於國立台灣師範大學

生命科學系（NTNUB-Ar）。除此之外，並檢視國立台灣師範大學生

命科學系館藏蜘蛛標本。

二、研究方法：

將台灣各地採集到的標本和國立台灣師範大學生命科學系館藏

標本，於解剖顯微鏡（Leica Wild M3Z）下詳細觀察其構造，同時比

對蜘蛛身體各部位特徵，如：眼睛排列方式、背甲、胸板、牙堤齒、

顎葉、下唇、腹部、絲疣、步足等部位（Fig. 1），並加以描述其形狀、

斑紋、附屬構造或計數。顏色描述則以浸泡在酒精中的顏色為主，並

以野外觀察或拍照來輔助活體描述。此外，雄性觸肢器以細剪剪下，

觀察並描述觸肢器各骨片之詳細構造；雌蛛則在觀察外雌器的外部構

造後，再以細剪剪下，並置於乳酸中以去除蛋白質等柔軟組織，使內

部構造較易觀察及描述和繪圖。繪圖或測量時，將標本浸泡在 70%

14 酒精或乳酸溶液中，及置於解剖顯微鏡（Leica Wild M3Z）下進行觀

察繪圖，並以目鏡測微器進行下列形值測量（測量單位為毫米【ｍ

ｍ】，精確至小數點第二位）：體長（頭胸部長加上腹部長）；背甲長

（背甲前緣量至後緣之最長處）、背甲寬（取最寬處測量）；腹長（腹

部最前緣量至肛丘末端，不含絲疣長度）、腹寬（取最寬處測量）；步

足長為腿節（femur）、膝節（patella）＋脛節（tibia）、蹠節（metatarsus）

和跗節（tarsus）的長度總和；觸肢長為腿節（femur）、膝節（patella）、

脛節（tibia）和跗節/杯葉（tarsus/cymbium）長度總和（Figs. 1A, B）；

眼徑為各眼角膜之最長直徑；中眼域（median ocular area, MOA）為

前後中眼外側所圍成之區域，中眼域長（length of MOA, MOA-L）為

由前中眼前緣至後中眼後緣之長；中眼域前寬（anterior width of MOA,

MOA-AW）為測量兩個前中眼外緣之距離；中眼域後寬（posterior width of MOA, MOA-PW）為測量兩後中眼外緣之距離；前中眼距

（anterior median eyes inetrval, AMI）為前中眼間最短距離；後中眼距

（posterior median eyes interval, PMI）為後中眼間最短距離；前中側

眼距（anterior median and lateral eyes interval, AMLI）為前中眼與前側

眼間之最短距離；後中側眼距（posterior median and lateral eyes ineterval, PMLI）為後中眼與後側眼間之最短距離；額高（height of clypeus）（Fig. 2A）為前中眼前緣量至背甲前緣之距離。

15 肆、結果

本論文共報告台灣產擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛 10 屬 22 種（附錄二），其中

包括：艾普蛛（Epeus）屬及獵蛛屬（Evarcha）各四種，盤蛛屬

（Pancorius）及雅蛛屬（Yaginumaella）各三種，菱頭蛛屬（Bianor）

及紐蛛屬（Telamonia）及各兩種，緬蛛屬（Burmattus）、蛤蟆蛛屬

（Hamochirus）、條斑蠅虎屬（Plexippus）及西菱頭蛛屬（Sibianor）

各一種。其中有館藏標本並檢視者 21 種，僅文獻紀錄者 1 種。擬蠅

虎亞科群新紀錄屬為菱頭蛛屬（Bianor）、緬蛛屬（Burmattus）、艾普

蛛屬（Epeus）、獵蛛屬（Evarcha）及西菱頭蛛屬（Sibianor）共 5 屬；

新紀錄種共 12 種，分別為華南菱頭蛛（Bianor angulosus）、斑菱頭蛛

（Bianor maculatus）、波氏緬蛛（Burmattus pococki）、雙尖艾普蛛

（Epeus bicuspidatus）、榮艾普蛛（Epeus glorius）、廣西艾普蛛（Epeus guangxi）、帶獵蛛（Evarcha fasciata）、黃帶獵蛛（Evarcha flavocincta）、

毛首獵蛛（Evarcha hirticeps）、暗色西菱頭蛛（Sibianor pullus）、弗

氏紐蛛（Telamonia vlijmi）及條紋雅蛛（Yaginumaella striatipes）；新

種 3 種，臺灣艾普蛛（Epeus taiwanus sp. nov.）、臺灣獵蛛（Evarcha formosana sp. nov.）及臺灣雅蛛（Yaginumaella taiwanica sp. nov.）。現

依形態將臺灣產擬蠅虎亞科群各分類群（taxon）分類處理如下:

16 SYSTEMATICS

Subfamily-group Plexippoida Maddison et Hedin, 2003

擬蠅虎亞科群

Diagnosis. Subfamily-group Plexippoida can be distinguished from other salticids by male endite present a modified serrula; the bump on the tegulum counterclockwise of the base of the embolus on the left palp viewed from below (Maddision & Hedin, 2003).

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Content. Totally 2 subfamilies, 22 genera and 687 species of Plexippoida are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 2 subfamilies, 10 genera and 22 species are found in Taiwan.

Key to the subfamilies and genera of Plexippoida in Taiwan

1. Cephalothorax rhomboid ...... Pelleninae (蠅犬亞科) 2

Cephalothorax oval ...... Plexippinae (擬蠅虎亞科) 4

2. Lack fringes on leg I ...... Bianor (菱頭蛛屬)

Present fringes on leg I ...... 3

17 3. Tibia I strongly swollen ...... Harmochirus (蛤蟆蛛屬)

Tibia I slightly thicken ...... Sibianor (西菱頭蛛屬)

4. Male ...... 5 Female ...... 11

5. Cymbium with a retrobasal spur ...... Epeus (艾普蛛屬)

Cymbium without a retrobasal spur ...... 6 6. Side rim of cymbium with bunch of setae ...... 7 Side rim of cymbium without bunch of setae ...... 8

7. Bunch setae on side rim of cymbium bended ...... Burmattus (緬蛛屬)

Bunch setae on side rim of cymbium straight ...... Telamonia (紐蛛屬)

8. Bulb with a serrated rim ...... Plexippus (條斑蠅虎屬)

Bulb without a serrated rim ...... 9

9. Conductor visible ...... Evarcha (獵蛛屬)

Conductor invisible ...... 10

10. Bulb nearly round and flat ...... Pancorius (盤蛛屬)

Bulb long oval, with a long lobe at rear ...... Yaginumaella (雅蛛屬)

11. Epigynum with a median longitudinal groove ......

...... Burmattus (緬蛛屬)

Epigynum without a median longitudinal groove ...... 12 12. Epigynum with hoods ...... 13 Epigynum without hoods ...... 15

13. Epigynum with one hood ...... Plexippus (條斑蠅虎屬)

18 Epigynum with two hoods ...... 14 14. Hood V-shaped and copulatory duct invisible ......

...... Yaginumaella (雅蛛屬)

Hood angular-shape and near to epgastric furrow ......

...... Pancorius (盤蛛屬)

15. Copulatory opening with spiral depression ...... Evacha (獵蛛屬)

Copulatory opening without spiral depression ...... 16

16. Copulatory duct coiled horizontally ...... Telamonia (紐蛛屬)

Copulatory duct coiled vertically ...... Epeus (艾普蛛屬)

19 Subfamily Pelleninae Petrunkevitch, 1928 蠅犬亞科

Type genus: Pellenes Simon, 1876

Diagnosis. Pelleninae resembles Plexippinae, but can be distinguished from the latter by the cephalothorax rhomboid; the epigynum with guide for the tibial apophysis moved forward from the epigastric furrow (Griswold, 1987; Logunov, 2001; Maddison & Hedin, 2003).

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Content. Totally 9 genera and 278 species of Pellinae are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), of which 3 genera and 4 species are found in Taiwan.

20 Genus Bianor Peckham et Peckham, 1885 菱頭蛛屬

Type species: Bianor maculatus (Keyserling, 1883)

Diagnosis. Bianor can be distinguished from Sibianor by the absence of the fringes on leg I, the raised PLE, and fermur I strongly swollen. In addition, Bianor can be distinguished from Harmochirus by the narrower eye area, a unidentate retromarginal tooth and the longest leg III or IV in female.

Distrubution. Africa, Asia and Europe.

Content. Totally 29 species of Bianor are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 2 species are found in Taiwan.

Key to the species of genus Bianor from Taiwan

1. Embolus thin; abdomen with an anterior median white spot ......

...... B. maculatus (斑菱頭蛛)

Embolus thick; abdomen without an anterior median white spot ......

...... B. angulosus (華南菱頭蛛)

21 Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879) 華南菱頭蛛

(Figs. 3A-D, 4A-E)

Ballus angulosus Karsch, 1879: 553. Bianor trepidans Thorell, 1895: 334. Simaetha angulosa: Simon, 1903a: 838. Bianor hotingchiehi Schenkel, 1963: 434, f. 249a-f; Yin & Wang, 1979: 27, f. 1A-E; Song, 1980: 209, f. 117a-e; Bohdanowicz & Heciak, 1980: 253, f. 10-19; Yin & Wang, 1981: 268, f. 1A-H; Wang, 1981: 138, f. 79A-C; Hu, 1984: 354, f. 368.1-5; Zabka, 1985: 210, f. 1-15; Song, 1987: 286, f. 243; Feng, 1990: 198, f. 173.1-6; Chen & Gao, 1990: 180, f. 229a-c; Chen & Zhang, 1991: 288, f. 301.1-5, 302.1-6; Song, Zhu & Li, 1993: 883, f. 58A-D; Okuma, Kamal, Hirashima, Alam & Ogata, 1993: 75, f. 65; Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993: 26, f. 34-42; Zhao, 1993: 391, f. 195a-c; Barrion & Litsinger, 1994: 285, f. 1431-1435; Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 62, f. 27a-e; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 506, f. 289J, 290A, 324M; Hu, 2001: 375, f. 233.1-4. Bianor simoni Zabka, 1985: 204, f. 30-34. Bianor angulosus. Zabka, 1988: 442, f. 56-58; Logunov, 2001: 231, f. 47-74.

Specimens examined. TAOYUAN Co.: YANGMEI, Sanhu, alt. 100 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 31039), 1-V-2005, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. ILAN Co.: LOTUNG, Lotung Junior High School, alt. 10 m. 1 male (NTNUB-Ar

22 12745), 17-V-1988, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. HUALIEN Co.: CHIAN, Chingfeng, alt. 400 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 9238), 24-V-1998, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAITUNG Co.: TAITUNG CITY, Pipa Lake, alt. 5 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 63461), 13-III-2010, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.

Diagnosis. The male of Bianor angulosus most resembles B. punjabicus Logunov, 2001, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (B. punjabicus in parentheses): larger body size (smaller body size); membranous area in the middle of bulb (membranous area in the top of bulb) (Fig. 4C).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar31039). Total length 4.34; cephalothorax length 1.77, width 1.61; abdomen length 2.57, width 2.14. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.73: 0.91:1.59. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.05: 0.10: 1.40:0.36. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE =0.44: 0.18: 0.07:0.17. Height of clypeus 0.10. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.65(0.54, 0.25, 0.25,0.61); leg I 3.43(1.07, 1.42, 0.49,0.45); leg II 2.76(0.85, 1.05, 0.45, 0.41); leg III 3.27(1.13, 1.00, 0.65,0.49); leg IV 3.50(1.13, 1.17, 0.73,0.47). Carapace dark brown, covered with short white hairs; Eyes area black; AER recurved. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 3B). Endite yellowish brown, longer than wide; labium brown, wider than long.

23 Sternum oval, brown. Abdomen oval, covered with short white hairs; dorsum grayish brown, with 3 pairs of white spots; posterior area with 4 V-shaped patterns; venter grayish brown, center grayish without a particular pattern. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I brown, others yellowish brown to brown, all legs cover with dense short white hairs. Order of leg length IV > I > III > II. Epigynum grayish brown with a hood between two copulatory openings (Fig. 3C); Copulatory ducts with numerous loops and connects to tubular spermatheca; fertilization duct thin and short (Fig. 3D). Male (NTNUB- Ar63461). Total length 3.54; cephalothorax length 1.69, width 1.46; abdomen length 1.85, width 1.19. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.69: 0.83: 1.46. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.04: 0.11: 1.23: 0.29. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.39: 0.17: 0.06:0.19. Height of clypeus 0.10. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.26(0.52, 0.20, 0.12,0.41); leg I 3.90(1.17, 1.61, 0.73,0.39); leg II 2.31(0.69, 0.92, 0.41,0.29); leg III 2.61(0.97, 0.85, 0.49,0.30); leg IV 2.84(1.01, 0.94, 0.57,0.33). Carapace dark brown, with 3 pairs of white spots; Eyes area black; AER recurved. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 1 tooth with 2 rise; retromargin with 1 tooth (Figs. 3B). Endite dark brown, longer than wide; labium dark brown, wider than long. Sternum oval, dark brown. Abdomen long oval; dorsum yellowish brown with four pairs of white spots; venter yellowish brown with no particular pattern. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I dark brown, others light brown; leg I particularly longer than others. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Male palp sclerotized; embolus thin and long, coiled

24 one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb nearly round, membranous area in the middle area; tibia apophysis strong and wavy (Figs. 4 C–E).

Variations. Measurements for two males followed by those of two females (in parentheses): total length 3.54-3.92 (4.34-4.39); cephalothorax length 1.69-1.93 (1.76-1.77), width 1.46-1.68 (1.60-1.61); abdomen length 1.85-1.99 (2.57-2.63), width 1.19-1.34 (1.99-2.13).

Distribution. Sri Lanka, India to China, Vietnam, Indonesia (Platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Bianor trepidans was described by Thorell (1895) in SMNH, but did not designate the holotype (syntypes). Logunov (2001) designated a female specimen kept in SMNH as the lectotype, and remained specimens as paralectotypes. Some specimens examined slightly differ from the rest in having smaller chelicerae and body size in males and a well-marked first loop of the insemination ducts in females. Logunov (2001) considered that these defferences did not reach the taxonomic significance and considered them as a variation of the same species.

25 Bianor maculatus (Keyserling, 1883) 斑菱頭蛛

(Fig. 5A-E) Scythropa maculata Keyserling, 1883: 1447, pl. 122, f. 4. Ericulus maculates: Simon, 1885: 88. Bianor maculatus: Peckham & Peckham, 1886: 284; Maddison, 1978: 76, f. 2; Davies & Zabka, 1989: 246, pl. 47; Logunov, 2001: 240, f. 105-107, 109, 115-129.

Specimens examined. KAOHSIUNG CITY: MEINUNG, Chutzumen, alt. 70 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 16468), 4-IV-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. The males of Bianor maculatus most resembles B. pseudomaculatus Logunov, 2001, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (B. pseudomaculatus in parentheses): abdomen with an anterior median white spot (without an anterior median white spot) (Fig. 5A); tegulum oval (nearly round) (Fig. 5C).

Description. Male (NTNUB- Ar 16468). Total length 4.44; cephalothorax length 1.93, width 1.79; abdomen length 2.51, width 1.81. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.69: 0.85: 1.73. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.05: 0.07: 1.47: 0.39. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.41: 0.18:

26 0.08: 0.20. Height of clypeus 0.08. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.62(0.67, 0.29, 0.17, 0.49); leg I 5.34(1.63, 2.25, 0.84, 0.61); leg II 3.15(1.01, 1.26, 0.49, 0.39); leg III 3.37(1.19, 1.21, 0.57, 0.40); leg IV 3.74(1.22, 1.37, 0.74, 0.41). Carapace dark brown; lateral margin covered with short white hairs; eyes area black; AER recurved. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 5B). Endite blackish brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, dark brown. Abdomen oval; dorsum dark brown with 3 pairs of white patches; venter grayish brown with no particular patterns. Spinnerets grayish brown. Leg I the longest and strong, femur I swollen, tibia I and metatarsus I covered with densely black hairs; legs II-IV brownish yellow. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Male palp sclerotized; embolus thin and long, coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb oval; length of tibial apophysis half times that of bulb (Fig. 5C-E).

Distribution. Australia, New Zealand, China (platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Bianor angulosus is a newly recorded species from Taiwan. According to Logunov (2001), the holotype of Scythropa maculata was lost during the Second World War. Logunov (2001) designated a neotype for Bianor maculatus from Vally, North of Sydney, where is most closest to the original type locality.

27 Genus Harmochirus Simon, 1885 蛤蟆蛛屬

Type species: Harmochirus braachiatus (Thorell, 1877)

Diagnosis. Harmochirus can be distinguished from Sibianor by the absence of a tegular knob, and having a fissidentate retromarginal tooth and a longest leg I in female. In addition, Harmochirus can be distinguished from Bianor by the eye area slightly wider than the width of carapace, and having a longest leg I in female and a forked retromarginal tooth.

Distrubution. Africa, Oriental and Australian.

Content.

Totally 8 species of Harmochirus are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and only 1 species is found in Taiwan.

28 Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877) 鰓蛤蟆蛛

(Figs. 20A-D 19A-F)

Ballus brachiatus Thorell, 1877: 626. Harmochirus malaccensis Simon, 1885: 441; Thorell, 1892: 68, 336. Harmochirus nervosus Thorell, 1890a: 68; Thorell, 1892: 246. Harmochirus brachiatus: Simon, 1903a: 867, f. 1024-1026; Saito, 1959: 155, f. 208a-c; Yin & Wang, 1979: 30, f. 7A-B; Prószyn'ski, 1984a: 55-56; Hu, 1984: 362, f. 377.1-3; Prószyn'ski, 1987: 59, 108; Davies & Zabka, 1989: 214, pl. 22; Feng, 1990: 205, f. 180.1-4; Chen & Zhang, 1991: 304, f. 322.1-5; Song, Zhu & Li, 1993: 884, f. 60A-C; Okuma, Kamal, Hirashima, Alam & Ogata, 1993: 79, f. 70; Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 90, f. 46a-g, 47a-j; Logunov, Ikeda & Ono, 1997: 5, f. 9-10; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 513, f. 299D, K, 326B-C; Logunov, 2001: 250, f. 2, 169-174, 177-191, 247, 265; Peng, Tso & Li, 2002: 8, f. 30-35; Cho & Kim, 2002: 96, f. 15-16, 114-115, 221-222; Kim & Cho, 2002: 105, f. 115-120; Namkung, 2003: 585, f. 43.25a-b; Lee, Yoo, Lee & Kim, 2004: 99, unnumbered f. ; Prószyn'ski & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010: 166, f. 73-78. Harmochirus bruchiatus: Barrion & Litsinger, 1994: 285, f. 1427-1430. Harmochirus insulanus Namkung, 2002: 581, f. 43.25a-b.

