ideen Size

Top and Bottom Wedges

15th

1-3/4" 36th

]IL

Headrope: 34'9" Polydacron Rope 3/8" Diameter Footrope: 35'7" Polyduron Rope 3/8" Diameter Chainrope: Same as Footrope Twine: Nylon Floats: Two 8" Diameter, Four 5" Diameter, Four Gill Net Floats Chain: 3/16" Dlameter 13 Links to 8" of Footrope

Wood: Hard Pine Oak 1" Thick Chain Brackets 3/16" Diameter Galvanized Chain I2-^.. L- 1/2" Door Weigtt Dry: 70 Pounds

18 Linl^ 25 Links Headrope: 66' 18" Footrope: 74' ^ 16 Llnks 23 Links Floats: Twenty-two to twenty-six 8" diameter floats Rollers: 14" diametér rollers on bosom z-1 2" ^- J2-1/2" Mesh Size: 2" stretched mesh wings and bellies 1-7/8" stretched mesh extension and end I I II 2-1/2" 2-1/2•,

FIG. 18 Semi-balloon trawl. F I G. 19 Smal I boat trawl. Mr. Bruce 273

BCF GLOUCESTER TRAWL

HEADROPE FOOTROPE Wing 27' Wing 30.5' Wing 27' Wing 30.5' Bosom 14' Bosom 12' Total 68' Total 73'

Mesh Size Top --4— tvedge Bottom T Selvedge 14' T 14' I 1 2' 21th

2' 21th +

36th

280bd Top and Bottom Twine: Polyethylene throughout except for nylon cod end Wings Floats: Twenty-four 8-inch diameter floats evenly spaced Rollers: 14-inch diameter bosom rollers, 9-inch diameter i wing rouera

FIG. 20 4-seam trawl. 274 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP

FIG. 21 Shrimp pot designed in Maine showing entrance slot on top, cement ballast, bait string and bridles,

pounds of shrimp were landed in two months. Along with production. Thoughts about increasing production are the above-mentioned lobsterman, two other small boat presently under consideration that would use larger vessels fishermen from Maine have been working with pots made with refrigeration equipment, graders, cookers and packaging from designs used in Alaska. The future of pots in the hard or boxing equipment. These larger vessels will make untrawlable bottom along the coast and possibly in the extended trips and work on shrimp beds not presently offshore waters denied to trawlers is no farther away than fished by the fleet in addition to presently worked grounds. the coming season. Reports of activities along the coast This was briefly attempted in Gloucester this year but was gearing up for shrimp pot are numerous. State abandoned due to technical difficulties. It is reasonable to extension service work with pots is underway in Maine. assume that the activity will be undertaken again. Feelings are high that another viable shrimp catching method will soon be employed. Another area under consideration is the use of trawl nets that will separate most of the finfish and "trash" from the SHRIMP HARVESTING TRENDS shrimp. The BCF Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base in Gloucester is scheduling trials this fall with two As people in this industry contemplate its future they types of trawls that, hopefully, will result in the introduction seem hopeful that it will continue at its currently yearly of commercially viable trawls that will perform this function. 275

Vessels Used in the Japanese Shrimp Fishery

by Seitaro Kojima, Division, Agency of Japan, Tokyo

Mr. Kojirna (Paper presented by Mira Chigusa)

Mr. Kojima was born in Japan in 1921. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1943, on completion of a course in naval architecture in the university's Technological Department. He was engaged in wooden fishing vessel design and construction at the Mitsui Wooden Vessel Construction Company, Limited, from 1945 to 1948, and was a lecturer on fishing vessels at the Tokyo Fisheries College from 1957 to 1960. He has lectured on the same subject at Tokyo University since 1967.

Mr. Kojima has been a technical official of the Fisheries Agency of the Japanese Govemment since 1949, and chief of the Agency's Fishing Boat Section since 1961. He has been a member of the LM. CO. Meeting of Specialists on Stability of Fishing Vessels since 1963.

He attended the First Research Vessel Forum of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, held in Tokyo in 1961; the FAO Fishing Vessel Stability Meeting in Gdansk, Poland, in 1963; and the FAO Third World Fishing Boat Congress in C,oteborg, Sweden, in 1965.

Mr. Chigusa, who is at present living in Newfoundland, entered Rikkyo University in 1956, specializing in English American Literature. He graduated in April 1960, when he entered the employment of the Taito Seiko Company, Limited, in Tokyo. He was appointed to the foreign export division of the company, dealing with all kinds of fishing gear, fishing equipment, marine equipment, fishing boats and fishing plants.

Mr. Chigusa was a member of a Market Research Mission which was concerned with fishing gear and equipment used on the West Coast of Africa during 1964. He was appointed to the Foreign Export Division for the east coast of Canada from 1967 until September 1970, when he joined the Canadian Branch of the Taito Seiko Company in St. John's, Newfoundland, as sales manager.

ABSTRACT RÉSUMÉ

The Japanese shrimp fleet includes small craft for the La flotte de crevettiers japonais comprend de petits inshore fishery for high seas fishing near the home islands, bateaux pour la pêche côtière, des chalutiers pour la pêche and vessels operated in far distant waters in co-operation hauturière près des fles du Japon et enfin des bateaux de with foreign enterprises. Described here are a pair trawler, grande pêche exploités de concert avec des entreprises such as is used in the Yellow Sea and the Gulf of Pechili, étrangères. Dans certains cas, les Japonais utiliseront deux a small double-rigger, a small pair boat dragger, a bottom chalutiers pour traîner un seul engin ou encore un seul gill-netter, a basket trap boat, and a large double-rigger. chalutier pour traîner deux engins. L'auteur donne les 276 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY caractéristiques de ces bateaux ainsi que de ceux qui It is a stern trawler with a ramp, equipped with a servent pour la pêche de la crevette au filet maillant de controllable pitch propeller and tows at a speed of 2-1/2- fond et pour la pêche aux casiers. 3-1/2 knots on fishing grounds which are 40-100 meters in depth. Otterboards are not used and the opening of the net VESSELS USED IN THE JAPANESE SHRIMP FISHERY mouth is 20 meters, measured inboard with a Net-Sonde. The time spent for one drag is about 70-120 minutes, and To describe a fishing vessel, it is necessary to explain the net is shot 8-11 times during a 24 hour period, operating fishery in which she is engaged. The Japanese shrimp continuously. fishery is composed of an indigenous shore fishery with small craft and a high seas fishery near the Japanese The fish hold is insulated with two tiers of foamed Islands, as well as vessels operated in far distant waters in styrofoam, each 50 mm thick, and waterproof veneer co-operation with foreign enterprises. board, 19 mm thick. Shrimp is stored in the fish hold with crushed ice and chilled by a supplementary refrigerator of Shrimp has been prized by the Japanese people as a 2-1/2 R.T., (5 horsepower compressor). The shrimp can be valuable sea food from ancient times, so much so that its kept fresh for seven days after being hauled on-board. domestic production cannot meet their demands and a vast amount of shrimp has been imported; for instance, 48,886 When an operating voyage runs over seven days, the metric tons of shrimp were imported in 1969. chilled shrimp is shifted to a carrier vessel on the fishing grounds. Ten fish carriers of about 100 gross tons each are Several typical shrimp vessels can be described as at hand for every seven sets of pair trawlers. follows: Some of these trawlers are equipped with air-blast 1. Pair-trawler in the Yellow Sea and the Gulf of Peehili freezing apparatus of 7-10 R.T. capacity, with which one Taisho-prawn (Penaeus orientes) and Uchiwa-prawn ton of shrimp is frozen per day, and the merits of these (lbacus cliiatus) are caught by pair-trawlers in the Yellow freezers are highly appreciated. Sea and the Gulf of Pechili (both lying between the Japanese Islands and the Chinese mainland) during the Trawl winches are usually driven hydraulically. winter season, from November to March, and the annual product in 1968 was 2792 metric tons. 2. Small Double-rigger These pair shrimp trawlers are of the larger type Among catches by small inshore trawlers operating off category among the licensed pair-trawlers of 15 gross tons the southwest coast of Japan, Kuruma-prawn (Peraus and over. Their number was about 150 in 1970. They are japonicus), Kuma-prawn (Penaeus semisukatus) and Tora- engaged in other fish trawling operations when the shrimp prawn (metapenaeopgis acclivis) are found in the months season is over. from September to May and their total catch in 1968 was 21,843 metric tons. These small trawlers are under five A typical one has the following specifications: gross tons each. There are 14,230 of them.

It has 191.24 gross tons and the registered length (the One typical vessel has a registered length of 10.30 length on upper deck from foreside of stem to rudder stock meters, the breadth being 2.35 meters and the depth to centre) is 32.20 meters; breadth, 6.80 meters; and depth to deck 1.06 meters. The construction material is almost all upper deck, 3.35 meters. It is constructed of steel and wood. F.R.P. is not popular because of its expense and its manned by a crew of 12, and can operate on the fishing displacement when trawling; and ferro-cement does not ground 470 nautical miles from home base, a trip requiring appear to be acceptable for these small trawlers in Japan, as 1-1/2 to 2 days. Its cruising speed is 10 to 11-1/2 knots, with it is difficult to break down the strong prejudices and a 630 b.h.p. diesel engine. The length of warp, one side, is ignorance of the people concerned. 1,100 meters, the net mouth being 50 meters wide, the cod-end length 10 meters, and its mesh is 58-60 mm, wing The five-gross-ton small trawler engages in daily operation net mesh 62-72 mm. three nautical miles offshore with a two-man crew. Mr. Kojima 277

It is an out-rigger trawler, with two wooden booms which are 1.50 meters high and 1,000 meters long, the mesh athwart the vessel, 4.5 meters each in length, and through being seven cm. These nets are set about one nautical mile each outer end of which a set of trawl gear is led with rope off the coast. (18 mm 0 manilla rope or 17 mm 0 synthetic fibre rope or 8 mm 0 steel wire rope) of 135 meters (for 23 meters' A small vessel of five gross tons or under, with a crew of depth), or 180 meters (for 30 meters' depth). This trawl one or two men is engaged in this gill-net fishery. net is weighted by three pieces of stone weighing 37 kg altogether, and its mesh is 25 mm. Catches are carried alive in a water tank onboard the vessel. The vessel runs at the speed of about two knots pulling the trawl nets. The net is hauled at a speed of about 25 5. Basket Trap meters/minute with the warping drum driven by the main On the northern coast of the Japan Sea, a basket trap engine. The pulling force of the net is about 400 kg. shrimp fishery is operated for Hokkai-prawn (Pandalus borealis),Toyama-prawn (Pandalus hypsinotus), Hokkai-red- Some of the captured shrimp are kept alive in water prawn (Pandalus borealis) and Botan-prawn (Pandalus tanks onboard, and the others are stored in crushed ice. nipponeneis) during the winter season. About 2000 metric tons are landed annually. 3. Small Pair-boat Drag-netter

The Gulf of Suruga-wan near Mount Fuji in the middle The basket is composed of steel bars and synthetic part of Japan is famous as the only location of Sakura- fibre net, and looks something like a barrel, with a height prawn (Sergetes lucens). Pair-boat type small draggers are of 0.3 meters and diameters of 0.50 meters at the top and engaged in this fishery, and the annual product in 1968 was 0.8 meters at bottom. Vessels used for this basket trap 7659 metric tons in raw form. fishery are varied in size, from five to 95 gross tons.

The vessels, numbering 120 in 1969, are under five gross A 95-ton class vessel, of which there are 78, carry tons each and are operated during the period from October 700-1,000 baskets onboard. It has a crew of 12, operates to June. 250 nautical miles offshore in the winter season, and hauls baskets from a bottom 150 meters deep. Catches are stored The vessel is of wooden construction, and its registered in crushed ice. It is a multipurpose vessel and is also length is 11.00 meters, the breadth being 2.82 meters and engaged in other fisheries, such as salmon-driftnetting in depth 0.79 meters. It is manned by an eight-man crew and the summer season. operated daily one nautical mile offshore, where the depth of the sea is 20-30 meters. A smaller type vessel of 15 gross tons, carrying 400-500 baskets and manned by three men, operates 15 nautical The net is composed of two long wings and a cod-end, so miles offshore. Catches are stored in crushed ice. There are it looks like a pair of trousers. The length of each warp is now 234 of these smaller type vessels. 150 meters, and the warp is hauled by a warping drum driven from the main engine. 6. Double Rigger of Large Type Several Japanese fishing companies are operating shrimp The catch is taken ashore raw and then dried in the fisheries in Australia, Indonesia, Brazil, sunlight. Tanzania, etc., in co-operation with fishing enterprises of respective countries. 4. Bottom gill-netter For the shrimp fishery, 63 American-make shrimp All along the coasts of Japan, from October to April, double-riggers were imported from 1965 to 1969. A typical spiny lobster (Panulirus japonicus, 1627 metric tons caught vessel of this type is made of steel, with a registered length in 1968), Karuma-prawn (Peraus japonicus, 399 metric tons of 20 meters, six meters in breadth and 3.17 meters in caught in 1968) and other miscellaneous (763 depth. It is manned by four men, powered with a 240 b.h.p. metric tons in 1968) are caught with bottom gill-nets diesel engine, and equipped with brine-freezing apparatus. 278 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Moreover, for this shrimp fishery, 14 steel side-trawlers of a trawl winch capacity of 0.7 tons x 60 meter/minute. It the 90-ton class were converted into the double-rigger type, is equipped with a contact freezer of 11 R.T. by ammonia and nine new double-riggers were built in Japan from 1965 refrigerant. The main hull of the vessel is of sandwich-type to 1969. construction of 5,870 gr/m2 F.R.P. outer layer, and the core material is foamed vinyl-chloride with a 4400 gr/m2 Two newly built vessels of this type can be described as inner layer. It conforms with Lloyds F.R.P. rules. F.R.P. follows: The second vessel is a steel double-rigger of 99.50 gross The first is of F.R.P. construction, a double rigger, tons, length overall of 24.20 meters, breadth 6.00 meters, 50.84 gross tons, 16.48 meters in length, 5.00 meters in depth 2.65 meters and draft 2.10 meters. It carries a 9-man breadth, and 2.30 meters in depth. It has an eight-man crew and has a cruising speed of 11 knots. The engine is a crew and a cruising speed of 8-1/2 knots. It has a Caterpillar Caterpillar 365 b.h.p. diesel and C.P.P., and the vessel is 220 b.h.p. diesel engine, a controllable pitch propeller, and equipped with a contact freezer of 1 ton/day capacity. 279

Design of a Multi-Purpose Fishing Vessel Suitable for the Shrimp Fishery

by Captain John K.W. Dres, Fisheries Technologist, Canadian Vickers Llinited, Montreal, P.Q.

Captain Dres

Captain Dres, master and fisheries technologist, is in charge of the Fisheries Division of Canadian Vickers Limited of Montreal. This new service has designs and specifications available for all- weather fishing vessels in steel, wood, aluminum or fibreglass. Formerly with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Captain Dres played a major role in designing the Canadian Vickers Limited multi-purpose universal fishing vessel and fishing systems.

He has been actively associated with the fishing and the industry for more than 25 years in North and South America, joining the US. fleet in Alaska after World War IL In California he participated in the development of freezing, and spent 15 years in Latin America as fleet and plant manager for U.S. fishing interests. He planned, built and installed processing plants for tuna and shrimp, located new fishing grounds and streamlined and updated fleet maintenance and fleet operation. He was also fisheries adviser to the Government of El Salvador. With FAO in Mexico he pioneered the fishing of shrimp with large vessels — 500 PH. and up.

ABSTRACT utilisation de la force motrice, capacité de la cale à poissons et espace de travail; et qui pourrait servir à la pêche de la Research has indicated that the should crevette, au chalutage de fond, à la pêche à la seine à poche, consider the advantages of multi-purpose vessels in the à la pêche de la boette pour le thon, et ce, n'importe où. future. This paper describes efforts directed to the creation Il pourrait naviguer par tous les temps et l'équipage jouirait of a vessel which has optimum versatility, horsepower de plus grand confort. Il serait fabriqué en grande série et utilization, fish hold capacity and processing space, and son coût, de même que les frais d'exploitation, permet- capable of worldwide shrimping, , purse traient de faire face à la concurrence. seining, and bait fishing for tuna. It would have all-weather suitability and optimum crew comfort. It could be mass THE DESIGN OF "CANADIAN VICKERS produced and would be competitive in price and operating SUPER SHR IMPER" co st . Introduction RÉSUMÉ Research done to date on the various classes of vessels in La recherche a montré que l'industrie de la pêche devra use, the assessment of the advantages and disadvantages by à l'avenir étudier les avantages des bateaux polyvalents. La class, etc., cost and profit return, suggests strongly the présente communication décrit les efforts de création d'un necessity for the industry to consider the use of multi- bateau qui soit optimal aux points de vue polyvalence, purpose vessels in the future. 280 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

The subject of this conference is shrimp fishing but it 9. easily mass-produced not only in Canada but all over should be recognized that shrimp come and go, market the world in steel, in wood, in fibreglas; conditions, etc., do change. Experience gained throughout 10. competitive in price and operating cost. many Latin American countries, Central America, Europe and U.S.A. prove beyond a doubt that we should not, as PRINCIPAL PARTICULARS the saying goes, put all our eggs in one basket and that the needs of the industry can best be served by having more Multi-purpose: Trawler - Purse Seiner versatile vessels. A prime example is the conventional Gulf Midwater Trawler shrimper. Probably no one vessel has been more widely Shrimper - Freezer - Processor copied. As a shrimper she performed extremely well, Herring Processor. whenever and wherever shrimp were plentiful but, like the Length Overall: 106' - 6" Model T, does not meet today's requirements. Although a Breadth: 28' - 0" good low cost shrimper, she will never make a good purse Depth: 14' - 0" seiner or bottom trawler. Draft: IV- 6" Fishhold Capacity: 10,800 cubic feet To satisfy the needs of the industry today, our design Industrial Fish Capacity: Approx. 260 tons efforts were directed to the creation of a vessel having Processing Shelter Deck: 6500 cubic feet. optimum versatility, optimum H.P. utilization, ample fish- hold capacity and processing space, etc., and capable of ENGINE POWER doing the following: 1. shrimping worldwide with one, two or three nets and One Main Engine: 750 H.P. processing its catch in ample space with enough range 6:1 reduction gear twin disk. to stay out 60 days and over; Propeller 300 R.P.M. 84"/60" pitch. 2. bottom trawling with the same facility and ease and One 385 H.P. auxiliary engine. with less crew than required on a modern stern trawler; Total Fuel Capacities = 41,500 U.S. gallons plus 20 tons in Chill Tanks. 3. purse seining for herring, sardines and tuna;

4. bait fishing for tuna; SHRIMPING WORLDWIDE WITH ONE, TWO OR 5. midwater trawling; THREE NETS 6. large enough payload capacity to go after tuna and/or Known shrimp grounds in the Mexican Gulf, the industrial fish; Caribbean, off Honduras, the Guayanas, Brazil and the Bay 7. all weather suitability; of Fundy have maximum depths of 40 fathoms. Personal 8. optimum crew comfort; practical experience in those shrimp grounds has taught us Captain Dres 281 that we need 2.7 H.P. for every foot of headrope providing, cause the outriggers to spread so that they are both at of course, you don't waste H.P. with faulty trawl doors. 900 angles. Warps of both nets are let out. When the two Our vessel with 750 H.P. will handle 3:85 headrope nets in outside nets are fishing, the third net is set in the shrimp grounds up to 40 fathoms — in deeper water, following way. Doors are pulled up to the trawl blocks; the requiring more H.P., one can use two 100 ft. headrope nets sack is thrown over stem railing, followed by rest of net. or two 85 ft. nets. In extreme depths such as the When the net is trailing, doors are lowered to fishing depth. Mozambique Channel where Spanish and Portuguese trawlers are reportedly fishing for shrimp at depths of 150 All three trawl warps are wound in simultaneously. to 200 fathoms, one net is used under those conditions. When doors have reached the trawl blocks, the capstan winch is activated, bringing the two outriggers close to the In order to give the shrimp fisherman the flexibility to bow where they are held in brackets. The starboard out- fish with one, two or three nets with minimum effort and rigger, being connected with the stern trawl boom, has optimum H.P. utilisation, we did not incorporate the positioned same at 90 0 angle. With a Kelly eye and trigger conventional double rig system. Neither did we utilise the device, the same cable powered by the capstan continues stern trawler or side trawler method when employing one pulling the stem boom from a 900 angle until it reaches a net. Even the regular trawl winch was substituted by a forward position almost parallel with starboard outrigger. newly designed winch concept, consisting of the power This operation makes the cod ends come close to the stem drum attached to the outriggers and the spooling drums so that they can be fastened to the sweeplines of cod end placed on deck. hauling winches, hoisted on deck and spilled into a mobile .

DECK ARRANGEMENT. RIGGING AND DECK The fish pond is based on a tubular frame, which sits in MACHINERY ON BOARD OF THE 106 FT. a track, half tube. This prevents it from sliding sideways, SUPER SHRIMPER but enables it to move up towards the shelter deck. It is emptied into sorting space by lifting it up with cod end The two outriggers and stern boom are 45 ft. in length winches. and suspended from the Sampson posts by fixed stays. The forward hydraulic capstan moves outriggers towards the Setting the nets again is a simple matter, consisting of bow. When booms are in this position during the net throwing all three cod ends overboard, speeding up until hauling procedure, they are locked into brackets, one on they are trailing. A slight turn to starboard will cause the either side of the forecastle, and one bracket fastened to the the stem boom to move away from bow. When she is at a starboard outrigger prevents the two of them from 900 angle and going towards stem, she pulls the starboard colliding. When not fishing, both outriggers are in their outrigger. When the latter is moving towards 900 angle, a brackets and the stern boom is secured on after deck. We slight turn on the wheel towards port will cause spreading of have three hydraulic cod end 'Winches mounted on the cross port outrigger. trace of a fish crane, so that cod ends can be hoisted on board simultaneously. All winch equipment is operated When all three fishing booms are in position and secured, from control console located in pilot house. the three nets are lowered. This can be done simultaneously or, depending upon choice, first the two outside nets, then the centre net or vice-versa. FISHING WITH THREE NETS

Nets are on the aft deck, each connected to its trawl SHRIMPING WITH TWO NETS doors. The two outriggers are in forward position. Doors of two outside nets are lifted overboard in the same way as on According to depths or bottom conditions or personal board conventional double rig shrimp trawlers. Cable preference, one can eliminate a center net, depending on the winches pull the doors up to trawl blocks. The two nets go available H.P. We can use two nets of 85 ft. headrope or overboard. The trailing of the nets when vessel is underway, two larger nets. The operation is essentially the same as and a slight turn on the wheel to the left and right will triple net fishing. CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY 282

SAFETY stern boom. The cable spools for the above booms are used to accommodate the cable. The combined line pull is now Could outriggers of 45 ft. length cause a vessel to well over 30,000 lb continuous. Line speed 90 to 170 feet capsize when the gear is caught on bottom? This question per minute, same as in other operations. To set and recover has been asked by many, especially by those not acquainted the net is similar to the one net, cable bridle system on the with shrimp fishing. More than 15 years ago when shrimp stern boom, except that the cable on the port side of the trawlers adopted the double rig, many expressed the same tee has to be disconnected and secured on the stern boom fears. Their fears were unfounded. The safety of the double itself before it can be moved freely up forward. This type rig has been demonstrated well over the years. However, of rigging will be used when conditions require extreme further precautionary measures were taken as follows: high line pull. The one net shrimp trawl method has the advantage that only cod end is taken on board as is the case we have a band-brake device which allows the warp to 1. in all our shrimp trawling methods. slip when more than the usual pull is applied, caused by an underwater obstacle; 2. if the gear is caught on the bottom, both outriggers are COMPARISON OF CAPACITIES BETWEEN brought up forward and rested in their brackets. In this MULTI-PURPOSE VESSEL AND A way, attempts to free the gear can be done in the same MODERN CANADIAN STERN TRAWLER safe manner as heaving the anchor; 3. freeing the gear on a shrimper equipped with the con- It might be unfair to make a comparison with this ventional double rig is more hazardous in so far that a modern vessel as she was designed for stern trawling only. crew member has to scale an outrigger to disconnect the This, at present, puts her at a disadvantage, due to the fact trawl block so that it can be moved up forward and that purse-seining and other types of fishing, bringing in fastened to bow. The above description explains why our greater returns, cannot be done as efficiently with this rigging has no scaling ladders. All rigging or adjustments type of vessel. are done safely inboard. Although she is much larger in length and beam, her wet SHRIMPING WITH ONE NET, TWO CABLES fish hold and processing space are much smaller. Construc- tion costs are double that of the multi-purpose vessel and so To convert to one-net, two-cable system, a revolving tee will be the maintenance and operating costs. is attached to the end of the stern trawl boom, on which C.V. vessel is twice that are mounted the two trawl blocks. The powerdrum of the The range of the multi-purpose port outrigger is utilized in addition to the existing one on of the present stern trawler. Captain Dres 283

CONVERSION METHOD OF SIDE TRAWLER have been stuck with a shrimp fleet and no shrimp, while INTO THREE NET SHRIMP TRAWLER they could not go after other species available and in high demand because the single purpose shrimper could not We have dealt so far mainly with the shrimp fishing economically fish for them, lacking winch and propulsion systems innovated and designed for our 106 ft. super power, capacity and range. shrimper. It is worth mentioning how well this multi-rig shrimp trawling method can be applied to existing vessels of Our boat has no stern ramp in the true sense; cost of proper size and H.P. For example, we recently engineered construction would have gone up together with additional the conversion of a 133 ft. Portuguese tuna bait boat into a length, pricing it out of today's market. To give the fisher- super shrimper purse semer. As Canada still has many side man an all around fishing craft at a price he can afford, we trawlers which have to compete for crew with the stern have two things to make bottom trawling up-to-date on trawlers, we consider it important at this shrimp conference board of a relatively small vessel: to reveal our conversion method. 1. the attachable ramp and Beavertail combination;

SHRIMPING WITH CONVERTED SIDE TRAWLER 2. the swinging tee-boom, which, literally speaking, parks the net alongside of the boat, making the cod end come The equipment consists of two outriggers,and one stern closely to stern to be hauled over ramp. boom, all three 45 ft. in length and suspended with fixed stays from the installed Sampson posts. The outriggers and ATTACHABLE RAMP stem booms are brought forward in the same way and manner as on board of our C.V.I. super shrimper. As illustrated, this is of tubular construction. Its base on stag and rudder stand is functional in so far as it prevents By the manipulation of boom and outriggers, the cod the gear getting in the propeller or hanging up on rudder. ends are close to the stem where, with a graphook, their During inspection and repairs of propeller and rudder, it lazy lines can be retrieved. Then cod ends are tied to can be detached. sweeplines of hydraulic cod end winches, mounted on the gantry. Three fiarleads, two on starboard, one on port, BOTTOM TRAWLING WITH VIGNERON-DAHL guide those sweeplines to that point where they can be WITH TEE-BOOM AND AUXILIARY BOOM hoisted simultaneously with a lateral pull on board of the forward deck of side trawlers. As in shrimping with one net and two cables, the swinging tee-boom function is to "park" the net alongside ARRANGEMENT OF DECK GEAR so that cod end becomes accessible to be brought on board ON BOARD OF SIDE TRAWLER with the aid of a fish crane or cod end hauling winch. The rest of this operation is basically the same as on stem For the two outside nets, the original trawl winch was trawlers except that we don't use gallows. used, which is more than adequate in line pull and in cable capacity. For the third net fishing from the stem, we The trawl winches used are the ones of the port utilise a Canadian Vickers designed hydraulic winch of the outrigger and power drum attached to the stem trawl boom power drum cable spool concept. When fishing, the stern and their cable spools. The trawl boom has been fitted out net boom is kept in one position with boom support. All with a swivelling tee device to which the two trawl blocks booms are moved into forward position, when hauling in, are attached. The two winches supply a combined line pull stern boom support "kneels down" hydraulically and thus of over 30,000 lb with a line recovery speed of 125 ft. per frees itself to go up forward. minute.