Specimens examined. NEW TAIPEI CITY: WULAI, Wulai, alt. 200 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 10805), 18-V-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WULAI,

29 Hsiaoi, alt. 200 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 7977), 30-IX-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Nanku, alt. 250 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 18861), 13-IV-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Hsiaochukeng, alt. 350 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 9194), 17-V-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Nanku, alt. 250 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 19058), 19-IX-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINCHU Co.: KUANHSI, Shenkengtze, alt. 150 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 10636), 3-III-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NANTOU Co.: LUKU, Fenghuangku, alt. 700 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 12474), 17-IX-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; ILAN Co.: TOUCHENG, Dali, alt. 100 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 8542), 2-V-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; DONGSHAN, Meihuahu Lake, alt. 50 m. 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 12894), 17-IV-1988, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAITUNG Co.: CHINFENG, Manuerh river, alt. 350m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 14992), 13-VIII-1993, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; PEINAN, Tuchang, alt. 150 m, 1 male and 1female (NTNUB-Ar 13526-13527) 1-IX-1983, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. Harmochirus brachiatus resembles H. zabkai Logunov, 2001, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (H. zabkai in parentheses): central blind pocket in epigyne long (central blind pocket in epigyne short) (Fig. 19C).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 10636). Total length 4.22; cephalothorax length 1.87, width 1.32; abdomen

30 length 2.36, width 2.29. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.78: 0.90: 1.56. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.05: 0.06: 1.23: 0.26. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.43: 0.19: 0.06: 0.22. Height of clypeus 0.12. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.36(0.45, 0.27, 0.23, 0.41); leg I 3.69( 1.10, 1.52, 0.65, 0.42); leg II 2.60(0.79, 0.98, 0.47,0.36); leg III 2.81(0.97, 0.99, 0.55, 0.30); leg IV 3.26(1.03, 1.16, 0.71, 0.36). Carapace reddish brown; margins covered with short white hairs; eyes with black margins; AER recurve. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 2 teeth (Fig. 19B). Endite yellowish brown; labium yellowish brown; margins dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with reddish brown margins. Abdomen oval; dorsum grayish brown; 2 pairs of muscular depressions, posterior with 3 V-shape patterns. Venter grayish brown; central area with grayish lines. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I brown and stronger than others; tibia and metatarsus I each with 3 pairs of strong ventral spines; legs II-IV yellowish brown with dark brown patches. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Epigynum dark brown, weakly sclerotized and with one hood of central area; Copulatory ducts long with numerous twists; fertilization duct thin and short (Figs. 19C, D). Male (NTNUB- Ar 10805). Total length 3.59; cephalothorax length 1.88, width 1.32; abdomen length 1.71, width 1.51. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.84: 0.99: 1.60. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.05: 0.03: 1.25: 0.27. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.48: 0.22: 0.07: 0.22. Height of clypeus . Measurements of pedipalp and legs:

31 pedipalp 1.44(0.57, 0.27, 0.17, 0.43); leg I 4.79(1.36, 1.97, 0.91, 0.55); leg II 2.79(0.79, 1.04, 0.58, 0.38); leg III 3.10(1.03, 1.05, 0.59, 0.43); leg IV 3.43(1.07, 1.20, 0.77, 0.39). Carapace reddish brown to blackish brown; margins covered with short white hairs; eyes with black margins; AER recurve. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 2 teeth (Fig. 20B). Endite yellowish brown; labium reddish brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown, margins reddish brown. Abdomen oval; dorsum dark brown, anterior covered with some white hairs; posterior with white hairs to form a horizontal line. Venter dark brown, with yellowish brown pigments arranged in two lines. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I dark brown and stronger than others; tibia and metatarsus I each with 3 pairs of strong ventral spines; legs II-IV yellowish brown with brown patches. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Male palp brown; embolus thick and long, coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb oval nearly round; tibial apophysis thick and slightly bended (Figs. 20D-F).

Variations. Measurements for five males followed by those of five females (in parentheses): total length 3.26-4.27 (3.21-4.22); cephalothorax length 1.92-2.12 (1.62-1.87), width 1.40-1.85 (1.45-1.71); abdomen length 1.66-2.15 (1.79-2.36), width 1.33-1.68 (1.61-2.29).

Distribution. China, India, Bhutan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam, Australia, Indonesia and Taiwan. (Prószyn'ski, 2012)

Remarks. The mature males of Harmochirus brachiatus were found from May to September in Taiwan. The species usually occurs in the litter of jungle, bamboo forest and in high grassy meadows (both natural and cultivated).

33 Genus Sibianor Logunov, 2001 西菱頭蛛屬

Type species: Sibianor aurocinctus (Ohlert, 1865)

Diagnosis. Sibianor can be distinguished from Bianor by the presence of fringes on leg I, with a tegular knob and without raised PLE. In addition, Sibianor can be distinguished from Harmochirus by the presence of a tegular knob, tibia I only slightly thickened and leg III or IV longest in female.

Distrubution. Africa, Asia, Europe and Nearctic.

Content. Totally 15 species of Sibianor are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and only 1 species is in Taiwan.

34 Sibianor pullus (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) 暗色西菱頭蛛

(Figs. 11A-F)

Bianor pullus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 354, pl. 14, f. 378; Wesolowska, 1981: 70, f. 81-82; Kawana & Matsumoto, 1986: 75, f. 2A-F. Harmochirus nigrum Kishida, 1910: 5. Bianor aenescens Yin & Wang, 1979: 28, f. 2A-E. Harmochirus niger: Brignoli, 1983: 639. Harmochirus pullus: Prószyn'ski, 1984a: 55-56; Yaginuma, 1986: 236, f. 131.4; Paik, 1987: 9, f. 17-30; Bohdanowicz & Prószyn'ski, 1987: 57, f. 38-41; Chikuni, 1989: 147, f. 4; Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992: 119, f. 6A-B, 7A-B; Ikeda, 1993: 138, f. 8-10, 13-14; Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 81, f. 242-253; Chang, Gao & Guan, 1995: 46, f. 4; Logunov, Ikeda & Ono, 1997: 7; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 513, f. 299E, L, 326D-E; Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 430, f. 285A-F; Namkung, 2002: 582, f. 43.26a-b; Cho & Kim, 2002: 97, f. 17-18, 116-117, 223-224; Lee, Yoo, Lee & Kim, 2004: 99, unnumbered f. Bianor aurocinctus Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 25, f. 27-28; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 506, f. 289F, I; Sibianor pullus: Logunov, 2001: 273, f. 322-328; Kim & Cho, 2002: 128, f. 235-240; Namkung, 2003: 586, f. 43.26a-b; Ono, Ikeda & Kono, 2009: 583, f. 252-255.

Specimens examined. ILAN Co.: TATUNG, Hanchi, alt. 50 m. 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 605),

35 13-V-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. Sibianor pullus resembles S. kochiensis Bohdanowicz & Prószyn'ski, 1987, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (S. kochiensis in parentheses): tibial apophysis thickened and slightly inclined (tibial apophysis strongly swollen and V-shaped) (Fig. 11F).

Description. Male (NTNUB- Ar 605). Total length 2.86; cephalothorax length 1.45, width 1.31; abdomen length 1.41, width 1.16. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.61: 0.73: 1.31. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.02: 0.06: 1.13: 0.31. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.36: 0.17: 0.05: 0.17. Height of clypeus 0.05. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.04(0.45, 0.12, 0.10, 0.37); leg I 3.54(1.29, 1.34, 0.53, 0.39); leg II 2.08(0.69, 0.73, 0.36, 0.30); leg III 2.32(0.85, 0.77, 0.40, 0.30); leg IV 2.39(0.80, 0.77, 0.49,0.33). Carapace blackish brown, covered with dense white hairs; eyes area black; AER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 11B). Endite blackish brown, longer than wide; labium blackish brown. Sternum shield, yellowish brown. Abdomen oval longer than wide; dorsum blackish brown, with 3 pairs of white spots. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I yellowish brown; others dark brown. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Embolus of the male thick and long, coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb nearly round, with a

36 bump at the posterior area; tibial apophysis strong and bended like a V-shape (Fig. 11D-F).

Distribution. Russia, China, Korea, Japan (platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Sibianor pullus is recorded from Taiwan for first time. Only one male was collected and illustrated. They can be found in the Araucaria forests and wet mosses in Taiwan (Logunov, 2001). Although Logunov (2001) proposed S. pullus was distributed in China, he (Logunov, 2001) actually examained two speciments (2♂) from Alishan and Wushe in Taiwan, respectively.

37 Subfamily Plexippinae Simon, 1901 擬蠅虎亞科

Type genus: Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846

Diagnosis. Plexippinae resembles Pelleninae, but can be distinguished from the latter by the cephalothorax oval; the epigynum without a guide for the tibial apophysis to move forward from the epigastric furrow (Griswold, 1987; Logunov, 2001; Maddison & Hedin, 2003).

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Content. Totally 13 genera and 409 species of Plexippinae are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 7 genera and 18 species are found in Taiwan.

38 Genus Burmattus Prószyn'ski, 1992a 緬蛛屬

Type species: Burmattus pococki (Thorell, 1895)

Diagnosis. Burmattus most resembles Plexippus in the general external appearance but can be distinguished from the latter by the saber like embolus, rim of cymbium expanded, articulating with tibial apophysis and the rim of cymbium with a bunch of bended setae (Prószyn'ski, 1992a).

Distribution. China, Japan, Myanmar and Vietnam.

Content. Totally 4 species of Burmattus are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and only 1 species is found in Taiwan.

39 Burmattus pococki (Thorell 1895) 波氏緬蛛

(Figs. 12A-D, 13A-E)

Plexippus pocockii Thorell, 1895: 368; Prószyn'ski, 1984a: 153; Zabka, 1985: 434, f. 473-480; Tanikawa, 1992: 13, f. 1-3. Burmattus pococki: Song & Chai, 1991: 22, f. 13A-D; Prószyn'ski, 1992a: 89; Xie, 1993: 358, f. 1-5; Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993: 32, f. 58-65; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 507, f. 289N, 290D-E, 324º; Ono, Ikeda & Kono, 2009: 568, f. 87-90; Prószyn'ski & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010: 156, f. 17-18;

Specimens examined. TAIPEI CITY: HSINYI, Hsiangshan, alt. 300 m, 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 8561-8562) 6-VI-1999, Kuan-Chou CHEN leg.; NEW TAIPEI CITY: SHIHTING, Hsiakotou, alt. 350 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 8630) 25-X-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Shihting, alt. 200 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 6827) 25-V-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINTIEN, Hsintien, alt. 50 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 13165), 25-I-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINTIEN, Yinghotung, alt. 100 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 31084), 9-XII-2005, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WULAI, Wulai, 200 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 8555) 13-V-1999, Kuan-Chou CHEN leg.; TAOYUAN Co.: YANGMEI, Sanhu, alt. 100 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 31029), 1-V-2005 and 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 8250), 15-XII-1998, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NANTOU Co.: TSAOTUN, Jioujioufeng, alt. 200 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 4909), 7-VIII-2000,

40 Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TSAOTUN, Peishihkeng, alt. 150 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 13435), 1-IV-1998, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; PULI, Shihtzutou, alt. 600 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 21973), 1-II-2004, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; CHIAYI Co.: TAPU, Tiaotiao farm, alt. 400 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 26593) 14-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAINAN CITY: PAIHO, Kuantzeling, alt. 350 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 11317), 3-IV-2002, Hon-Zen WEI leg.; HUALIEN Co.: SHOUFENG, Chihhsueh, alt. 50 m, (NTNUB-Ar 18781), 26-VIII-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; YULI, Antung, alt. 150m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 2455) 31-VII-2004, Wen-Juen HUANG leg.

Diagnosis. Burmattus poccoki most resembles B. pachytibialis Prószyn'ski et Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (B. pachytibialis in parentheses): broader tibial apophysis and embolus (thiner tibia apophysis and embolus) (Fig. 13C); median groove of epigynum narrower (median groove of epigynum wider) (Fig. 12C).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 8630). Total length 5.86; cephalothorax length 2.65, width 2.09; abdomen length 3.21, width 2.01. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.88: 1.21: 1.65. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.05: 0.14: 1.55: 0.27. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.57: 0.27: 0.08: 0.31. Height of clypeus 0.11. Measurements of pedipalp and legs:

41 pedipalp 2.14(0.77, 0.34, 0.39, 0.65); leg I 5.01(1.56, 1.97, 0.91,0.57); leg II 4.43(1.45, 1.73, 0.80,0.45); leg III 5.44(1.77, 1.91, 1.17, 0.59); leg IV 5.58(1.69, 1.96, 1.29, 0.64). Carapace yellowish brown; margins covered with white hairs; eyes area black; AER recurved. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig.12B). Endite yellowish brown; labium yellowish brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with brown margins. Abdomen long oval, longer than wide; dorsum dark brown; central area with a yellowish brown band; lateral area brown; posterior area with 2 pairs of yellowish brown spots; 4 V-shaped marks in the posterior area; the central area of venter yellowish brown and the middle region with a grayish brown band. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky spines; metatarsis I and II with 2 pairs of dusky spine; venter covered with white hairs. Order of leg length IV > III > I > II. Epigynum grayish brown, strongly sclerotized, with a vertical groove in central; Copulatory opening narrow; copulatory ducts twist twice and connect to spermatheca; fertilization duct short (Figs. 12C, D). Male (NTNUB- Ar 4909). Total length 4.96; cephalothorax length 2.47, width 2.17; abdomen length 2.49, width 1.63. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.99: 1.15: 1.61. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.06: 0.09: 1.51: 0.29. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.54: 0.29: 0.09: 0.26. Height of clypeus 0.11. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.95(0.81, 0.37, 0.28, 0.49); leg I 5.49(1.72, 2.15, 1.05, 0.57); leg II 4.70(1.51, 1.77, 0.89, 0.53); leg III 5.04(1.81, 1.51, 1.13, 0.59); leg IV 5.30(1.67, 1.89, 1.13, 0.61). Carapace dark brown, both sides margins

42 covered with uncennected white hairs; eyes area black; AER recurved. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 1 tooth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 13B). Endite dark brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with brown margins. Abdomen oval, longer than wide; dorsum dark brown; central area with a yellowish brown patch; posterior area with 2 pairs of yellowish brown spots; venter sides grayish; central area grayish brown bands. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs I and II brown expect tarsusi; femora III and IV anterior and posterior areas brown median area yellowish brown, venter cover with white hairs. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Male palp sclerotized; embolus sclerotized and slighty thick; bulb with a vertical groove in central area; the rim of cymbium with a bunch of bent setae; tibial apophysis long and slightly bending (Figs. 13C-E).

Variations. Measurements for five males followed by those of four females (in parentheses): total length 3.40-6.38 (5.46-6.46); cephalothorax length 1.65-3.05 (2.53-2.69), width 1.93-2.61 (2.01-2.29); abdomen length 1.75-3.33 (2.93-3.77), width 1.37-2.01 (2.01-2.43).

Distribution. Myanmar to China, Japan, Vietnam (platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Burmattus pococki is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. The

43 shape of palpal organ in Burmattus (Prószyński, 1992a) slightly resembles Arasia (Simon, 1901), but the shape of body and cheliceral dentition of Burmattus is more oval and only one promarginal tooth in male.

44 Genus Epeus Koch, 1835 艾普蛛屬

Type species: Epeus tener Simon, 1877

Diagnosis. Epeus can be distinguished from Telamonia by the presence retrobasal spur on cymbium, without teeth structure on tibial apophysis and copulatory duct coiled vertically.

Distribution. Oriental.

Content. Totally 15 species of Epeus are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 4 species are found in Taiwan.

Key to the species of genus Epeus from Taiwan 1. Male ...... 2 Female ...... 5 2. Cymbium narrow, with a serrate rim ...... 3 Cymbium broad, lack a serrate rim ...... 4 3. Patella I, tibia I and metatarsus I without long black hairs ......

...... E. taiwanus sp.nov. (臺灣艾普蛛)

Patella I, tibia I and metatarsus I densely covered with long black hairs

45 ...... E. glorius (榮艾普蛛)

4. Retrobasal spur of cymbium short; tibial apophysis forked ......

...... E. bicuspidatus (雙尖艾普蛛)

Retrobasal spur of cymbium long; tibial apophysis pointed ......

...... E. guangxi (廣西艾普蛛)

5. Copulatory openings upward ...... E. glorius (榮艾普蛛)

Copulatory openings opposite ...... 6 6. Copulatory duct higher than copulatory opening ......

...... E. taiwanus sp.nov. (臺灣艾普蛛)

Copulatory duct lower than copulatory opening ......

...... E. bicuspidatus (雙尖艾普蛛)

46 Epeus bicuspidatus (Song, Gu et Chen, 1988) 雙尖艾普蛛

(Figs. 14A-G)

Plexippodes bicuspidatus Song, Gu & Chen, 1988: 71, f. 6-8. Epeus bicuspidatus: Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 48, f. 121-124; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 508, f. 291N-O; Peng & Li, 2002a: 386, f. 1A-D.