BOTTOM TRAWLING WITH THE C.V.I. Our fishtail doors (patent applied for) malce warp and cable one entity. A bronze stopper secured on cable can The value of a fishing craft depends on its eaming shorten or lengthen cable if so desired, by moving the power. This, in turn, in many cases depends on its stopper and securing it. A bushing, which can be opened versatility. Shrimp bonanzas come and go. Some countries and closed, rides the cable. The brackets of door are welded 284 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY to the bracket-bushing. The stopper is secured back of Puretic powerblock, the Italians in Monterey and San Pedro, bracket-bushing. The fishtail slot keeps the cable in place by California used the same method, but pulling the seine on the angle of attack and the counterpull of net. Doors act board by hand. the same as conventional doors. Setting the net: the purse-cable is on the port cable Retrieving the net is as follows: when doors break spool; for pursing, we use the two powerdrums of the water, the bracket-bushings trigger devices are pulled, outriggers; the two outriggers are secured in their resting causing the stoppers to pass through the bushings and, position; to lift the rings on stern deck, we utilize the whilst cables continue to be pulled, both doors are sliding combined hoisting power of the cod end winches based on towards the wings of net where they are stopped by other the fishkrane; the powerblock is also attached to the bridles. As in shrimping, they will hit both trawl blocks. fishkrane. After the port cable is disconnected and the pennant close to trawl block is secured on the tee-boom, the tee-boom is When fish is accumulated in the sack, it is either pumped moved up towards the bow by capstan winch with the aid out as is common practice with herring, sardines and other of an auxiliary boom which is kept during fishing operation industrial fish or, when it is tuna, broiled out with an at a 900 angle. When the auxiliary boom is secured in its Alaskan broiler. The skiff does not need to be high stand up forward, the tee-boom then is at a 90° angle. The powered to counteract the force. The vessel can be Kelly eye-like trigger device releases and the capstan cable controlled with its own power, especially when the propeller continues to pull until the tee-boom is in forward position. and rudder are enclosed by Beavertail. The cod end is now accessible close to stern to be fastened and to be hoisted on board by fishkrane if not too BAIT FISHING FOR TUNA heavy. If the weight is excessive for the fish crane, it can be pulled on board over the attachable ramp of vessel using An ample G.M., a squat, full-rounded stem, relatively the same operational procedure as practised on stem low freeboard on aft deck, good capacity and range, all trawlers. combine to make the C.V.I. an ideal tuna bait boat. Seasonal bait fishing for tuna with medium size craft south of the border is gaining in popularity, especially Setting the net is done in the following manner: when for fishing craft with relatively small capacity. the cod end is emptied and secured, it goes over the side. The entire net trails alongside the starboard side of vessel. MIDINATER TRAWLING WITH THE C.V.I. The forward motion of the craft and some rudder to AND ATTACHABLE COD END HARBOUR starboard will help the tee-boom to spread to a 90° angle, from this angle to the stern where she is positioned and Only the very big processors, Japanese and Russian, are secured. The auxiliary boom will remain at a 90° angle. able to handle a heavy cod end of 40 to 100 tons. The entire net is trailing behind the stern. The cable is let out until the stopper, trigger device lets the stopper pass Processors are large vessels of 300 ft. with heavy duty and the doors go overboard. hoisting devices. Hauling a 12 ft. diameter cod end over the ramp on deck presents no problem to them. Smaller boats, PURSE-SEINING FOR HERRING, when engaged in midwater trawling, are forced to pump the SARDINES AND TUNA VVITH THE C.V.I. cod end out and, while pumping at an approximate rate of one ton per minute, actual fishing comes to a stop. In our Having a good deck space back aft, good winching and proposed patented system, we dock the cod end into the hoisting equipment, industrial fish capacity of approx. 260 spiller of this harbour and continue fishing while pumping tons, the C.V.I. will malce a good purse-seiner. Most purse- it into the tanks on board the vessel. seiners purse and broil from the side and I don't consider it necessary to comment on this. What will be worthwhile is to LONG RANGE, AMPLE PROCESSING ROOM, explain how our vessel is readily converted into a purse- OPTIMUM CREW COMFORT, OPTIMUM SAFETY seiner. Personal experience has proved the advantages of pursing and broiling from the stern. There is actually The versatility to fish for one species with the same nothing new about this. Long before the invention of the vessel and basic equipment applying different methods Captain Dres 285

according to requirements, is important. But what is also today's requirements. We consider the "Metal-Keel-Kore" a important, especially for the shrimp industry now more step in the right direction, improving the structure with less than ever, is to go where it pays, which may be far away. bulk. The basic principle is that the metal keel, skeg and U.S. shrimp freezers and processors are at present making stem are laminated with wood. Metal-keel-kore is extended trips of more than 90 days. upward with smaller gauge plates to form the center of the bottom fuel tanks. Fuel capacity in our design calls for more than 40,000 gallons. Processing on board today's long-range shrimper- processors is made difficult by lack of space. Our processing Frames are connected to metal mass. This eliminates a space is made ample not by lengthening the vessel, but by bulky wooden keelson and gives the vessel bottom fuel applying space utilization in the vertical way. The crew tanks before the boat is framed and planked. This method quarters and bridge are on top of the shelter deck, making was developed for Latin America, where the expansion and available needed processing room at low cost. This layout contraction of materials is no problem, but is considered and the fact that the engine room is astern makes for feasible elsewhere. optimum crew comfort.

The sheltered, fully enclosed, watertight processing and In the past year our people have spent considerable time sorting area of 750 square feet can accommodate all the investigating the viability of fibreglas construction for processing machinery and packing tables. fishing craft. We have enjoyed complete cooperation from Fibreglas of Canada and from our parent company, Below decks our boat, equipped as a shrimp-processor, especially for engineering data and tank testing facilities. can store more than 100 tons of frozen shrimp, has room for two chill tanks with a combined capacity of 20 tons, and the service alley can accommodate the conveyor of the Also, a considerable amount of time was spent visiting sorting machine. U.S. boat yards producing fibreglas shrimp trawlers, to gather additional data and to view the different techniques EASY TO MASS PRODUCE NOT ONLY IN CANADA and methods applied. BUT ALL OVER THE WORLD, IN STEEL, WOOD AND FIBREGLAS I talked to many fishermen who have been fishing with A multi-purpose fishing craft like ours, to become a fibreglas trawlers. All of them that I interviewed were more popular fishing platform in many parts of the world as we than satisfied with their fibreglas boats, but many were of expect, should be mass produced to offset the high design the opinion that design should be updated. Our fibreglas and development costs. In the western world where labour version is what the fishermen need and want at a price they and other costs are high, we have much more reason to go can afford to pay. into the development of mass produced standard fishing craft than elsewhere. CONCLUSION THE "METAL-KEEL-KORE" METHOD FOR THE WOOD CONSTRUCTED C.V.I. Our efforts and those of many other government and commercial organizations are contributing to one common There is nothing the matter with wood as a boat building goal: to change the art of fishing into a science for a better material, but building methods have not kept up with tomorrow. SS FCC/ NET

45 FOOT OUTINGGFJI PS S 0® SS FOOT STEMS wale ® OUTRIGGER b AMIGNOR CAPSTAN

MOON NOUNTED POWER DMUS 8® SPOOLING REEL 0

TRAWL SLOCX 0 COD ENO WRICK

OLSON SLOG% 9®

COO ES

SMILE FISK FOND FISK GANTRY ®00 SUPERSHRIMPER mime 3- 85 FOOT NETS

FIG OUTRIGGERS IN FWD POSITION NETS ALCNGSIDE CANADIAN VICKERS

MULTI - PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL

FISHING SYSTEM

WITH

3-85 FOOT NETS FIS CATCH ON BOARD W/ HOUSE

ACCOMMODATION

...- r.750 CU F7 FORE Or.Ae lir PROCE/S SI5 .PIG ANDNU FT DSORTING REEZERA PEAK SPACE We A A

STEERING STORE GEAR OIL ENGINE FISH HOLD14OLD ..... FUEL ROM e 10000 CU FT

OIL FUEL

OIL FUEL OIL FUEL 4

CANADIAN VICKERS

MULTI - PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL

TOTAL MN ?CAD PROCESSING. & WORK SPACE

16,750 CU. FT.

ACCOMMODATION CA PAC iTy co M PARISON

CANADIAN VICKERS FORE FISH NOLD ST 0 RE •EAK MULTI - PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL ENGINE ROOM APPROK 4,000 CU FT \ \ \ AND CONVENTIONAL SHRIMPER CO NVE NTI ONA L SHRIMPER

TOTAL CUBIC CAPACITY 4.000 CAL Ft LENGTH CANADIAN VICKERS BREADTH MULTI-PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL DEPTH DRAFT CAPACITIES FISH HOLD 10,000 CU.FT. MAIN ENGINE B.H.P. 750+ 250 BOOSTER H.P. PROCESSING SPACE 5,000 CU_FT. FUEL CAP. 125TONSt FREEZER ROOM 1,750 CLL F7. COMPARISON CHART

LENGTH 143-0' CANADIAN VICKERS BREADTH 3s -O` MULTI-PURPOSE FISHfNG VESSEL MODERN STERN TRAWLER DEPTH

CAPACITIES DRAFT ll-ô AND FISH HOLD 8,000 CU FT_ MAIN ENGINE BAP. 1230 PROCESSING SPACE 3,000 CU FT. MODERN STERN TRAWLER FUEL CAP 135 TONS

113 FT HEADROOM NET TRAWL DOORS @C)

S • FOOT OUTRIGGERS TRAWL WINCH @O LEAD »LOGS FISISKWAWE Oe

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MULTI RIG TRAWLING SYSTEM ON SI DE T RAW LER FISH 1 NG ARRANGEMENT WITH THREE PIG (;) ounusacts saffla Fermat an Ø CATCH ow— MARV NETS /ISMS« 8 5 FT NETS CONVERSION OF SIDE TRAWLER To

MULTI - RIG TRAWLING SYSTEM.

PROFILE CONVERSION of SIDE TRAWLER TO MULTI-RIG TRAWLING SYSTEM. Fr. oVESSEL FOHNG

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CANADIAN VICKERS

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CANADIAN VICKERS

MULTI-PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL

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PROCESSING AREA 5,000 Cti FT

FREEZER ROOlvt 1, 750 W. FT CANADIAN VICKERS

MULTI-PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL

CHILLING TANKS 1,800 CU. FT AS

PROCESSOR

REFRIG HOLDING ROOM z000 CU. FT 295

A Study of Canadian Shrimp Boat Requirements

by Cdr. H.A. Shenker, R.C.N. (Ret.). Chief, Vessels and Engineering Division, Industrial Development Branch, Fisheries Service Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Ottawa. Cdr. Shenker

Cdr. Shenker is responsible for programs designed to increase the efficiency of Canada's commercial fishing fleet through wide application of mechanization and automation. This involves fisheries engineering development, including new concepts in fishing vessel design and equipment, improved methods of powering vessels, use of new construction materials and electronic fish-finding and navigation gear, all directed to achieving better working conditions for crews and increased productivity.

Born in Hamilton, Ont., Cdr. Shenker served as a bomber pilot with the R.C.A.F, during the World War II, receiving the Distinguished Flying Cross. Following graduation from the University of Toronto and Massachusetts Institute of Technology with bachelor of science and naval engineering degrees, he joined the Royal Canadian Navy and served in various capacities relating to the design and construction of naval vessels.

In 1957 he was appointed Deputy Manager, Constructive Department, HMC Dockyard, Halifax, moving to Ottawa the following year to become Project Leader on the design of naval vessels. In 1959 he was appointed Manager Constructive Department, HMC Dockyard, Esquimalt. He returned to Ottawa in 1963 as Assistant Director, Ship Design and Construction (Contract Design). In 1967 he became Senior Staff Officer, Engineering, on the Canadian Embassy staff in Washington, D. C. He assumed his present post in July 1969. He was General Secretary of the Conference on Automation and Mechanization in the Fishing Industry, held in Montreal in February 1970.

Cdr. Shenker is a member of the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects.

ABSTRACT l'auteur insiste sur l'importance de faire une analyse fonctionnelle de tout le système de pêche auquel les A description is presented of the vessels currently bateaux sont destinés. Quelques-uns des éléments de base utilized for shrimp fishing in Canada. Stress is given to the indispensables dans un crevetier sont étudiés en termes desirability of carrying out a functional analysis of the total généraux. fishing system for which the vessels are intended. Some of the basic requirements for a shrimp vessel are discussed in INTRODUCTION broad terms. Shrimp fishing in Canada is largely carried on as a RÉSUMÉ seasonal or between seasons fishing operation by vessels Tout en donnant une description des bateaux actuel- designed primarily for other types of fishing. This seldom lement utilisés dans la pêche de la crevette au Canada, provides an optimized vessel for shrimping. 296 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Shrimping has been carried on for many years on the cliaracteristics of vessels used in shrimping on the east coast Pacific Coast while it is a comparatively new fishery on the are listed in Table II. Atlantic. Figure 1 shows the shrimp catch over the period 1965 to 1969. The Pacific catch has been fairly constant at Operational Scenario about 1.8 million pounds while the Atlantic catch has risen role of fishing for to a high of 2.5 million pounds. As a comparison, the In designing a vessel, with the prime areas to be annual U.S. production is of the order of 200 million shrimp on the east coast, the principal pounds. considered are the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay of Fundy, and those areas off the coast of Nova Scotia where shrimp The potential of the industry makes it mandatory, for are known to exist in commercial quantities. those involved, to take a close look at the requirements and to provide vessels with shrimping as their primary mode of As on the Pacific coast, it is unlikely that these Atlantic operation. Coast vessels will be able to fish for shrimp the year round, so consideration must be given to providing an alternative mode of operation based on other species during the remainder of the year. The season in the Gulf of St. Lawrence begins after the ice leaves in the spring and VESSELS PRESENTLY IN USE extends to the late fall when the weather becomes too severe and icing conditions again prevail. Shrimp vessels Pacific Coast designed for this service should have the capability to fish The important areas where shrimp are caught on the economically for other species should shrimp not be west coast are shown in figure 2. The operating conditions available. can be quite different in these widely spaced areas. Bay of Fundy vessels can be somewhat smaller due to Almost without exception, the shrimp vessels in service the more sheltered areas in which they will be fishing and on the west coast of Canada have as their primary role also to conform to the current regulatory requirements. either or . They are converted for the shrimp season. Normally, these vessels are of wooden Weather Conditions construction, between 30 ft. and 45 ft. in length and use Average state of sea in all directions is shown in figure either a beam trawl or an otter trawl, depending upon the 12, taken from the Oceanographic Atlas of the North power in the vessel and the owner's preference. Some west Atlantic Ocean. As a contrast the conditions prevailing in coast shrimpers are shown in figures 3 to 5. the Gulf of Mexico are also shown.

Atlantic Coast In the Gulf of St. Lawrence the percentage of time when Figure 6 indicates the major areas where shrimp are the average wave heights are less than eight feet is very high available on the Atlantic coast. Presently the Gulf of St. for the months of May to August inclusive and only slightly Lawrence is the most productive area but as with other less for the remainder of the fishing season. fisheries, this may change. During the winter months conditions are much more Here again, the vessels have been converted from their severe off the southern tip of Nova Scotia but even here the primary role, generally small side draggers. The Bay of average wave heights are less than eight feet for over 75% of Fundy vessels range in size up to 65' in length, while in the the time. Gulf of St. Lawrence they are slightly larger, ranging up to 75' or longer. This difference in size can be attributed to Figure 13 provides a detailed breakdown of the average the availability of suitable vessels and possibly to the more wave heights for the Gulf of St. Lawrence area. As an severe weather conditions which the Gulf fishermen example for July, it is calm 9 per cent of the time; wave encounter during the shrimp season. Typical Bay of Fundy heights less than 3 feet, 69 per cent of the time, etc. The shrimpers are shown in figures 7 to 9 and some Gulf of St. average wave heights should be below 8 feet for 99 per cent Lawrence vessels in figures 10 and 11. Some basic of the month.

Upp tis a u in .

CANADIAN SHRIMP LANDINGS

WEIGHT AND DOLLAR VALUE

1965 19 66 1967 19 68 1969 PROVINCE ,00 o ,opo ,000 ,000 ,00 o ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 LBS. e LBS. $ LBS. $ LBS. # LBs. e

NEWFOUNDLAND 6 1

NOVA SCOTIA 7 1 37 7 10 3

NEW BRUNSWICK 650 84 1538 196 1844 430

QUEBEC 29 10 229 46 599 112 663 96 660 106

* BRITISH coLumBIA 1755 281 1682 300 1696 332 1568 320 2119 529

FIG. 1 *Includes Prawns 298 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

QUEEN

CHARLOTTE LEGEND

ISLANDS

LARGE TROLLERS ARE RIGGING UP TO FISH HERE. I.D.S. MONEY FOUND THIS SHRIMP IN THE 1950's.

Fig. 2. MOST IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL FISHING AREAS WEST COAST SHRIMP VESSEL "HENRY BAY n _

ARRIVING IN COMOX FROM FISHING VIEW OF GILLNET DRUM WHICH SERVES GROUNDS. NOTE: NEW HOUSE BEING BUILT AS A WINCH TO REEL IN THE TOW LINE ON VESSEL DURING STORMY DAYS DOES OF THE BEAM TRAWL . NOT STOP FISHING IN GOOD WEATHER.

BEAM TRAWL IN STOWED POSITION WEST COAST SHRIMP VESSEL "LADY JANE"

STERN VIEW. NOTE SHRIMP SORTING STOWED DOOR AND CABLE DRUM TABLE OVER THE TRAWL DRUM.

BERTHED AT COMOX GILLNET DRUM USED TO BRING IN TRAWL Cdr. Shenker 301

FIG. 5 B.C. Shrimp Fishery, converted gillnetter fishing shrimp. St. PIERRE MIQUELON

MAGDALEN Is.

LEGEND

KNOWN STOCKS

MAINE tein WINTER FISHERY GRAND MANAN Is.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF SHRIMP ATLANTIC COAST Fig. 6. Cdr. Shenker 303

FIG. 7 Typical Bay of Fundy shrimp vessels. CONFE RENC E

ON THE

CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

FIG. 8 Shrimp fishing — Bay of Fundy.

305

FIG. 9 Cooking on board - Bay of Fundy. DOF1011IY a r%iSALIC 1vS

FIG. 10 72'-0" L.O.A. shrimp vessel at Caraquet, N.B. Cdr. Shenker 307

FIG. 11 65'-0" shrimp vessel at Caraquet, N.B. I00

99 - 98 97 I 96 L.- il 95 94 93 92 91 TIME 90 -

OF L. 89

r-----

"Yo 88

E i 87 AT

T 86 85 LEGEND A S E

S 84 - GULF OF MEXICO _. 1 83 -•- SOUTHERN TIP OF NOVA SCOTIA ir 82 - GULF OF St. LAWRENCE - - -- 81 80 79 78 77 L._._. 76 75 1_ JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT N OV DEC

MONTH

Fig. ( 12 AVERAGE STATE OF SEA ALL DIRECTIONS) PERCENTAGE TIME WAVE HEIGHT 8ft. OR LESS 90

80

70

,, 60 OF i.

ii 50

40

30

20

10

LEGEND Fig. 13. AVERAGE SEA STATE ( ALL DIRECTIONS) 3 .FEET •11MMI MM. = GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE 11»1111M CALM P.-rP BUM 3 - 5 FEET 1 1 1=. FOR SEAS NOT EXCEEDING 8 FEET ILL = 5 - 8 FEET 310 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

PROPOSED VESSEL REQUIREMENTS Obviously, compromises will have to be made to obtain a reasonable efficiency for these varied operations and a premium in first cost will have to be paid for a multi-species General Statements vessel. One cannot stress too emphatically the requirement to carry out a functional analysis of the total operation to be Grounds undertaken. This should provide the potential owner with Exploratory work and commercial fishing have con- options from which he can select the vessel which will firmed that shrimp are available in commercial quantities in provide an economically viable proposition. the Gulf and the Bay of Fundy. Some of the grounds exploited are shown in figure 6. Some approximate To this end, the Department of Fisheries and Forestry distances to these grounds are provided in table 1. has issued a contract to the Nova Scotia Research Foundation to develop a simulation model for the evaluation of a trawler design. This was reported on by T.B. Mechani- Nickerson at the Conference on Automation and TABLE 1 zation in the Fishing Industry in February 1970. Similar Distance to Grounds in Nautical Miles studies have and are being carried out by other organi- zations such as the U.K. White Fish Authority and the U.S. Port aux Choix Anticosti (N.E.) Anticosti (W) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. We would hope to extend this to include other types of vessels in the near future. Canquet 320 190 170 North Sydney 270 220 320 Analyses produced by this simulation model and other analytical processes, together with experience and model Matane 400 250 90 trials, will determine such parameters as size of vessel, hull She lburne Shrimp Grou nds characteristics, hold capacity and propulsive power. Other features of the vessel system such as fishing gear, electronic Black's Harbour 175 suit, type of deck machinery, etc., must be selected by Halifax 80 experience and then subjected to an economic analysis to ensure the most cost effective sub-systems.