Specimens examined. TAITUNG Co.: TAJEN, Tupan, alt. 840 m, 2 males and 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 14151-14154), 17-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. The males of Epeus bicuspidatus most resembles E. guangxi Peng et Li, 2002a, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (E. guangxi in parentheses): retrobasal spur of cymbium forked at tip (retrobasal spur of cymbium pointed) (Figs. 14C, D); abdomen without white patch (abdomen with two pairs of white patches); femora covered with densely hairs in venter (femora with only sparsely hairs and numerous dark brown patches).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 14153). Total length 7.89; cephalothorax length 3.21, width 2.54; abdomen length 4.68, width 1.83. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.43: 1.75: 1.98. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI =0.06: 0.14: 1.75:

47 0.48. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.89: 0.38: 0.13: 0.30. Height of clypeus 0.21; Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.19 (1.03, 0.57, 0.46,1.13) leg I 9.68 (2.85, 4.01, 1.93, 0.89); leg II 9.02 (2.81, 3.56, 1.72, 0.93); leg III 10.5 (3.35, 3.53, 2.65, 0.92); leg IV 9.59 (2.81, 3.33, 2.53, 0.92). Carapace yellowish, eyes with black margins except for AME; AER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth. Endite and labium brown, Sternum yellowish. Dorsum of abdomen yellowish brown with one brown line; venter yellowish with no particular patterns. Spinnerets yellowish. Legs yellowish; tibia I with 4 pairs of strong spines, tibia II with three pairs, metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs. Order of leg length III > I > IV > II. Epigynum yellowish brown; copulatory opening round. Copulatory duct with several spirals; spermatheca not distinctly swollen; Fertilization duct not visible (Figs. 14F, G). Male (NTNUB- Ar 14151). Total length 7.44; cephalothorax length 3.15, width 2.54; abdomen length 4.29, width 1.50. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW =1.24: 1.69: 1.87. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.11: 0.35: 1.68: 0.41. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE =0.76: 0.32: 0.09: 0.32. Height of clypeus 0.29. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.26 (0.99, 0.48, 0.32, 1.37); leg I 9.11 (2.73, 3.77, 1.78, 0.83); leg II 8.48 (2.61, 3.41, 1.65, 0.81); leg III 9.91 (3.09, 3.33, 2.52, 0.97); leg IV 8.87 (2.61, 3.01, 2.45, 0.80). Carapace dark brown; Eyes with black margins except for AME; AER recurved. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 14B). Abdomen longer than wide; dorsum yellowish brown with no

48 particular pattern. Legs yellowish; from basal to half of tibia covered white hair; tibia I with 4 pairs of strong spines, tibia II with three pairs. Order of leg length III > I > IV > II. Male palp dark brown; embolus thin and long, coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb oval with a tongue-like structure; retrobasal spur of cymbium forked; tibial apophysis short and pointed (Figs. 14C-D).

Variations. Measurements for two males followed by those of two females (in parentheses): total length 7.27-7.44 (7.16-7.89); cephalothorax length 2.96-3.15 (2.86-3.21), width 2.45-2.54 (2.51-2.54); abdomen length 4.29-4.31 (4.29-4.68), width 1.50-1.53 (1.78-1.83).

Distribution. China (platnick, 2013) and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Epeus bicuspidatus is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. The mature males were found in August in Taiwan. Dorsal patterns of abdomen are variable, either with black longitudinal line in center, or with no particular pattern. The holotype of E. bicuspidatus was colleted from Jianfengling in Hainan Province (Song et al., 1988). Peng et Li (2002a) further extended its distribution from Provinces Hunan, Guangxi and Hainan.

49 Epeus glorius Zabka, 1985 榮艾普蛛

(Figs. 15A-G)

Epeus glorius Zabka, 1985: 216, f. 121-124; Xie & Peng, 1993: 20, f. 5-8; Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 49, f. 125-128; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 508, f. 291P-Q; Peng & Li, 2002a: 387, f. 2A-E.

Specimens examined. NEW TAIPEI CITY: SHIHTING, Nanku, alt. 250 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 965), 20-IV-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 984), 20-IV-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WULAI, Chiachiuliao, alt. 200m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 51184), 29-VIII-2010, Tien-Yen YANG leg.; HSINTIEN, Chuchih, alt. 50 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 63295), 5-III-2011. Yu-Chi LIN leg.; NANTOU Co.: TSAOTUN, Jioujioufeng, alt 200m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 4915), 23-II-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; YUCHIH, Sun-moon Lake, alt. 700 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 46011), 20-VIII-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; CHIAYI Co.: FANLU, Chukou, alt. 250m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 9808) 10-V-1989, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 9809) 10-X-1989, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAITUNG Co.: TAJEN, Tupan, alt. 250m, 1female. (NTNUB-Ar14208), 17-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. Epeus glorius (Zabka, 1985) resembles E. taiwanus sp. nov. but can be

50 distinguished from the latter by the followings (E. taiwanus sp. nov. in parentheses): leg I coverd with densely long black hairs in venter (leg I without densely long black hairs in venter) (Fig. 15E); copulatory openings opposite and copulatory duct lower than copulatory openings (copulatory openings opposite and copulatory duct higher than copulatory openings) (Fig. 15F).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 9808). Total length 5.82; cephalothorax length 2.57, width 2.10; abdomen length 3.25, width 1.53. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.90: 1.28: 1.45. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI =0.04: 0.17: 1.32: 0.45. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.62: 0.13: 0.07: 0.13. Height of clypeus 0.17; Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.47(0.90, 0.37, 0.41, 0.79) leg I 6.10(1.81, 2.47, 1.17, 0.65); leg II 5.92(1.91, 2.39, 0.97, 0.65); leg III 6.97(2.29, 2.37, 1.54, 0.77); leg IV 6.34(1.93, 2.21, 1.49, 0.71). Carapace yellowish; eyes with black margins except for AME; AER recurved. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth. Sternum yellowish. Abdomen yellowish with 2 pairs of white spots. Spinnerets yellowish. Legs yellowish; tibia I with 4 pairs of strong spines, tibia II with seven. Order of leg length III > IV > I > II. Epigynum yellowish brown; Copulatory opening upwards; Copulatory duct long with numerous coils; Spermatheca not distinctly swollen; Fertilization duct not visible. (Figs. 15F, G). Male (NTNUB- Ar 9809). Total length 6.62; cephalothorax length 2.89, width 2.29; abdomen

51 length 3.73, width 1.59. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.05: 1.38: 1.60. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.06: 0.06: 1.46: 0.40. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE =0.66: 0.30: 0.07: 0.27. Height of clypeus 0.14. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.08(1.05, 0.49, 0.40, 1.14); leg I 9.00(2.65, 3.65, 1.89, 0.81); leg II 7.82(2.45, 3.08, 1.44, 0.85); leg III 8.38(2.67, 2.81, 2.01, 0.89); leg IV 7.39(2.24, 2.45, 2.01, 0.69). Carapace yellowish; Eyes with black margins except AME; AER recurved. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 15B). Sternum yellowish. Abdomen yellowish with 3 pairs of white spots. Spinnerets yellowish. Legs yellowish; tibia I with 4 pairs of strong spines, tibia II with seven. Order of leg length I > III > II > IV. Male palp yellowish brown and sclerotized; embolus thin and long, coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb oval with a tongue-like structure; retrobasal spur of cymbium with serrate rim; tibial apophysis long and forked (Figs. 15C-D).

Variations. Measurements for four males followed by those of five females (in parentheses): total length 5.15-7.26 (5.82-7.63); cephalothorax length 2.25-3.25 (2.57-3.52), width 1.91-2.69 (2.10-2.90); abdomen length 2.80-4.01 (3.25-4.38), width 1.29-1.59 (1.53-2.25).

Distribution. Asia, China, Vietnam, Malaysia (Platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

52 Remark. Epeus glorius is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. They can be found at elevations between 50 m and 700 m. The mature males of E.glorius were found from March to August in Taiwan.

53 Epeus guangxi Peng et Li, 2002a 廣西艾普蛛

(Figs. 16A-E)

Epeus guangxi Peng & Li, 2002a: 388, f. 3A-D.

Specimens examined. TAIPEI Co.: HAITUAN, WULAI, Wulai, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 44374) 23-V-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAITUAN Co.: HAITUAN, Tienlung Trail, alt. 700 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 64197), 26-VI-2010, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 63911), 22-IV-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 64080, 64081), 22-V-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; HAITUAN, Wulu, alt. 800 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 45653), 4-V-2009, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.

Diagnosis. The male of Epeus guangxi most resembles E. bicuspidatus Song, Gu et Chen, 1988, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (E. bicuspidatus in parentheses): retrolbasal spur of cymbium pointed (retrolbasal spur of cymbium forked at tip) (Figs. 10C, D). abdomen with two pairs of white patches (abdomen lacks white patch); femora without densely hairs, instead of numerous dark brown patches

(femora covered with densely hairs in venter).

Description.

54 Male (NTNUB- Ar 45653). Total length 7.22; cephalothorax length 3.08, width 2.51; abdomen length 4.14, width 1.74. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.15: 1.45: 1.78. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.06: 0.13: 1.59: 0.43. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE =0.69: 0.31: 0.08: 0.27. Height of clypeus 0.27. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.49 (0.91, 0.42, 0.47, 1.69); leg I 9.02 (2.65, 3.81, 1.72, 0.84); leg II 8.16 (2.61, 2.09, 1.65, 0.81); leg III 9.40 (2.93, 3.01, 2.41, 1.05); leg IV 8.96 (2.61, 3.01, 2.41, 0.93). Carapace dark brown, eyes with black margins except AME; AER recurved. Chelicerae dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 16B). Sternum yellowish. Dorsum of abdomen yellowish brown with 2-3 pairs of white spots. Spinnerets yellowish. Legs yellowish brown; femora with dark brown patches (Fig. 16F); leg I of tibia and metatarsus covered with densely black hairs; tibia I with 4 pairs of strong spines, tibia II with three pairs. Order of leg length III > I > IV > II. Male palp dark brown; embolus thin and long, coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb oval, with a tongue-like structure; retrobasal spur of cymbium cross with tibial apophysis; tibial apophysis pointed (Figs. 16C-E).

Variations Measurements for five males: total length 7.03-7.55; cephalothorax length 2.86-3.08, width 2.41-2.59; abdomen length 3.34-4.57, width 1.57-1.97.

Distribution.

55 China (platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Epeus guangxi is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. They can be found at elevations between 300 m and 800 m. The mature males of E.guangxi were found from April to June in Taiwan. The holotype was collected from Jinxiu-Yaozu County in Guangxi Province (Peng & Li, 2002a).

56 Epeus taiwanus Chen et Chen, sp .nov. 臺灣艾普蛛

(Figs. 17A-G)

Type series. Holotype: 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 64073), Tienlung Trail, Haituan, Taitung Co., alt. 700 m, 22-V-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg. Paratypes: 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 45686-45689), Wulu, Haituan, Taitung Co., alt. 800 m, 16-V-2009, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 45636), same locality, 9-V-2009, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.

Other specimens examined. TAIPEI CITY: HSINYI, Hsiangshan, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 8558), 6-VI-1999, Kuan-Chou CHEN leg.; NEW TAIPEI CITY: SHIHTING, Mt. Huangtitien, alt. 250 m, 1male (NTNUB-Ar9210), 17-IV-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINTIEN, Yinghotung, alt. 100 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 13573), 1-V-1982, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. E. taiwanus sp. nov. resembles E. glorius (Zabka, 1985) but can be distinguished from the latter by the following point (E. glorius in parentheses): leg I without densely long black hairs in venter (leg I coverd with densely long black hairs in venter) (Fig. 17E); copulatory openings opposite and copulatory duct higher than copulatory opening (copulatory openings opposite and copulatory duct lower than copulatory

57 opening). (Fig. 17D).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 45686). Total length 7.64; cephalothorax length 3.19, width 2.53; abdomen length 4.45, width 2.13. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.09: 1.49: 1.77. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.04: 0.12: 1.59: 0.41. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.72: 0.28: 0.08: 0.32. Height of clypeus 0.21; Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.76(0.97, 0.49, 0.41,0.89) leg I 7.48 (2.25, 3.17, 1.37, 0.69); leg II 7.35(2.37, 2.88, 1.37, 0.73); leg III 8.32(2.65, 2.77, 1.97, 0.93); leg IV 7.90(2.43, 2.77, 1.93, 0.77). Carapace yellowish, Eyes with black margins except for AME; AER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth. Endites and labium brown, Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish. Dorsum of abdomen yellowish brown with 2 pairs of white patches; venter yellowish with no particular patterns. Spinnerets yellowish. Legs yellowish; tibia I with 4 pairs of strong spines, tibia II with three pairs, metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs. Order of leg length III > IV > I > II. Epigynum yellowish brown; copulatory opening globular. Copulatory duct with several vertical spirals; Spermatheca not distinctly swollen; fertilization duct invisible (Fig. 17F, G). Male (NTNUB- Ar 64073). Total length 6.10; cephalothorax length 2.65, width 2.20; abdomen length 3.45, width 1.52. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.96: 1.31: 1.45. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.05: 0.12: 1.31:

58 0.39. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.63: 0.29: 0.07: 0.25. Height of clypeus 0.17. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.04(1.01, 0.53, 0.41, 1.09); leg I 7.95 (2.25, 3.25, 1.65, 0.80); leg II 6.95 (2.17, 2.74, 1.25, 0.79); leg III 7.56 (2.29, 2.49, 1.93, 0.85); leg IV 6.44 (2.05, 2.25, 1.29, 0.85). Carapace oval, yellowish brown. Eyes with black margins except for AME; AER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 17B). Endites and labium brown, Sternum yellowish. Dorsum of abdomen yellowish brown with 3 pairs of white spots; venter yellowish with no particular patterns. Spinnerets yellowish. Legs yellowish; tibia I with 4 pairs of strong spines, tibia II with three pairs, metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs. Order of leg length I > III > IV > II. Male palp yellowish brown and sclerotized; embolus thin and long, coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb oval, with a tongue-like structure; retrobasal spur of cymbium with serrate rim; tibial apophysis long and flat on posterior area (Figs. 17C-E).

Variations. Measurements for five males followed by those of four females (in parentheses): total length 6.05-7.74 (6.14-7.82); cephalothorax length 2.73-3.37 (2.49-3.19), width 2.22-2.81 (2.24-2.57); abdomen length 3.23-4.38 (3.65-4.65), width 1.38-1.91 (1.97-2.21).

Distribution. Taiwan.

59 Etymology. The specific name is derived from Taiwan, where the new species was discovered.

Remarks. Epeus taiwanus sp. nov. can be found at elevations between 100 m and 800 m. The mature males of E. taiwanus sp. nov. were found from April to June in Taiwan.

60 Genus Evacha Simon, 1902 獵蛛屬

Type species: Evarcha falcata (Clerck, 1757)

Diagnosis. Median-sized salticids; carapace oval, longer than wide, and flat on top; margins steep. Eye area surrounding black. Abdomen oval. Legs strong and with numerous spines; leg I slightly stronger than the others. Male palp with varying forms; embolus from short to encircling bulbus; tibial apophysis either one or composed of 2-3 very strong subordinate processes, and some speices forked at the distal end. Female epigynum sclerotized, with a pair of lateral pockets; copulatory opening with a pair of spiral depression.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Content. Totally 90 species of Evarcha are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 4 species are found in Taiwan.

Key to the species of genus Evarcha from Taiwan 1. Male ...... 2 Female ...... 4 2. Without a membranous outgrowth between embolus and bulb ......

...... E. fasciata (帶獵蛛)

61 With a membranous outgrowth between embolus and bulb ...... 3

3. Embolus originated at 11 o’clock position ...... E. hirticeps (毛首獵蛛)

Embolus originated at 9 o’clock position ......

...... E. formosana sp. nov. (臺灣獵蛛)

4. Copulatory duct short, without numerous coils ......

...... E. formosana sp. nov. (臺灣獵蛛)

Copulatory duct long, with numerous coils ...... 5 5. Copulatory duct shown a spring-shaped coils ......

...... E. flavocincta (黃帶獵蛛)

Copulatory duct with numerous coils but not in a spring-shaped ......

...... E. hirticeps (毛首獵蛛)

62 Evarcha fasciata Seo, 1992a 帶獵蛛

(Figs. 18A-E)

Evarcha fasciata: Seo, 1992a: 160, f. 1-5; Peng, Xie & Kim, 1993: 9, f. 9-11; Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 69, f. 196-198; Ikeda & Saito, 1997: 125, f. 1-5, 9-11; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 510, f. 294I-J; Namkung, 2002: 561, f. 43.5a-b; Cho & Kim, 2002: 95, f. 14, 112-113; Kim & Cho, 2002: 96, f. 103-108; Namkung, 2003: 565, f. 43.5a-b; Ono, Ikeda & Kono, 2009: 576, f. 190-195.

Specimens examined. ILAN Co.: TATUNG, Hanchi, alt. 50 m. 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 601), 13-V-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NANTOU Co.: LENAI, Yunhai, alt. 2350 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 65154) 11-VII-2011, Tien-Yen YANG leg.; TAITUNG Co.: HAITUAN, Tienlung Trail, alt. 700 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 63979), 7-V-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.

Diagnosis. The male of Evarcha fasciata most resembles E.albaria Koch, 1878 but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (E. albaria in parentheses): median and dorsal projections of tibial apophysis forming a L-shaped figure from proximal view (median and dorsal projections of tibial apophysis shown a V-shaped figure from proximal view); AER of male without white hairs (AER of male covered white hairs); Prosoma index［width / length x 100］of male 78-85 (Prosoma

63 index 73-75 of male); AMLI < PMLI (AMLI ≥ PMLI); leg I longer than leg IV (leg IV longer than leg I).

Description. Male (NTNUB- Ar 601). Total length 5.51; cephalothorax length 2.53, width 2.03; abdomen length 2.98, width 1.66. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.89: 1.14: 1.54. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.07: 0.12: 1.46: 0.30. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.55: 0.29: 0.05: 0.27. Height of clypeus 0.13. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.95(0.73, 0.29, 0.25, 0.69); leg I 4.98(1.54, 2.05, 0.81, 0.58); leg II 4.23(1.28, 1.70, 0.70, 0.53); leg III 5.23(1.85, 1.79, 1.01, 0.58); leg IV 4.91(1.57, 1.69, 1.06, 0.59). Carapace dark brown, median area yellowish brown; the lateral region below the cervical groove with long white hairs; eyes area blackish brown; AER recurve. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 18B). Endite blackish brown; labium blackish brown. Sternum oval, margins blackish brown, central area dark brown. Abdomen long oval, longer than wide; dorsum grayish brown; anterior and lateral area cover with white hairs; central area covered with a band of white hairs; posterior area with 4 V-shaped markings; venter grayish brown. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs dark brown. Order of leg length III > I > IV > II. Male palp dark brown; embolus originating at 11 o’clock position of bulb; conductor and embolus display V-shaped; bulb swollen, with a posterior lobe; tibial apophysis three, third apophysis with 4 minute teeth (Figs. 18C-D).