For detailed economic studies the life cycle costs of the Exploratory work indicates that a vessel should be vessel should be compared for the different options, as first cost may show advantages in one instance but when capable of shrimping in depths up to 200 fathoms, and this through costs are totalled, a higher first-cost vessel may be depth should be adequate for groundfishing or midwater the less expensive over its operational life. trawling. However, these other roles will require that vessel have a greater range than that needed for shrimping. The main propulsion system and winches must be designed for the condition which imposes the greatest load Hold on the machinery. A seakindly hull should be provided, It goes without saying that the volume of the hold is a capable of working safely in fairly high sea states. The function of the vessel size. The functional analysis may electronic suit should provide for communications, navi- show that the size of the vessel is determined to a large gation and fish fmding where applicable. extent by the prevailing weather conditions in the opera- tional areas. An automatic weighting would be used in the A vessel having shrimping in the Gulf of St. Lawrence as analysis taking into account the landed unit value and its primary role will be considered at this time. Economic period of fishing for each species. considerations make it mandatory for a higher utilization of the vessel than the shrimping season in the Gulf affords. Insulating materials and techniques, lining materials, Possible other uses are groundfishing or midwater trawling refrigeration requirements and handling methods should be for herring for human consumption. given careful consideration in the design of the fish hold. Cdr. Shenker 311

TABLE II Vessels used in shrimping - East Coast

Side Dragger Item McInnis & Chapelle 45 ft. Class McInnis Reid McInnis

Length 64' - 3" 48 58' - 0" 64' - 11'/^ " 86' - 6'/^ Beam 17'- 4" 15'- 4" 18'- 0" 18'- 11" 20'-11'/< 91- 8" Depth 6'- 2" 8'- 9'h " 9'- 4'h" 11'- 8" Draft 8'- 4" 4' 8'-0" 8'- 0" 9' - 1'/= Hull Material Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Horsepower 240-300 150 365 365 Endurance 7 days 2 days 7 days 8 days 12 days Gear Yankee 35 Yankee Yankee Yankee 41 Yankee 41 3/4- 35 35 Winch Horsepower 50 - 75 30 - 40 80 HP 100 HP 200 HP Winch Type Mechanical Hydraulic & Mechanical Hydraulic Mechanical Mechanical Hold Capacity 1300 1640 C.F. 2650 C.F. 4200 C.F. Refrigeration Mech. & Ice. Ice Ice Ice Ice Crew Accommodation Frw'd. below Frw'd. below Frw'd. below Frw'd. below Frw'd. below deck deck deck deck deck Crew Size 5 3 4 5 7

Insulation Refrigeration The insulating material should provide a low K factor The design of the refrigeration system depends on a (conductivity coefficient), high resistance to water vapor number of factors such as catch rate, size of vessel, distance transmission and water absorption, suitable physical from processing plant, extent of processing and the species properties and resistance to flame. Polyurethane foamed in involved. place insulation provides the properties noted above and acceptable methods of application have been developed. Maintenance of good quality shrimp can be achieved by utilizing boxes with ice. This method can also be utilized A suitable thickness of insulation should extend over the for holding herring for human consumption as well as frames. groundfish although it tends to be labour intensive.

Lining Cooked whole shrimp for fresh consumption and for The lining material should be resistant to corrosion and freezing whole must be held in a refrigerated area and must wear, watertight, (leakproof if refrigerated sea water is not come in direct contact with water or ice. used), have suitable physical properties and be generally suitable for the storage of fish for human consumption. Refrigerated sea water can be utilized for holding herring and groundfish for human food but further work is If refrigerated sea water is utilized, the design should required to determine maximum storage time under various conform to C.S.I. requirements. conditions. 312 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Refrigerated sea water has the advantage of being labour As speed increases the hydrodynamic resistance becomes saving and does not depend on human factors to the same the dominant factor that controls the towing speed. extent as icing; it also provides for faster chilling of the product to an optimum temperature below 32 F and the Determination of the type of gear to be used must take maintenance of that temperature. One disadvantage of a into consideration the different types of operation to be refrigerated sea water system is that it may not provide for undertaken. If the vessel was to be employed solely in long term storage of certain species, because of the salt shrimping the double rig now so widely used in the Gulf of uptake into the fish. Adequate sanitation procedures must Mexico and the Gulf of Alaska would be a probable choice, also be carried out to ensure that the entire system, but ground fishing and midwater trawling are also intended. including the tank surfaces, is kept clean. An over-the-stern arrangement with a single trawl offers Unloading Techniques advantages in each of these types of fishing and would make it possible for one basic deck arrangement to serve all Unloading and storage of shrimp iced in boxes should three purposes. not present any problem, but the unloading of herring and groundfish may present some difficulty at the plant The main trawl winch and a net drum winch have been depending on the available facilities. Boxing will probably demonstrated to provide efficient gear handling on this size also result in a lower utilization of hold space especially for of vessel. In addition to these an adequate lift for the cod groundfish, compared to icing in pens or refrigerated sea end must be provided, and a conventional boom arrange- water. ment or a hydraulic crane will meet this requirement.

Herring held in refrigerated sea water can be pumped out Unpublished data made available by the Pascagoula of the tanks depending on the condition of the herring. Station of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries show Groundfish held in refrigerated sea water could be pumped that a 71' shrimp net (trawl) towed at three knots has a line water out of the tanks by utilizing an air-lift system or the tension which varies from 4200 to 4800 lb. Standard out of the tanks and the fish discharged could be pumped shrimp doors 10' x 40" were used in this trial. by means of an air-flo system which has generally shown to be an effective and satisfactory method of discharging Data from the Technical Research Department of the groundfish from vessel holds to the plant with a minimum Netherlands Fisheries Directorate shows that towing loads labour force. of 5,500 lb are reached at 3 knots with a beam trawl having an 8.5 metre opening, and a ground rope length of 22 Deck Machinery metres. This type of gear is used to trawl for flat fish and is At usual trawling speeds a major part of the vessel's fitted with a 660 kilogram tickler chain. The net has a developed power is used in overcoming the hydrodynamic larger mesh than that of a shrimp trawl. resistance and the bottom resistance of the net and its gear. The bottom resistance is the frictional resistance of the Fisheries Research Board Technical Report #125 by doors, net, warps and other gear being dragged on the Carrothers, Foulkes, Connors, and Walker provides data bottom and it is not significantly affected by over-the- recorded in trials of some gear commonly used in Canadian ground speed in the towing range. groundfishing.

It is affected, however, by the type of bottom, and a Atlantic Western III and Granton trawls are too large to hard bottom such as well compacted coarse sand offers be considered as fishing gear for use with these vessels when little resistance compared with that of the much softer fine not engaged in shrimping. If it is designed to use a large muds. The heavy trawl gear tends to dig into a soft bottom shrimp trawl and is provided with reasonable margins for and a marked increase in the drag occurs. The gear may withstanding higher warp loads and handling bigger gear, alternately dig in and pull free, causing cyclic fluctuations the vessel can also be used for groundfishing with a of considerable magnitude in the bottom drag. In contrast, modified Yankee 41 or Atlantic Western trawl of com- the hydrodynamic resistance of the gear is continuous and parable resistance. The Operations Division of the Industrial increases with the square of gear speed through the water. Development Branch of the Canadian Department of Cdr. Shenker 313

Fisheries and Forestry has indicated that the design of upon it. The advantages of such a system lie firstly in the matched sets of gear for these purposes would pose no small size of engine that becomes possible, and then in the major problem. somewhat smaller hydraulic system which becomes neces- sary. Also, in an approach such as this, it is natural to With these working assumptions and the data referred to include other auxiliaries in the system which would not above, used as a guide it is reasonable to assume a tow rope normally be considered hydraulic auxiliaries: bilge pumps, pull of 5,000 to 6,000 lb for our design. Winch loads can be conveyor drives, and air compressors for example. held to a minimum if the vessel reduces engine power when in-hauling commences. If the speed of the gear through the The smaller and lighter diesel main engine uses less fuel water is increased by say 1 or 14/2 knots above the trawling than a bigger engine at the lower end of its power range. It speed the winch loads should not increase immoderately. A takes up less space. It is cheaper, and because of its reduced main winch speed of 300 ft./min. at the mean drum layer size and weight it allows a greater pay load of fish. Very will give a reasonable time for in-haul — approximately 12 often the larger engine tempts skippers to expend dis- minutes if 600 fathoms of warp are out — which is proportionate amounts of fuel in getting to and from fishing adequate for the contemplated operation. The main warp grounds at marginally increased speed. There need not load should not increase more than 45 or 50% above the necessarily be an increase in cost to install an integrated steady state trawling condition. The size and power of the power and hydraulic system instead of the usual arrange- main trawl winch can therefore be kept relatively close to ments and the benefit in reduced operating cost should be the maximum requirement for shrimping. well worth any initial effort expended in design.

Hydraulic power is proved and dependable and an accepted technology in our fishing fleets, and the extension Auxiliary Power of its application as suggested here should meet with When a number of auxiliary power requirements exist general approval. which have quite different operational profiles there is an opportunity to install a power system which will meet the aggregate operational profile and drive a perfectly satis- factory complete system yet will not have the power to Crew meet simultaneously all the demands that could be placed To ensure good productivity with a small crew a upon it. thorough work study of the operation should be under- taken during the early stage of the design with the object of For example, in the situation just outlined there is no providing mechanization and automation where feasible. need to be able to drive the vessel at full trawling speed and at the same time recover the trawl at design inhaul speed. With a suitably equipped and arranged working deck, The total power requirement is for considerably less than three men can easily operate a vessel when shrimping if a this. Other demands for auxiliary power such as from minimum of onboard processing is done. For groundfishing topping lift, net drum, wave trap, and so on can also be or midwater trawling around the clock, seven men should accommodated by an integrated power system designed to be sufficient manning under normal fishing. A satisfactory provide the total power the system might need at any one mechanical gutting facility would have to be fitted during time. the groundfish operation and removed when other operations are undertaken. In the vessel under consideration a hydraulic system could perhaps most economically provide the advantages of The accommodation must be given special attention. Two an integrated system. Hydraulic pumps driven by a power- double and two single cabins should be provided with the take-off from the main engine couM provide all the second single having a spare berth. Heads, shower, wash- required hydraulic fluid for any condition. The engine and place, galley, dining area, and berthing should be situated in controllable pitch propeller could be governed together so the forecastle section with an exception of the captain's that thrust and engine power would remain at desired levels accommodation. This should be placed on the same level as while auxiliary machinery would meet all demands placed the bridge. 314 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

The habitability areas should be designed and fitted out the bridge, no reverse gears are required and a longer engine for ease of maintenance and provide the maximum in life should be obtained. creature comforts. The fitting of a nozzle or shroud around the propeller With such a small crew an efficient shoreside main- will increase the overall efficiency. Tests by the U.K. White tenance program is mandatory. Fish Authority have shown gains in the order of twenty percent in tow rope pull can be obtained with no measurable loss in free-running speed. This results in additional fuel savings. Propulsion The most expensive single item in a fishing vessel, Lips of Drunen, The Netherlands, through their excluding the hull, is the main propulsion machinery. For Canadian representative Ampower, Montreal provided vessels requiring an installed power in excess of say 250 propeller data which are included as appendbt 3. With an horsepower there is no real alternative to selecting a diesel available horsepower of 510, a tow rope pull of approxi- engine. The cost of fuel to operate the diesel will be from mately 13,200 pounds at 2.5 knots and 11,700 pounds at one third to one half less than that for the gasoline engine, 4.75 knots can be obtained with the selected propeller. and this will quickly overcome any first cost advantage the gasoline engine may have. Vessels requiring much less than Calculations also indicate that with 380 horsepower, a 250 HP, or that are used relatively little, may present tow rope pull of approximately 9,500 pounds at 2.5 knots economic reasons for having gasoline engines but the fire and 8,800 pounds at 4.75 knots can be obtained. The hazard that is always present with gasoline in a boat should calculations do not include a nozzle on the propeller. The prompt careful consideration of the diesel's distinct smaller engine will easily handle a seventy-one foot, Gulf of advantage from the point of view of safety. The long term Mexico shrimp net. economics of the diesel are unchallengeable unless a very limited use of the boat is made. An analysis of through If a nozzle was fitted, with a resulting increase in tow costs, appendix 2, illustrates this point. rope pull, the vessel could tow a Yankee 41 or trawl with a comparable resistance at approximately four knots under An attempt must be made to design a machinery plant as average conditions. an operating system upon which various demands for power are made. These demands will include: the two propulsion modes, trawling and free-running; the powering of the trawl Hull winches, net drum, topping lift, and so on; and the If the hull is designed to allow fishing in a sea with operation of shaft driven and main engine driven auxiliaries average waves of 8' or less, a considerable fishing effort such as electric generator, and bilge pump. There is every would be obtained. There should be enough freeboard to chance that a smaller engine than that which might have produce adequate reserve of buoyancy and an appreciable been selected can be chosen instead and this will result in angle of roll before deck-edge immersion. A properly flared an immediate saving in first costs. Maintenance costs are forecastle type vessel would provide adequate freeboard for- also likely to be less because the smaller engine will be run ward and maintain drier decks. A proper flare will move the at a higher proportion of its rated power and will not be green water aside and generate a minimum of spray and ice subjected to the same degree of overheating at low power accumulation due to spray. This arrangement would operation. provide shelter for the crew while keeping the working platform close to the water line. For a fishing vessel with a requirement to tow large loads at low speeds and to have a reasonable free-running speed, a Of prime importance is the motion of the vessel under controllable pitch propeller would seem the obvious choice. adverse weather conditions. The amplitudes, velocities and The propeller efficiency can be maintained at a high level in accelerations should be small enough so as not to restrict or the two major modes of operation which realizes a endanger personnel while fishing. Fine ends tend to lower considerable saving in fuel over the life of the vessel. Other the resistance and provide better motion in pitching but advantages are the captain can have a positive control from also result in a loss in water plane area. Cdr. Shenker 315

Tomes have been written on the basic hull parameters. Conclusions As the total problem is so complex usually only one aspect The theme of this paper has been leading towards a of the hull has been investigated at a time, such as multi-species vessel but there are other suitable fishing resistance, stability, etc. This leads to situations where it is systems that should be considered as possible alternatives. desirable to have a large coefficient or dimension from one A maximum return on investment should be the ultimate standpoint and the opposite for some other condition, and aim of the endeavour, but whether a large or small system a compromise must be made. is developed is dependent upon the available money to invest. In the first instance, critical coefficients and dimensions such as the half angle of entrance, longitudinal prismatic, As the sustainable yield of shrimp on the eastern block, position of L.C.B., length to beam ratio etc., must be seaboard is not known, it may be prudent to provide a derived as a result of the initial analysis and experience. vessel which, while suitable for shrimping, can be used for Computer aided ship design allows much greater scope for fishing other species in the event of a decline of the former. investigations than in the former days of tedious and Based on the small catches of shrimp to date, it is clear that lengthy calculations. to be an economically sound proposition, a multi-species vessel would require a much larger hold capacity than that When sufficient design work has been completed to required for use when shrimping. This factor may preclude indicate a probable solution, model trials should be carried using the vessel in its primary role except when large out to confirm the theoretical derivation of the vessel catches are probable. parameters. These trials should include seakeeping in various wave configurations. A second approach would be to provide a vessel solely for shrimp. This should be a low cost day boat used only This may sound like an expensive proposition but the during the season in the Gulf and other inshore areas. Due cost is minimal when compared to the total building costs to the small load requirement, consideration should be of a vessel. This approach becomes attractive even for the given to the use of a catamaran. This concept could be an smaller vessels if some standardization can be accepted. It is economically viable proposition from the owner's stand- mandatory that the owner be specific in his operational point, but might pose a problem for employees during the requirements at the outset of the design. lay-up period. If the vessel is jointly owned the problem would be lessened. For ease of construction and hopefully lower costs, a single or double chine hull should be used if the hull A third alternative, involving a significant capital outlay, material selected is steel or aluminum. An aliminum hull would be a total system comprised of a number of small would have a higher first cost and require highly skilled day boats and a mobile self contained processor. Such a fabricators in the shipbuilding plant. All of the desirable processing unit containing sleeping and messing facilities for seakeeping characteristics could be obtained in a hard chine the catcher crews and the key processing personnel could vessel. move to locations where shrimp are abundant. With this type of fleet the probability of maintaining a year-round If fiberglass reinforced plastic, wood or ferro-cement is operation in shrimp would be favourable. selected for the hull material, a hard chine will not influence the building costs. F.R.P. has the highest first cost with wood and ferro-cement following in that order. The Which of the alternative courses of action is to be taken cost of an F.R.P. hull is lowered when the cost of the mold depends largely on the availability of capital funds, but the can be amortized over a number of vessels. Hull main- selected system should undergo a thorough functional tenance for F.R.P. and ferro-cement should be considerably analysis to determine its feasibility. less than for wood. Now is the time for our industry, the fishing industry, to Dependent on the resultant length of the vessel either a take advantage of the best analytical techniques which have stern ramp or roller should be fitted for ease of gear been developed and which have been used successfully in handling. other highly competitive industries. Failure to use all 316 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY available techniques to optimize vessel systems will result in 6. Dr. J. Scharfe, the industry withering away as competition from other German 1 Boat — Midwater Trawling (developments countries increases. Industry cannot afford to over- since 1959 to the beginning of 1968). capitalize in these days of changing technology, and fishermen, owners, consultants and governments must move 7. T.B. Nickerson, P.Eng., together to ensure that technological advances are all used Systems Analysis in the Design and Operation of to produce fishing systems of ever improved efficiency. Fishing Systems Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

8. N.M. Kerr, Ph.D., C.Eng., M.I. Mech.E. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mechanization of Gear Handling and Fish Working on Board, My colleagues in the Department of Fisheries and East Yorkshire, England. been most helpful by their inputs and Forestry have Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970. constructive criticism during the preparation of this paper; in particular, I would mention Messrs. D.P. Nash, W.D. 9. Stanley Potter, Gerrit J. van Dissel, William Buote and and W.E. Snaith. To the many people in McDougall Caleb Warner industry and government who have aided me by their Canadian Experience Spawns Advanced New England discussions, I give thanks. I wish to express my gratitude to Stern Trawler, her patience during this exercise, and to Mrs. Somerville for Boston, Mass. for his final editing. Mr. J. Kinloch Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970

10. D.J. Doust, M.Sc., Dr. Tech., C.Eng., and J. Logan, BIBLIOGRAPHY C.Eng. Recent Designs of Semi-automated Fishing Vessels 1. J.S. MacPhail, Alastair MacDonald Montreal, P.Q. Shrimp Explorations 1965, Nova Scotia Department of Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970. Fisheries. 11. Cyrus Hamlin 2. Robert Murray Design Study: An Optimum Fishing Vessel for Georges Shrimp Explorations and Processing Trials 1965-67, Bank Groundfish Fishery Nova Scotia Department of Fisheries. Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970.

3. Francis J. Captiva 12. J.S.M. Harrison Modern U.S. Shrimp Vessels Design, Construction, Refrigeration on Board Fishing Vessels, Aluminum Current Trends and Future Development, Cold-Wall Hold — University of Washington Publications in Fisheries, Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970. New Series, Vol. IV 1968.

4. P.H. Chaplin and J.F. Foster 13. W.A. MacCallum Performance of a Propeller Nozzle Fitted to M.T. Holds, Storages, Facilities and Equipment for Handling Ardenlea Iced and Frozen Fish on Canadian Trawlers, First International Tug Conference, Canadian Atlantic Offshore Fishing Vessel Conference, Teddington, England. — October 1969. Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 7., October 1966.

5. H.J. Squires 14. J.A. Marsters Shrimp Survey in the Newfoundland fishing area 1957 Steel Stern Trawlers, and 1958, Canadian Atlantic Offshore Fishing Vessel Conference, Fisheries Research Bulletin 129. Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 7., October 1966. Cdr. Shenker 317

15. P.M. Jangaard "The efficiency of gas turbines can be significantly Suggestions for Handling Shrimp Caught Off the improved by reclaiming heat normally lost in the Atlantic Coast of Canada exhaust gases, but the technical problems associated Fisheries Research Board of Canada — New Series with this heat recovery have not been fully overcome Circular No. 33. and satisfactory systems are not yet available. It is expected, however, that early improvements will be 16. A.J. Beardsley and W.L. High achieved through advanced compressor design. Development of Sorting Trawls for Use in the Pacific Northwest Shrimp Fishery — (Unpublished) "For marine systems, this exhaust heat is easily Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Washington. recoverable to perform useful work through the use of waste-heat boikrs. Thus the advent of regenerative 17. E.J. de Boer, engines will not represent as great an advance in the Beam Trawling, marine application as in others, such as vehicular Technical Research Department of the Fisheries propulsion. Directorate, Netherlands. "In reviewing comparable engine plants in the 400 to 18. P.J.G. Carrothers, T.J. Foulkes, M.P. Connors, A.G. 600 horsepower range, comparisons are made between a Walker, four cycle diesel and a simple cycle gas turbine, both of Data on the Engineering Performance of Canadian East North American manufacture and using diesel fuel. Coast, Groundfish Otter Trawls, F.R.B. Technical Report No. 125. "The most obvious difference is to be found in their weights. These are tabulated as follows. Each requires an 19. White Fish Authority, added 1200 lbs. or so, for reverse/reduction gearing. Research and Development Bulletin No. 36, "Efficient Propulsion" 4 Stroke Diesel Gas Turbine Basic Engine Weight APPENDIX 1 C/W Controls 8600 lbs 450 lbs. Heat Exchanger + Sea Water Gas Turbine Propulsion Pump 700 Not Required It is essential that we keep in mind the possibilities Contained Sea & Coolant Water 600 Not Required presented by the continually developing gas turbine technology. The increase in use of gas turbines in the Contained Lube Oil in Engine, Cooler and Header 800 70 marine field is such that their total installed power in Water Tanks, Air Tanks and vessels of all types had reached 6 million horsepower in Contained Water Not Required 200 1969. A brief prepared recently by United Aircraft of Canada Lirnited for the Department of Fisheries and Electric Starter Included 50 Forestry reviewed the principle of the gas turbine and TOTAL 10,700 770 lbs assessed the advantages of its use in smaller vessels in the light of the latest technical developments. This brief included the following comment. "This difference should not be considered in isola- tion. Total system weight, that is engine weight plus fuel "In split shaft or "free turbine" engines, the com- weight, is the weight factor which must be considered of pressor and its driving turbine operate at high speeds prime importance. over the entire load range while the separate power turbine has a variable speed to suit the load. Very high "A second advantage of gas turbines is their small size. torques can be generated at low output speeds. Virtually Again, considering typical North American engines in all the gas turbine engines offered as marine propulsion the 400 — 600 horsepower range, at least one marine gas units are of this "free" or power turbine type. turbine will generate 39.0 hp/cu.ft. of engine whereas 318 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

the two cycle diesel figure is 2.6 hp/cu.ft. and the four imagination further, such a unit (no more than 20 inches cycle is 2.2 hp/cu.ft. Where gas turbines are positioned in diameter) could be vertically mounted in a pillar low in a vessel much of this space advantage is absorbed forming the base of a mast, or where a mast is not by air inlet and exhaust ducting. For example, where needed a structure about seven feet high which is the these ducts muct pass through two decks, the gas turbine engine, intake and exhaust and all in the size of the output is reduced to about 5 hp/cu.ft. In smaller craft, conventional funnel which it replaces." the space advantage is usually a function of length, the gas turbine plant being about 4 feet shorter than the The advantages outlined above are important and as equivalent diesel plant. stated earlier are such that developments in this technology must be watched closely. For the time being the gas turbine "The figures given above show that the 500 h.p. gas does not appear to be an economically acceptable turbine plant has a weight advantage over four cycle alternative to modern medium and high speed diesels for diesels of about 10,000 lbs. or five tons. Against this conventional fishing vessels. The specific fuel consumption must be applied the higher gas turbine specific fuel of .7 lb/hp./hr given above is achieved at the gas turbine's consumption. Representative full power sfc is 0.70 full power. At half power this consumption rises to lb./hp for the gas turbine and 0.42 for the diesel, and the apprœdmately 1.4 lb/hp/hr, which is more than three times saving in total weight will contract with range. Using the consumption of the diesel engine. In other words, the these values, the gas turbine consumes about 145 lb/hr fuel consumption of the gas turbine varies from 1.6 times of fuel more than the diesel and the weight advantage is that of the diesel at full power to 3.3 times that of the overtaken after about 3 days. diesel at half power. When this is considered in conjunction with a first cost approaching a figure twice that for a diesel "There are other inherent advantages in the gas of comparable power it must be concluded that the gas turbine which are briefly as follows. Turbines are free of turbine is not at the present time an economic alternative torsional oscillations which will permit lower safety to the diesel engine in this type of application. margins in design criteria for driven machinery. They provide assured easy starting even at very low temper- APPENDIX 2 ature and provide full power almost instantaneously without warm-up. Contrary to the general impression, THROUGH COSTS, ETC. they are, at worst, no more noisy than diesels and in some cases a great deal quieter. Coupled with this, the DIESEL VS. GASOLINE ENGINES low vibration level should result in longer life and more reliable operation of ship mounted electrical and I. Fuel Costs for 125 to 150 HP Engines electronic gear. Of less importance in the open ocean, The price of fuel varies from place to place, from dealer but still of general benefit, gas turbines emit a far lower to dealer, and from customer to customer. It seems concentration of air pollutants, particularly sulphur probable, however, that a reasonable presentation of dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. comparative costs can be based on diesel fuel at 20 cents/gallon, gasoline at 25 cents/gallon, and gasoline also "Perhaps the extreme light weight of this now proven at 30 cents/gallon. marine power should be harnessed with greater imagination by designers. For example, consider a DIESEL GASOLINE GASOLINE fishing vessel driven by gas turbine electric machinery. A FUEL A sealed DC motor is coupled without gearing directly to the propeller shaft. The engine and generator might be s.f.c. = .42 lb. .50 lb. .50 lb. mounted athwartships under the chart table in the pilot BHP x hr. BHP x hr. BHP x hr. house. Weighing very little the engine/generator plant is s.g. = 8.541b. 7.5 lb. 7.5 lb. ideally placed to reduce ducting requirements, is readily gal. gal. gal. accessible for inspection and does not materially effect the metacentric height. With no engine room, the whole cost = 20 cents 25 cents 30 cents hull is available for profitable use. Or, to stretch the gal. gal. gal. Cdr. Shenker 319

Diesel Running Cost = .'. Life = 5,000 hrs. .421b gal. x 20 cents = .985 cents 2,000 hrs./year = 2.5 years BHP x hr. x 8.541b. gal. BHP x hr. Gasoline A Running Cost = These figures are estimates and include allowance for .51b. gal. x 25 cents = 1.667 cents conditions which obtain generally in the industry in the size of vessel under consideration. BHP x hr. x 7.5 1b. gal. BHP x hr. Gasoline B Running Cost = .5 lb. gal. x 30 cents = 2.000 cents V. Maintenance Costs BHP x hr. x 7.5 lb. ga1. BHP x hr. Maintenance costs for the diesel will be very low most of the time and should be confined to renewal of starting battery, change of lubricating oil filter, maintenance of raw Therefore, cost of fuel for gasoline power is as much as water pump and replacement of corrosion pieces in raw twice that for diesel power. water system. Top overhauls including decoking and grinding in of valves may be necessary every two years. On II. Initial Cost the whole, however, an average of $100.00 per year should cover these maintenance costs. The gasoline engine will Consider engines in the 125 - 150 HP range. require all the maintenance required by the diesel, and the top overhauls will be more frequent, perhaps once each Diesel engine year. In addition to this, there is the matter of maintenance A conservatively rated diesel engine that delivers 125 of the ignition system which requires regular attention if BHP at 2600 r.p.m. costs $3,830.00 when fitted with heat the engine is to be kept running near its best efficiency. exchanger cooling and all necessary ancilliary equipment. Also, the fuel system and carburetor require attention and adjustment which is without a parallel in the diesel engine. Gasoline engine However, much of this engine maintenance can be done by A conservatively rated gasoline engine that delivers 130 the owner himself and it does not result in additional BHP at 3600 r.p.m. costs $1,535.00 when similarly fitted. expense. It is therefore likely that average annual main- tenance costs will be no more than 50% higher than those for the diesel, say $150.00. III. Engine Weight For the engines referred to in Section II above. Diesel engine weight - 15001bs. VI. Through Costs for 5 Years Gasoline engine weight - 765 lbs.

a) Diesel engine @ 125 BHP IV. Engine Life For the engines referred to in Section II above. Diesel engine life = 10,000 hours Year Item Cost Present Value Rate of use = 2,000 hours @ 9% year

Life = 10,000 hours 0 Engine Cost $3,830 $3,830 2,000 hours/year = 5.years. 1-5 Fuel Cost 2,460/year 9,600 Gasoline Engine Life = 5,000 hours 1-5 Annual Maintenance Rate of use = 2,000 hours Costs 100/year 390 year Total $13,820 320 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

b) Gasoline engine @ 125 BHP using gasoline A VIII. Safety There is no question that the presence of gasoline in a Year Item Cost Present Value vessel creates a very real and continuing problem. Mixtures @ 9% of gasoline vapour and air are explosive at ambient 0 Engine Cost $1,535 $1,535 temperatures, and the discharge of electrostatic potentials developed by the pumping of fuel or any other cause can 1-5 Fuel Cost 4,167/year 16,210 initiate explosions and fire. Sparks in any unshielded 1-5 Maintenance Costs 150/year 585 electrical system can do the saine thing, as can sparks struck 3 New Engine 1,535 1,000 by the clash of two steel objects and any open flame.