Variations. Measurements for two males: total length 5.42- 6.26; cephalothorax length 2.53-3.09, width 2.02-2.25; abdomen length 2.77-3.17, width 1.66-1.99.

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Evarcha fasciata is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. Seo (1992a) pointed out that the carapace index (prosoma wide/length) is important for the identification of males. However, Ikeda & Saito (1997) considered this index is not adequate for females, because it varies from 77 to 80 in the Japanese population, which is overlapping with Evarcha albaria.

65 Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846) 黃帶獵蛛

(Figs. 19A-D)

Maevia flavocincta C. L. Koch, 1846: 74, f. 1330. Hasarius simonis Thorell, 1892: 477. Evarcha heteropogon Simon, 1903b: 733; Prószyn'ski, 1984a: 50. Hyllus fischeri Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 358, pl. 14, f. 383; Prószyn'ski, 1984a: 50. Evarcha simoni: Prószyn'ski, 1984a: 50. Evarcha flavocincta: Zabka, 1985: 224, f. 187-196; Peng, 1989: 159, f. 7A-C; Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 70, f. 199-202; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 510, f. 294F, 325M; Ono, Ikeda & Kono, 2009: 576, f. 183-185; Prószyn'ski & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010: 165, f. 71-72.

Specimens examined. NEW TAIPEI CITY: WULAI, Hsinhsien, alt. 200 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 31187), 13-VIII-2005, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Huangtitien, alt. 250 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 7117), 15-III-1997, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. The female of Evarcha flavocincta most resembles E. kochi Simon, 1902, but can be distinguished from the latter in females by the following features (E. kochi in parentheses): copulatory ducts long and twisted into several coils (copulatory ducts short and nearly straight ); spermatheca

66 tubular (spermatheca globular) (Fig. 19D).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 31187). Total length 8.34; cephalothorax length 3.73, width 2.93; abdomen length 4.61, width 2.57. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.21: 1.47: 2.05. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.44: 0.17: 1.93: 0.45. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.73: 0.41: 0.09: 0.29. Height of clypeus 0.17. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.79(1.05, 0.37, 0.49, 0.88); leg I 6.77(2.13, 2.94, 1.05,0.64); leg II 6.14( 2.09, 2.53, 0.98, 0.54); leg III 7.45(2.57, 2.82, 1.21, 0.86); leg IV 7.36(2.45, 2.61, 1.57, 0.73). Carapace yellowish brown, covered with few white hairs; eye area dark brown; AER recurve. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 19B). Endite yellowish brown; labium yellowish brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with brown margins. Abdomen long oval, longer than wide; dorsum blacksih brown; 2 pairs of muscular depressions; posterior area with 5 V-shaped markings; venter light yellow, central with a blackish brown bands. Order of leg length III > IV > I > II. Epigynum dark brown, strongly sclerotized; copulatory openings with spiral depression; copulatory ducts long with numerous coils; fertilization duct thin and short (Figs. 19C, D).

Distribution. China, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam (Prószyn'ski, 2012), and Taiwan (new record).

Variations. Measurements for two females: total length 7.53-8.34; cephalothorax length 3.33-3.73, width 2.77-2.93; abdomen length 4.20-4.61, width 2.25-2.57.

Remarks. Evarcha flavocincta is newly recorded from Taiwan. The species usually occurred in grassy medows and found at low elevations between 200 m and 250 m in Taiwan.

68 Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp .nov. 臺灣獵蛛

(Figs. 20A-D, 21A-E)

Type series. Holotype: male (NTNUB-Ar 8549), Mt. Erhko, Shihting, New Taipei City, alt. 300 m, 23-V-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. Paratypes: 1 male and, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 8564-8565), Hsiangshan, Hsinyi, Taipei City, alt. 300m, 6-VI-1999, Kuan-Chou CHEN leg.; 1female (NTNUB-Ar 14027), Mt. Erhko, Shihting, New Taipei City, alt. 300 m, 23-V-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 31752), Nanku, Shihting, New Taipei City, alt. 250 m, 18-V-2007, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 974), Nanku, Shihting, New Taipei City, alt. 250 m, 20-IV-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Other specimens examined. KEELUNG CITY: NUANNUAN, Hsishih Dam, alt. 100 m, 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 14649-14652), 11-VII-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NEW TAIPEI CITY: WULAI, Wulai, alt. 200 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 13534), 1-VI-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; KUNGLIAO, 2Km N Dali, alt. 350 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 8541), 2-V-1999, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINCHU Co.: PEIPU, Wuchihshan, alt. 850 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 12815), 21-IX-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; ILAN Co.: TUNGSHAN, Meihuahu, 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 12900-12902), 17-IV-1988, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAITUNG Co.: TAJEN, Hsinhsing, alt. 500m, 1female (NTNUB-Ar 14504), 18-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAIMALI, 1Km SE Chinhuang,

69 alt. 140 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 12257), 25-IV-1993, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis.

The male of Evarcha formosana sp. nov. resembles E. hirticeps Song et Chai, 1992 and E. hunanensis Peng, Kim et Xie, 1993, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (E. hirticeps and E. hunanensis in parentheses): embolus originate at 9 o’clock position (embolus originate at 11 o’clock position); membranous outgrowth of embolus much wider (membranous outgrowth of embolus narrower) (Fig. 21C). In addition, the female of E. formosana sp. nov. can be distinguished from E. hirticeps Song et Chai, 1992 by the following features (E. hirticeps in parentheses): copulatory ducts shorter and twist upwards (copulatory ducts with regular numerous twist) (Figs. 20C, D)

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 8564). Total length 6.97; cephalothorax length 3.28, width 2.47; abdomen length 3.69, width 2.31. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.02: 1.37: 1.97. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.07: 0.17: 1.83: 0.33. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.65: 0.36: 0.09: 0.29. Height of clypeus 0.12. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.20(0.85, 0.49, 0.33, 0.53); leg I 5.84(1.85, 2.45, 0.89, 0.65); leg II 5.32(1.81, 2.13, 0.85, 0.53); leg III 6.72(2.33, 2.39, 1.33, 0.67); leg IV 6.25(2.09, 2.27, 1.28, 0.61). Carapace dark brown, longer than wide; median area yellowish brown, sparsely covered with white hairs; AER

70 recurved. Chelicerae blackish brown; fang blackish brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 20B). Endite blackish brown; labium blackish brown. Sternum oval, yellowish brown, with dark brown margins. Abdomen long oval, longer than wide; dorsum yellowish brown sparsely covered with long black hairs; central area with three blackish brown longitudinal lines; 2 pairs of muscular depressions; venter yellowish brow; grayish brown on both sides, with a grayish brown longitudinal line in central. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky spines, and cover with densely long black hairs; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs of dusky spines. Order of leg length III > IV > I > II. Epigynum dark brown, strongly sclerotized; copulatory opening with two spiral depression; copulatory ducts short; spermatheca long oval; fertilization duct thin and short (Figs. 20C, D). Male (NTNUB- Ar 8549). Total length 5.70; cephalothorax length 2.89, width 2.29; abdomen length 2.81, width 1.85. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.04: 1.29: 1.79. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.07: 0.09: 1.65:0.30. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.61: 0.29: 0.08: 0.27. Height of clypeus 0.12. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.20(0.89, 0.31, 0.21, 0.79); leg I 6.19(1.89, 2.60, 1.13, 0.57); leg II 5.30(1.71, 2.19, 0.85, 0.55); leg III 6.08(2.13, 2.01, 1.25, 0.69); leg IV 5.98(1.93, 2.10, 1.30, 0.65). Carapace blackish brown, longer than wide; median area densely covered with white hairs; AER recurved. Chelicerae blackish brown; fang blackish brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 21B). Endite blackish brown;

71 labium blackish brown. Sternum oval, dark brown. Abdomen long oval, longer than wide; dorsum grayish brown sparsely covered with long black hairs; yellowish brown on both sides; 2 pairs of muscular depressions; venter blackish brown with four yellowish brown lines. Spinnerets blackish brown. Legs blackish brown; ventral side of patella I and tibia I ventral covered with brush-like black hairs. Order of leg length I > III > IV> II. Male palp dark brown; two embolus, originating at 9 o’clock position of bulb and covered with membranous outgrowth; bulb swollen, posterior area with a tongue-like structure; tibial apophysis forked (Figs. 21C-E).

Variations. Measurements for five males followed by those of five females (in parentheses): total length 5.10-6.30 (6.22-7.10); cephalothorax length 2.69-3.05 (2.97-3.28), width 1.98-2.57 (2.17-2.47); abdomen length 2.41-3.33 (3.25-4.10), width 1.59-2.01 (2.10-2.54).

Distribution. Taiwan.

Etymology. The specific name is derived from the ancient name of Taiwan Island, Formosa, where the new species was discovered.

Remarks. Evarcha formosana sp. nov. can be found at elevations between 100 m

72 and 800 m. The mature males of Evarcha formosana sp. nov. were found from April to September in Taiwan.

73 Evarcha hirticeps (Song et Chai, 1992) 毛首獵蛛

(Figs. 22A-D, 23A-E)

Pharacocerus hirticeps Song & Chai, 1992: 80, f. 7A-C; Song & Li, 1997: 436, f. 46A-C; Evarcha hirticeps: Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 510, f. 294K-L.

Specimens examined. NANTOU Co.: TSAOTUN, Kanshi, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 30033), 21-VI-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TSAOTUN, Tienweikeng, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 4912), 2-X-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; LENAI, Huisun Forest Farm, alt. 700 m, 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 44498-44499), 5-IV-2010, Lo-Hsuan CHUNG leg.; PINTUNG Co.: MANCHOU, Nanjenshan, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 44837), 14-IX-1984, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. Evarcha hirticeps most resembles E. hunanensis Peng, Kim et Xie, 1993 but can be distinguished from the latter by the following feature (E. hunanensis in parentheses): bulb narrower (bulb broader). In addition, E. hirticeps resembles E. formosana sp. nov. but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (E. formosana sp. nov. in parentheses): embolus originated at 11 o’clock position (embolus originated at 9 o’clock position); membranous outgrowth of embolus narrower (membranous outgrowth of embolus wider); copulatory duct long and

74 with numerous coils (copulatory duct short).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 4912). Total length 8.34; cephalothorax length 3.25, width 2.46; abdomen length 5.09, width 3.09. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.19: 1.49: 1.99. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.08: 0.18: 1.82: 0.35. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.70: 0.31: 0.08: 0.29. Height of clypeus 0.09. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.48(0.93, 0.41, 0.41, 0.73); leg I 5.78(1.85, 2.37, 0.95, 0.61); leg II 5.35(1.73, 2.14, 0.85, 0.63); leg III 6.41(2.21, 2.26, 1.21, 0.73); leg IV 6.60(2.13, 2.33, 1.41, 0.73). Carapace dark brown, longer than wide; median area yellowish brown covered with sparsely white hairs; eyes area blackish brown; AER recurve. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 22B). Endite yellowish brown; labium yellowish brown to dark brown. Sternum oval, yellowish brown. Abdomen long oval, longer than wide; dorsum grayish brown, with a blackish brown median line; posterior with 2 pairs of inclined blackish brown patches; 2 pairs of muscular depressions; venter light brown; lateral with yellowish brown patches; central with a yellowish brown longitudinal lines. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs yellowish brown to dark brown; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs of dusky spine; venter covered with white hairs. Order of leg length IV > III > I > II. Epigynum dark brown, strongly sclerotized; copulatory openings with two spiral depression; copulatory ducts with several coils; fertilization duct thin and short (Fig.

75 22C, D). Male (NTNUB- Ar 30033). Total length 6.50; cephalothorax length 3.17, width 2.34; abdomen length 3.33, width 1.88. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.10: 1.39: 1.85. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.06: 0.14: 1.71: 0.35. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.66: 0.31: 0.07: 0.30. Height of clypeus 013. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.52(1.09, 0.37, 0.29, 0.77); leg I 6.64(1.97, 2.73, 1.17, 0.77); leg II 5.69(1.82, 2.27, 0.91, 0.69); leg III 6.44(2.13, 2.25, 1.29, 077); leg IV 6.24(2.09, 2.29, 1.37, 0.77). Carapace dark brown, longer than wide; median area yellowish brown, and covered with dense white hairs; eyes area blackish brown; AER recurved. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 23B). Endite yellowish brown; labium yellowish brown. Sternum oval, yellowish brown. Abdomen long oval, longer than wide; dorsum brownish gray; central area with some blackish brown patches; posterior area with 4 yellowish brown V-shaped patterns; venter light brown with two grayish brown bands. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs yellowish brown to dark brown; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky spines, and covered with densely long black hairs; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs of dusky spine; venter covered with white hairs. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Male palp dark brown; embolus covered with membranous outgrowth; conductor originated at 12 o’clock position; bulb swollen, with a long posterior lobe; tibial apophysis terminal forked (Figs. 23C-E).

Variations.

76 Measurements for three males followed by those of two females (in parentheses): total length 5.90-6.84 (7.07-8.34); cephalothorax length 2.69-3.17 (3.25-2.81), width 2.21-2.41 (2.29-2.45); abdomen length 3.21-3.67 (4.26-5.09), width 1.77-2.18 (2.69-3.09).

Distribution. China (Platnick, 2013) and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Evarcha hirticeps is newly recorded from Taiwan. It can be found at elevations between 300 m and 700 m. The mature males of E. hirticeps were found from April to June in Taiwan.

77 Genus Pancorius Simon, 1902 盤蛛屬

Type species: Pancorius dentichelis (Simon, 1899)

Diagnosis. Pancorius can be distinguished from Evarcha by the having longest leg I in the female, epigyne with two hoods and weakly sclerotized. In addition, Pancorius can be distinguished from Hullus in male by the simple palpal organ without a retrobasal spur and a second apophysis at base of tibia; and in female by the epigyne with two hoods, and internal structures of vulva with 2-3 chambers.

Distribution. Oriental and Palearctic.

Content. Totally 30 species of Pancorius are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 3 species are found in Taiwan.

Key to the species of genus Pancorius from Taiwan

1. Male ...... 2 Female ...... 3

2. Bulb swollen ...... P. crassipes (粗腳獵蛛)

Bulb flat ...... P. magnus (大盤蛛)

3. Spermathecae with one chamber, bean-shaped ......

78 ...... P. crassipes (粗腳獵蛛)

Spermathecae with two chambers...... 4

4. Lower chamber slightly larger than upper one...... P. magnus (大盤蛛)

Lower chamber much larger than upper one, bean-shaped ......

...... P. taiwanensis (台灣盤蛛)

79 Pancorius crassipes (Karsh, 1881b) 粗腳盤蛛

(Figs. 24A-G)

Plexippus crassipes Karsch, 1881b: 38; Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 363, pl. 9, f. 139, pl. 13, f. 366; Saito, 1959: 159, f. 223a-c; Lee, 1964: 74, f. 27l-m; Hu, 1984: 384, f. 399.1-2. Evarcha crassipes: Prószyn'ski & Starega, 1971: 272; Prószyn'ski, 1973: 107, f. 25-32; Matsumoto, 1977: 6, f. 4-9; Zabka, 1985: 223, f. 176-179; Yaginuma, 1986: 225, f. 125.2; Bohdanowicz & Prószyn'ski, 1987: 55, f. 35-37; Chikuni, 1989: 154, f. 34; Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 502, f. 1344; Seo, 1992b: 180, f. 1-2; Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 65, f. 179-183; Song & Li, 1997: 432, f. 40A-C; Zabka, 1997: 50, f. 107-112; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 510, f. 293N; Namkung, 2002: 563, f. 43.7a-c; Cho & Kim, 2002: 95, f. 12-13, 109-111, 219-220. Pancorius crassipes: Logunov & Marusik, 2001: 150; Namkung, 2003: 567, f. 43.7a-c; Ono, Ikeda & Kono, 2009: 568, f. 84-86.

Specimens examined. TAIPEI CITY: WENSHAN, Hsienchihyien, alt. 100 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 36846), 30-X-1998, Kuan-Chou CHEN leg.; TAITUNG Co.: HAITUAN, Tienlung Trail, alt. 700 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 64196), 26-VI-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 64078- 64079), 22-V-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 48154), 31-VII-2009, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; HAITUAN, Wulu, alt.

80 2250 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 45680), 16-V-2009, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.

Diagnosis. The males of Pancorius crassipes most resembles P. tagorei Prószyński, 1992b, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (P. tagorei in parentheses): embolus shorter, tibia apophysis straight (embolus longer, tibia apophysis slightly bended) (Figs. 24C, D); epigyne with two hoods (epigyne with only one hood) (Fig. 24G).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 45680). Total length 8.58; cephalothorax length 4.25, width 3.50; abdomen length 4.33, width 2.54. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.49: 1.82: 2.61. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.09: 0.23: 2.49: 0.53. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.864: 0.53: 0.13: 0.41. Height of clypeus 0.19. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.73(1.21, 0.89, 0.69, 0.94); leg I 7.47(2.29, 3.19, 1.17, 0.82); leg II 7.09(2.29, 3.02, 1.09, 0.69); leg III 8.62(2.85, 3.11, 1.61, 1.05); leg IV 8.73(2.73, 3.17, 1.85, 0.98). Carapace brown, margins and post-thoracic groove covered with white hairs; eyes with black margins; AER recurve. Chelicerae strong, dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth. Endite dark brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with brown margins. Abdomen cylindrical; dorsum dark brown, with a median

81 yellowish brown longitudinal stripe; 2 pairs of muscular depressions; venter yellowish brown, with a dark brown longitudinal band in center. Spinnerets dark brown. Legs dark brown; femora I-IV covered with white hairs on ventral side; tibiae I and II with 3 pair of ventral dusky spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs of dusky spines. Order of leg length IV > III > I > II. Epigynum yellowish brown, sclerotized bearing two hoods; copulatory duct coiled twice; fertilization duct thin and short (Figs. 24F, G). Male (NTNUB- Ar 36846). Total length 9.30; cephalothorax length 3.93, width 3.43; abdomen length 5.37, width 2.73. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.35: 1.73: 2.53. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.07: 0.21: 2.38: 0.48. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.77: 0.39: 0.11: 0.37. Height of clypeus 0.17. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.46(1.41, 0.53, 0.61, 1.01); leg I 9.23(2.61, 3.97, 1.73, 0.92); leg II 7.61(2.41, 2.97, 1.34, 0.89); leg III 8.24(2.73, 2.89, 1.65, 0.97); leg IV 8.40(2.65, 2.89, 1.93, 0.93). Carapace dark brown, margins and post-thoracic groove covered with white hairs; eyes with black margins; AER recurve. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 24B). Endite dark brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with brown margins. Abdomen cylindrical; dorsum dark brown, with a median yellowish brown longitudinal stripe; 2 pairs of muscular depressions; venter yellowish brown, with a wide dark brown longitudinal band in center. Spinnerets dark brown. Legs dark brown; femora I-IV covered with white hairs in ventral side; tibiae I and II with 3 pair of ventral dusky

82 spines; ventral of patella I and tibia I covered with densely long black hairs; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs of ventral dusky spines. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Male palp yellowish brown; embolus short and originating at 11 o’clock position of bulb; bulb oval and flat; length of tibial apophysis half times that of bulb (Figs. 24C-E).

Variations. Measurements for five males followed by those of two females (in parentheses): total length 7.94-9.30 (8.58-10.99); cephalothorax length 3.93-4.57 (4.25-4.29), width 3.27-3.65 (3.47-3.50); abdomen length 3.37-5.37 (4.33-6.70), width 2.48-2.85 (2.54-4.01).

Distribution. Palearctic (Platnick, 2013).

Remarks. Pancorius crassipes had been considered a member of Evarcha for a long time. Zabka (1997) suggested that it might be better assign this species to Pancorius. Logunov & Marusik (2001) re-examined the type series of Plexippus crassipes (Zoological Museum in Berlin), and found this species has the main diagnostic characters of Pancorius by following features: (1) large elongated body; (2) body and legs densely haired; (3) spinnerets rather long, expecially posterior ones; (4) hair pencil, i.e. a compact protruded bunch of long hairs, present beneath PME; (5) paired epigynal hood; (6) embolus with a keel-shaped outgrowth. Therefore, Logunov & Marusik (2001) transfered this species to Pancorius.

83 Pancorius magnus Zabka, 1985 大盤蛛

(Figs. 25A-G)

Pancorius magnus Zabka, 1985: 422, f. 387-400; Prószyn'ski, 1992b: 191, f. 109-112; Peng & Li, 2002b: 340, f. 9-15; Jastrzebski, 2011: 186, f. 9, 20.

Specimens examined. NEW TAIPEI CITY: SHIHTING, Shihting, alt. 200 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 13949), 4-VIII-1993, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 13300-13302), 15-IV-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Nanku, alt. 300m, 2 males and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 31761-31763), 18-V-2007, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 3 males and 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 769-773), 2-IV-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Mt. Erhko, alt. 300 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 11627), 25-VI-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 829), 3-IV-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 14535-14536), 30-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Nantzekeng, alt. 230m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 10015), 17-IV-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINTIEN, Yinghotung, alt. 350 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 22904), 12-VI-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 13969), 29-V-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINTIEN, Szukanshui, alt. 100 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 65325), 30-IV-2011, Che-Chang YANG leg.; PINGCHI, Pingchi, alt. 300m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 19128), 17-IX-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; PINGLIN,

84 Pihuchiao, alt. 350m, 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 7260-7261), 13-VIII-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAOYUAN Co.: FUHSING: Hsinghsing, alt.

750m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 7463), 2-IV-1997, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.;

FUHSING, Paling, alt. 1500m, 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 9550-9552), 23-IV-1994, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINCHU Co.: PEIPU,

Wutzushan, alt. 850m, 4 males and 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 7812-7818), 3-IV-1997, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WUFENG, Shihlu trail, alt. 1500 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 14614), 23-XI-2002, Hon-Zen WEI leg.; NANTOU Co.: TSAOTUN, Kanshi, alt. 300 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 4916), 21-VI-2001, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TSAOTUN, Jioujioufeng, alt 200m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 4908), 23-IX-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; LENAI, Huisun Forest Farm, alt. 750m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 13410), 29-VIII-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; CHIAYI Co.: TAPU, Mt. Sanchiaonan, alt. 400 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 35035), 8-II-2006, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAPU, 2.5K SE Tamaopu, alt. 450 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 16442), 3-IV-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAINAN CITY: TANEI, Choumalai, alt. 50 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 10995), 29-VIII-2001, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; ILAN Co.: TATUNG, Chilan, alt. 500m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 7381), 31-III-1997, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; ILAN: TATUNG, Hsiatungshan, alt. 1600 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 12416), 4-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HUALIEN Co.: SHOUFENG, Liyutan, alt. 150 m. 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 24931), 1-III-2003, Hon-Zen WEI leg.; HSIULIN, Tungmen, alt. 200m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 26692),

2-III-2003, Hon-Zen WEI leg.

Diagnosis.

85 Pancorius magnus most resembles P. magniformis Zabka, 1990, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (P. magniformis in parentheses): tibial apophysis nearly straight (tibial apophysis slightly bended); tegulum nearly round (tegulum long oval, sides slightly depressed); embolus without a membranous outgrowth (embolus with a small membranous outgrowth) (Fig. 25C); epigynum having two hoods (epigynum without hood) (Fig. 25F).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 4908). Total length 6.56; cephalothorax length 3.19, width 2.61; abdomen length 3.37, width 2.26. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.21: 1.57: 2.11. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.07: 0.15: 1.96: 0.34. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.73: 0.41: 0.13: 0.41. Height of clypeus 0.17. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.85(1.05, 0.50, 0.49, 0.81); leg I 6.04(1.89, 2.53, 0.93, 0.69); leg II 5.40(1.73, 2.21, 0.93, 0.53); leg III 7.05(2.49, 2.45, 1.37, 0.74); leg IV 6.73(2.21, 2.30, 1.49, 0.73). Carapace dark brown, post-thoratic groove covered a band of white hairs; eyes area black; AER recurved. Chelicerae dark brown, longer than wide; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth. Endite dark brown, margins yellowish brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown; margins brown. Abdomen oval; dorsum yellowish brown, lateral area with many inclined dark brown striae, two pairs of muscular depressions, posterior area with 4 V-shapes yellowish brown markings; venter brownish yellow, central area with three grayish brown

86 longitudinal bands, lateral with inclined dark brown marks. Spinnerets yellowish brown; tibiae I and II with 3 pair of ventral dusky spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs. Order of leg length III > IV > I > II. Epigynum yellowish brown, weakly sclerotized and presend two angular hoods at base; copulatory opening narrow and round; spermatheca with two chambers, lower chamber slightly larger than upper one (Figs. 25F, G). Male (NTNUB- Ar 4916). Total length 8.15; cephalothorax length 4.25, width 3.51; abdomen length 3.90, width 2.61. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.53: 1.93: 2.65. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.08: 0.14: 2.46: 0.41. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.93: 0.53: 0.15: 0.49. Height of clypeus 0.26. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 4.07(1.73, 0.69, 0.60, 1.05); leg I 10.07(2.99, 4.33, 1.82, 0.93); leg II 8.21(2.57, 3.34, 1.49, 0.81); leg III 10.04(3.37, 3.53, 2.17, 0.97); leg IV 8.93(2.85, 3.09, 2.14, 0.85). Carapace dark brown, post-thoratic groove covered with a band of white hairs; eyes area black; AER recurved. Chelicerae strong, dark brown, longer than wide; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 25B). Endite dark brown, margins yellowish brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with brown margins. Abdomen oval; dorsum yellowish brown, lateral area with many inclined dark brown patches, 2 pairs of muscular depressions, posterior area with 4 V-shaped yellowish brown markings; venter of abdomen brownish yellow, central area with a wide grayish brown longitudinal bands; lateral dark brown. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs dark brown; tibiae I and II with

87 3 pairs of ventral dusky spines; metatarsi I and II with two pairs. Order of leg length I >III > IV > II. Male palp yellowish brown; embolus short and originating at 11 o’clock position of bulb; bulb flat and nearly round; length of tibial apophysis not exceeded half times that of bulb (Figs. 25C-E).

Variations. Measurements for five males followed by those of five females (in parentheses): total length 5.83-8.15 (5.75-8.22); cephalothorax length 2.94-4.25 (3.19-3.61), width 2.40-3.61 (2.61-3.02); abdomen length 2.89-3.90 (2.49-4.61), width 1.81-2.61 (2.26-3.21).

Distribution. India, Nepal, Vietnam and Taiwan. (Platnick, 2013)

Remarks. Pancorius magnus was first recorded from Taiwan in 2002 (Peng & Li, 2002b). The specimens were collected from Kaohsiung and Nantou, and preserved in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. The mature male of Pancorius magnus were found from February to August in Taiwan. It can be found at elevations between 50 m and 500 m in Taiwan.

88 Pancorius taiwanensis Bao et Peng, 2002 台灣盤蛛

Pancorius taiwanensis Bao & Peng, 2002: 407, f. 15-18.

Specimens examined. Not examined.

Diagnosis. The new species resembles P. magnus Zabka, 1985, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (P. magnus in parentheses): copulatory opening downward (copulatory opening upward); lower chamber of spermatheca bean-shaped and much larger than the upper one, (lower chamber of spermatheca oval and slightly larger than the upper one); epigynum wider (epigynum narrower).

Description. Female. Not examined. Epigynum weakly sclerotized; internal structure visible before maceration; basal plate with two hoods; copulatory opening small and downward. Spermatheca with 2 chambers, lower one much larger, bean-shaped; copulatory duct not visible (Bao & Peng, 2002).

Male. Unknown.

Distribution.

89 Taiwan. (Bao & Peng, 2002)

Remark. Bao & Peng (2002) described Pancorius taiwanensis from Taiwan.

The holotype (1♀) was collected from Huisun Forest Farm in February

1998. Unfortunately no specimen was available for the present study due to rarity of the species and insufficient field work done in the present study.

90 Genus Plexippus C.L. Koch, 1846 條斑蠅虎屬

Type species: Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826)

Diagnosis. Median-sized salticids; carapace high and narrow, flat on top; margins almost erected. Eye area black or dark brown. Abdomen long oval, wider in anterior portion. Legs strong and spiny. Male embolus thin and half length of bulbus and originated at median or anterior part of bulbus; cymbium broad. Tibial apophysis long and slightly bending. Female epigynum sclerotized, center with a hood. Copulatory duct short; spermathecae oval and sclerotized.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Content. Totally 40 species of Plexippus are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and only one species is found in Taiwan.

91 Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) 茶色條斑蠅虎

(Figs. 26A-D, 27A-E)

Attus paykullii Audouin, 1826: 409, pl. 7, f. 22; Simon, 1868: 601. Attus ligo Walckenaer, 1837: 426. Plexippus ligo: C. L. Koch, 1846: 107, f. 1168-1169. Salticus vaillanttii Lucas, 1846: 136, pl. 5, f. 2. Salticus culicivorus Doleschall, 1859: 14, pl. 9, f. 5. Attus africanus Vinson, 1863: 52, 301, pl. 10, f. 3. Philia vaillanti: Simon, 1864: 328. Parthenia africana: Simon, 1864: 313. Euophrys delibuta L. Koch, 1865: 874. Salticus diversus Blackwall, 1868: 403. Salticus rodericensis Butler, 1876: 440; Butler, 1878: 507, pl. 52, f. 8. Hasarius paykulli: Simon, 1876: 81. Menemerus culicivorus: Thorell, 1877: 568; Thorell, 1878: 237; Keyserling, 1883: 1461, pl. 123, f. 4. Plexippus punctatus Karsch, 1878: 25. Menemerus paykulli: Thorell, 1881: 501; Peckham & Peckham, 1888: 84, pl. 1, f. 63, pl. 6, f. 63; Marx, 1889: 99, pl. 2, f. 2. Plexippus planipudens Karsch, 1881a: 16. Cyrba planipudens: Keyserling, 1883: 1442, pl. 122, f. 2. Plexippus paykulli: Peckham & Peckham, 1886: 296; Simon, 1903a: 712, 735, f. 839-841; Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 362, pl. 9, f. 142, 144, pl. 13, f. 347, 354; Hogg, 1915: 512, f. 5f; Gravely, 1922: 1049, pl. 4, f.

92 10-11; Petrunkevitch, 1930: 156, f. 140-143; Berland, 1932: 397, f. 570, 573. Dyal, 1935: 225, pl. 17, f. 165-170; Simon, 1937: 1242, 1271, f. 2023-2024; Fox, 1937d: 17; Sherriffs, 1939: 197, f. 4, pl. 24, f. 3; Nakatsudi, 1943: 169, f. 17a-b; Berland, 1945: 24 (S); Saito, 1959: 159, f. 224a-c; Yaginuma, 1966: 33, f. 6; Lee, 1964: 74, f 27i-k; Tikader, 1967: 120, f. 4a-c; Chrysanthus, 1968: 61, f. 61-65; Prószyn'ski, 1976: 156, f. 282; Yin & Wang, 1979: 37, f. 21A-E; Galiano, 1979: 34; Song, 1980: 201, f. 111a-f; Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 100, f. 179-182; Wang, 1981: 135, f. 75A-D; Yin, Wang & Hu, 1983: 34, f. 4;. Hu, 1984: 386, f. 402.1-6; Wanless, 1984: 64, f. 20a-e; Zabka, 1985: 432, f. 458-463; Guo, 1985: 182, f. 2-105.1-3; Zhu et al., 1985: 212, f. 194a-c; Yaginuma, 1986: 235, f. 131.1; Song, 1987: 300, f. 256; Prószyn'ski, 1987: 80; Bohdanowicz & Prószyn'ski, 1987: 116, f. 222-227; Zhang, 1987: 250, f. 222.1-3; Davies & Zabka, 1989: 246, pl. 49; Chikuni, 1989: 152, f. 26; Zabka, 1990: 170, f. 22-25; Feng, 1990: 213, f. 188.1-6; Chen & Gao, 1990: 194, f. 247a-c; Chen & Zhang, 1991: 296, f. 312.1-5; Song, Zhu & Li, 1993: 886, f. 62A-D; Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 181, f. 632-638; Zhao, 1993: 417, f. 217a-c; Wesolowska & van Harten, 1994: 70, f. 144-146; Barrion & Litsinger, 1994: 288, f. 1442-1444; Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 83, f. 42a-f; Ledoux & Hallé, 1995: 12; Metzner, 1999: 136, f. 101a-h; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 540, f. 14K, 310P, 311B, 328L; Hu, 2001: 406, f. 258.1-2; Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 451, f. 301A-D; Yoo & Kim, 2002: 26, f. 17; Namkung, 2002: 568, f. 43.12a-b; Cho & Kim, 2002: 124, f. 65-66, 172-173, 280-281; Prószyn'ski, 2003: 144, f. 577-578, 583, 587-588; Peng & Li, 2003: 752, f. 2A-F; Namkung, 2003: 572, f.

93 43.12a-b; Trotta, 2005: 173, f. 411-413; Makhan, 2006: 12, f. 19; Ledoux, 2007: 31, f. 3H, 32, 33A-B; Wunderlich, 2008: 717, f. 45-46; Ono, Ikeda & Kono, 2009: 576, f. 169-171; Prószyn'ski, 2009: 162, f. 6; Wesolowska & van Harten, 2010: 49, f. 59-60; Saaristo, 2010: 197, f. 27.105-106. Plexippus culicivorus: Thorell, 1887: 373. Thotmes paykulli: F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1901: 240, pl. 20, f. 21; Pocock, 1904: 804, pl. 66, f. 7. Artabrus planipudens: Simon, 1903a: 728. Menemerus crassus Hogg, 1922: 307, f. 9a, e. Hyllus mimus Chamberlin, 1924: 33, pl. 7, f. 50. Sandalodes magnus Berland, 1933: 60, f. 39. Apamamia bocki Roewer, 1944: 7, f. 3. Plexippus quadriguttatus Mello-Leitão, 1946: 29, f. 10. Marpissa bengalensis Tikader, 1974: 211, f. 11-12; Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 95, f. 173-174; Hu & Li, 1987: 331, f. 49.1-2. Marpissa mandali Tikader, 1974: 213, f. 13-16. Plexippus mandali: Nenilin, 1984: 6. Plexippus bengalensis: Nenilin, 1984: 6.

Specimens examined. TAIPEI CITY: WENSHAN, Hsienchihyien, alt. 100 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 8237), 13-XI-1998, Kuan-Chou CHEN leg.; NEW TAIPEI CITY: WULAI, Hsinhsien, alt. 250 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 31089), 13-VIII-2005, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINTIEN, Yinghotung, alt. 350 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 36755), 22-XI-2008, Shyh-Hwang CHEN

94 leg.; CHANGHUA Co.: Fenyuan, Chielao, alt. 50 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 38183), 7-V-1988, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; ERHSHUE, Erhshue, alt. 50m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 8991), 16-II-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NANTOU Co.: LUKU, Fenghuangku, alt. 700 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 12645), 10-XII-1983, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAINAN CITY: ANPING, Chiumaoyuan, alt. 10 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 12786), 16-IV-1983, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAITUNG Co.: TAIMALI, Chihpen-Wenchuan, alt. 150 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 44674), 18-IV-2010, Lo-Hsuan CHUNG leg.