Total $19,320 Diesel fuel does not form explosive gaseous mixtures at ambient temperatures and its use does not entail any of c) Gasoline engine @ 125 BHP using gasoline B these dangers.

Year Item Cost Present Value IX. Summary @ 9% From the point of view of through costs and safety the 0 Engine Cost $1,535 $1,535 gasoline engine is no competition for the diesel engine. The 1-5 Fuel Costs 5,000/year 19,500 diesel is heavier and there is not the convenience of repair facilities that there are for the gasoline 1-5 Maintenance Costs 150/year 585 and maintenance engine, and of course its first cost is more than that of the 3 New Engine 1,535 1,000 gasoline engine but when the through costs are considered Total $22,620 the gasoline engine is expensive at any price. For this reason alone it is suggested that the diesel engine is the better investment for a fisherman. It must be pointed out that this VII. Reliability conclusion is valid only if the boat is to be used for Diesel and gasoline engines are both very reliable considerable. periods during the year. If it is to be used for machines when well maintained and operated and it would less than say 400 hrs. at full power, or equivalent, then the be hard to give one the edge over the other, although safe gasoline engine may have an edge from the strictly cold weather starting aids may give the diesel an advantage. economic point of view. PRED/LT/ON TOWROPE PVLL FOR , PfRX. HORSE POWER %SIO BH.P. ) f1ND %1RX PROPELLER REVOL!/T/ONS tl310 R.P. /`1.)

,O-CEE //Y ffNOTS. L/PS PROPELLER WOR.S'S W ,ORLINEN- HOLLHND D1996RA/'7= fl4f037b 322 APPENDIX 3 (2)

Appendix 3 (2) _L PREDICT/ON TOWROPE PULL FOR 2,3. 4 . MD 5 IfiV075 SPEED /IND 118%. PROPELLER REWLLITIONS I •310

6000

5000 SPEED =2 HAMS I SPEED 3 !MOTS ISPEED • 4 /e/VOTS SPEED •S ILVOTS

4000

3000

MOO 1

11,00

› k

Ix ZOO SAO

EI/6/HE HORSE POWER (a "erew) LIP• PROPELLER ittleVIS afeheA/- HOZLIP.V11 ■glAbRel 173.00001 Cdr. Shenker 323

APPENDIX 4 e) Radio telephone HF, S.S.B. covering 2182 KH "1 distress signal Electronic Suit for Shrimp Boat 0 Magnetic Log "1 g) VHF/FM Radio telephone " 1 Assumptions for vessel operation a) Travels up to 100 n.m. offshore. b) Operates Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundy areas. Optional equipment c) Catch taken in less than 200 fm. a) Automatic pilot " 1 Recommended equipment b) Net sounder if not scanning V.D. Sonar " 1 c) Second sonar unit ,, 1 a) Radar, range 24 n. m. ea. 2 d) Warp tensionmeters " 1 pr. b) Decca Navigator " 1 e) Second depth sounder " 1 c) Depth sounder, range 200 fm. " 1 0 Loran A " 1 d) Sonar, variable depth preferred; or high speed " 1 g) Remote monitoring of important functions scanning system with 360° cover. (data reporting/logging) "1

SESSION 4 325

DISCUSSION

T.G. deWit, of the Netherlands, asked Captain Captiva: "What is the hauling speed of Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawlers? Can you give an indication of the power requirements at the propeller for hauling the nets and for the processing equipment and electronic gear? "

Captain Captiva: "Do you mean trawling speed or towing speed? Trawling speed - approximately 3 knots - is determined of course by the power of the vessel and the size of the gear. The Gulf of Mexico shrimp boats have larger nets and tow slower while in some areas they use smaller nets and tow fast. It amounts to the same thing. It's the ground covered. The power in a shrimp trawler, the requirement at the propeller, will depend on the size of the vessel. Let us take the standard vessel which is about 72 feet with about 300-350 horsepower to tow at 3 knots - say two 70 ft. nets. A 72-75 foot vessel will tow two 70-ft. nets with 10-foot doors and it would take, I would say, about 90 per cent of the installed horsepower to do this. The processing equipment is handled by auxiliary engines and in the bigger trawlers, with full freezing equipment and full electronic gear, two 30 k.w. a.c. generators seem to be adequate for the load."

Mr. deWit also put the following to Captain Captiva: "In your paper, reference is made to computer designed hulls for optimum performance; does optimum performance also include sea kindliness and change of stability? It is stated in the paper that materials like aluminum alloy and reinforced fibreglass increase the economical life expectancy twofold. Why the economical life, because this is influenced mostly by future developments than by choice of material? "

Captain Captiva: "To answer the first question, optimum performance certainly includes sea kindliness. As a matter of fact, I would put sea kindliness next to stability. Stability of course is a must. Without stability you have nothing but without sea kindliness you also have nothing. I know of vessels that cost five million dollars that are not sea kindly. They are stable vessels, very seaworthy, but not very sea kindly. I would say then that five million dollars are wasted. This is a research vessel that I am talking about. I also know of many fishing vessels that are much too stable. I mean they have a very fast roll. They are not sea kindly. They have to quit fishing long before the sea kindly vessel. When I say optimum performance, I also mean that you should take into consideration the area worked. In other words, vessels that are fishing the North Atlantic would have an entirely different hull form than vessels designed to fish in the Gulf of Mexico, where we have a short sea.

When we say that aluminum and reinforced fiberglass increase economical life, this is predicated on the fact that a wooden vessel in the Gulf of Mexico has a useful, economical life expectancy of from 5 to 10 years, depending upon where the vessel is built. Some of the vessels have depreciated in from 3'/z to 4 years. They are cheap vessels. They do the job and the owner gets rid of them very fast and builds another one. This type of thing is frowned upon now and they are looking for vessels of longer life, longer economical capability. With some steel vessels we get 10 to 12 years with a minimum of repair. With others, we won't get that much. Some we get more. But with aluminum or fiberglass we figure that the vessel will have a minimal maintenance cost over at least a 20-yr. span, and perhaps more. Now perhaps the term economical life expectancy is confusing, but this is what we mean by it." 326 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Mr. deWit asked Commander Shenker the following questions: "Don't you think there is a relationship between the horsepower driving the propeller and the horsepower driving the winch?, and don't you think that the power demand at the winch in midwater trawlers is much higher than for bottom trawling; if yes, what is the consequence of this for combination vessels, bottom trawling or midwater trawling? "

Commander Shenker: "In answer to the first question about a relationship between the horsepower driving the propeller and the winch, a lot of people say yes, there is, and I'm not going to dispute that. A line tension must be overcome when you're hauling the net in the fishing mode or when you're bringing it in, and you must obtain a heavy winch with enough power to bring your net in. It is a function of slowing the vessel down, bringing it back, just keeping enough way on to control your vessel and utilizing the power to overcome the resistance of the net coming in.

"With respect to the power demand of the mid-water trawl being higher than that of the bottom trawl, my personal feelings are yes, but here again, as I mentioned earlier, if you look at your three modes, if you're going to be operating in these three modes you must then design your winching system, your deck gear and your engine horsepower so that you have a balanced system. In other words, each system would use up approximately the same amount of power; you would probably have to tow a smaller mid-water net. But there is certainly no sense in having a vessel with twice as much power for one mode of operation and only using half of it for another mode of operation."

Mr. deWit was asked the following question from the floor: "We have to bring the speed of the net a part of a lcnot ahead so that when you normally tow your gear — let me say four knots and you want to bring your net higher then you have to increase your speed to 4 1/4 knots and that means quite a different layout for your winch system.

Mr. deWit: "In the Netherlands all our winches on vessels built five years ago were too light, and when we went mid-water trawling they were all overloaded when we went to get the net higher, and I think that's the problem you have to consider when laying out an engine installation together with your winch installation. I completely agree with Commander Shenker that they have to be balanced, but my point was that the condition and requirement for bottom trawling and mid-water trawling are quite different, so that you can't really compare them."

Captain Captiva: "Perhaps I could add something to this. We had this problem when we designed our new research vessel; we have requirements where for weeks on end all we need are two or three hundred horsepower. We also have requirements where we need 15-16 hundred horsepower. The way we got around it, we put in a controllable pitch propeller and we had the front power take-off drive the hydraulic pumps which, at the engine, were powered at 500 horsepower. What we did was put in two engines and a compound gear and when we have one condition we cut one engine off the line and work with one engine; then when we have the other condition, like mid-water trawling and we need a lot of power or large fish trawls, we put two engines on a line. We find that we can steam ahnost 12 lcnots with one engine and we get about 13 1/2 with two engines.

"We have had this three years now and have had no problems with it and I recommend it very highly. It is very shnilar to the father and son system used in Germany except we have two 800 horsepower o.p. diesels driving the controllable pitch propeller through a compound gear, and it has been a most satisfactory installation aid. We would recommend this very highly to anyone, and you can do this with almost any size engine because the compound gears that are available today are very dependable and the power loss is very little. I think this would solve your problem, Mr. deWit." Discussion Session 4 327

Mr. deWit asked Captain Dres the following three part question: "(1) Don't you think that bringing the booms so forward can be dangerous in bad weather? When the top of the booms are still a few metres from the ship's side one cannot hold them when the ship rolls; (2) In the design, the warps are running along the booms. This means a heavier buckling load for the booms than when the warps run to a more forward position. Why not position the winch on the forecastle? (3) How is midwater trawling performed? What type of net (with or without midwater doors) will be used? "

Captain Dres: "In answer to the first question, on the conversion of the side trawler, we have got beckets which keep quite a tension on the forward capstan. The first boom on the starboard side away from the vessel itself, then there is another small becket which matches into the first boom which is also the tension from the main forward capstan. In relation to midwater trawling, I did an article on this. Our main concept of midwater trawling is done in the same way. On talking about midwater trawling, we will midwater trawl according to the horsepower we have on board. I have not calculated the net size for midwater trawling. We have only concerned ourselves with the basic equipment of making our vessel suitable for midwater trawling. Midwater trawling is now done even off side trawlers, which are not the most convenient vessels to work, though we don't consider this a problem as far as fishing is concerned. The engines of our designed vessel are 385 horsepower and can apply net pull of 30,000 lb on either side. I don't know the question of the net and doors used; it is something which is not in our department."

I. H. Langlands, of National Sea Products, Ltd., asked: "Can any speaker give an example of a multi-purpose vessel designed for a primary purpose, accepting a somewhat lower performance for other uses? "

Captain Captiva: "I can say a lot about multi-purpose vessels as research vessels. I once owned a dragger in New England and I used this vessel for scalloping, swordfishing, any kind of fishing that there was that I could make money at. The vessel was a side trawler, rigged both sides, and was adequately powered. It had the normal electronic gear on it and it took more than a day or two to change over from one fishery to the other. When we were scalloping, for example, we could catch just as many scallops as a boat that just went scalloping. If we went dragging the same thing held true. This I don't think is what the speaker had in mind but this is my experience with combination trawling in a commercial boat. Now in our research vessel, we have it rigged so that we can do anything except live-bait fish. We can do it with a minimum of effort and practically no change in the structure or anything like this. We can shift from double-rig shrimp trawling to side trawling, to stern trawling, to purse seining, plus anything you can think of and I see no loss in efficiency whatsoever.

"I see no reason in the world why a vessel that is properly designed with an eye towards combination fishing cannot operate effectively in any mode. This is done on the west coast and I think that Mr. Jurkovich could give us something on this. As a matter of fact, I think combination vessels originated out there. They're not used too much on the east coast where I come from, but we did shift from one fishery to another. But, in our research vessels we do have to change modes quite often, sometimes two or three times in a trip. On the basis of that I see no reason in the world why a commercial vessel couldn't be designed to operate just as effectively; it takes some doing, takes some thinking and some compromising."

Mr. Jurkovich: "Gentlemen, we have some shrimp vessels that have taken $70,000 gross in shrimps and have doubled with another $70,000 in crab in a given season. They work at shrimps for six months of the year starting in winter. It only requires a day to change over so that they can pick up pots. They have moved into a crab fishery and have doubled their money for $140,000 gross in a year, and this is fairly commonplace. We have vessels that have fished salmon, and then turned to offshore tuna fishing for which they use just jigs and a couple of poles, and it takes a day to change over here. If the tuna fishing fails they 328 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

can go back and mount the net reel and the picking box on the back of the deck and return to shrlinp fishing. It's all done very easily. Then, with regard to midwater trawling we do not always have sufficient power in the vessel; if we try to maintain a depth we can control the depth with the propeller plus or minus 25 fathoms of the intended line of trawl of the net, and we do not have power enough to pull the net at the same time without allowing the trawl to drop to the bottom and as such, we open the engine wide open and we hurriedly reel in two or three shots of warp and then speed up again, stopping the winches, and when we get it out of the danger zone we just continue to reel it in at slow speed."

Robert Hart: "It is my pleasure to introduce to you Mr. Fred Wathne of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Mr. Wathne came to Canada on very short notice as an observer. Otherwise, I think we would have had him give us a paper. Mr. Wathne is a graduate of the University of Washington. He worked for two years as a production manager with the Starfish Company. He then worked for ten years with the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in Seattle and in the Gulf of Mexico, on explorations and on the development of fishing gear. Seventy-five per cent of his work at that time was directed towards the development of shrimp gear and exploration for shrimp. At the present time, he occupies the position of Chief of the and Training Section of the Fishing Industries Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Mr. Wathne comes to you and brings to you the greetings from the F.A.O.

Mr. Wathne: "Thank you Mr. Hart. They told me about this just a few minute ago, but I would lilce to repeat the greetings from Mr. Jackson and his Assistant Director of the Fishery Industries Division, F.A.O., Rome, and to extend his best wishes and that of the Organization to this Conference. On behalf of myself I appreciate the opportunity to come over here to observe and also to visit Newfoundland, as I did last week, to observe the developing shrimp fishery there. I am sure that this conference will do much to assist the Canadians in effectively and rapidly developing this promising industry through contacts and information. Thank you very much." SESSION 5 329 MARKETING

Moderator - Eugene Gorman

Trends in World Shrimp Demand and Production

by Donald R. Whitaker, Chief, Branch of Edible Fishery Products, Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C.

Mr. Whitaker

Mr. Whitaker is a native of North Carolina, having lived there until obtaining his B.A. degree in economics from Guilford College in 1958. Since his graduation, he has lived and worked in the Washington, D.C. area. His entire career has been spent in the U.S. Government service. He was with the Department of Agriculture for a short time before transferring to the Department of Defense where he spent three and one-half years as a Military Intelligence Analyst for the Transportation Corps, which includeda three-month tour of duty in Brussels.

Since 1962, Mr. Whitaker has worked exclusively in fishery economics for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in the Department of the Interior, which in October 1970 became the National Marine Fisheries Service in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the Department of Commerce. He has held a series of increasingly responsible positions in the economics group of the Government fisheries agency.

He has specialized in current economic analysis work on fisheries. He spent more than a year on situation and outlook work in the U.S. tuna industry. For over five years, he worked almost exclusively with shellfish, occupying the position of Chief, Shellfish Section in the Branch of Current Economic Analysis. This work led to the publication as principal author of the popular "Shellfish Situation and Outlook" in mid-1966. This report is read in all 50 States, every province of Canada, and more than 70 countries around the world. In September 1970, Mr. Whitaker's responsibilities in analysing the supply and demand factors of various fishery products were broadened to include all edible fishery products. He is Chief, Branch of Edible Fishery Products, Division of Current Economic Analysis. While continuing to have overall responsibility for the "Shellfish Situation and Outlook, " his current duties also encompass a companion publication, "Food Fish Situation and Outlook," which covers the principal finfish species. Both reports are published quarterly. He also prepares the Fishery Products Situation which appears in the Department of Agriculture quarterly "National Food Situation "

Mr. Whitaker has followed the growth of the United States and world shrimp industry closely for several years. Although his current duties require him to spend more and more time on a wide variety of short range problems facing many fishery products, he still finds time to write about the shrimp industry as evidenced by three papers in the Addenda to the Proceedings of this Conference. 330 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

ABSTRACT increase production and increase per capita consumption, all at generally increasing price levels. This paper is a review of the growth in world demand for shrimp. Shrimp catches are compared with total world The U.S. market for shrùnp seems to have no end to its catches of all fish and shellfish and various major fishery growth. The same can be said of Japan and Western Europe. groups. Catches of shrimp by country and continent are To keep this growing market supplied, many U.S. firms traced back to 1950. Present world trade in shrimp is have engaged in operations of almost every kind in all parts reviewed as well as the current world shrimp situation. The of the world. role Canada can play in the world shrimp market and the means by which it may be obtained are discussed. The U.S. market stimulates production simply by offering a large market to foreign producers, by offering the use of loan capital, by investment in primary processing RÉSUMÉ plants, and even in fishing vessels (Chapman, 1969). Japan is just as aggressive in seeking out worldwide sources of La présente communication traite de la demande crois- supply (Whitaker, 1970a and Surdi, 1970). sante de crevette dans le monde. L'auteur compare les prises de crevettes avec les prises totales de poissons, de mollusques et de crustacés dans le monde, et avec les THE DEMAND FOR SHRIMP différents groupes importants de pêche. Il donne, depuis 1950, les prises de crevettes par pays et continent. Il expose The tremendous increase in demand for shrimp is a la situation actuelle du marché et de la place de la crevette well-known fact. Comparing quantities and prices reveals dans le monde. Il parle du rôle que le Canada peut jouer sur sharply this increase in demand. le marché mondial de la crevette et des moyens qui lui permettraient de tenir ce rôle. With the United States by far the largest shrimp market in the world, there is some justification for using U.S. prices as indicators of world shrimp prices. Just as the INTRODUCTION quantity of shrimp produced has doubled since 1950, so have actual U.S. prices of shrimp (fig. 1). The price increase The shrimp industry has been characterized as one of the has not been so smooth or gradual as has shrimp pro- relatively few bright spots in the United States fish duction. The sharp ups and downs in prices reflect producing industry (Hutchings, 1970). Production has been temporary gluts and shortages in the U.S. market. Higher relatively steady while prices have advanced. Shrimp holds prices do call forth larger quantities of shrimp. In figure 2, an equally bright spot in global fisheries. price and quantity are for the same year. Lagging prices by one year did not improve the relation between price and Shrimp products have an actual or potential export quantity. The simple correlation between price and interest to a large number of developing countries. A strong quantity indicates that about 70 per cent of any increase in demand in international markets, particularly in the United shrimp production can be attributed to rising prices. Rising States and Japan, has stimulated production for export in standards of living and changing tastes and preferences many developing countries. While the continued expansion would also make major contributions to higher shrimp of demand in the United States is of crucial importance to production. the existing shrimp industries of the developing countries, a proper concern for the importance of identifying, creating In figure 3, I have plotted annual per capita con- and stimulating demand in markets elsewhere is a necessary sumption of fresh and frozen shrimp in the United States prerequisite for realizing the export potential of many and the corresponding average annual wholesale price for developing countries (GATT, 1967). each year during 1950-69. If a single line were drawn through the observations, it would slope upward to the While some segments of 1,vorld fisheries face problems right—while the traditional demand curve slopes downward ranging from depletion of the resource to declining per to the right. The scatter around the line would be wide, capita consumption, the world shrimp market continues to indicating a low degree of correlation. WORLD LANDINGS AND U.S. WHOLESALE PRICE OF SHRIMP

Bil Lion pounds^

1.5 NDINGS

1.0

.5

0

Dol'. ars per pound

1.50 WHOLESALE PRICE

1.00

.50

0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

Live weight Chicago wholesale price for 26-30 count raw headless

Source: F.A.0. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

Figure 1 WORLD LANDINGS AND U.S. WHOLESALE PRICE OF SHRIMP

Dollars per- pound*

1.50

ebs

teç, 6.1 6? 1.00 ‹, 63 5!3 57 •

53 5 9 . 60 CONFERENCE

so 5.2 sp 5.4 .50

ON THE Y (World Landings) 196.1 + 12.4 X (U.S. Wholesale (2.0) Price)

R2 = 0.69 CANADIAN SH o '--2 è .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

World catch (bil. lbs.) RIMP FISHER *Chicago wholesale price for 26-30 count raw headless Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

Figure 2 Y IN ', 11W4 12 DEMAND FOR FRESH AND FROZEN SHRIMP 1 19) Dollars per pound * ill II 111111111

1.50 \6.9.8

\\6.6 5.8 \ 6.2 6.3 6.06.7 1.00 \ 5.7\ \“4 5 '35.6 5.9 6.16.0 5.0 5.2 5.5 \ \\ \ 5.1 5.4 \ .50

0 ) t I I I I I I I I I I t I t I 1 I I t I I 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2 4

Per capita consumption in pounds heads-off weight * Wholesale price at Chicago for Source: Div. of Current Economic Analysis for 26-30 count, frozen shrimp National Marine Fisheries Service

Figure 3 334 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Can we learn something about demand for shrimp from to be between 1.5 and 2.0 (Cleary, 1970). This means that this diagram? Obviously, we do not get a smooth curve as a 10 per cent rise in personal incomes would stimulate a 15 economics text books would show. This suggests that the to 20 per cent increase in per capita shrimp consumption. demand curve for shrimp has not been constant. Rather, it So, while rising prices over a period of time tend to reduce has been shifting - upward and to the right. This situation consumption, this is more than offset by rising incomes. indicates a big increase in the demand for shrimp. Although figure 3 applies only to the United States, I believe it is SHRIMP CATCHES COMPARED WITH OTHER indicative of the general increase in the worldwide demand MAJOR FISHERIES for shrimp. World shrimp production has doubled in the past two decades (fig. 4). Later we will see that production of most Some demand analysis measures only average relation- other fishery products has matched or exceeded the growth ships over a period of years. This may be adequate when of shrimp production. Shrimp production rose from 827 demand is fairly constant, which is clearly not the case for million pounds (live weight) in 1950 to 1700 million shrimp. Where changes have occurred, we should try to pounds in 1968. The average rate of growth during this explain them and to forecast changes that might be period was 47.3 million pounds per year. To put it another expected in the future. way, shrimp production has grown by 4.1 per cent per year.

Why has demand for shrimp increased so much? Several Although doubling since 1950, the rate of growth in factors come to mind (Crowther, 1969). shrimp landings has dropped considerably below the rate of growth in the world catch of all fish and shellfish, 1. Shrimp is unique as a food. Its flavor and texture particularly since 1960 (fig. S). The total world catch has seem to appeal to most people, It is versatile. It is equally more than tripled. desirabL; as an hors d'oeuvre, a cocktail, or a main course. Its size and shape make it easy to prepare and eat. The doubling of the world shrimp catch since 1950 is 2. Shrimp is processed into many varieties of products, regarded as quite remarkable; but as we have already seen, and new products have helped to increase shrimp con- the world catch of all species tripled during the same sumption. Consumers can buy packages ranging from a few period. In the following tables and figures, we will take a ounces to five pounds. Shrimp are packaged in a variety of look at how the shrimp catch compares with the catch of containers. The industry was quick to recognize the value major groups of fish and with the catch of molluscs and of polyethylene bags at the point of sale. other crustaceans. Because of the large differences in the volume of landings in the various fisheries, and because I 3. The distribution of shrimp to retail outlets is wanted to present this graphically as well as in tabular exceptional. Although frozen fish are generally available, form, I have constructed indexes of landings. Economic only canned tuna would rival shrimp in the total points of time series are often changed from absolute to relative sale in the United States. The shrimp industry was quick to numbers for greater ease of comparison. In the following see that frozen products would expand their markets tables and figures, landings are expressed as a per cent of significantly. 1950 landings. This allows us to quickly see how fast other fisheries have grown relative to the shrimp fishery. 4. Promotion has been a keyword in the shrimp industry. The Shrimp Association of the Americas was In figure 6, we see that catches of quite a few fisheries formed in the early 1950s for promotion purposes. The have grown faster than shrimp. Catches of freshwater fish latest development has been truly worldwide through the have nearly tripled since 1950. The total catch of flounders, International Shrimp Council. Co-ordinated promotional , and soles has fluctuated sharply in recent years, effort is unique in the U.S. fishing industry. but growth has still been greater than that for shrimp. The catch in the most current year was nearly two and one-half 5. Steadily rising incomes in the United States, Japan, times that in 1950. The total catch of , hakes, and and Western Europe have, no doubt, played an important haddocks grew steadily in the 1950s and early 1960s. In role in increasing the demand for shrimp. In the United recent years, it has risen sharply to a little over two and one States, the income elasticity for shrimp has been estimated half times the catch in 1950. IT • ll llgi 1v- TREND IN WORLD SHRIMP LANDINGS ) da

Billion pounds*

......

1.5

1.0

Y (World Catch) = 740.9 + 47.3X (Time)

R = .954

o I I I I I I I L I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

* Live weight

Sourse: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

Figure 4 SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH WORLD TOTAL CATCH 1950=100

...°** 300 •

Total

Se.*

200 e'e S ......

...... ****** Shrimp CONFERENCE

...... •

... 100 ON THE CANA 11111 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 DIAN SH

Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service RI MP FISHERY

Figure 5 I 41 IMPINI )

SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH MAJOR FISH GROUPS e d

1950 = 100 I I I I I I I I I I

•••• %. I° / a. ,0 X. 0 * e : oi . ■t .. 00* 250 0 0.° , • ...■7 e ...---- Flounders, ...r \ Halibuts, 0/ I /I \ Soles, \\. ii, e e t % etc. «*#' .1 / I / : • 4 • 200 1 ‘ <,.- ''.---••- 4° - I- / / ee Freshwater I / .e \ • ■ ..... Shrimp \ / #r ■e /''/ . 0 150 1 , •"" ./ • s. Cods,) 40C Hak es, Haddocks

100

50 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

F igure 6 338 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

In figure 7, we see a pattern similar to that in figure 6. be traced to U.S. landings of clams, particularly the surf The shrimp catch kept pace with many other fisheries in clam (Spisula solidissima). The potential for the ocean the early 1950s, but since then, has fallen behind. Here we quahog (Artica islandica) catch off the United States see one of the prime contributors to the overall growth in Atlantic Coast is said to be considerable (Merrill and Ropes, world fish production. The latest catch of herrings, 1969; Merrill, Chamberlin, and Ropes, and Parker, 1966). sardines, and was over four times greater than in The resource is awaiting advances in technology which will 1950. The , bonitos, and skipjacks group and the enable this deep-water clam resource to be harvested and redfishes, basses, and congers group have grown to about marketed profitably. two and one-half times that in 1950. Again, the shrimp catch has doubled since 1950. Scallop catches have declined sharply in recent years. The decline can be traced to lower abundance of sea In figure 8, we see that the shri:np catch has performed scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) on Georges Bank and about as well as the total shellfish catch. Shellfish, both off the Middle Atlantic region of the United. States. Like crustaceans and molluscs, have slightly more than doubled clams, scallops have a potential for a far greater catch than since 1950. Thus, we see that shellfish catches have not at present. Several hundred square miles of calico scallop increased so fast as most finfish catches. Coupled with a (Pecten gibbus) beds off the coast of Florida are said to strong and growing demand in general, this sheds some light have a great potential (Bullis and Carpenter, 1968; Bullis on the reasons for the constantly rising prices of most and Cummings, 1961; Drummond, 1969). In this case, the shellfish. technology of processing lags a little behind the technology of harvesting, but these problems likely will be overcome in How has shrimp compared with other crustaceans? In the near future. figure 9, we see that the total catch of all crabs has grown at a faster rate than shrimp. This growth rate may slow in Two thoughts come to mind after a quick look at the the immediate future with the current decline in king crab trends just reviewed. Shrimp catches have fluctuated w;dely catches. However, it could pick up again with the increases reflecting varying degrees of abundance. Most shrimp in Alaska snow crab (Chinoecetes) catches and crabs from (Penaeus) are one-year animals. This facto:, can be both Canada's Atlantic Coast. Although the world lobster catch fortunate and unfortunate. Fortunate because even though has grown steadily over the years, its rate has been a failure may occur one year, the resource can bounce back considerably less than the growth rate of shrimp, especially the following year to new highs in production under in the 1960s. The rate of growth in lobster catches likely favorable environmental conditions. The other conclusion is will slow considerably in the coming years. The native that many other fisheries, particularly finfishes, have out- lobsters of the New England region of the United States performed shrimp in their annual growth rates. However, and Canada's Maritime Provinces (Homams americanus) are the charts have been based primarily on established now being fished at about their maximum sustainable yield. fisheries. Further g;-owth in many of these estab:ished Any future growth likely will come from spiny lobsters. fisheries appears limited. With proper management, many However, some major producing areas, particularly South established fisheries could level off near their present high Africa, are presently experiencing a decline in their spiny production points. Shrimp production probably will lobster catches. The likelihood of continued higher prices continue upward - possibly to double the current level of for spiny lobsters could st'nnulate explorations for further world production. untapped resources.

The world catch of shrimp compares favorably with SHRIMP CATCHES BY COUNTRY catches of most molluscs (fig. 10). Although fluctuating AND CONTINENT considerably, the trend in oyster production in the 1960s has been fairly level. Oyster culture methods seem to be Now that we have some idea of how shrimp production about offsetting the declines in production that are due to has grown and compares with other major fisheries, let's natural predators and pollution. Clam production has risen look at where shrimp production is coming from - which the fastest of all molluscs since 1950. However, we see a countries and continents are principal producers, where distinct leveling off in the two most recent years. This can shrimp production is declining, leveling off, and increasing. SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH MAJOR FISH GROUPS

1950 = 100 r_ •,..• .• ♦ ♦♦n ♦ ^ ♦ +• • ♦ + ^ ♦ •• ♦ •..' Herrings, ;. Sardines, ; Anchovies,etc. 300 .....

Tunas, / i Bonitos, # ^^- ^ ^,./-e=^ y^• Skipjacks, etc. ^ • ^^^^.^^ ^ ^^^ ► ^• ^. 111OF '00 200 ^ •

// 4' • . ^^- 0 // • I ^ r Shrimp .10.ft^•" Redfishes, Basses, wr, Congers, etc. 100

- 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

Figure 7 SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH ALL CRUSTACEANS AND MOLLUSCS 1950 = 100

200

150

100 CONFE

Shrimp RE

All Crustaceans NCE 50

Molluscs ON THE

CANAD 0 1960 1950 1955 1965 1970 IAN SHRIMP Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service FISHE

Figure 8 RY 100 150 200 1950 =1001 50 Source: F.A.O.and 1950 Le deeMr"e a SHRIMP 1.1, CATCH 1955 Div. of Current EconomicAnalysis COMPARED WITHOTHERCRUSTACEANS 1 ..... ' Crabs 1960 Figure9 1 **e I // ..*** 1 •

e National Marine •• 1965 1 ..... Shrimp 1 . Fisheries 1970 Service

Ja)Ivilblili •11

SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH MOLLUSCS

1950 = 100 I I I I 1 1 I 1 I I 1 r- ... .. 1 I 1 1 • • - 4%. 1,'>" lee* . ...... Oysters I I "/ \ f \ \ / , \ 1 _...., i 200 \ i: en--- 7:// / \e" à, I .0e ... //. '' .--\,____,L./‘ ■ I .4 - ■ 1 \„...„,., n,,,, e/.1...,..4* —„• \‘ / \ / Cl am ...... _. .. ../. ** ‘ , \,,, )/ / ----, *e. # / (4 \or / /•■ /*%%**%-...,■. " k el : ,------..# _...._ Scallops Shrimp CONFERENCE ,te I re--- 00/ 4I 1-1.....,•:: -0 #/ : ert'v7 0v 100 e47.7.-z;,...> —

ON THE CANADIA 50 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 N SHRIMP

Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service FIS H E R

Figure 10 Y Mr, Whitaker 343

From figure 11, we can get an idea of the location of the In table 6, North America, we see a steady increase in principal shrimp producing countries. This map quicldy catches in Canada and Greenland until an apparent leveling establishes that shrimp are produced on every continent. off in these two countries in recent years. Figures for the U.S. catch reflect wide swings in abundance that occur in FAO statistics indicate the proliferation of shrimp American shrimp fisheries. The American catch rose rather producing countries (fig. 12). In 1968, 55 countries sharply in the late 1960s. The U.S. catch reached a record reported shrimp catches to FAO — up from 16 countries in high in 1969 and likely will set a new record in 1970. 1950. This number probably is less than the number Shrimp abundance in the southern States of the United actually producing shrimp. I base this on the fact that the States has been above the long-run average since 1967. United States has imported shrimp from 70 to 80 countries Coupled with this have been sharply increasing catches of in recent years. Although these figures may include northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in New England and transshipments through some countries, they are still well Alaska (Whitaker, 1970 c). above the latest reported number of countries catching shrimp. The shrimp catch in Central America (table 7) leveled off in the 1960s. Here, the dominant country is Mexico. Even though at least 55 countries have shrimp fisheries, Mexican catches have been trending downward. The only production is extremely concentrated (fig. 13). Five countries which have showed any substantial growth in countries have consistently produced half the world's recent years are Cuba and Honduras. shrimp production. This leaves at least 50 countries producing the other half. The top 5 countries in order of Shrimp catches in South America have been rising importance in 1968 were: the United States, by far the steadily since the late 1950s. The catch has more than leading producer with catches a third higher than those of doubled since 1960 (table 8). In general, catches in all India which is in second place; then Thailand, Japan, and countries are trending upward. The most rapid advances are Mexico. being made in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia.

A further indication of concentration in shrimp pro- The shrimp catch in Europe rose to a peak in 1963 duction can be gained by looking at U.S. imports. In 1969, (table 9). Since then, catches have declined to about the the top 25 countries provided 95 per cent of U.S. imports; levels of the 1950s. Most European countries went through it took 46 other countries to provide the last 5 per cent a period of growth in their catches in the 1950s and a (Whitaker, 1970 b). decline since the early 1960s. This applies particularly to the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, United Studying the shrimp industry of any one area quickly ICingdom, and Sweden. Long-run upward trends in catches leads to an analysis of the world market. The fact that half are indicated for Denmark and Italy; but it appears these of the production is confined to 5 countries, and as we will shrimp fisheries are beginning to level off. With little see later, nearly half of the consumption is confined to 2 growth in the overall shrimp catch, but a continually rising countries, would appear at first glance to simplify any standard of living, Europe has become an attractive shrimp analysis undertaken. World production, trade, inventories, market. More about this later. and other variables all interact in a complex economic milieu to determine consumption and prices (Doll, 1970). The shrimp catch in Africa (table 10) and Australia Shrimp trade is incredibly complex, and becoming (table 11) has grown rapidly over the years; however, it has increasingly so by the month (Chapman, 1969). grown from a very small base. Both areas combined produced only 2.2 per cent of the world catch in 1968. Tables 6 through 12 give shrimp catches for more than These areas are important because of their large potential. 50 countries. The tables are compiled by continents. I took the liberty of separating out what is commonly called Asia is, by far, the top producing continent (table 12). Central America from the North American figures, as I felt Since 1950, shrimp catches have risen in all countries with that this traditional shrimp producing area was important the possible exceptions of Hong Kong, Japan, Republic of enough to show what trends have been occurring there. All Korea, and Turkey. There are indications shrimp catches data in these tables are from FAO Statistical Yearbooks. are near their maximum potential in the Persian Gulf (FAO, WORLD ^^^^^^ OFF 'Y ^..OUN: ^I.5 cN 1-963 ([ive E3eôg.hi 1,000 ::e-11-r'ie tons;

7.2

NORWAY

NETHERLANDS F.R. GERMANY D

5 PAIN JAPA USA REP. KOREA

7.3 PAKISTAN UAR 1,.4 URMA 7B CHINANA MEXICO INDIA ^-^. ;-^C'^ V(TAIWAN) T HAIIAND o PANAMA 10. 21.7

97 .. oO ^ 75.0

AUSTRALIA CHILE

OTHER COUNTRIES

Source: Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

Figure 11 ••• NUMBER OF SHRIMP PRODUCING COUNTRIES ••••

Number of Countries

1950 1955 1960 1965 1960

Figure 12 (.41 cr,

WORLD SHRIMP LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES Mil lion pounds* L

Total World 1500

1000 CONFERENCE

500

ON THE

CANADIAN 0 1 1 1960 1965 1970 * Live weight SHRIMP

Source: F.A.O. FISH E R

Figure 13 Y Mr. Whitaker 347

1969). But the potential of India, Indonesia, and other pounds of shrimp in 1968. These imports rose to over 8 Southeast Asia areas is believed to be much greater than million pounds in 1969. This trade results from shrimp current production. Asia can be expected to continue its landed in Texas being shipped across the border and peeled leadership in world shrimp production and probably will and deveined in Mexico. Thus, practically all of United increase its share. States exports to Mexico re-enter as imports of peeled and deveined shrimp (Surdi and Whitaker, 1970). The trends in shrimp production by continents are summarized in table 13 and figure 14. Here again, I have From the exports-imports columns we see that 636 made comparisons by indexing. million pounds, live weight, were involved in international trade in 1968. This trade figures out to 37 per cent of world production. If better trade data were available, I WORLD TRADE IN SHRIMP suspect world trade in shrimp would be at least 50 per cent of total production. World data is difficult to acquire. Exports of shrimp products reported to FAO are not nearly so complete as are Looking at the last column in table 14, we see that the production data. Many countries are listed as shrimp United States consumes a third of the world catch. U.S. producers, but they are not listed as shrimp exporters. I consumption as a per cent of world production has been have concentrated on the latest available data which is relatively constant for several years (fig. 15). 1968. Where we are sure of the data, for example, United States and Japanese imports by country of origin, we have The United States and Japan combined consume nearly changed and added to some of the FAO figures. half (48.9 per cent) of world production. Japanese con- sumption is a little less than half shrimp consumption in the The trade information presented in table 14 is far from United States. complete, but it does give some indication of world trade patterns in shrimp. Starting with the first two columns in Once a pattern of trade becomes established, and the table 14, we see that the five top producing nations had 56 economy and particular industries of a country become per cent of the world catch. adjusted to foreign trade, any substantial change in this pattern disrupts the economy and various industries. For a The next two columns show exports to the United decade, more than half of the shrimp consumed in the States and to other countries. The interesting thing to note United States has been imported. Loss of this trade could here is that the United States exported and transshipped 47 mean a serious adjustment for the United States shrimp million pounds of shrimp, live weight, in 1968. U.S. exports industry. and transshipments jumped to 75 million pounds in 1969. The fact that the United States is the largest buyer of Price, quality, and continuity of supply are the shrimp is well known. That the U.S. shrimp industry has important factors in the growth in world trade in shrimp gradually developed foreign markets to the point that it is products. Controlled prices are becoming more common in one of the world's largest sellers of shrimp probably is not agricultural trade. Some countries have established a higher so well known. When U.S. transshipments (mostly Mexican domestic price structure for their agricultural products and shrimp) are added to U.S. exports, total exports were then set up various types of barriers to protect that price equivalent to 16 per cent of U.S. production in 1968. structure. This protection has not occurred for the United States shrimp industry. When Japan lifted her trade barriers Transshipping Mexican shrimp adds significantly to on shrimp a few years ago, trade with Japan rose sharply. United States trade in shrimp. A great deal of shrimp from Fast rising demand in developed countries is often cited as the West Coast of Mexico is sent to California where it is the reason for growth in world shrimp production, but this stored and sold on the world market. These sluimp are growing demand must also be accompanied by reducing or classified as U.S. imports and when sold are classified as eliminating trade barriers if shrimp production and trade U.S. exports of foreign merchandise. are to continue upward.

Another interesting fact about U.S. trade is shown in If countries like Japan or the United States were to keep column 5. Here we see that Mexico imported 6.3 million out shrimp imports, other nations would likely keep out TRENDS IN SHRIMP CATCHES BY CONTINENT

1957-59 = 100

300 South Americ a.^ .^ ^ ^ ^. y * ♦

/ ♦v .-. /I ♦ 200 /-1%* . .^ '•o ' Central Asia ./ ^/America ^ ^-^^^ ,/^^^^ ^O ^,,r•^^^__ ^..^ y ^^i^ ^^_ ^/^ I ♦ ^ ,o----^^,,. ^.,,. i p,i' ,..•• ••...... -•, 100 ...... / •.,.. n .. n ....

T ,• t North Europe America

0 L-- I I I I I I I I I I I 1960 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Source: F.A.0. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

Figure 14 1 '41 t4

U.S. SHRIMP CONSUMPTION COMPARED tli Il P- )1

WITH WORLD PRODUCTION Ja 1955=100

200 200

180 — /- 180 / 160 160 U.S. consumption 140 140

\f\4 • / \AlOrld production 120 7.73; 120

100 100

80 1 80

Percent U.S. consumption as a percent of world production 35 35

•■•1 30 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1955 1960 1965 1970

Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

F igure 15 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY 350

United States and Japanese shrimp exports and possibly Western Europe probably resulted in record world prices. It exports of other products. As barriers rise, large businesses is too early to tell if prices have stabilized. Some upward may be able to establish firms abroad to maintain their price improvement is likely in 1970 if demand continues to volume of output. But fishermen ordinarily do not have expand as it has in the past. this option. Japan had temporary marketing problems in the last half If a nation erects a barrier that reduces imports of of 1969 and continuing into 1970. Japan shrimp imports shrimp, domestic producers of shrimp would normally have reached a record high of 49 thousand tons in 1969, an opportunity to expand production. But in such nations although the domestic market was sluggish. This was due to as the United States (the Gulf of Mexico fishery), Japan, continued purchase of frozen shrimp by Japanese trading and the western European countries, shrimp production firms, particularly during the latter half of 1969, despite an likely could not be expanded greatly. In most instances, over-supply in Japan. These firms, because of purchase curtailment of shrimp imports would also mean higher arrangements made with foreign shrimp producers, were prices and incomes to domestic producers. While net compelled to buy their production regardless of the income to domestic producers would at first be higher if demand in Japan. shrimp imports were curtailed, net income would soon Japanese imports of shrimp during January-July were 19 decline if more and more people were allowed to enter the per cent above the same months last year. The market was domestic shrimp fishery. The amount of the price increase would depend on both the nature of product demand and still described as sluggish during the third quarter. the availability of shrimp resources to expand production. The American market has also been going through a The fewer the substitutes for shrimp and the fewer the sluggish period in the third quarter. Shrimp supplies (both available resources, the more the price will rise. domestic landings and imports) have been heavy. Even though shrimp sales have risen sharply in the first half this THE WORLD SHRIMP SITUATION year, inventories have been record high and roughly 30 per cent greater than last year. Since mid-year, shrimp prices in Complete trade data for 1969 are not yet available, but the United States have been running below year-earlier total exports likely rose again from 1968 levels. Trade data levels. for countries where returns are available are significantly higher from their volume of trade during 1968. From the THE ROLE OF CANADA IN THE trade data available from the Food and Agriculture Organi- WORLD SHRIMP MARKET zation of the United Nations, Japan and the United States Pandalus borealis in took about two-thirds of the world trade in shrimp in 1968. The maximum sustainable yield for Both countries imported even greater quantities in 1969. the Northwest Atlantic has been estimated at 48.5 million pounds (Longhurst, 1969). It appears that the resource is (Whitaker, 1970 d). fairly evenly divided between New England and the Information on 1970 to date is even more fragmentary. Maritimes. The 1969 catch in New England was a little over Both United States and Japan imports in January-July 1970 29 million pounds, live weight; the 1970 catch will were higher than in the same months of 1969. If 1970 probably be somewhat lower. catches in Asia and South America turn out larger than the last year or two, which seems likely, world trade could Future market prospects for Maritime shrimp are bright. increase again in 1970. A ready market for these shrimp exists in Western Europe and Scandinavian countries. In the European market, Increasing world import requirements have exerted Canada will find the United States a strong competitor. upward pressure on world shrimp prices. World price data This is a rather unique situation although I imagine there is are meager for countries other than Japan, the United some competition between the United States and Canada in States and Australia. United States prices were record high the European salmon market. Canada, of course, is well in 1969 despite large supplies. Even with large 1969 catches accustomed to competition - especially with European (judging by United States and Japanese imports) in Asia countries in sales of fish blocks and fillets to the United and South America, additional competition from Japan and States. Mr. Whitaker 351

WORLD SHRIMP TRADE AND CONSUMPTION, 1968

ae.41 CONSUMP s ri Ofv ••4°e „..••• 34% Ÿ— ■

NET U. S. \ \ U.S. IMPORTS CATCH e 17% (,,A\ 17% II

1 OTHER WORLD 17% TRADE CONSUMED IN FOREIGN COUNTRY WHERE CAUGHT 46%

1.7 BILLION POUNDS LIVE WEIGHT

Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service

Figure 16 352 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Despite fairly good supplies of locally caught fish, abundance now and then, but they will probably want a markets in Europe are increasingly finding insufficient predictable portion of each year's catch. Associated with supplies of certain species. Rising consumer demand is availability of shrimp for export is importance of main- causing a rising trend in fish prices. With the inability of the taining constant export flows. Any shipping restrictions, European fleets to supply adequate quantities, buyers are maritime regulations, strikes, or other factors which disrupt looking for other sources of supply. exports force importers to obtain their supplies from other sources. Since 1964, United States shrimp sales to Europe have risen sharply. Frozen shrimp, mainly from the State of Groups interested in foreign market expansion should Maine and valued at nearly US$5 million, were sold to plan to supply shrimp that meet the variety, quality, Europe in 1969. Most of the 1969 sales were to Sweden. packaging, and other specifications desired by a particular Shrimp from Alaska is now entering the markets. Markets market. The New England shrimp industry has been very in Norway and Denmark also are taking increasing good at this in its sales to Europe. Shrimp are processed for quantities. In Norway, shrimp fishermen have been some- Europe in ways seldom done for the U.S. market. what concerned by the low prices of foreign shrimp which are apparently undercutting their sales, and now are Importers usually stress "exclusive handling." An seeking ways to improve marketing. (U.S. Embassy, importer, who invests in the promotion of a given brand Copenhagen, 1970). name product, wants reasonable assurance that he will profit from the resultant sales. He can have such assurance In addition to competition from New England in if he is the sole distributor for the branded product in a Europe an markets, Canada can expect increasing specified market area. Exporters should ally themselves competition from Alaska. The Alaska resource of Pandalus with those importers in specific world markets who have borealis is estimated to be several times greater than that of the trade connections, distribution outlets, knowledge, and New England or the entire Northwest Atlantic (Bureau of experienced personnel to effectively exploit the market. Commercial Fisheries, 1968). Importers tend to consider price first. This does not mean that the price lias to be the lowest in the market, but We are in an era of increasing competition in foreign it has to be competitive relative to quality, size, and trade. It is important that countries continually re-examine packaging desired. their programs and policies relating to market development. Exports have traditionally been the most rapidly expanding Certain markets may be able to use shrimp only during sector of the market for Canadian fishery products. The some season of the year when a supply is not available from competition Canadian shrimp products will face in world domestic sources. Exporters should not downgrade these markets will increase in future years. This competition is seasonal markets. A more careful scheduling of exports to the result of increased shrimp production around the world. seasonal markets in several countries might provide essentially year-round markets for shrimp. A siinilar The structure of international trade has changed with attitude may prevail concerning small order markets. Many many countries joining together to form trading blocs. small shrimp markets are growing, have a large potential, These blocs have established uniform barriers against and should receive attention from exporters. incoming trade. The European Economic Community particularly lias improved its bargaining position in the Careful analysis is needed prior to launching a program international market. Market development activities can be in order to maximize the effectiveness of development expanded only within the institutional and political frame- activities. Expansion of the foreign market for Canadian work and the limits of total demand for shrimp products in shrimp will permit the expansion of domestic production. any country. Domestic production will be expanded through improved technology and more efficient use of resources. GNP will be Foreign importers are interested in constant supplies, or increased, employment in industries and businesses they turn to alternative sources of supply. They may supporting shrimp will grow, and consumer welfare both in understand and appreciate the problems created by lower Canada and the trade recipient countries will be improved. Mr. Whitaker 353

Expanded worldwide shrimp production has meant a to which the world's potential shrimp supply will be growth in international shrimp market development. How- exploited. ever, many countries are not promoting their shrimp products as much as they could. Canadian fisheries can With favorable price levels, consumption for shrimp will, compete successfully for their share of world shrimp no doubt, continue to increase because of population markets if they are aided by a firm and aggressive national growth and increasing levels of income. Increased trade policy. production in many areas of the world is largely dependent on the acquisition of additional fishing craft, processing plants, and other necessary equipment. The rate at which CONCLUSION necessary facilities have been acquired by many countries has resulted in a gradual growth in world production of From the standpoint of the world market and the future shrimp. course of the industry, the problems connected with supply are paramount. Supplies for the anticipated increase in An adverse consequence in the shrimp industry is the future consumption will depend on the continued phenomenon associated with "good times". Each abundance of shrimp in waters presently fished, on the announcement of the discovery of new shrimp grounds, and discovery of new fishing grounds, and on expanded world e a ch s e a s o n of profitable operations, usually is trade. accompanied by a substantial expansion in vessel operations. This is attributed partly to an over-enthusiastic Estimates of potential supplies of shrimp in various areas boat building program and partly to the influx of outside of the world must be viewed in the light of the problems elements which enter the shrimp fishery while business is involved in realizing the potential in each specific area. The good. existence of a potential supply does not indicate that the potential will be realized. Prices for shrimp, costs of Gradual growth may be the best course for the future, production, and the rate at which shrimp fishing and shrimp for it allows for a more orderly balancing of supply and processing facilities are expanded will determine the extent demand.