Diagnosis. The males of Plexippus paykulli most resembles P. petersi Karsch, 1878, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (P. petersi in parentheses): tibial apophysis extending below or nearly to originating position of embolus (tibial apophysis extending higher than the originating position of embolus) (Fig. 27C); epigynum wider, hood situated at the bottom of copulatory opening; (epigynum narrower, hood situated higher than copulatory opening ) (Figs. 26C, D).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 8237). Total length 7.58; cephalothorax length 3.85, width 2.89; abdomen length 3.73, width 2.53. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.15: 1.59: 2.19. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.12: 0.14: 2.02:0.43. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.70: 0.41: 0.12: 0.34. Height clypeus 0.27. Measurements of pedipalp and legs:

95 pedipalp 3.30(1.17, 0.56, 0.46, 1.11); leg I 7.24(2.18, 3.06, 1.27, 0.73); leg II 6.91(2.22, 2.75, 1.25, 0.69); leg III 7.43(2.26, 2.69, 1.56, 0.92); leg IV 8.51(2.41, 3.04, 2.09, 0.97). Carapace brown, with a yellowish longitudinal stripes from thoracic groove to rear; AER recurved. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 26B). Endite dark brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown. Abdomen oval and anterior area slightly wider; dorsum brown, central area with a yellowish longitudinal line, posterior area with 4 brown V-shaped markings and 1 pair of yellowish spots; venter yellowish brown, lateral area with many dark brown patches. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky ventral spines; metatarsus I and II with two pairs. Order of leg length IV > III > I > II. Epigynum pear-shaped and sclerotized, with a hood in center; copulatory duct short and twist once; spermathecae oval (Figs. 26C-D). Male (NTNUB- Ar 31089). Total length 8.83; cephalothorax length 4.12, width 3.56; abdomen length 4.71, width 2.66. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.25: 1.56: 2.22. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.09: 0.13: 2.03: 0.45. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.69: 0.41: 0.12: 0.32. Height of clypeus 0.30. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.58(1.34, 0.53, 0.53, 1.18); leg I 10.61(2.96, 4.61, 1.57, 0.87); leg II 8.51(2.42, 3.65, 1.57, 0.87); leg III 9.20(2.76, 3.26, 2.19, 0.99); leg IV 9.72(2.54, 3.54, 2.57, 1.07). Carapace dark brown; lateral areas and central area covered with three longitudinal stripes of white hairs; AER recurved. Chelicerae yellowish brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2

96 teeth, retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 27B). Endite dark brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with dark brown margins. Abdomen oval, anterior area slightly wider; dorsum dark brown with yellowish margins, central area with a yellowish branched longitudinal line, posterior area with 7 dark brown V-shaped markings and 1 pair of yellowish spots; venter yellowish brown, covered with densely short brown hairs. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky ventral spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Male palp brown; embolus originating from bulb position of 11 o’clock; bulb broad, with a tongue-like protruding of posteriorly, with a serrate rim on prolateral side; tibial apophysis slightly bending and extending below to originating position of embolus (Figs. 27C-E).

Variations. Measurements for three males followed by those of five females (in parentheses): total length 6.66-8.83 (7.58-8.99); cephalothorax length 3.29-4.12 (3.45-4.00), width 2.65-3.56 (2.65-3.09); abdomen length 3.37-4.71 (3.73-5.55), width 1.97-2.66 (2.53-3.45).

Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Platnick, 2013).

Remarks. Plexippus paykulli is generally found living around man-made structures and hunting under artificial light (Edwards 1979, Kaston 1981,

97 Guarisco 1999 and Frank, 2009). They can be found at elevations between 10 m and 700 m in Taiwan. The mature male of Plexippus paykulli were found from August to December in Taiwan.

98 Genus Telamonia Thorell, 1887 紐蛛屬

Type species: Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887

Diagnosis. Telamonia can be distinguished from Epeus by the absence of the retrobasal spur of cymbium, having teeth on the tibial apophysis, and copulatory duct coiled horizontally.

Distribution. Oriental.

Content. Totally 45 species of Telamonia are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 2 species are found in Taiwan.

Key to the species of genus Telamonia from Taiwan

1. Male ...... 2 Female ...... 3 2. Median of tibial apophysis with numerous minute teeth ......

...... T. vlijmi (弗氏紐蛛)

Median of tibial apophysis without teeth ...... T. festiva (多彩紐蛛)

3. Eye area with a reddish brown spot, dorsum without a V-shaped

99 pattern in the middle ...... T. vlijmi (弗氏紐蛛)

Eye area without a reddish brown spot, dorsum with 6 V-shaped patterns in the middle ...... T. festiva (多彩紐蛛)

100 Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887 多彩紐蛛

(Figs. 28A-G)

Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887: 386; Prószyn'ski, 1967: 1, f. 1-5; Prószyn'ski, 1984b: 421, f. 11-17; Zabka, 1985: 450, f. 596-610; Zabka, 1988: 470; Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 234, f. 830-836; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 562, f. 320I, 321H. Viciria terebrifera Thorell, 1890b: 168; Simon, 1903a: 748; Reimoser, 1925: 91. Bathippus trinotatus Thorell, 1895: 386. Viciria signata Simon, 1899: 118. Telamonia terebrifera Prószyn'ski, 1976: 156, f. 290; Bohdanowicz & Prószyn'ski, 1987: 140, f. 289-291, 296.

Specimens examined. TAIPEI CITY: HSINYI, Hsiangshan, alt. 300m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 8563), 6-VI-1999, Kuan-Chou CHEN leg.; NEW TAIPEI CITY: SHIHTING, Nanku, alt. 250 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 970), 20-IV-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 10813), 20-V-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 31757), 18-V-2007, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; WULAI, Wulai, alt. 200 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 10801), 18-V-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; SHIHTING, Mt. Erhko, alt. 300 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 38879), 10-IX-2002, Ming-Che GUO leg.; HSINTIEN, Yinghotung, alt. 350 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 13968), 29-V-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; PINGCHI,

101 Wufenshan, alt. 400 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 18693), 16-VIII-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; MIAOLI Co.: SANYI, Shenghsing, alt, 450 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 8145), 2-IX-1994, Wen-Juen HUANG leg.; ILAN Co.: CHIAOCHI, Paoma Trail, alt, 300 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 44700) 19-III-2005, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HUALIEN Co.: WANJUNG, Hongyeh-Weuchuan, alt. 250 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 19681), 3-VII-1988, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAITUNG Co.: CHINFENG, Maililu, alt. 600 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 13747), 15-VIII-1993, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. The males of Telamonia festiva most resembles T. caprina Simon, 1903b, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (T. caprina in parentheses): embolus originated from 12 o’clock position of bulb (embolus originated from 2 o’clock position of bulb) (Fig. 28C); copulatory duct with 5 coils (copulatory duct with 6 coils) (Fig. 28G).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 38879). Total length 10.14; cephalothorax length 3.86, width 3.10; abdomen length 6.28, width 2.61. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.19: 1.51: 1.9. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI =0.13: 0.20: 1.75: 0.54. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.72: 0.27: 0.08: 0.29. Height of clypeus 0.20; Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.26 (1.18, 0.49, 0.65,0.94) leg I 8.08 (2.45, 3.47, 1.37, 0.79); leg II 7.79 (2.41, 3.21, 1.37, 0.80); leg III 8.95 (2.73, 3.13, 2.09, 1.00);

102 leg IV 9.17 (2.57, 3.37, 2.37, 0.86). Carapace light brown; margins with brown patches; eye area margin black; AER recurved. Chelicera brown; fang brown. Promargin of cheliceral groove armed with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth. Endite yellowish brown; labium yellowish brown. Sternum shield-shaped, light brown with brown margins. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly wider in anterior portion; dorsum light brown, with two blackish brown longitudinal lines and 6 V-shaped patterns in the middle; venter light brown with a wide grayish brown band in central area. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae I and II with 7 ventral dusky spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs of dusky spines. Order of leg length IV > III > I > II. Epigynum dark brown and sclerotized; copulatory opening round; copulatory duct long and twist forming five coils; spermatheca slightly swollen; fertilization duct thin and short (Figs. 28F, G). Male (NTNUB- Ar 970). Total length 7.44; cephalothorax length 3.25, width 2.46; abdomen length 4.19, width 1.68. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.17: 1.35: 1.67. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.11: 0.15: 1.55: 1.55. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.65: 0.20: 0.07: 0.31. Height of clypeus 0.09. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.00 (1.10, 0.46, 0.37, 1.07); leg I 6.78 (1.93, 2.85, 1.11, 0.89); leg II 6.16 (2.05, 2.41, 1.04, 0.66); leg III 7.28 (2.23, 2.58, 1.70, 0.77); leg IV 7.64 (2.15, 2.68, 1.99, 0.82). Carapace dark brown; posterior area covered with white hairs; AER recurve. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin of cheliceral groove armed with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 28B). Endite dark brown; labium dark brown. Sternum

103 shield-shaped, yellowish brown, margins dark brown. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly wider in anterior portion; dorsum yellowish brown, with two blackish brown longitudinal lines and 5 V-shaped patterns in the middle; venter grayish yellow with light yellow pigments arranged in two lines. Spinnerets grayish brown. All femora dark brown; tibiae and petallae yellowish brown, covered with brush-like black hairs; metatarsi and tarsi yellow. Both tibiae I and II with 7 ventral dusky spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs of spines. Order of leg length IV > III > I > II. Male palp brown; embolus thin and long, coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb oval with a tongue-like pattern at anterior area; cymbium with bunch of setae; terminal end of tibial apophysis slightly bended (Fig. 28C-E).

Variations. Measurements for males followed by those of females (in parentheses): total length 7.24-8.53 (9.24-10.89); cephalothorax length 2.96-3.75 (3.57-3.86), width 2.45-2.95 (2.99-3.32); abdomen length 4.10-4.78 (5.39-7.33), width 1.64-2.05 (2.13-3.54).

Distribution. China, Indonesia and Taiwan (Platnick, 2013).

Remarks. Telamonia festiva is widely distributed at low elevations mountainous region in north Taiwan. The species preferred to construct a nest on the back of leaf blade. The mature male of Telamonia festiva were found

104 from April to August in Taiwan.

105 Telamonia vlijmi (Prószyn'ski, 1976) 弗氏紐蛛

(Figs. 29A-D, 30A-E)

Viciria vlijmi Prószyn'ski, 1976: 156, f. 291; Li, Chen & Song, 1984: 28, f. 1-3. Telamonia vlijmi: Prószyn'ski, 1984b: 423, f. 18-25; Kim, 1986: 8, f. 1-6; Yaginuma, 1986: 244, f. 135; Song, 1987: 309, f. 264; Bohdanowicz & Prószyn'ski, 1987: 140, f. 292-295, 297-299; Chikuni, 1989: 157, f. 49; Chen & Zhang, 1991: 303, f. 321.1-3; Song, Zhu & Li, 1993: 888, f. 67A-C; Peng, Xie, Xiao & Yin, 1993: 235, f. 837-847; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 562, f. 320J, 322A, 330D; Namkung, 2002: 602, f. 43.46a-b; Cho & Kim, 2002: 137, f. 90, 200-201, 310-311; Kim & Cho, 2002: 141, f. 271-276; Namkung, 2003: 606, f. 43.46a-b; Lee, Yoo, Lee & Kim, 2004: 99, unnumbered f.; Ono, Ikeda & Kono, 2009: 574, f. 159-161.

Specimens examined. NANTOU Co.: YUCHIH, Mingtan, alt. 700 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 46030), 20-VIII-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HUALIEN Co.: FULI, Loshan, alt. 400 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 60389), 30-VIII-2010, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; TAITUNG Co.: HAITUAN, Tienlung Trail, alt. 700 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 63981), 7-V-2011, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.; HAITUAN, 7 Km SW Wulu, alt. 700 m, 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 63313),16-VI-2010, Wen-Chun HUANG leg.

106 Diagnosis. The males of Telamonia vlijmi most resembles T. elegans Thorell, 1887, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (T. elegans in parentheses): basal portion of tibial apophysis with numerous teeth (basal portion of tibial apophysis without teeth, and thicken at distal end) (Fig. 30C); copulatory duct with 5 coils (copulatory duct with 2 coils) (Fig. 29D).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 63313). Total length 11.51; cephalothorax length 4.18, width 3.90; abdomen length 7.33, width 4.85. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.25: 1.65: 2.17. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI =0.08: 0.45: 1.97: 0.57. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.74: 0.32: 0.10: 0.36. Height of clypeus 0.42; Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.52 (1.25, 0.57, 0.69, 1.01) leg I 9.01 (2.61, 3.80, 1.57, 1.03); leg II 8.71 (2.70, 3.59, 1.45, 0.97); leg III 9.15 (2.90, 3.14, 2.18, 0.93); leg IV 9.42 (3.14, 3.41, 1.93, 0.94). Carapace light brown; eyes area surrounded with black markings and present a blackish brown spots in center; cervical grooves blackish brown forming a V-shape patterns; AER recurved. Chelicerae brown; fang brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 29B). Endite light brown; labium light brown. Sternum shield-shaped, light brown, margins brown. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly wider in anterior portion; dorsum light brown, with two blackish brown longitudinal lines; venter grayish brown, without particular patterns. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs yellowish brown;

107 tibiae I and II with 7 dusky ventral spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs of spines. Order of leg length IV > III > I > II. Epigynum dark brown and sclerotized; copulatory openings round and in opposite; copulatory duct long and twist form 4 coils; fertilization duct thin and short (Figs. 29C, D). Male (NTNUB- Ar 60389). Total length 11.83; cephalothorax length 5.14, width 4.57; abdomen length 6.69, width 3.09. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.59: 1.63: 2.35. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.35: 0.96: 2.13: 0.3. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE =0.65: 0.30: 0.15: 0.34. Height of clypeus 0.48. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 4.03 (1.49, 0.47, 0.45, 1.62); leg I 15.33 (4.69, 6.45, 2.81, 1.38); leg II 13.12 (4.32, 5.02, 2.69, 1.09); leg III 13.71 (4.57, 4.61, 3.13, 1.40); leg IV 12.67 (3.68, 4.61, 3.21, 1.17). Carapace oval, dark brown; margin with blakish brown; lateral area covered with white hairs; eyes area surrounded with black markings, covered with white hairs in center; cervical grooves blackish brown forming V-shaped pattern; AER recurved. Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin of cheliceral groove armed with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 30B). Endite dark brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, dark brown. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly wider in anterior portion; dorsum yellow brown, with two blackish brown longitudinal lines; venter yellowish brown with a wide grayish brown band in central area. Spinnerets grayish brown. Venter of tibia I covered with brush-like black hairs; tibiae I and II with 7 ventral dusky spines; metatarsus I and II with two pairs. Order of leg length I > III > II > IV. Male palp brown; embolus thin and long,

108 coiled one-and-one-half loops along with tegulum; bulb oval with a tongue-like structure at anterior area, and a membranous outgrowth in the middle; cymbium with bunch of setae; tibial apophysis with 3 minute teeth on the middle part (Figs. 30C-E).

Variations. Measurements for males followed by those of females (in parentheses): total length 8.63-11.83 (10.30-11.51); cephalothorax length 3.86-5.14 (4.18-4.35), width 3.34-4.57 (3.61-3.90); abdomen length 4.77-6.69 (5.95-7.33), width 2.22-3.09 (2.93-4.85).

Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (Platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Telamonia vlijmi is recorded from Taiwan for the first time. It can be found at elevations between 400 m and 700 m in Taiwan. The mature males were found in May and August in Taiwan.

109 Genus Yaginumaella Prószyn'ski, 1979 雅蛛屬

Type species: Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861)

Diagnosis. Yaginumaella can be distinguished from other Plexippoids by the epigynum with two sclerotized hoods that cover on the copulatory openings.

Distribution. Oriental and Russia.

Content. Totally 41 species of Yaginumaella are known worldwide (Platnick, 2013), and 3 species are found in Taiwan.

Key to the species of genus Yaginumaella from Taiwan

1. Leg III longer than leg IV ...... Y. lobata (垂雅蛛)

Leg IV longer than leg III ...... 2 2. Embolus thin; tegulum with a long lobe posteriorly ......

...... Y. taiwanica sp. nov. (臺灣雅蛛)

Embolus thick; tegulum with a swollen lobe posteriorly ......

...... Y. striatipes (條紋雅蛛)

110 Yaginumaella lobata Peng, Tso et Li, 2002 垂雅蛛

(Figs. 31A-E) Yaginumaella lobata Peng, Tso & Li, 2002: 6, f. 21-25

Specimens examined. KEELUNG Co.: Nuannuan, Hsishih Dam, alt. 75 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 13691), 11-VII-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; TAIPEI CITY: HSINYI, Hsiangshan, alt. 300m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 8993), 19-VIII-2001, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 8557), 6-VII-1999, Kuan-Chou CHEN leg.; WENSHAN, Tsaonan, alt. 400 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 44200), 16-VIII-2009, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NEW TAIPEI CITY: SHIHTING, Nanku, alt. 250 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 18527), 4-V-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; PINGLIN, Shihpai, alt. 550m, 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 7180-7181), 8-III-1997, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; PINGLIN, Shihtsao, Chingshan Farm, alt. 300m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 12574), 17-IV-1998, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINTIEN, Yinghotung, alt. 100m, 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 10561-10562), 9-III-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 60056), 8-IX-2010, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HSINTIEN, Szukanshui, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 65324), alt. 100 m, 30-IV-2011, Che-Chang YANG leg.; WULAI, Chiachiuliao, alt. 200m, 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 66195-66196), 29-VII-2011, Chien-Lun CHEN leg.; MIAOLI Co.: NANCHUANG, Hsiangtienhu, alt. 750 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 8272), 12-XII-1998, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; ILAN Co.: CHIAOCHI, Wufengchi Fall, alt. 250 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 44789) 19-III-2010, Lo-Hsuan CHUNG leg.

111

Diagnosis. The new species resembles Y. urbanii Zabka, 1981, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (Y. urbanii in parentheses): embolus short with a distinct incision (embolus long without distinct incision); embolus originating at 11 o'clock position of bulb (embolus originating at 9 o'clock position of bulb); bulb with a long distinct lobe (without distinct lobe); tibial apophysis wavy (tibial apophysis nearly straight). In addition, the males of Yaginumaella lobata resembles Y. taiwanica sp. nov., but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (Y. taiwanica sp. nov. in parentheses): leg III longer than leg IV (Leg IV longer than leg III); embolus thicken, with a distinct incision (embolus thin, without a distinct incision).

Description. Female: Unknown. Male (NTNUB- Ar 36846). Total length 7.10; cephalothorax length 3.61, width 2.91; abdomen length 3.49, width 2.15. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 1.31: 1.69: 2.21. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.11: 0.17: 2.07: 0.39. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.79: 0.40: 0.08: 0.31. Height of clypeus 0.21. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 3.01(1.13, 0.45, 0.53, 0.90); leg I 8.76(2.61, 3.60, 1.61, 0.94); leg II 7.37(2.37, 2.82, 1.41, 0.77); leg III 8.66(2.77, 2.97, 1.95, 0.97); leg IV 8.03(2.53, 2.77, 1.93, 0.80). Carapace dark brown, thoracic region covered with white hairs on both sides; eye area black; AER recurve.