TABLE 1 World shrimp catch and world catch of all fish and shellfish, 1950-68 (Live weight)

All fish & All fish & Year Shrimp Year Shrimp shellfish shellfish

1,000 metric Million 1,000 metric Million tons metric tons tons metric tons 1950 ...... 375 21.1 1960 ...... 499 40.0 1951 ...... 394 23.5 1961 ...... 559 43.4 1952 ...... 393 25.1 1962 ...... 619 47.0 1953 ...... 375 25.9 1963 ...... 671 48.3 1954 ...... 510 27.6 1964 ...... 670 52.7 1955 ...... 481 28.9 1965 ...... 663 53.5 1956 ...... 532 30.4 1966 ...... 697 57.3 1957 ...... 517 31.5 1967 ...... 757 60.5 1958 ...... 502 33.2 1968 ...... 771 64.0 1959 ...... 476 36.7

354 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

TABLE 1 (Concl'd)

Index, 1950 = 100

All fish & All fish & Year Shrmpi Year Shrimp shellfish shellfish

1950 100.0 100.0 1960 133.1 189.6 1951 105.1 111.4 1961 149.1 205.7 1952 104.0 118.9 1962 165.1 222.7 1953 100.0 122.7 1963 178.9 228.9 1954 136.0 130.8 1964 178.7 249.7 1955 128.3 137.0 1965 176.8 253.5 1956 141.9 144.1 1966 185.9 271.5 1957 137.9 149.3 1967 201.9 286.7 1958 133.9 157.3 1968 205.6 303.3 1959 126.9 173.9

Source: FAO and Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service.

TABLE 2 World Catch by Major fishery Groups, 1950-68 (Live weight) - - - - - - - - - - Flounders Cods Redfishes Herrings Ulnas Crusta- Fresh- Halibuts Hakes Basses Sardines Bonitos Molluscs Year water Soles, Haddocks, Congers, Anchovies, Skipjacks, ceans etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

Thousand metric tons 1950 2,360 490 3,630 1,360 5,050 550 660 1,620 1951 2,620 480 3,870 1,570 5,560 600 690 1,830 1952 2,770 530 4,120 1,560 5,840 640 700 1,920 1953 2,960 550 3,960 1,620 6,040 610 760 1,830 1954 3,190 560 4,400 1,690 6,480 720 860 1,950 1955 3,400 620 4,870 1,900 6,210 800 860 1,950 1956 3,520 680 5,120 2,060 6,790 890 920 1,950 1957 3,900 690 4,730 2,140 7,040 910 900 2,100 1958 4,400 790 4,490 2,250 7,250 990 850 2,070 1959 5,100 880 4,650 2,390 8,920 1,060 880 2,340 1960 5,580 1,210 4,990 2,390 10,080 1,060 970 2,560 1961 5,700 1,330 5,050 2,410 12,410 1,210 990 2,500 1962 5,700 1,240 5,530 2,600 14,530 1,230 1,070 2,660 1963 5,900 950 5,950 2,730 14,790 1,240 1,140 2,960 1964 6,110 990 6,070 2,970 18,490 1,210 1,170 2,670 1965 6,300 960 6,750 3,190 16,780 1,200 1,190 2,880 1966 6,360 1,090 7,260 3,220 18,740 1,320 1,280 2,950 1967 6,550 1,200 8,150 3,140 19,680 1,330 1,350 3,080 1968 6,660 1,150 9,480 3,190 20,460 1,400 1,400 3,380

Source: FAO TABLE 3 355 Indexes of World Catch by Major Fishery Groups, 1950-68

Flounders Cods Redfishes Herrings Tunas Fresh., Halibuts Hakes Basses Sardines Bonitos Crusta- Year Molluscs water Soles, Haddocks, Congers, Anchovies, Skipjacks, ceans etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

1950 = 100 - 1950 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1951 111.0 98.0 106.6 115.4 110.1 109.1 104.5 113.0 1952 117.4 108.2 113.5 114.7 115.6 116.4 106.1 118.5 1953 125.4 112.2 109.0 119.1 119.6 110.9 115.2 113.0 1954 135.2 114.3 121.2 124.3 128.3 130.9 130.3 120.4 1955 144.1 126.5 134.2 139.7 123.0 145.5 130.3 120.4 1956 149.1 138.8 141.0 151.5 134.4 161.8 139.4 120.4 1957 165.3 140.8 130.3 157.4 139.4 165.4 136.4 129.6 1958 186.4 161.2 123.7 165.4 143.6 180.0 128.8 127.8 1959 216.1 179.6 128.0 175.7 176.6 192.7 133.3 144.4 1960 236.4 246.9 137.5 175.7 199.6 192.7 146.9 158.0 1961 241.5 271.4 139.1 177.2 245.7 220.0 149.9 154.3 1962 241.5 253.1 152.3 191.2 287.7 223.6 162.1 164.2 1963 250.0 193.9 163.9 200.7 292.9 225.5 172.7 182.7 1964 258.9 202.0 167.2 218.4 366.1 220.0 177.3 164.8 1965 266.9 195.9 185.9 234.6 332.3 218.2 180.3 177.8 1966 269.5 222.4 200.0 236.8 371.0 239.9 193.9 182.1 1967 277.5 244.9 224.5 230.9 389.7 241.8 204.5 190.1 1968 282.2 234.7 261.2 234.6 405.1 254.5 212.1 208.6

Source: Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service.

TABLE 4 World Catch of Selected Crustaceans and Molluscs, 1950-68 (Live weight)

Year Crabs Lobsters Clams Oysters Scallops

Thousand metric tons 1950 143 86 197 370 93 1951 148 91 213 451 90 1952 145 96 203 424 94 1953 156 98 228 459 121 1954 183 100 230 672 101 1955 204 106 233 629 117 1956 196 106 289 640 112 1957 199 114 316 648 123 1958 197 111 316 639 119 1959 202 112 310 713 144 1960 233 120 332 816 161 1961 247 122 338 751 171 1962 259 125 360 707 175 1963 272 128 441 815 162 1964 288 132 442 829 157 1965 309 135 454 741 190 1966 340 137 497 761 178 1967 338 140 483 839 131 1968 354 146 483 823 148

Source: FAO TABLE 5 TABLE 6 Indexes of World Catch of Selected Crustaceans and Shrimp Catch by Country in North America, 1950-68 Molluscs, 1950-68 (Live weight) Year Crabs LoUsters Clams Oysters Scallops Year Canada Greenland United States Total

1 950 = 100 --- Thousandmetric tons ------1950 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1951 ...... 103.5 105.8 108.1 121.9 96.8 1950. 86.8 87.2 1952 ...... 101.4 111.6 103.0 114.6 101.1 1951. 101.7 102.0 1953 ...... 109.0 114.0 115.7 124.1 130.1 1952. 103.0 103.6 1954 ...... 127.9 116.3 116.8 181.6 108.6 1953. 118.1 119.0 1954. 121.8 122.6 1955 ...... 142.7 123.3 118.3 169.9 125.8 1956 ...... 137.1 123.3 146.7 172.9 120.4 1955. 110.8 111.9 1957 ...... 139.2 132.6 160.4 175.1 132.3 1956. 101.7 102.8 1958 ...... 137.8 129.1 160.4 172.7 127.9 1957. 92.5 93.9 1959 ...... 141.3 130.2 157.4 192.7 154.8 1958. 97.0 98.6 1959. 109.0 110.3 1960 ...... 162.9 139.5 168.5 220.5 173.1 1961 ...... 172.7 141.9 171.6 203.0 183.8 1960. 113.1 115.7 1962 ...... 181.1 145.3 182.7 191.1 188.2 1961. 79.1 82.1 1963 ...... 190.2 148.8 223.9 220.3 174.2 1962. 86.7 90.9 1964 ...... 201.4 153.5 224.4 224.1 168.8 1963 . 109.0 113.1 1964. 96.1 100.4 1965 ...... 216.1 157.0 230.5 200.3 204.3 1966 ...... 237.7 159.3 252.3 205.7 191.4 1965. 110.5 116.4 1967 ...... 236.4 162.8 245.2 226.8 140.9 1966. 108.4 113.6 146.0 1968 ...... 247.6 169.8 245.2 222.4 159.1 1967. 139.6 1968. 132.3 138.6 Source: Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service. Source: FAO

TABLE 7 Shrimp catch by country in Central America, 1950-68 (Live weight)

Total Costa El Mexico Panama various Year Cuba Guatemala Honduras Rica Salvador countries

------Thousand metric tons ------NA NA 1950.... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1951.... NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.1 1952.... 0.1 NA NA NA NA NA 0.6 35.5 1953.... 0.1 NA NA NA NA 34.8 1.7 37.2 1954.... 0.1 NA NA NA NA 35.4 43.2 2.0 45.4 1955 . . 0.2 NA NA NA NA 44.8 3.0 47.8 1956 . . NA NA NA NA NA 43.7 4.2 47.9 1957 NA NA NA NA NA 50.2 4.6 57.7 1958 0.4 1.5 1.0 NA NA NA 60.3 5.6 67.8 1959 . . NA NA 1.9 NA NA 66.8 5.5 80.1 1960 NA NA 7.8 NA 72.3 5.2 87.5 1961 1.1 1.7 6.2 0.9 0.1 70.6 5.6 86.6 1962 1.1 1.4 6.0 1.6 0.3 72.0 5.6 88.7 1963 1.6 1.8 5.7 1.5 0.5 7.1 89.6 1964 1.9 3.5 5.5 2.1 0.5 69.0 5.9 76.0 1965.... 1.7 1.9 5.0 1.5 0.9 59.1 5.6 87.2 1966.... 1.8 2.8 7.3 2.3 1.6 65.8 6.5 90.4 1967.... 1.8 2.9 5.6 1.8 1.7 70.1 78.0 1968.... 2.4 2.9 4.5 1.1 2.5 58.6 6.0

Source: FAO TABLE 8 Shrimp catch by country in South America, 1950-68 (Live weight)

Total Year Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Peru Surinam Uruguay Venezuela Various countries

Thousand metric tons

1950 . . 1.4 NA ...■ NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.4 1951 . . 2.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.5 1952 . . 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.0 1953 . . 3,3 NA NA NA NA 0.3 NA 0.2 3.3 1954 . . 1.5 NA 0.1 NA NA NA 0.2 NA 0.5 1.6 1955 . . 1.6 NA NA NA 1.7 NA 0.2 NA 0.5 4.0 1956 . . 2.5 NA NA 0.1 2.3 NA 0.2 0.7 0.7 6.5 1957 . . 1.5 NA NA 0.2 2.1 NA 0.4 0.4 1.0 5.6 1958 . . 1.4 17.4 0.3 0.7 2.7 NA 0.3 0.5 - 1.1 24.4 1959 . . 0.9 18.2 0.7 1.3 2.8 0.5 0.1 0.5 - 1.6 27.1 1960 . . 0.7 21.7 2.6 1.7 2.8 1.0 0.1 0.7 1.4 33.7 1961 . . 1.0 25.0 2.4 1.9 4.6 1.8 0.6 0.7 0.1 2.5 42.4 1962 . . 0.8 35.2 4.3 1.8 4.7 2.3 0.6 0.5 - 3.8 54.0 1963 . . 0.8 28.3 3.6 1.9 5.2 2.8 0.8 0.6 0.1 3.9 48.0 1964 . . 0.7 28.1 5.9 2.6 5.0 3.2 0.9 0.7 4.3 51.4 1965 0.7 39.4 5.9 2.7 5.7 3.7 0.4 0.7 7.5 66.7 1966 0.6 34.7 11.4 2.1 5.3 4.3 0.4 0.6 3.4 62.8 1967 0.6 35.5 10.0 6.2 6.0 4.1 0.3 0.7 - 5.1 68,5 1968 0.9 '40.0 10.3 6.8 6.6 4.2 0.3 0.8 NA 4.6 74.5

lEstim. ated.

Source: FAO TABLE 9 Shrimp catch by country in Europe, 1950-68 (Live weight)

Fed. Rep. Total Year Belgium Denmark Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden U.K. of Germany France Greece Iceland Italy various countries

- - - Thousand metric tons _ 1950 . . . . 1.8 0.8 33.1 3.0 NA NA NA 11.0 2.3 0.1 11.3 0.7 1.4 65.5 1951 . . . . 2.3 .9 27.0 3.9 0.5 NA NA 13.8 2.7 0.1 12.8 0.7 2.1 66.8 1952 . . . . 3.1 .8 25.1 4.0 1.0 NA NA 13.5 3.1 - 10.5 1.2 1.7 64.0 1953 . . . . 2.5 .9 40.0 3.9 0.7 NA NA 16.2 3.8 - 9.7 1.3 1.9 80.9 1954 . . . . 2.1 .8 32.9 3.1 0.4 NA NA 14.4 5.0 - 12.2 1.4 1.8 74.1 1955 . . . . 2.7 .9 42.9 4.0 0.6 NA NA 19.9 5.8 - 12.8 1.5 2.3 90.4 1956 . . . . 3.8 .9 33.4 3.7 0.7 NA NA 16.7 6.3 - 15.0 1.5 2.1 84.1 1957 . . . . 1.9 1.3 34.8 4.4 1.2 NA NA 12.1 7.1 0.1 15.8 2.1 2.3 83.1 1958 . . . . 1.1 1.7 29.4 3.5 0.8 NA 6.4 13.1 7.3 0.1 13.7 2.2 2.1 81.4 1959 . . . . 2.2 2.4 25.7 1.8 0.6 NA 5.8 13.4 9.7 0.1 15.5 3.2 1.8 82.2 1960 . . . . 1.4 2.9 24.0 1.9 NA 1.3 5.8 12.9 9.6 0.1 17.1 4.0 1.6 82.6 1961 . . . . 1.4 3.5 27.6 1.1 NA 1.4 7.7 14.9 10.1 0.1 15.0 4.5 1.0 88.3 1962 . . . . 0.9 4.6 24.8 2.6 NA 0.7 7.4 16.4 10.9 0.1 14.1 5.3 1.2 89.0 1963 . . . . 1.3 4.8 42.4 2.8 NA 0.6 6.9 24.7 11.7 0.2 13.0 5.2 1.5 115.1 1964 . . . . 1.4 3.7 28.8 3.0 1.1 0.5 8.6 21.9 11.0 0.2 12.7 4.2 1.7 98.8 1965 . . . . 1.2 5.2 28.3 2.7 1.5 0.9 9.1 17.4 10.5 0.2 11.8 3.5 1.4 93.7 1966 . . . . 1.2 4.8 38.5 3.5 1.2 1.8 9.0 15.5 7.4 0.1 9.6 1.6 1.5 95.6 1967 . . . . 1.5 4.9 24.4 3.1 1.5 1.5 8.6 14.3 8.4 0.2 8.9 1.8 1.5 80.6 1968 . . . . 1.2 5.5 33.1 3.5 NA 2.5 9.3 11.2 7.2 NA 7.3 2.0 1.3 84.1

Source: FAO

358 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

TABLE 10 Shrimp catch by country in Africa, 1950-68 (Live weight)

Total South United Year Algeria Angola Dahomey Ghana Madagascar Morocco Mozambique Senegal various Africa Arab Rep. countries

Thousand metric tons 1950 . . . NA 1951 . . . 0.1 0.1 1952 . . . 0.1 0.1 1953 . . • 0.1 0.1 1954 . . . 0.1 0.1 1955 . . . 0.1 0.1 1956 . . . 0.1 0.1 1957 . . . 0.1 0.1 1958 . . . 1.4 0.1 1.3 2.8 1959 . . . 1.4 1.3 2.7 1960 . . . 0.9 1.3 2.2 1961 • • . 1.6 0.1 1.3 0.4 3.3 1962 . . . NA 1.5 0.4 1.9 1963 • . . .9 1.2 NA 0.4 8.9 11.4 1964 . . . .9 1.4 NA 0.6 7.7 10.6 1965 • . . 1.1 0.3 0.7 NA 0.8 5.6 8.5 1966 . . . 1.3 0.3 1.3 0.2 NA 0.9 0.1 4.3 8.4 1967 . . . 2.0 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5 NA 1.7 0.5 NA 6.4 1968 . . . 1.4 NA 0.3 1.5 0.3 0.9 3.1 0.5 NA 8.0

Source: FAO

TABLE 11 Shrimp catch in Australia, 1950-68 (Live weight) Year Australia Year Australia

1,000 1,000 metric tons metric tons 1950 . . . . NA 1960. . . . 3.5 1951 . . . . NA 1961. . . . 3.0 1952 . . . . 0.9 1962 . . . . 4.2 1953 . . . . 1.5 1963 . . . . 5.7 1954 . . . . 1.9 1964. . . . 6.1 1955 . . . . 3.0 1965 . . . . 5.5 1956 . . . . 2.8 1966 . . . . 5.7 1957 . . . . 2.3 1967 . . . . 6.2 1958 . . . . 2.1 1968 . . . . 9.1 1959 . . . . 3.0

Source: FAO TABLE 12 Shrimp catch by country in Asia, 1950-68 (Live weight)

Total Hong Rep. of Saudi Year India Iran Japan Kuwait Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Taiwan Thailand Turkey various Korea Arabia Kong countries

------Thousand metrictons ------1950.... NA NA NA 31.6 - - NA NA NA - NA 11.0 NA 42.6 1951 .... NA NA NA 36.4 - - NA NA NA - NA 10.0 NA 46.4 1952.... 0.1 77.0 NA 43.9 - - 15.5 NA 17.4 - 2.0 9.5 NA 165.4 1953 .... 0.1 90.7 NA 41.3 - - 13.9 NA 21.1 - 2.4 10.5 NA 180.0 1954.... 0.1 154.2 NA 51.1 - - 10.7 NA 14.9 - 1.9 12.8 NA 245.7 1955 .... 0.1 106.6 NA 47.4 - - 11.1 NA 16.5 - 3.2 11.9 NA 196.8 1956 .... 0.1 159.6 NA 50.3 - - 11.4 NA 18.4 - 3.8 11.5 NA 255.1 1957 .... 1.3 136.8 NA 48.9 - - 15.7 NA 27.5 - 3.8 11.8 NA 245.8 1958 .... 2.9 86.7 NA 55.6 - 9.0 14.9 13.7 16.4 - 4.0 10.3 0.3 213.8 1959 .... 0.6 67.5 NA 59.7 - NA 15.2 NA 18.4 - 5.0 9.2 0.2 175.8 1960.... 0.4 70.6 NA 60.4 - NA 18.0 NA 10.4 - 5.0 14.5 0.5 179.8 1961 .... ^ 0.4 62.8 NA 73.5 NA 16.1 19.5 16.9 22.9 5.2 5.5 16.5 0.2 239.5 1962.... 1.4 83.2 NA 79.3 NA 20.9 19.1 20.0 20.4 6.0 6.4 20.1 0.2 277.0 1963 .... 1.0 81.6 NA 86.7 2.6 19.0 18.4 20.3 14.2 6.6 9.0 23.3 1 0.3 283.0 1964 .... 0.5 94.9 NA 77.8 3.8 19.3 25.7 21.5 18.1 7.0 9.8 29.5 0.3 308.2 1965 .... 0.6 77.3 NA 66.5 4.0 20.8 27.0 22.9 17.2 6.6 14.2 35.2 0.2 292.5 1966 .... 0.4 90.9 4.6 68.8 4.0 24.4 22.2 26.3 12.1 7.1 16.3 45.3 0.2 322.6 1967 .... 0.6 91.6 4.1 61.0 6.0 32.3 25.0 24.0 21.0 7.8 19.5 61.7 NA 354.6 1968.... 0.9 99.8 NA 66.3 NA 32.9 23.4 21.5 11.4 12.7 21.7 75.0 NA 365.6

Source: FAO

360 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

TABLE 13 Trends in shrimp catches by continent, 1960-68 (Index, 1957-59 =.- 100) Central North South Year Africa Asia Europe Oceania America America America

1960 96.6 84.9 138.6 100.4 114.7 141.9 130.9 1961 143.5 113.1 151.4 107.4' 81.4 121.6 164.7 1962 82.6 130.8 149.8 108.2 90.1 170.3 209.7 1963 495.7 133.6 153.5 140.0 112.1 231.1 186.4 1964 460.9 145.5 155.0 120.1 99.5 247.3 199.6 1965 369.6 138.1 131.5 113.9 115.4 223.0 259.0 1966 365.2 152.3 150.9 116.3 112.6 231.1 243.9 1967 278.3 167.4 156.4 98.0 144.7 251.4 266.0 1968 347.8 172.6 134.9 102.3 137.4 368.9 289.3

Source: Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service.

TABLE 14 World trade in shrimp, 1968 (Live weight) Trade Landings as Exports as a Consumption as Country Landings a percent of Exports to Imports percent of Consumption a percent of landings world landings world total Other U.S. countries Mil. lb. Percent Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Mil. lb. Percent Mil. lb. Percent United States 291.7 17.1 - 46.7 332.9 16.0 577.9 34.0 India 220.0 12.9 46.6 33.7 - 36.5 139.7 8.2 Thailand 165.3 9.7 5.4 16.1 - 13.0 143.8 8.5 Japan 146.2 8.6 3.5 12.8 123.4 11.1 253.3 14.9 Mexico 129.2 7.6 67.5 24.8 6.3 71.4 43.2 2.5 West Germany 72.8 4.3 - - - - 72.8 4.3 Malaysia 72.5 4.3 2.1 2.0 - 5.7 68.4 4.0 Pakistan 51.6 3.0 10.0 5.7 - 30.4 35.9 2.1 Taiwan 47.8 2.8 1.1 3.0 - 8.6 43.7 2.6 Philippines 47.4 2.8 .3 - - .6 47.1 2.8 Saudi Arabia 28.0 1.6 6.0 - - 21.4 22.0 1.3 South Korea 25.1 1.5 1.2 7.0 - 32.7 16.9 1.0 Netherlands 24.7 1.5 .3 13.9 57.5 10.5 .6 Australia 20.1 1.2 2.5 6.0 1.4 42.3 13.0 .8 France 7.7 .5 - - 11.2 - 18.9 1.1 Sweden 4.4 .3 - - 3.5 - 7.9 .5 United Kingdom 2.9 .2 - - 15.9 - 18.8 1.1 Belgium 2.6 .2 - - 1.8 4.4 .3 Canada - - 1.6 26.3 - 24.7 1.5 Other countries 339.7 19.9 184.8 131.8 113.7 93.2 136.8 7.9 Total world 1699.7 100.0 332.9 303.5 636.4 37.4 1699.7 100.0

Source: FAO and Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service. Mr. Whitaker 361

REFERENCES Hutchings, H.M. 1970. Hutchings Calls Gulf States "Bright Spot" in U.S. Fisheries, Fish Boat. 15 (4), April 1970.

Bullis, H.R. Jr. and J.S. Carpenter. 1968. Latent Fishery Resources Ivanov, B.G. 1964. A World Survey of the Shrimp Trade. U.S. of the Central Western Atlantic Region. The Future of the Department of Commerce. Clearinghouse for Federal Fishing Industry of the United States. University of Washington, Scientific and Technical Information. Publications in Fisheries, New Series, Vol. 4, 1968. Longhurst, A.R. 1969. Survey of Crustacean Resources, Area - and R. Cummings, Jr. 1961. An Interim Report of Reviews on Living Resources of the Ocean. FAO Indicative the Cape Canaveral Calico Scallop Bed. Commercial Fisheries World Plan for Agricultural Development, Bureau of Commercial Review, 23 (10), October 1961 (Also Sep. No. 630). Fisheries, 1969.