112 Chelicerae dark brown; fang dark brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 31B). Endite dark brown; labium dark brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown. Clypeus covered with long white hairs. Abdomen oval; dorsum dark brown, posterior area with 4 brown arc-shaped markings; 2 pairs of reddish brown muscular depressions; venter yellowish brown, with a wide dark brown longitudinal band in center. Spinnerets grayish brown. Legs I longest, covered with densely black hairs; femora I-IV light brown, other segments dark brown; tibia I with 3 pair of ventral dusky spines, metatarsi I with 2 pairs. Order of leg length I > III > V > II. Male palp yellowish brown; embolus thicken and originating at 10 o’clock position of bulb; bulb oval and with a very long posterior lobe; terminal end of tibial apophysis slightly bended (Figs. 31C-E).

Variations. Measurements for five males: total length 6.94-9.99; cephalothorax length 3.33-4.69, width 2.77-3.71; abdomen length 3.49-5.30, width 2.01-3.21.

Distribution. Taiwan (Peng et al., 2002); (Platnick, 2013).

Remark. Peng, Tso & Li (2002) described Yaginumaella lobata from Taiwan with a male holotype collected from Huisun Forest Farm in 1997. Yaginumaella lobata is widely distributed in northeast Taiwan, but this

113 study lacks specimen from the type locatity.

114 Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861) 條紋雅蛛

(Figs. 32A-D, 33A-E)

Attus striatipes Grube, 1861: 25. Plexippus incognitus Yaginuma, 1960: 109, f. 90.1-2; Yaginuma, 1971: 109, f. 90.1-2. Pellenes striatipes Prószyn'ski, 1971: 219, f. 28-29. Pellenes ususudi Yaginuma, 1972: 27, f. 10-13. Yaginumaella ususudi Prószyn'ski, 1979: 319; Yaginuma, 1986: 223, f. 124.2; Bohdanowicz & Prószyn'ski, 1987: 146, f. 306-312; Chikuni, 1989: 157, f. 47. Yaginumaella striatipes Prószyn'ski, 1979: 320, f. 323-324; Dunin, 1984: 139, f. 68-70; Logunov & Wesolowska, 1992: 144, f. 35A-D; Ono, Ikeda & Kono, 2009: 568, f. 81-83.

Specimens examined. TAOYUAN Co.: FUHSING, Paling, alt. 1500 m, 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 9553 – 9554), 23-IV-1994, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NANTOU Co.: LENAI, Kuangpei, alt. 2809 m, 1 male and 1 female

(NTNUB-Ar 52224 – 52225), 19-IV-2010, Tien-Yen YANG leg.; LENAI, Yunhai (NK 5.01K), alt. 2375 m. 1 male and 2 females (NTNUB-Ar

52449 – 52451) 15-V-2010, Tien-Yen YANG leg.; LENAI, Meifeng, alt. 2100m, 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 9387 – 9388), 10-VIII-1999, Wen-Jean HUANG leg.; 5 males and 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 14900 - 14908), 9-VI-2001, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; CHIAYI Co.: ALISHAN,

115 Alishan, alt. 2250 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 1359), 2-VII-1993, Hsiu-Ting HSU leg.; ALISHAN, Mienyueh, alt. 2000m, 2 males (NTNUB-Ar

38618 – 38619), 8-VII-1984, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; ILAN Co.: TATUNG, Taipingshan, alt. 1900 m, 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 24409 - 24410), 7-VIII-2004, Yu-Ting LIN leg.; 4 males and 5 females (NTNUB-Ar 9248 - 9256), 29-VI-1994, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 3 males (NTNUB-Ar 6572 - 6574), 29-VI-1994, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; NANAO, Tsuifenghu, alt. 1800 m. 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 24185 - 24186), 8-VII-2004, Yu-Ting LIN leg.; HUALIEN Co.: HSIULIN, Kuanyuan, alt. 2350 m, 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 22557), 12-IV-2004, Ya-Ching YANG leg.; 2 males (NTNUB-Ar44771 - 44772), 18-VI-2006, Chien-Jen CHEN leg.; TAITUNG Co.: HAITUAN, 7 Km SW Wulu, alt. 2250 m, 1 male and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 18170 - 18171), 28-VI-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 6 males and 5 females (NTNUB-Ar 18066 - 18076), 28-VI-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HAITUAN, Wululintao 14 Km, alt. 1800m, 4 males and 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 24593 - 24597), 26-VI-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; HAITUAN, Hsiangyang, alt. 2300m, 3 males and 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 24776 - 24780), 24-VII-2004, Wen-Juen HUANG leg.

Diagnosis. The male of Yaginumaella striatipes most resembles Y. lushiensis Zhang et Zhu, 2007, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (Y. lushiensis in parentheses): embolus originating at a position of 9 o'clock (embolus originating at a position of 7 o'clock); tibial apophysis slightly bended and blunt on top (tibial apophysis straight

116 and pointed on top) (Figs. 33C,D); epigynum with two closely triangular hoods; (epigynum with two hemicycle hoods, distance between two hoods relatively far) (Figs. 32C, D).

Description. Female (NTNUB- Ar 18171). Total length 6.13; cephalothorax length 2.47, width 1.80; abdomen length 3.66, width 2.45. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.71: 1.02: 1.43. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.08: 0.08: 1.28: 0.29. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.45: 0.23: 0.07: 0.21. Height of clypeus 0.23. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 1.78(0.52, 0.22, 0.37, 0.67); leg I 3.95(1.26, 1.53, 0.62, 0.54); leg II 3.63(1.25, 1.34, 0.58, 0.46); leg III 4.44(1.45, 1.51, 0.91, 0.57); leg IV 4.81(1.53, 1.61, 1.10, 0.57). Carapace dark brown; lateral area covered with some white hairs; median area of thoracic region lightly brown; eyes area with black margins; AER recurved. Chelicerae brown; fang brown. Promargin of cheliceral groove armed with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 32B). Endite yellowish brown; labium yellowish brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown, margins dark brown. Abdomen oval; dorsum with a branched longitudinal yellow line in the middle, 2 pairs of muscular depressions; lateral area with dark brown reticulate markings; venter grayish brown with some dark brown pigments. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown with some dark brown patches; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky ventral spines; metatarsi I and II with two pairs. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Epigynum dark brown and with two strongly sclerotized hoods;

117 copulatory opening downward; copulatory duct straight; spermathecae oval; fertilization duct thin and short (Figs. 32C, D). Male (NTNUB- Ar 18170). Total length 5.19; cephalothorax length 2.50, width 1.78; abdomen length 2.69, width 1.63. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW: MOA-PW = 0.79: 0.98: 1.37. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.07: 0.09: 1.21: 0.31. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.45: 0.22: 0.08: 0.20. Height of clypeus 0.26. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.08(0.77, 0.32, 0.21, 0.78); leg I 5.38(1.61, 2.21, 0.90, 0.66); leg II 3.95(1.34, 1.53, 0.61, 0.47); leg III 4.96(1.65, 1.70, 1.01, 0.61); leg IV 5.14(1.58, 1.77, 1.17, 0.63). Carapace dark brown; lateral area covered with some white hairs; median area of thoracic region lightly brown; eyes area margin black; AER recurve. Chelicerae brown; fang long and strong, brown. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 tooth (Fig. 33B). Endite brown, longer than wide; labium brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown, margins brown. Abdomen oval; dorsum with a branched yellowish longitudinal line; 2 pairs of muscular depressions; lateral area with blackish brown reticulate markings; venter yellowish brown with some grayish brown pigments; central area with a grayish brown longitudinal bands. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Leg I yellowish brown with some dark brown patches; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky ventral spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs; legs II-IV yellowish brown. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Male palp yellowish brown; embolus broad, originating at 9 o’clock position of bulb; bulb swollen with a long posterior lobe; tibial apophysis swollen and blunt on top (Figs. 33C-E).

118 Variations. Measurements for five males followed by those of five females (in parentheses): total length 4.32-5.26 (4.76-6.73); cephalothorax length 2.03-2.50 (2.05-2.47), width 1.61-2.61 (1.58-1.80); abdomen length 2.29-2.99 (2.46-3.66), width 1.30-3.09 (1.72-2.45).

Distribution. Russia, Japan (Platnick, 2013), and Taiwan (new record).

Remarks. Yaginumaella striatipes is a newly recorded species from Taiwan. It is widely distributed in Taiwan at high elevations between 1500 m and about 2800 m. The mature males were found from April to August in Taiwan.

119 Yaginumaella taiwanica Chen et Chen, sp. nov. 臺灣雅蛛

(Figs. 34A-E)

Type series. Holotype: male (NTNUB-Ar 43200), Kuanwu, Taian, Maioli Co., alt. 2000 m, 6-XII-2008, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. Paratype: male (NTNUB-Ar 24562), Wulu, Haituan, Taitung Co., alt. 2250 m, 26-VI-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.

Diagnosis. The males of Yaginumaella taiwanica sp. nov. resembles Y. urbanii Zabka, 1981, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (Y. urbanii in parentheses): tibial apophysis slightly bended and blunt at rear (tibia apophysis straight and pointed at rear) (Fig. 34D). In addition, the males of Yaginumaella taiwanica sp. nov. resembles Y. lobata Peng et al., 2002, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following features (Y. lobata in parentheses): leg VI longer than leg III (leg III longer than leg IV); embolus thin, without a distinct incision (embolus thicken, with a distinct incision).

Description. Female: Unknown. Male (NTNUB- Ar 43200). Total length 5.02; cephalothorax length 2.33, width 1.97; abdomen length 2.70, width 1.93. Length of MOA in ratio, MOA-L: MOA-AW:

120 MOA-PW = 0.85: 1.08: 1.47. AMI: AMLI: PMI: PMLI = 0.07: 0.19: 1.36: 0.35. Diameters of eyes in ratio, AME: ALE: PME: PLE = 0.50: 0.21: 0.07: 0.25. Height of clypeus 0.15. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 2.50(1.01, 0.41, 0.35, 0.73); leg I 5.78(1.69, 2.49, 0.98, 0.62); leg II 4.68(1.49, 1.85, 0.81, 0.53); leg III 5.01(1.65, 1.81, 1.02, 0.53); leg IV 5.52(1.82, 1.96, 1.17, 0.57). Carapace brown; lateral area yellowish brown; median area of thoracic region lightly brown; eyes with black margins; AER recurved. Chelicerae brown; fang long and strong, brown in color. Promargin of cheliceral groove armed with 2 teeth; retromargin armed with 1 tooth (Fig. 34B). Endite brown, longer than wide; labium brown. Sternum shield-shaped, yellowish brown with brown margins. Abdomen oval, longer than wide; dorsum yellowish brown in center, with two brown lines in lateral; 2 pairs of muscular depressions. Venter light yellow; with an yellowish brown patch in central, and brown in lateral. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown; tibiae I and II with 3 pairs of dusky ventral spines; metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs. Order of leg length I > IV > III > II. Palp yellowish brown; embolus long and thin, originating at 9 o’clock position of bulb; bulb with a tongue-like posterior lobe; tibial apophysis thick and slightly bending (Figs. 34C-E).

Variations. Measurements for two males: total length 5.02-6.40; cephalothorax length 2.33-3.15, width 1.97-2.41; abdomen length 2.70-3.25, width 1.85-1.93.

Distribution.

121 Taiwan.

Etymology. The specific name is derived from Taiwan, where the new species was discovered.

Remarks. Up to the present, Yaginumaella taiwanica sp. nov. can only be found at high elevations between 2000 m and 2250 m in Taiwan.

122 伍、討論

本論文記錄台灣地區擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛共 10 屬 22 種，包括新種

3 種：臺灣艾普蛛（Epeus taiwanus sp. nov.）、臺灣獵蛛（Evarcha formosana sp. nov）、臺灣雅蛛（Yaginumaella taiwanica sp. nov.）；新紀錄 5 屬：菱

頭蛛屬（Bianor）、緬蛛屬（Burmattus）、艾普蛛屬（Epeus）、獵蛛屬

（Evarcha）和西菱頭蛛屬（Sibianor）；新紀錄種共 12 種，分別為華

南菱頭蛛（Bianor angulosus）、斑菱頭蛛（Bianor maculatus）、波氏緬

蛛（Burmattus pococki）、雙尖艾普蛛（Epeus bicuspidatus）、榮艾普蛛

（Epeus glorius）、廣西艾普蛛（Epeus guangxi）、帶獵蛛（Evarcha fasciata）、黃帶獵蛛（Evarcha flavocincta）、毛首獵蛛（Evarcha hirticeps）、

暗色西菱頭蛛（Sibianor pullus）、弗氏紐蛛（Telamonia vlijmi）、條紋

雅蛛（Yaginumaella striatipes）；另外榮艾普蛛、雙尖艾普蛛及毛首獵

蛛在本篇報告中首次描述了雌蛛。在已記錄的物種中，鰓蛤蟆蛛

(Harmochirus branchiatus)、粗腳盤蛛（Pancorius crassipes）、大盤蛛（P. magus）、褐條斑蠅虎（Plexippus paykulli），多彩紐蛛（Telamonia festiva）

與垂雅蛛（Yaginumaella striatipes），此六種在本論文亦有標本確認其

在台灣的分布，但台灣盤蛛（P. taiwanensis）此種以台灣標本描述的

特有種，本研究尚未採得標本，可能是物種數量較少、分佈侷限等因

素，有待日後繼續調查。此外，本研究認為臺灣的Ｐ. Incognitus 記錄

123 應為鑑定錯誤所致，應予排除。淡色條斑蠅虎（Plexippus incognitus）

在日本及南韓均有分布，在台灣最早由齋藤三郎（Saito, 1933）所記

錄，隨後李長林（Lee, 1964）、八木沼健夫（Yaginuma, 1970）和朱與

大熊（Zhu & Okuma, 1975）也繼續沿用，胡金林（Hu, 1984）則僅仿

繪李（1964）提供之觸肢器與外雌器圖；Yaginuma（1977）詳細比

對日本產地標本後，將淡色條斑蠅虎（P. incognitus）與褐條斑蠅虎（P. paykulli）處理為同物異名；由於本研究並未發現淡色條斑蠅虎的樣

本，且李（1964）所繪之雌蛛背面觀與條紋雅蛛的雌蛛較相似，而所

提供之淡色條斑蠅虎觸肢與外雌器構造圖與其他條斑蠅虎屬蜘蛛比

對後，淡色條斑蠅虎觸肢前側邊缺少鋸齒邊緣構造，外雌器具有兩個

垂兜（Hood），與條斑蠅虎屬蜘蛛差異甚大，而根據插入器起始位置、

盾板垂狀構造大小與外雌器兩垂兜等特徵，因此我認為李（1964）的

淡色條斑蠅虎為條紋雅蛛之鑑定錯誤。經形態及生殖構造比對及其地

理分布等考量，而將淡色條斑蠅虎（P. incognitus）處理為排除種。

本論文已初步統整了台灣擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛形態之分類描述資

料，但仍有許多種類僅描述單一性別或樣本數不足，尚須持續調查，

以了解台灣擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛之物種多樣性、分布情形及其生態習

性。

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145

♀ ♂

Figure 1. External features of Plexippoida. A. Body, dorsal view; B. Body, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALS: anterior lateral spinneret; Ab: abdomen; Bl: book lung; Ce: cephalothorax; Ceg: cervical groove; Ch: chelicerae; Ef: epigastric furrow; En: endite; Ep: epigynum; Fe: femur; La: labium; Msp: Muscle impression; Mt: metatarsus; Pa: patella; Pe: pedipalp; PLS: posterior lateral spinneret; Rf: radial furrow; St: sternum; Ta: tarsus; Thg: thoracic groove; Ti: tibia.

146

Figure 2. External features and copulatory organs of Plexippoida. A. Eye region and chelicerae, frontal view. B, C. Male palpal organ, ventral view. D. Male palpal organ, retrolateral view. E. Chelicerae, ventral view. F. Epigynum, ventral view. G. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ALE: anterior lateral eye; AME: anterior median eye; CD: copulatory duct; Cl: clypeus; Co: conductor; COp: copulatory opening; Cy: cymbium; Em: embolus; Fa: fang; FD: fertilization duct; Hd: hood; Plb: posterior lobe; Pmt: promarginal teeth; RS: retrobasal spur; Rmt: retromarginal teeth; Sp: spermatheca; Spd: sperm duct; Teg: tegulum; Tib: tibial apophysis.

147

Figure 3. Variations of carapace of Plexippoida in Taiwan, dorsal view. A. Oval; B. Pear-shaped; C. Oblong; D. Rhomboid.

148

Figure 4. Variations of the tibial apophysis of Plexippoida in Taiwan. A. Straight form; B. Curved form; C. Short form; D. Bifurcated form; E. Serrated form; F. Three-processed form.

149

Figure 5. Variations of the epigyna of Plexippoida in Taiwan. A, B. One hood (Bianor angulosus, Plexippus paykulli); C. Two hood (Pancorius crassipes); D. Two hood and cover on the copulatory openings (Yaginumaella striatipes); E. A groove between copulatory openings (Burmattus pococki); F, G. Simple chitin (Telamonia festiva, Evarcha flavocincta); H. epigynum transparent (Epeus glorius).

150 Hd

COp

Figure 6. Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879), female (NTNUB-Ar 31039). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: COp: copulatory duct; FD: fertilization duct; Hd: hood. Scales: A = 1 mm; B = 0.2 mm; C–D = 0.1 mm.

151 Emb Spd

Tib

Figure 7. Bianor angulosus (Karsch 1879), male (NTNUB-Ar 31019). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, prolateral view; E. Left palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: Em: embolus; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B = 0.2 mm; C–E = 0.1 mm.

152

Figure 8. Bianor maculatus (Keyserling, 1883), male (NTNUB-Ar 16468). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.1 mm.

153 Hd

Figure 9. Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877), female (NTNUB-Ar 10636). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Hd: hood. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

154 Emb Spd

Tib

Figure 10. Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877), male (NTNUB-Ar 10805). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view; F. Femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I, lateral view. Abbreviations: Em: embolus; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–F = 0.2 mm.

155 Spd Emb

Tib

Plb

Figure 11. Sibianor pullus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906), male (NTNUB-Ar 4909). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Right leg I, prolateral view; D. Right palp, ventral view; E. Right palp, prolateral view; F. Right palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: Em: embolus; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A, C = 0.5 mm; B,D–F = 0.1 mm.

156 COp

Sp CD

Figure 12. Burmattus pococki (Thorell 1895), female (NTNUB-Ar 8630). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; FD: fertilization duct; Hd: hood; Sp: spermatheca. Scales: A = 1 mm; B = 0.2 mm; C–D = 0.1 mm.

157 Emb

Spd

Tib

Figure 13. Burmattus pococki (Thorell 1895), male (NTNUB-Ar 4909). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Em: embolus; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm.

158 Emb

Spd

Tib

COp

Figure 14. Epeus bicuspidaatus Song, Gu & Chen, 1988, male (A-E: NTNUB-14151), female (F-G: NTNUB-Ar 14153). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view; F. Epigynum, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view; H. Tufts of hairs on leg I, prolateral view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; Em: embolus; RS: retrobasal spur; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A, H = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm; F-G = 0.1 mm.

159 Emb

Spd

Tib

COp

Figure 15. Epeus glorius Zabka, 1985, male (A-E: NTNUB-9808), female (F-G: NTNUB-Ar 9809). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view; F. Epigynum, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; Em: embolus; RS: retrobasal spur; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–G = 0.2 mm.

160

Figure 16. Epeus guangxi Peng & Li, 2002a, male (NTNUB-Ar 45653). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view; F. Tufts of hairs on leg I, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: Em: embolus; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A, F = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm.

161

Figure 17. Epeus taiwanus Chen et Chen, sp .nov., male (A-E: NTNUB-64073), female (F-G: NTNUB-Ar 45686). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view; F. Epigynum, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view; H. Tufts of hairs on leg I, prolateral view. Scales: A, H = 1 mm; B–G = 0.2 mm.

162 Emb

Spd

Tib

Figure 18. Evarcha fasciata Seo, 1992a, male (NTNUB-Ar 601). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Co: conductor; Em: embolus; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B = 0.1 mm; C–E = 0.2 mm.

163 COp

FD CD

Figure 19. Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846), female (NTNUB-Ar 31187). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; FD: fertilization duct; Sp: spermatheca. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

164 COp

Figure 20. Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp. nov., female (NTNUB-Ar 8564). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; FD: fertilization duct. Scales: A = 1 mm; B = 0.2 mm; C–D = 0.1 mm.

165 Emb Co

Spd

Tib

Plb

Figure 21. Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp. nov., male (NTNUB-Ar 8549). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Co: conductor; Em: embolus; Plb: posterior lobe; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm.

166 COp

FD Sp

Figure 22. Evarcha hirticeps (Song & Chai, 1992), female (NTNUB-Ar 4912). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; FD: fertilization duct; Sp: spermatheca. Scales: A = 1 mm; B = 0.2 mm; C–D = 0.1 mm.

167 Emb Co

Spd

Tib

Figure 23. Evarcha hirticeps (Song & Chai, 1992), male (NTNUB-Ar 30033). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Co: conductor; Em: embolus; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm.

168 Emb

Spd

Tib

FD Sp

COp

Figure 24. Pancorius crassipes (Karsh, 1881b), male (A-E: NTNUB-36846), female (F-G: NTNUB-Ar 45680). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view; F. Epigynum, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; Em: embolus; FD: fertilization duct; Hd: hood; Sp: spermatheca; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–G = 0.2 mm.

169 Emb

Spd

Tib

COp

FD Sp

Figure 25. Pancorius magnus Zabka 1985, male (A-E: NTNUB-4916), female (F-G: NTNUB-Ar 4908). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view; F. Epigynum, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: COp: copulatory opening; Em: embolus; FD: fertilization duct; Hd: hood; Sp: spermatheca; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A–B= 1 mm; C–G = 0.2 mm.

170 Hd

CD FD Sp

Figure 26. Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826), female (NTNUB-Ar 8237). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; FD: fertilization duct; Hd: hood; Sp: spermatheca. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

171 Emb Spd

Tib

Plb

Figure 27. Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826), male (NTNUB-Ar 31089). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Em: embolus; Plb: posterior lobe; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm.

172 Emb

Tib Spd

COp

FD Sp

Figure 28. Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887, male (A-E: NTNUB-970), female (F-G: NTNUB-Ar 38879). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view; F. Epigynum, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; Em: embolus; FD: fertilization duct; Sp: spermatheca; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–G = 0.2 mm.

173 FD

Figure 29. Telamonia vlijmi (Prószyn'ski, 1976), female (NTNUB-Ar 63313). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; FD: fertilization duct; Sp: spermatheca. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

174

Figure 30. Telamonia vlijimi Prószyn'ski, 1976, male (NTNUB-Ar60389). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.5 mm.

175 Emb

Spd

Tib

Plb

Figure 31. Yaginumaella lobata Peng, Tso & Li, 2002, male (NTNUB-Ar43200). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Em: embolus; Plb: posterior lobe; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm.

176 Hd

COp

Figure 32. Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861), female (NTNUB-Ar 18171). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Epigynum, ventral view; D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD: copulatory duct; COp: copulatory opening; FD: fertilization duct; Hd: hood. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

177 Emb

Spd

Tib

Figure 33. Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861), male (NTNUB-Ar18170). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Abbreviations: Em: embolus; Spd: sperm duct; Tib: tibial apophysis. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm.

178

Figure 34. Yaginumaella taiwanica Chen et Chen, sp. nov., male (NTNUB-Ar43200). A. Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; B. Left chelicerae, ventral view; C. Left palp, ventral view; D. Left palp, retrolateral view; E. Left palp, prolateral view. Scales: A = 1 mm; B–E = 0.2 mm.

179

Figure 35. Collecting locations (●) of Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879) and (▓) Bianor maculatus (Keyserling, 1883) in Taiwan.

180

Figure 36. Collecting locations (●) of Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877) in Taiwan.

181

Figure 37. Collecting locations (▓) of Sibianor pullus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) and (●) Burmattus pococki (Thorell, 1895) in Taiwan.

182

Figure 38. Collecting locations (●) of Epeus bicuspidatus (Song, Gu & Chen, 1988) in Taiwan.

183

Figure 39. Collecting locations (●) of Epeus glorius Zabka, 1985 in Taiwan.

184

Figure 40. Collecting locations (●) of Epeus guangxi Peng & Li, 2002a in Taiwan.

185

Figure 41. Collecting locations (●) of Epeus taiwanus Chen et Chen, sp .nov. in Taiwan.

186

Figure 42. Collecting locations (●) of Evarcha fasciata Seo, 1992 and (▓) Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846) in Taiwan.

187

Figure 43. Collecting locations (●) of Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp. nov. in Taiwan.

188

Figure 44. Collecting locations (●) of Evarcha hirticeps (Song & Chai, 1992) and (▓) Pancorius crassipes (Karsch, 1881b) in Taiwan.

189

Figure 45. Collecting locations (●) of Pancorius magnus Zabka, 1985 in Taiwan.

190

Figure 46. Collecting locations (●) of Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) in Taiwan.

191

Figure 47. Collecting locations (●) of Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887 and (▓) Telamonia vlijmi (Prószyn'ski, 1976) in Taiwan.

192

Figure 48. Collecting locations (●) of Yaginumaella lobata Peng, Tso & Li, 2002 and (▓) Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861) in Taiwan.

193

Figure 49. Collecting locations (●) of Yaginumaella taiwanica Chen et Chen, sp. nov. in Taiwan.

194 表一、台灣產蠅虎科蜘蛛分類群學名沿革一覽表

Matsumura, Nakajima, Saito, 1933 Saito, 1936 Kayashima, Saito, 1961 Lee, 1964 Yaginuma, 1970 Zhu & Okuma, 1975 Hu, 1984 陳 1996 present study

1911 1921 1942,1943

Carrhotus C. detritus C. detritus C. detritus C. C. detritus xanthogramma xanthogramma

Plexippus P. crassipes P. crassipes Evarcha Pancorius Crassipes crassipes crassipes

Hasarius adansoni H. adansoni H. adansoni H. adansoni H. adansoni H. adansoni H. adansoni

Marpissa elongata M. elongata M. elongata M. elongata Mendoza. elongata

195 Menemerus. pullus M. pullus M. pullus M. pullua Marpissa pullus

Menemerus confusus M. confusus M. confusus M. confusus M. confusus M. fulvus

Pyroderes Myrmarache M. formosana formosanus formosana

Simonella S. formosana S. formosana S. formosana S. formosana Myrmarache M. formosana formosana formosana

Myrmarache M. formosicola M. formosicola formosicola

Myrmarache M. M. innermichelis M. innermichelis M. M. M. inermichelis innermichelis innermichelis innermichelis innermichelis

Myrmarache M. japonica M. japonica M. japonica M. japonica M. japonica M. japonica M. japonica japonica

Matsumura, Nakajima, Saito, 1933 Saito, Kayashima, 1943 Saito, 1961 Lee, 1964 Yaginuma, 1970 Zhu & Okuma, 1975 Hu, 1984 陳, 1996 Present study

1911 1921 1936

Myrmarache M. magnus M. magnus M. magnus M. magnus M. magna magnus

Myrmarache. M. sansiborica M. sansiborica Sansiborica

Phintella P. abnormis abnormis

Icius linea Phintella linea P. linea

196 Aelurillus dimorphus A. dimorphus Phintella P. versicolor versicolor Jotus munitus Jotus munitus

Jotus munitus

Plexippus P. incognitus P. incognitus P. incognitus P. incognitus P. incognitus incognitus P. paykulli

Plexippus P. paykullii P. paykullii P. paykullii P. paykullii P. paykullii P. paykullii P. paykullii P. paykulli paykullii

Rhene atrata R. atrata R. atrata R. atrata R. atrata R. atrata R. atrata

Sitticus patellidens S. patellidens S. patellidens S. patellidens S. penicillatus S. penicillatus

表一、台灣產蠅虎科蜘蛛分類群學名沿革一覽表 (續)

陳, 2001 Peng et al., 2002 Peng & Li, 2002 b Bao & Peng , 2002 Namkung, 2003 Chang & Tso2004 Zhang & Li2005 Present study

Chinattus taiwanensis C. taiwanensis

Cytaea levii C. levii

Dexippus taiwanensis D. taiwanensis

Euophrys albopalpalis E. albopalpalis

Euophrys bulbus E. bulbus

Harmochirus brachiatus H. brachiatus H. brachiatus Neon minutus N. minutus

Neon zonatus N. zonatus

197 Pancorius magnus P. magnus

Pancorius taiwanensis P. taiwanensis

Phintella debilis P. debilis

Portia. sp P. frimbriata P. taiwanica P. taiwanica

Ptocasius strupifer Ptocasius strupifer P. strupifer Salticus latidentatus

(Song et al., 1999) Siler cupreus S. cupreus

Sitticus taiwanensis S. taiwanensis

Sitticus wuae S. wuae

Spartaeus ellipticus S. ellipticus

Synagelides palpalis S. palpalis

陳, 2001 Peng et al., 2002 Peng & Li, 2002 b Bao & Peng , 2002 Namkung, 2003 Chang & Tso2004 Zhang & Li2005 Present study

Synagelides palpaloides S. palpaloides

Tauala elongata T. elongata

Telamonia festiva T. festiva

Thiania subopressa T. subopressa

Wanlessia denticulata W. denticulata

Yaginumaella lobata Y. lobata

Zebraplatys bulbus Z. bulbus

198

Appendix 1. Collecting locations in Chinese and English 附錄一、採集地名中英對照表

中文地名 Locations in English 基隆市 KEELUNG Co. 暖暖區 Nuannuan 西勢水庫 Hsishih Dam 台北市 TAIPEI CITY 信義區 Hsinyi 象山 Hsiangshan 文山區 Wenshan 仙跡岩 Hsienchihyien 草湳 Tsaonan 新北市 NEW TAIPEI CITY 石碇區 Shihting 小格頭 Hsiakotou 石碇 Shihting 南子坑 Nantzekeng 新店區 Hsintien 新店 Hsintien 二格山 Mt. Erhko 湳窟 Nanku 小粗坑 Hsiaochukeng 銀河洞 Yinghotung 屈尺 Chuchih 皇帝殿 Huangtitien 四崁水 Szukanshui 烏來區 Wulai 信賢 Hsinhsien 烏來 Wulai 加九寮 Chiachiuliao 貢寮區 Kungliao 大里 2Km N Dali 平溪區 Pingchi 五分山 Wufenshan 坪林區 Pinglin 碧湖橋 Pihuchiao

199 石牌 Shihpai 青山農場 Chingshan Farm 桃園縣 TAOYUAN Co. 楊梅鎮 Yangmei 三湖 Sanhu 復興 Fuhsing 新興 Hsinghsing 巴陵 Paling 新竹縣 HSINCHU Co. 北埔鄉 Peipu 五指山 Wuchihshan 關西鎮 Kuanhsi 深坑子 Shenkengtze 五峰 Wufeng 石鹿古道 Shihlu trail 苗栗縣 MIAOLI Co. 南庄鄉 Nanchuang 向天湖 Hsiangtienhu 泰安鄉 Taian 觀霧 Kuanwu 三義鄉 Sanyi 勝興 Shenghsing 彰化縣 CHANGHUA Co. 芬園鄉 Fenyuan 茄荖 Chielao 二水鄉 Erhshue 二水 Erhshue 南投縣 NANTOU Co. 草屯鎮 Tsaotun 九九峰 Jioujioufeng 北勢坑 Peishihkeng 乾溪 Kanshi 田尾坑 Tienweikeng 埔里鎮 Puli 獅子頭 Shihtzutou 仁愛鄉 Lenai 惠蓀林場 Huisun Forest Farm 雲海 Yunhai

200 梅峰 Meifeng 光被 Kuangpei 鹿谷鄉 Luku 鳳凰谷 Fenghuangku 魚池鄉 Yuchih 明潭 Mingtan 嘉義縣 CHIAYI Co. 大埔鄉 Tapu 大茅埔 Tamaopu 跳跳農場 Tiaotiao farm 三角南山 Sanchiaonan 阿里山鄉 Alishan 阿里山 Alishan 眠月 Mienyueh 番路鄉 Fanlu 觸口 Chukou 台南市 TAINAN CITY 白河區 Paiho 關子嶺 Kuantzeling 大內區 Tanei 走馬瀨 Choumalai 安平區 Anping 秋茂園 Chiumaoyuan 高雄市 KAOHSIUNG CITY 美濃鎮 Meinung 竹子門 Chutzumen 屏東縣 PINTUNG Co. 滿洲鄉 Manchou 南仁山 Nanjenshan 宜蘭縣 ILAN Co. 羅東鎮 Lotung 羅東國中 Lotung Junior High School 大同鄉 Tatung 寒溪 Hanchi 棲蘭 Chilan 太平山 Taipingshan 下銅山 Hsiatungshan 頭城鎮 Touchen

201 大里 Dali 冬山鄉 Dongshan 梅花湖 Meihuahu Lake 礁溪鄉 Chiaochi 五峰旗 Wufengchi Fall 跑馬古道 Paoma Trail 花蓮縣 HUALIEN Co. 吉安鄉 Chian 慶豐 Chingfeng 壽豐鄉 Shoufeng 志學 Chihhsueh 鯉魚山 Liyutan 秀林鄉 Hsiulin 關原 Kuanyuan 銅門 Tungmen 富里鄉 Fuli 羅山 Loshan 萬榮鄉 Wanjung 紅葉溫泉 Hongyeh-Weuchuan 玉里鄉 Yuli 安通溫泉 Antung 台東縣 TAITUNG Co. 台東市 Taitung City 琵琶湖 Pipa Lake 海瑞鄉 Haituan 霧鹿 Wulu 霧鹿林道 Wululintao 14 Km 向陽 Hsiangyang 太麻里鄉 Taimali 金崙溪 1Km SE Chinhuang 天龍步道 Tienlung Trail 達仁鄉 Tajen 新興 Hsinhsing 土坂 Tupan 金峰鄉 Chinfeng 馬奴爾溪 Manuerh river 麥利蘆 Maililu 太麻里鄉 Taimali

202 知本溫泉 Chihpen-Wenchuan 卑南鄉 Peinan 土場 Tuchang

203 Appendix 2. Checklist of Plexippoida of Taiwan

附錄二、台灣產擬蠅虎亞科群蜘蛛名錄

亞科學名中名

Pelleniae

Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879) * 華南菱頭蛛

Bianor maculatus (Keyserling, 1883) * 斑菱頭蛛

Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877) 鰓蛤蟆蛛

Sibianor pullus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) * 暗色西菱頭蛛

Plexippinae

Burmattus pococki (Thorell 1895) 波氏緬蛛

Epeus bicuspidatus (Song, Gu & Chen, 1988) 雙尖艾普蛛

Epeus glorius Zabka, 1985 * 榮艾普蛛

Epeus guangxi Peng & Li, 2002a * 廣西艾普蛛

Epeus taiwanus Chen et Chen, sp. nov. ** 臺灣艾普蛛

Evarcha fasciata Seo, 1992 * 帶獵蛛

Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846) * 黃帶獵蛛

Evarcha hirticeps (Song & Chai, 1992) * 毛首獵蛛

Evarcha formosana Chen et Chen, sp. nov. ** 臺灣獵蛛

Pancorius crassipes (Karsh, 1881b) 粗腳盤蛛

204 Pancorius magnus Zabka, 1985 大盤蛛

Pancorius taiwanensis Bao & Peng, 2002 台灣盤蛛

Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) 茶色條斑蠅虎

Telamonia festiva Thorell, 1887 多彩紐蛛

Telamonia vlijmi (Prószyn'ski, 1976) * 弗氏紐蛛

Yaginumaella lobata Peng, Tso & Li, 2002 垂雅蛛

Yaginumaella taiwanica Chen et Chen, sp. nov. ** 臺灣雅蛛

Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861)* 條紋雅蛛

* new record 新紀錄種

** new species 新種

205