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. 1959. Survey of the United States Merrill, A.S. and J.W. Ropes. 1969. The General Distribution of the Shrimp Industry, Vol. 1 and 2. Special Scientific Report - Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog. National Shellfisheries Fisheries, No. 277 and 308, U.S. Department of the Interior, Association, Vol. 59, June 1969. Fish and Wildlife Service. - J.L. Chamberlin, and J.W. Ropes. Ocean Quahog - 1968. The Potential of Alaska's Fishery Resource. Fishery. The Encyclopedia of Marine Resources. Newsletter No. 9, Juneau, Alaska, September 13, 1968. Parker, P.S. 1966. Ocean Clam Survey Off U.S. Middle Atlantic Chapman, W.M. 1969. How America "Exports" a Fishing Industry. Coast - 1968. Commercial Fisheries Review, 28 (3), March 1966 World Fishing, 18 (2), February 1969. (Also Sep. No. 756).

Cleary, D.P. 1970. World Demand for Shrimp and Prawns May Surdi, R.W. 1970a. Worldwide Shrimp Developments in 1968. Outstrip Supply During Next Decade. Commercial Fisheries Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Unpublished manuscript. Review, 32 (3), March 1970, (Also Sep. No. 863). - 1970b. Worldwide Shrimp Developments in 1967. Growther, H.E. 1969. The Shrimp Industry - A Success Story. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Unpublished manuscript. Fishing Gazette, 86 (3), March 1969. - and D.R. Whitaker. 1970. Shellfish Situation and Doll, J.P. 1970. An Econometric Analysis of the United States Outlook, CEA S-18, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, August Shrimp Industry. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 1970, Manuscript in press. U.S. Embassy, Copenhagen. 1970. Regional Fisheries Attache, Drummond, S.B. 1969. Explorations for Calico Scallop, Pecten August 13, 1970. gibbus, in the Area Off Cape Kennedy, Florida, 1960-66. Fishery Industrial Research, 5 (2), July 1969. U.S. Tariff Commission. 1961. Shrimp. Report on Investigation No. 332-40 Under Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, Pursuant FAO. 1968. Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Vol. 24, Catches and to a Resolution of the Committee on Finance of the United Landings 1967. States Senate Adopted in August 1960.

- 1969. Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Vol. 26, Whitaker, D.R. 1970a. Worldwide Shrimp Developments in 1969. Catches and Landings. 1968. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Unpublished manuscript.

- 1969. Report of the 10FC Working Party on Stock - 1970b. Shellfish Situation and Outlook, CEA S-16, Assessment in Relation to Immediate Problems of Management Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, April 1970. in the Indian Ocean. FAO Fisheries Report No. 82, Rome, September 30 - October 3, 1969. - 1970e. Trends in the United States Shrimp Industry. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Unpublished manuscript. GATT. 1967. Major Markets for Shrimp and Prawns in Western Europe. GATT International Trade Center, Geneva, February - 1970d. The World Shrimp Situation, Bureau of 1967. Commercial Fisheries, 1970. Unpublished manuscript.

363

The Demand for Shrimp (International "Shrimp" Marketing)

by A. J. Hemming, Chief, Fisheries and Division, Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Products Branch, Department of Industry, Trade and Commerce, Ottawa. Mr. Hemming

Mr. Hemming is a graduate of Nottingham University, and took his post-graduate training at the Agriculture Economics Research Institute at Oxford University. He came to Canada in 1952, and joined a large Canadian food company, where he was engaged in marketing and corporate planning. He subsequently returned to Europe to head an American market research and advertising company whose clients included the largest food companies in the world. Mr. Hemming returned to Canada in 1964 and is now Chief of the Fisheries and Fish Products Division, Department of Industry, Trade and Commerce, in Ottawa.

Abstract INTERNATIONAL "SHRIMP" MARKETING

World competition in marketing all shrimp species is Introduction very keen. The most important market for pink shrimp Depending on the geographical location, the term (Pandalus borealis), the species available in commercial "shrimp" or "prawn" is utilized to describe the small quantities in Canadian waters, is Western Europe. The crustacean. Generally speaking, the word "shrimp" is used "pink" shrimp is not an important item in the American to designate the smaller-sized and the term "prawn" the market, which is primarily for prawns. (Most of the U.S. larger-sized members of the family. There are some catch of pink shrimp is exported to Western Europe.) This exceptions to these designations. In the United Kingdom, paper reviews the production and marketing situations in the reverse termùiology is predominant while in the United the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, the States the term "shrimp" is most commonly applied to all Federal Republic of Germany, Belg,ium and Norway. sizes. The various species are also often classified as "tropical", "warm-water" or "cold-water" shrimp or prawn. Résumé The only species of shrimp available in commercial Le commerce des crevettes de toutes espèces fait l'objet quantities in Canadian waters is known scientifically as d'une énorme concurrence dans le monde. L'Europe occi- Pandalus borealis, commonly called the "Pink" or dentale est le marché le plus important pour la crevette "Northern" shrimp or "deep-water" prawn.* Currently, the nordique (Pandalus borealis), l'espèce trouvée en quantités most important market for pink shrùnp is Western Europe, commerciales dans les eaux canadiennes. La crevette nor- dique n'a pas une place importante sur le marché des États-Unis, où la grande crevette domine. (Presque toute la *ln Canada, the species of Pandalus borealis is called exclusively prise de crevettes nordiques des États-Unis est expédiée en "pink" shrimp, in the United States it is referred to as "northern, Europe occidentale). L'auteur passe en revue la production pink, Maine or Alaska" shrimp and in some Western European countries as "deep or cold water" prawns or shrirnp. To avoid et la situation des marchés aux États-Unis, au Royaume- confusion, the speaker has used throughout the text the term Uni, en France, en Suisse, dans la République fédérale "pink" shrlinp to designate the member species of the Pandalus d'Allemagne, en Belgique et en Norvège. group and the tenn "prawns" for all other shrimp species. 364 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

where Canada must compete with many producing and becoming one of the major competitors in the supply of exporting countries, principally the United States, Norway, Pandalus borealis to Western Europe. Greenland, Denmark, Iceland and Sweden. The United States exports of domestic shrimp were 47.2 World competition in marketing all shrimp species is million pounds, heads-off weight, in 1969. These record very keen as a large number of relatively new producing exports were 61% higher than in 1968. Almost all of the countries have emerged as important exporters to the percentage increase was due to an upswing in sales of principal markets of Western Europe and the United States. "pink" shrimp, mainly from Maine production, to Western The latter country, by virtue of its dominant position as a Europe. However, lower Maine landings in the first seven producer, consumer and importer/exporter, plays an months of 1970 have somewhat slowed down the fast pace important role in the international shrirnp market. of exports for pink shrimp.

While consumers in Florida have easy access to supplies of many species of shrimp and product forms, recent marketing experiments with frozen northern shrimp have United States proved successful. Some of the pink shrimp producers see The expansion of the "prawn" industries of most the possibility of making inroads in traditional Gulf shrimp exporting countries is to a large extent related to or markets, if prices comparable to current Western European dependent upon the import demand in the United States. price levels can be obtained. Also prices paid by buyers in that country are significant as they tend to govern or influence the world market price It may well be that an expansion will take place in levels. certain United States markets for pink shrimp, such as San Francisco and Florida, but over the medium-term the The United States market is primarily for "prawns". The United States generally is likely to remain a less attractive "pink" shrimp is not an important item in the American market than Western Europe. consumption of the high-priced shellfish. Most of the United States catch of "pink" shrimp is exported to Western Europe.Specifically in Northern Europe, the con- Western European Market sumer is willing to pay a higher price for the Pandalus Until a few years ago, domestic Western European borealis than for any other species. Hence, we must production was sufficient to satisfy most of its con- consider two distinct markets, one for "pink" shrimp and sumption requirements. However, for a number of reasons, one for "prawns" or, as they are often referred to, "Gulf" but mainly because of declining landings due to depletion shrimp. The prices in these two markets would appear to of stocks, Western Europe has now become a major move independently. importing area with a strong demand and a marked preference for the Pandalus borealis species. We cannot assume that the growth pattern for "prawns" in the United States market has relevance to "pink" shrimp. While there are reports that new fishing grounds have For instance, while a new source of supply of "prawns" been discovered and that known stocks can be more fully (say five million pounds) would have only a minor effect on exploited by means of more selective fishing techniques, it prices, a similar quantity of "pink" shrimp offered in is expected that domestic supplies will fall short of Western Europe would completely break the current requirements and that import demand will remain strong European price level. for the next decade.

On the production side, the landings of "pink" shrimp in The demand for luxury products can be expected to 1969 represented 27% of the total United States catch of increase rapidly in Western Europe since the rate of increase 203.9 million pounds compared to only 2% in 1957. This in incomes is out-stripping that of North America. The substantial expansion of the "pink" shrimp landings, major changes which have occurred in Western European coupled with a small domestic consumption of the species countries in recent years closely parallel United States relative to "prawns", has resulted in the United States developments. Mr. Hemmings 365

Improvements in the distributive cold chain, the in- leading firms have shown a strong preference for the creasing number of refrigerators in households and more Canadian prawn because of quality and because of our sophisticated and intensive promotion have created an country's sanitation standards. One needs hardly elaborate atmosphere conducive to the successful marketing of on the impact of major buyers' decisions to go Canadian in high-priced frozen foods. the light of declining European "pink" shrimp landings and the advantages of British preferential tariff. An important trend, which has developed in the last few years, is the more frequent by-passing of middle-men and a The catering trade is growing at a faster rate than the desire on the part of large buying groups and brand- other sectors of the food industry in response to the conscious firms to enter into co-pack arrangements with increasing mobility of the British people and the continually leading frozen suppliers of shellfish capable of assuring rising influx of tourists. Almost every restaurant with any continuity of supplies. pretentions to a decent standard has shrimp cocktail as a predominant and permanent fixture on its menu. In United Kingdom addition, there is definitely an upswing in the demand for the product in private homes. The United Kingdom continues to be our major Western European market for fish and fish products, taking about The proximity of the British fisheries to the market, 25% of our total exports. However, Canada's share of the together with landings of the catches of foreign vessels in shrimp market in 1969 was minimal at less than 1% for the United Kingdom ports have always influenced the con- frozen peeled form and nil for the fresh trade. Fresh "pink" sumption of fish and shellfish in the fresh state. However, shrimp are imported into the United Kingdom, mainly from the major factors required to stimulate and create a wider Norway, Denmark and the Irish Republic. acceptance of frozen supplies have been present for the last few years. Frozen products, including fish and shellfish, The British catch of shrimp is, to a large extent, have now become the most dynamic sector of the British consumed in the fresh state but substantial quantities are food industry. also processed into shrimp specialties such as "potted shrimp". Imports in 1969 of all shrimps were 20% lower On the basis of available supplies and quality, it is than in 1968, a situation which was attributable to a reasonable to assume that within a couple of years British shortage of supplies, not to a falling off in demand. imports could be at least 25% above the 1969 level (nine million pounds, mostly product weight) with good pros- Imports of fresh and canned forms decreased while those pects of increasing business in future years. of the frozen product increased. The latter has been steadily moving upward in the last few years and is likely to In 1970, some of the leading importers of shrimp from assume a major position in future consumption and imports India, Pakistan, Malaya, etc. are operating at double the over the next decade. Traditionally, Norway has supplied 1969 rate. This year Canada is certainly in the forefront very large quantities of fresh Pandalus borealis, which are with its 800% increase in exports to the United Kingdom at appreciably preferred by the British consumers. However, the top end of the quality scale. There is obvious scope for due to reduced catches in recent years in Norway, the expanding our exports to that market. quantities supplied to the United Kingdom are steadily declining. This contraction in supply has caused prices to advance, making Canadian exporters very competitive and France steadily increasing their export sales, not only to the United France is a major market for exporters of shrimp. Buyers Kingdom but to other Western European markets as well. looking for stable and economical sources of supply have diversified their purchases over a wide geographical area, The Canadian product has an excellent reputation in the having imported shrimp in 1969 from more than 40 British market and there seems to be no doubt that we countries. Except for the European brown shrimp, which is could increase our sales to the quality trade, if shipments imported almost entirely from the Netherlands, the bulk of could be made over a longer period of the year at prices French imports have traditionally been obtained from competitive with the Norwegian product. Some of the African, Middle and Far Eastern countries. 366 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

In 1969, Senegal was the leading exporter of shrimp to While the major cities have fairly well developed France with 3.4 million pounds. In order of importance, facilities to handle frozen foods, most of the rural areas other major supplying countries with exports of more than need a much improved distribution network. Frozen food 200,000 pounds were Kuwait, Algeria, Ivory Coast, display space is in short supply in many sectors. Restaurant Dahomey, Tunisia, China, Brazil and Bahrein. Nearly all and hotel owners should be induced to offer fish and imported supplies from these areas were in the uncooked shellfish on their menus more frequently than once a week. frozen form. Imports in the first six months of 1970 indicate that the trend to larger consumption is continuing. In 1969, the Canadian Government Trade Commissioner Canadian exports of shrimp to France, which were practi- in Berne organized two "Canadian Food Festival" promo- cally nil in amounted to 18 metric tons in 1969 and 1968, tions at two of the larger and better class restaurants in five tons in the same period of 1970. Zurich. The two restaurants featured Canadian foods for a period of ten days. Over half of the products offered were Per capita consumption of fish in France is one of the fish and shellfish items. The results of these two promo- highest in Western Europe. France also leads the world in tions were most encouraging as not only did the restaurants consumption of shellfish. However, consumption of shrimp maintain the products on the menus but a demand was is low relative to oysters, mussels, clams and other molluscs created for the items in the retail chains. Another festival is and crustaceans and much smaller than in the United being planned for this year which will feature, inter alia, States. In the last few years, the individual annual con- Canadian shrimp and crab. sumption of fish and shellfish has fluctuated from 32 pounds to 40 pounds with shellfish accounting for 23% or In 1969 Swiss imports of canned shrimp amounted to more of total consumption. In a study made in 1968 by the 838,000 pounds, product weight. The United States was National Statistics Institute, it was estimated that by 1975 the leading supplier with 330,000 pounds, followed by the increase in per capita consumption will be of the order India with 200,000 pounds. Exports of Pandalus borealis of 7.5% for fresh, salted, dried and , 11% for from the three Scandinavian countries and Iceland shellfish — with shrimp gaining in relative importance, amounted to 226,600 pounds. There were no imports from 13.5% for canned fish and 71% for frozen fish. In 1968, total per capita consumption was 32.1 pounds. Canada.

The French landings of shrimp and imports from neighbouring countries have traditionally been consumed Federal Republic of Germany fresh. But following world trends, the quick-freezing The catch of edible shrimp by German cutters varied processing of shrimp is increasing, although France has been between 16.6 million pounds in 1966, 10.2 in 1967 and much slower than most Western European countries in 17.1 million in 1968. The official statistics of the landings adapting to more modern methods of quick-freezing in 1969 and 1970 are not yet available, but preliminary processing and developing its cold chain distribution reports indicate that the catch in landings was slightly system. It appears that the number of freezer cabinets at all higher last year and will be followed by a large increase in levels is still insufficient for successful promotions to landings in 1970. substantially increase the sales of quick-frozen foods. Until 1967, German imports of shrimp were not classified separately in the official statistics. Imports, until Switzerland 1967, were believed to have been small, as Germany's Switzerland has no sea coast, its entire consumption of domestic supplies were considered sufficient for home saltwater fish and shellfish must be met by imports. In consumption. However, since 1967 annual imports have 1969 per capita consumption of marine products was 9.6 averaged slightly more than one million pounds. More than pounds, one of the lowest rates of fish consumption in two-thirds of the imports are "king prawns" from Mainland Western Europe, but is gradually increasing. The con- China. Other important supplying countries are Denmark, sumption is higher in the French and Italian speaking the Netherlands and the United States. Small quantities are centres than in the German speaking areas. itnported from Pakistan, South Korea and Thailand. Mr. Hemmings 367

In the last few years, Canadian exporters have en- With total imports in 1969 totalling 5.8 million pounds, countered more difficulties in breaking into the German import demand for shrimp is projected at 6.1 million in market for shrimp and crab than has been the case in any of 1971 and 6.5 million pounds in 1972. the other major Western European countries.

Imported shrimp is distributed to the retail trade Different views have been expressed about the size of through frozen food packers who in turn purchase from the German market for imported high-priced shellfish import agents. items. Recently, a large European concern with business ramifications in many countries of the world decided not to embark on a special promotion for crustaceans and Norway molluscs in West Germany on the basis that the German consumer is not yet receptive to high-priced shellfish. On The annual Norwegian landings have been steadily the more optimistic side, two of the large shrimp buyers in decreasing in the last three years. The Ocean Research Germany feel that if the current price level is maintained, Institute in Bergen has indicated that fishing could possibly prospects of volume sales of shrimp over the next two be expanded to new areas, perhaps in the Barents Sea. Also, years are very good provided the quality is excellent. They it is said that known shrimp resources could be more fully also expressed the opinion that with respect to taste, the exploited by means of selective trawling. German shrimp enjoys a marked preference followed by Asian shrimp and Chilean Camorones. The latter two Despite a falling catch, average landed prices declined by species are priced 40% and 6% respectively below the 13% between 1967 and 1969, although by the summer of German shrimp. Large turnover of imported shrimp will 1970 they had recovered to about the 1968 level. During depend entirely on prices for equal quality. Shrimp the same period, export prices decreased even more sharply, consumption is much higher in the major port areas of a decline which coincided with the beginning of Canadian northern Germany than in the south. export competition.

In summary, the German consumer's acceptance of frozen specialties is growing but it appears that he The Norwegian canning industry absorbs only an insigni- is somewhat resistant to high-priced shellfish items such as ficant volume of the total catch. Exports are negligible and shrimp and crab meat. accounted for only about 4% of the total volume-of shrimp exports in the previous decade. This is due not only to a shortage of raw material, but also because competing countries have improved their canning methods and North Belgium American exports are competitive on most Western The quantity of shrimp caught by the Belgian fleet in European markets. 1969 was 3.0 million pounds, an increase of 46% over the 1968 landings. The catch was worth Cdn.$1.1 million to the fishermen or 36¢ per pound, a decrease of 10% The depressed prices to the fishermen were not reflected compared to landed prices a year earlier. in the Oslo area retail price for the fresh shrimp. Oslo and surrounding suburbs is the largest shrimp consumption area in Norway. Oslo consumers have traditionally demanded a Imports into Belgium in 1969 increased substantially high quality product for which they are willing to pay. over 1968: more than 339 metric tons of the fresh or However, frozen, cooked shrimp in the shell, whether of frozen shrimp and a similar quantity of the cooked product domestic or foreign origin is popular in other areas. Inland entered the country. The principal suppliers of the fresh, localities have particularly benefited from frozen shrimp frozen or cooked are the Netherlands, China and Hong imports because increased availability has resulted in wider Kong. The Netherlands accounts for 66% of the fresh or distribution. frozen shrimp entering the country as well as almost all the cooked shrimp. In the case of the canned product, imports totalled 207 metric tons, of which Canada supplied 14.5 Annual Norwegian shrimp consumption has, in the last metric tons or 32,000 pounds. two years, been maintained at about 13 million pounds. 368 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

There is, however, an estimated untapped demand of half a remembered that Norway no longer permits the use of million pounds annually for whole cooked shrimp in the colouring agents in processed shrimp. shell, providing the quality is adequate and prices are competitive. As air shipments of iced shrimp require careful In the years 1967-68-69, Norway exported 3.2, 4.5 and handling and expensive arrangements for reception and 2.4 million pounds respectively with nearly ail exports distribution in Norway, few importers are currently willing going to Britain and Sweden. Norway has been able to to take the risk of this fresh trade. Imported frozen shrimp establish a name for very high quality in these markets. This is in direct competition with domestic production so is said to be the result of the small time lapse between quality and appearance is of prime importance. It should be catching and ultimate processing. 369

Economic Considerations, Canada's East Coast Shrimp Fishery

by C.L. Mitchell and D.B. McEachern, Economics Branch,Fisheries Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Ottawa Mr. Mitchell Mr. McEachern

Mr. Mitchell was born in Grenada in the West Indies. He came to Canada in 1958 and attended St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, N.S., where he received his B.A. ( cum laude) in economics in 1961, and the University of Alberta where he received his M.A. (Econ.) in 1963. After spending one year as an economist with the government of St. Lucia in the West Indies, Mr. Mitchell returned to Canada in 1965 and joined the Economics Branch of the Fisheries Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Ottawa. He has recently completed the course and comprehensive requirements for Ph.D. in economics at the University of Ottawa and is at present working on his thesis.

Mr. McEachern is from Langley, British Columbia. From 1959 to 1968 he worked during the summers in the salmon and fisheries of the Paceic coast. He graduated from Simon Fraser University with a B.A. in Economics and joined the Economics Branch of the Fisheries Service, Department of Fisheries and Forest,. y, Ottawa, in January 1969. He is at present pursuing, on a part time basis, graduate work towards an M.A. in Economics at Carleton University, Ottawa.

ABSTRACT turn have induced expansion in shrimp processing capacity. This expansion has been brought about mainly by the Canada's East Coast pink shrimp (Panda/us borealis) and installation of shrimp processing facilities in existing fish striped pink shrimp (Panda/us montagui) resources have processing plants, thereby increasing the diversity of their been exploited commercially only in recent years. The main operations and enabling a more effective utilization of their areas fished are in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay of labour force. Fundy, and southwest Nova Scotia, but new areas are being opened up. Fishing operations, because of locational, There seems to be a good prospect for further develop- ecological and climatic differences, vary greatly among ment in the East Coast shrimp fishery but care must be these areas but good economic returns seem to be realized exercised that this development does not result in excess by shrimp fishermen, better than can be obtained in many fishing and processing capacity in relation to resource other fisheries on the East Coast. availability, leading to poor and decreasing economic returns. This will involve further research into the biological Being a new fishery, shrimp landings have been in- and economic conditions in the fishery, and the control of creasing rapidly with increased fishing effort and these in fishing effort when and if this becomes necessary. 370 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

RÉSUMÉ not be overexploited, which would jeopardize these benefits and lead to depletion problems. These two Les ressources de la côte est du Canada en crevettes objectives are not, however, easy to accomplish in fisheries américaines Pandalus borealis et Pandalus montagui n'ont development because of the type of exploitation which fait l'objet d'une exploitation commerciale que depuis takes place, stemming mainly from ease of entry because of quelques années. On les pêche surtout dans le golfe the public property nature of fisheries resources. Saint-Laurent, la baie de Fundy et le Sud-Ouest de la Nouvelle-Écosse, mais de nouvelles zones s'ouvrent à cette pêche. La pratique de cette pêche varie beaucoup entre ces THE EXPLOITATION OF NEW FISHERIES RESOURCES: zones, en raison des différences de lieu, d'écologie et de IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SHRIMP FISHERY climat, mais les pêcheurs de crevette semblent réaliser des gains intéressants, meilleurs que d'autres obtenus dans The exploitation of new fisheries resources has been beaucoup d'autres pêches de la côte de l'Est. characterized by an increase in landings with increasing effort up to a point of a maximum sustained yield after La pêche étant nouvelle, les débarquements de crevettes which increased effort could result in decreased landings.2 ont été en augmentation rapide à mesure que l'effort de The rate at which the maximum sustained yield of the pêche s'accentuait, et par ricochet, il en est résulté une resource is realized depends eventually on the rate of expansion des moyens de traitement de la crevette. Cette increase in effort in relation to the size and growth of expansion a été surtout réalisé par l'installation de l'équipe- stock. If effort increases rapidly, then the maximum ment nécessaire au traitement dans les usines de traitement sustained yield can also be reached rapidly. It is important de poisson déjà existantes, ce qui permet une diversification to realize that with modern fishing technology, increased plus grande de leurs opérations et une utilization plus effort can be brought about so rapidly that there are no efficace de leur main-d'oeuvre. fisheries resources which cannot be depleted within a few years. Il semble y avoir des perspectives intéressantes de développement dans la pêche de la côte de l'Est, mais il faut The fact that fisheries resources can be easily over- prendre garde que ce développement n'aboutisse pas à un exploited with modern fishing technology has important rythme de pêche et à une capacité de traitement qui implications for the east coast shrimp fishery. We can be dépassent les possibilités de la ressource, et à des revenus assured that if no attempt is made to control or manage the faibles et décroissants. On a besoin de recherche plus exploitation of these resources over-exploitation could take poussée sur les conditions biologiques et économiques de la place in the not too distant future, leading to poor and pêche, et sur le contrôle de l'effort de pêche, si jamais la decreasing economic returns in both the primary fishing and secondary manufacturing sectors of the industry. It nécessité s'en fait sentir. behooves us, therefore, to look into what sort of develop- ment is possible for this fishery on the basis of the SOME ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS: behaviour and characteristics of pink shrimp, the ex- CANADA'S EAST COAST SHRIMP FISHERY perience of similar fisheries, and the stage of development we are at. There are resources of shrimp, mainly pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and striped pink shrimp (Pandalus montagui) in Canada's east and west coast fisheries.1 On ITherc are even some shrimp resources in inland waters. An the west coast, shrimps have been exploited for a number industry was started in Watrous, Saskatchewan in 1961 based on red shrimp found in Manitou Lake. "Shrimp Industry Developing of years, but on the east coast commercial exploitation has in Lake." Fisheries of Canada. Vol. 22 No. 1 July 1969. only started recently. Because of the shrimp resources This is based on economic theories of fisheries exploitation. For available on the east coast, however, it is thought that this example, see H. Scott Gordon, "An Economic Approach to the fishery has good potential for further development. It is Optimum Utilization of Fishery Resources", Journal of the important though that this development should take place Fisheries Research Board, Ottawa: Vol. X, Sept. 1953; "The in such a manner that: (a) economic benefits to fishermen Economic Theory of a Common Property Resource: The Fishery." and the industry would be realized; and (b) resources would Journal of Political Economy, LXII, April, 1954. Mitchell and McEachern 371

CHARACTERISTICS OF PINK SHRIMP result, "shrimp may be classified as a luxury food item or one whose prominence is born of affluence." 7 Pink shrimp has a life span of only about three years, the first two of which are spent as a male, the immature stage, Population growth is another important determinant of after which it becomes a female, the mature stage. 3 It is the demand for shrimp. Although the degree of association this latter stage which is of importance to the commercial between population and consumption is not known, po- fishery. The characteristics and behaviour of this species pulation growth in the United States, Europe, Canada, indicate that: (1) shrimps are to be found in deep water, at Japan and in some of the other highly developed countries depths ranging from 35 to 400 fathoms, though most in the world has been accompanied by increasing total commonly found in water from 60 to 100 fathoms, smaller shrimp consumption. shrimp (sexually immature males) predominate at shallower depths, while the bigger shrimp (females) predominate at There are, therefore, highly favourable demand condi- greater depth (2) shrimp stocks are greatly affected by tions for shrimp in the United States and some of the other water temperatures and salinity — exceptionally cold water large consuming countries. World demand for shrimp, could totally destroy a stock and (3) they are migratory in because of population growth and increased per capita nature — there is a seasonal horizontal migration with incomes, has increased rapidly in recent years, leadhig to changes in salinity and water temperatures and a vertical increased shrimp prices. These price increases have, how- migration in the water during day and night.4 ever, been moderated by world ability to increase supply by the development of new shrimp fisheries but this is likely to The implications of these characteristics are that shrimp decline in the future. As a result, world demand will be resources are subject to great fluctuations leading to strong in relation to supply, which augurs well for long uncertainties in economic returns both in primary fishing term price conditions in the shrimp fishery. 8 and in the secondary manufacturing or processing aspects of the industry. Also, it would be difficult to tell when The Supply Situation: Canada's East Coast decreases in landings were the result of over fishing or of Shrimp resources had been known to exist in large changes in ecological conditions. Because of these factors, it quantities off the east coast for a long time. It was only is desirable that there should be some diversification in since 1957, however, that exploratory fishing to determine both the primary and secondary aspects of the industry. In areas where commercial fishing operations were possible has the primary fishery, this diversification can be brought been carried out by the Fisheries Research Board and the about by having mobility of vessels between different Department of Fisheries and Forestry in co-operation with shrimp fishing areas and more versatile vessels capable of the Provincial Governments. As a result of this, areas fishing shrimp and other fish species depending on resource suitable for commercial operations have been found in (1) availability. In the secondary or manufacturing sector, shrimp processing lines can be established in existing fish processing plants instead of new plants being built especial- 3 "Shrimp", Fisheries Fact Sheets, FRB, St. Andrews, New Brunswick: 1949. ly for shrimp. 5 4 . • ‘. Erik Smidt, The Deep-Sea Shrimp, Occurrence, Biology, Fishery". English Summary, Fisheries Ministry, Marine Laboratory, Norway, The Demand for Shrimp 1968. s determinants of the demand for shrimp are The need for diversification of operations fits in well with this The major fishery since shrimping operations are effective for ground fishing. personal income, population growth, and the price of Shrimp vessels in fact often catch large quantities of ground fish shrimp in relation to the price of close substitutes. Recent along with shrimp. 6 studies 6 of the United States market have indicated that D.P. Cleary, Demand and Price Structure For Shrimp, Working the demand for shrimp is elastic in respect to changes in Paper No. 15, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, June 1969; N. Miller, D. Nash and F. Schuler, Industry Analysis of Gulf Area income and inelastic in respect to changes in price. This Frozen Processed Shrimp and an Estimation of its Economic means that with an increase in purchasing power is Adaptability to Radiation Processing, Working Paper No. 16, associated a more than proportionate increase in shrimp Oct./69. consumed; while an increase in shrimp prices results in a 7Working Paper No. 16, Op-cit, pp 45 & 46. less than proportionate decrease in consumption. As a D.P. Cleary, op-cit 372 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY the Gulf of St. Lawrence9 (2) the Bay of Fundy (3) the followed by New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 1966. The southwest coast of Newfoundland between Ramea and major fishing areas are: the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay Recontre West" and (4) the Shelburne area of south- of Fundy and recently, the Shelburne area of southwestern western Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia. This year, fishing operations also started in Newfoundland. The fishery is a seasonal one, carried out The magnitude of shrimp resources in these areas has not during the summer months from May to November in the been ascertained. However, these areas, along with the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and during the winter months, shrimp fishing areas off the New England States, constitute between November and April, in the Bay of Fundy. In the major shrimp fishing area of the northwest Atlantic. For southwestern Nova Scotia, however, shrimp fishing which this region on the whole it has been estimated that the commenced on a large scale in January is still underway maximum sustainable yield (MSY) for shrimps is in the indicating that year round fishing might be possible. Fishing vicinity of 60 million pounds (Table 1). is carried out generally in territorial waters within the 12-mile limit or in areas, such as the Gulf of St. Lawrence, TABLE 1 which are under Canadian control and jurisdiction.

Estimate of maximum sustainable yield for shrimps Shrimp landings on the east coast increased from 28 Northwest Atlantic thousand pounds in 1965 to over 2.5 million pounds in 1969, a rate of increase which is characteristic of the early Landings as stage of exploitation of a fishery (Table 2). a percent MSY Landings 1969 of MSY This increase was due to the opening up and expansion U.S. Canada Total of fishing operations in the major fishing areas. Landings in (Million the Bay of Fundy increased from 15 thousand pounds in Pounds) 1966 to 1.5 million pounds by 1969, but dropped off drastically in 1970 to around .44 million pounds.12 Shrimp (a) Pandalus borealis 48.4 29 2.5 31.5 landings in the Gulf of St. Lawrence increased in each year (b) Pandalus monta- since 1965 to just over 1 million pounds in 1969, and gui 11.0 indications are that landings in that area in 1970 will be Total 59.4 31.5 53 substantially above the 1969 figure. About .3 million pounds of shrimp were also landed in the Shelburne area of Source: Basic Economic Indicators, Sltrimp, Working Paper No. 57, Nova Scotia in the early months of 1970. U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, May 1970. Fishing Operations, Costs and Returns Total shrimp landings from this region by United States The increase in shrimp landings in the east coast since and Canadian fishermen amounted to 31.5 million pounds in 1969, or just over 50 per cent of the maximum 1965/66 was brought about by a rapid expansion in fishing sustainable yield, indicating that a further increase of about 28 million pounds is possible without endangering stocks.i 1 However, if total shrimp landings in the north- 9Areas such as the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence including the Mingan Channel north of Anticosti and Esquiman Channel, and west Atlantic continue to increase at the same pace as they Chaleur Bay. have in recent years, the MSY of shrimp resources in this 10 H.J. Squires, "Shrimp survey in the Newfoundland Fishing Area", area could be attained in about five years. Ottawa: FRB Bulletin No. 129, 1969. p. 16. 11 Most of this increase is likely to come from Canadian waters since shrimp resources in the major fishing areas seem capable of THE SHRIMP FISHERY, CANADA'S withstanding heavier exploitation and because there are other areas such as the west coast of Newfoundland which will be EAST COAST: PRIMARY ASPECTS exploited commercially for the first time this year. 12This sharp drop in landings in the Bay of Fundy in 1970 after The results of exploratory fishing induced commercial only two years of fishing operations illustrates the precariousness operations for shrimp commencing in Quebec in 1965, of too great a reliance on the shrimp resource in any one area.

Mitchell and McEachern 373

TABLE 2 Shrimp landings by major areas, Atlantic Coast 1965-69

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Jan. to Apr.) Gulf of St. Lawrence Q lb 28,000 229,400 695,306 914,830 1,021,674 V $ 9,860 45,450 130,841 126,740 164,377 Bay of Fundy Q lb — 15,333 558,142 1,287,379 1,492,792 440,815 V $ 1,817 64,988 165,023 373,300 87,305 Southwest Nova Scotia Q lb — 1,790 — — — 298,076 V $ — 215 — — — 56,209 Other Q lb — — 2,706 34,119 — — V$ — — 488 5,924 — — Atlantic Coast Q lb 28,000 246,523 1,256,154 2,236,328 2,515,466 — V $ 9,860 47,482 196,317 297,687 537,818

effort involving not only more vessels and men but their TABLE 3 greater utilization by their movement between major Vessels engaged in the shrimp fishery, fishing areas. The number of vessels fishing shrimp on a Atlantic Coast 1969/70 by size classification sustained basis increased from two in 1965/66 to 45 in 1969/70 of which 33 fished in the Bay of Fundy and Bay of Fundy southwest Nova Scotia and 17 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. and Gulf of Atlantic* (Table 3). Length Southwest St. Lawrence Coast Nova Scotia The largest increase was, therefore, in the Bay of Fundy area where the number increased from six in 1966/67 to 40 Unknown 5 5 8 in 1968/69 but dropped off to 33 in 1969/70 because of Under 45 ft. 3 0 3 poor fishing. As a result, a number of these vessels moved 45-49 1 0 1 to southwest Nova Scotia in 1970. In the Gulf of St. 50-54 8 0 8 Lawrence the number of vessels increased from 2 in 55-60 4 5 8 1965/66 to 17 in 1969/70. Vessels from this area also 61-65 12 5 15 moved during the off season in the winter months to the Over 65 0 2 2 Bay of Fundy and afterwards to southwest Nova Scotia. Total 33 17 45 Thus, these vessels were able, by moving between areas, to fish for shrimp on a year round basis. *Eliminates duphcation. 374 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

The vessels engaged in the shrimp fishery have been TABLE 4 small groundfish trawlers generally from 50 to 65 feet in Shrimp prices paid to fishermen, by area 1969-70 overall length, which have been converted to shrimp vessels.' 3 These vessels carry a crew of three to four men, 1969 indicating that there were probably around 150 fishermen 1970 (cents per lb.) engaged in shrimp fishing in 1969/70. Bay of Fundy Vessel operations vary greatly between major fishing Southwest Nova Scotia areas because of differences in the location of fishing grounds, depths at which shrimp are found and weather Cooked 27 30 conditions. These factors greatly affect economic returns Uncooked 16 18 from shrimp fishing because of their influence on fishing Gulf of costs. For example, in the Bay of Fundy and southwest St. Lawrence Nova Scotia fishing grounds are close to port so that fishing Cooked 24 trips last for one or two days whereas in the Gulf of St. Uncooked 16 18 Lawrence where grounds are far from the main ports trips last from three to six days. These differences increase fishing costs in the latter area because of higher transporta- evidence, however, that returns to fishermen are higher if tion and handling costs, since in short trips shrimp can be they cook the shrimp on board. Shrimp which are cooked stored fresh on board but for long trips, i.e., over two days, soon after being caught are of better qualityl 5 and they have to be cooked on board, iced or kept in although about 18 to 20 per cent of their weight is lost in refrigerated holds. Bad weather conditions, because of the the cooking process, the prices paid to fishermen for small vessels used, also affect fishing time or the number of cooked shrimp have been from 25 to 35 per cent higher trips which can be made, but these conditions are than for uncooked shrimp. significant mainly in southwest Nova Scotia. Shrimp fishing has been of great economic benefit to the On the revenue side, the revenues obtained from shrimp vessels and fishermen engaged in it. It has enabled some of fishing depend on shrimp prices and also on the quantity the older groundfish trawlers in the Bay of Fundy and and prices of the groundfish species which are caught with southwest Nova Scotia to fish for shrimp during the the shrimp. The quantity of these groundfish species groundfish off season in the winter months. Thus, by depends essentially on area and climatic conditions. In the extending their period of operations this fishery has Bay of Fundy and southwest Nova Scotia, a variety of increased the efficiency of these vessels and the annual groundfish species are taken but in the Gulf of St. incomes of their crews. Besides, the shrimp fishery is a Lawrence, especially during the months of June, July and August, large quantities of redfish or ocean perch are caught. These other species which are sold to fish pro- 13The cost of changing from groundfish trawling to shrimp trawling cessing plants for filleting are therefore in the nature of a is low since little additional equipment, other than net, boxes and fringe benefit from shrimp fishing but they sometimes are in some cases a cooker, is required. A complete trawl for fishing the determining factor in whether this type of fishing is shrimp can be purchased for less than $1500 while the other equipment is usually provided by a shrimp buying company or profitable. 14 represents a small investment for the boatowner. Costs of maintaining the gear are also lower because of the muddy bottom Average prices for shrimp in 1970 ranged from 18 cents on which shrimp are found. a pound for uncooked shrimp to 30 cents a pound for 14 Other things being equal, it seems that vessels break off from cooked (Table 4). shrimp fishing in the Bay of Fundy area and switch to groundfish fishing or other alternative fisheries when their daily catch of Although prices paid for cooked shrimp are higher than sluimp is less than 1,000 lb. 15 much less likely to be rejected by plants. for uncooked shrimp there has been a tendency to dis- As such, they are Fishermen are paid for their shrimp generally after they have continue cooking on board except in areas where cooking is been processed by the plant. Shrimps which are not processed absolutely necessary because of length of trips. There is because of poor quality are rejected. Mitchell and McEachern 375 profitable fishery in its own right. Preliminary findings required. A number of plants, therefore, shift their labour indicate that better returns are obtained from shrimp force between the two operations depending on resource fishing than from other fisheries such as the groundfish and availability and thus are able to provide more sustained crab fisheries. Deckhand crew shares for selected shrimp employment and achieve a more efficient use of their vessels in 1969 averaged as high as $37 per day at sea (Table labour force. 5). The number of plants processing shrimp on the East Coast increased from two in 1965/66 to 14 in 1969/70 TABLE 5 (Table 6). The average capacity per plant in 1969/70 was Average deckhand crew shares for shrimp, 1969 about 10,000 pounds of raw material per day (8 hour operation)r 7, thus indicating that east coast shrimp pro- Gulf of Other* cessing capacity was around 140,000 pounds a day. Bay of St. Law- In- Total Fundy rence come TABLE 6 Average Number of plants processing shrimp, Crew Share $1,902 3,863 472 5,660 Canadian Atlantic Coast - 1965/66-1969/70 Average No. of days at sea 51 117 151 Bay of Fundy & Gulf of Year Total Average share $ South Nova Scotia St. Lawrence per day 38 30 37 1965/1966 - 2 2 1966/1967 2 3 5 *Such as rebates on fuel and salary while on charter. 1967/1968 5 3 8 Source: We are indebted to John Proskie for the data on which this 1968/1969 6 3 9 table is based. 1969/1970 9 5 14

Crew shares per day at sea were larger in the Bay of Of the 14 plants processing shrimp in 1969/70 nine were .Fundy than in the Gulf of St. Lawrence but fishing is in the Bay of Fundy and southwest Nova Scotia and five carried out for a longer period of time in this area, resulting were in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Location has not, in higher crew shares per season. For vessels engaging in however, been a significant factor in shrimp processing both fisheries which, as a result, were able to operate for activities since plants are able by trucking to obtain shrimp over 150 days,16 crew shares were nearly $6,000 for the from all fishing areas, thus permitting nearly year round year, which certainly places these fishermen within the operations. Also, fresh and frozen shrimp are imported higher income categories for fishing operations of any kind from the United States, Cuba and other countries and on the East Coast. processed on the east coast.

Shrimp products, processing cost, and markets THE SHRIMP PROCESSING INDUSTRY Pink shrimp, because of their small size, between 55 and 80 to the pound, are limited in the variety of products Developments in the primary fishery induced develop- ments in the secondary manufacturing sector also. Shrimp processing facilities were installed in many existing fish plants, thus bringing about a greater diversity of their 16This compares favourably with the length of operations of vessels operations. This type of operation is well suited to shrimp of similar size anywhere on the east coast. See John Proskie's Costs and Earnings in Selected Fishing Enterprises 1968 fishing since, as pointed out earlier, other fish species are (Preliminary Reports by Province) Ottawa: Department of landed with shrimp. There is also a close affinity between Fisheries and Forestry, 1969. shrimp and crab processing operations especially as regards 17Plant capacity ranged from 6,000 pounds to 18,000 pounds per labour skills, even though different processing equipment is day (8 hour operation). 376 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY which can be produced. They have, however, a very delicate TABLE 8 flavour and are particularly suited to canning, packaging in Processing costs, frozen peeled shrimp the frozen state, or for the production of luxury food items such as shrimp cocktails. Most of the shrimp landed in the (Based on 65-80 count shrimp) Canadian Atlantic coast industry are, however, processed into frozen in shell or frozen peeled products (Table 7). Per cent of These are packaged in plastic bags or in boxes ranging in Total Cost size from 1/2 to 5 pounds. A small amount is canned. 18 Raw material 55 Labour 29 TABLE 7 Refrigeration and cold storage 6 Other* 10 Production of shrimp products, Maritimes and Quebec, 1969 Total cost 100

Quantity Value *Includes packaging and overhead '000 lb $'000 Judging from the expansion in shrimp processing Frozen in Shell 1,879 2,877 facilities on the east coast returns or profits from shrimp Frozen peeled 1,313* 1,969* processing operations are good. At present market prices Fresh (in shell & peeled) 539 783 and total production costs these rates of return are Total 3,731 5,629 probably 10 to 15 per cent.

*Estimated Most of the pink shrimp produced on Canada's east coast is exported, mainly to Europe (the Scandinavian The production of shrimp products indicates the impor- countries)20 , but small quantities have been sold to the tance of shrimp imports to the east coast shrimp processing United States and in the domestic market. The domestic industry since the estimated volume of raw shrimp required market, however, holds strong marketing possibilities as to produce this was nearly 10 million pounds,19 thus indicated by the substantial increase in shrimp imports indicating that over 7 million pounds were supplied by during the period 1965 — 1969 (Table 9). In 1965, 8.7 imports. million pounds of shrimp valued at 9.4 million dollars were imported into Canada. Of this, the United States accounted The costs of installing shrimp processing in existing for 6.1 million pounds valued at 7.1 million dollars. In plants on the Atlantic coast have not been substantial. The 1969, 14.7 million pounds, valued at 16.1 million dollars major cost of equipment required is the cost of freezers and were imported into Canada, of which 11.6 million pounds refrigerated holding rooms. Existing plants with refriger- valued at 12.5 million dollars came from the United States. ation facilities can install other processing equipment such The rapid increase in imports since 1966 was mainly for as cookers, graders and conveyor systems at reasonable fresh and frozen shrimp, which can be attributed to the cost. Shrimp peeling machines represent more of an increased demand for shrimp as raw material for processing investment — between $25,000 and $30,000, but these by east coast plants. have not been installed to date mainly because the volume plants does not 18 of shrimps at present processed by most Canning, though costlier than packaging in plastic bags or boxes, merit this expenditure. However, if this volume increases it improves the shelf life of the product because there is no is likely that mechanical peelers will be introduced. dehydration in this form. 9 This i s assuming (1) that there is a 33% weight loss in processing The major cost in processing shrimp is the cost of raw fresh and frozen in the shell shrimp products and a 75% weight loss in processing fresh and frozen peeled products. (2) that materials, followed by cost of labour. For frozen peeled shrimp imported to be processed in Canada was in the raw state. shrimp raw material costs average about 55 per cent of the 20 Approximately 75 per cent of the shrimp products produced on total cost of production while labour costs account for the Atlantic coast in 1969 were marketed in Norway, Sweden and about 30 per cent (Table 8). England.

Mitchell and McEachern 377

TABLE 9 Canadian imports - shrimps and prawns

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Qlb. V$ Qlb. V$ Qlb. V$ Qlb. V$ Qlb . V$ Fresh & Frozen East Asia 1,003 726 813 639 785 815 632 659 824 980 S. America 233 220 118 128 316 346 155 193 300 421 W. Indies & Central America 1,010 988 896 1,021 1,061 1,223 1,854 1,702 1,456 1,686 U.S.A. 3,557 3,546 3,765 4,323 5,175 5,767 5,897 5,892 8,828 8,260 Other 27 29 7 8 74 85 157 183 70 108 Total 5,830 5,509 5,599 6,119 7,411 8,236 8,695 8,629 11,478 11,455

Canned U.S.A. 2,548 3,563 2,182 3,348 2,787 4,168 2,790 4,108 2,773 4,253 Other 364 344 130 163 183 228 488 533 406 432 Total 2,912 3,907 2,312 3,511 2,970 4,396 3,278 4,641 3,179 4,685 TOTAL 8,742 9,416 7,911 9,630 10,381 12,632 11,973 13,270 14,657 16,140 U.S.A. 6,105 7,109 5,947 7,671 7,962 9,935 8,687 10,000 11,601 12,513 Other 2,637 2,307 1,964 1,959 2,419 2,697 3,286 3,270 3,056 3,627

Source: D.B.S., Trade of Canada

CONCLUSION operations make these vessels more economic by extending the period spent fishing during the year. New vessels could Evidently there are abundant resources of pink shrimp also be built for the shrimp fishery. The major requirements available on the east coast. Although the exact magnitude of these vessels seem to be for larger ones21 capable of of these resources in the major fishing areas is not known, it fishing in all major areas, and with refrigerated holds so that is likely that landings could be increased in all these areas. they could remain out on the grounds for days or even Furthermore, new areas are being discovered. As a result, weeks. Large size "per se" does not, however, necessarily present levels of fishing effort can be increased. It is imply greater economic efficiency 22 . Serious consideration and important, however, that this increase should take place in should be given, therefore, to the expected costs the fishery an orderly fashion if we hope to avoid what has virtually earnings which larger vessels could realize from vessel would be most become inevitable in fisheries exploitation - overcapacity before determining what size of in vessels and equipment leading to poor and decreasing efficient. economic returns and to depletion of resources. 21 The 65 ft. vessels seem too small since they can only function in The increase in fishing effort can be brought about by fairly good weather and are underpowered. 22 the use of new vessels or, as has been taking place, the For example, in the Dry Tortugas shrimp fishery in the Gulf of conversion of some of the older groundfish vessels for Mexico it was found that some of the smaller vessels in the fleet were the most efficient. See V. Arnold, An Analysis to Determine shrimping operations. This latter means is highly desirable Optimum Shrimp Fishing Effort by Area, Working Paper No. 40. since shrimp fishing in conjunction with groundfish U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 1970 pp. 102 & 103. CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY 378

The increase in effort should also be carefully watched. exclusively for shrimp. This is certainly the most This would require good statistics and data on effort and economical way since shrimp processing facilities can be returns in the fishery; and increased biological research on expanded at relatively low costs and bring about economies the shrimp population, behaviour and migratory habits. If due to larger scale production. and when there is good evidence based on biological findings and returns from fishing vessels that the maximum REFERENCES sustained yield for shrimp fishing is being attained, then further increases in effort should not be permitted. It has (1) V. Arnold, An Analysis to Determine Optimum Shrimp Fishing been pointed out that, from present knowledge of the Effort by Area, Working Paper No. 40, U.S. Bureau of Com- resources of pink shrimp in the northwest Atlantic, the mercial Fisheries, 1970. maximum sustained yield could be attained in just five Basic Economic Indicators, Shrimp, Working Paper No. 57, years if effort increases at the saine pace as it has in recent (2) U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, May 1970. years. If the rate of increase in effort is accelerated this level of yield could be attained sooner. (3) D.P. Cleary, Demand and Price Structure for Shrimp, Working Paper No. 15, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, June, The development of the east coast shrimp fishery has 1969. made a great impact on the fish processing industry on this (4) H. Scott Gordon, "An Economic Approach to the Optimum coast. It has brought about a greater diversity of operation Utilization of Fishery Resources", Journal of the Fisheries for some of the plants and has, in conjunction with the crab Research Board, Ottawa: Vol. X, September 1953. fishery, enabled them to make a more effective use of their labour force. Unlike most other fish processing activities, (5) H. Scott Gordon, "The Economic Theory of a Common The Fishery", Journal of Political seasonal excess capacity need not be a problem in shrimp Property Resource: Ecouomy, LXII, April, 1954. processing because shrimp is available from Canadian and foreign sources virtually on a year round basis. However, (6) N. Miller, D. Nash and F. Schuler, Indusby Analysis of Gulf the major problem is whether there is excess capacity - i.e., Area Frozen Processed Shrimp and an Estimation of its whether existing capacity is far above that required to Economic Adaptability to Radiation Processing, Working Paper No. 16, U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 1969. process the supply of raw materials available. This does not seem to be a current problem since present capacity, (7) J. Proskie, Costs and Earnings in Selected Fishing Enterprises estimated at 140,000 pounds of raw materials per day (8 1968 (Preliminary Reports), Ottawa. Department of Fisheries hour operation), could have produced the 1969 shrimp and Forestry, 1969. products in about 70 days. Considering that shrimp F.R.B., St. Andrews, New processing is often a part time activity in these plants this (8) "Shrimp", Fisheries Fact Sheets, Brunswick, 1949 does not seem unsatisfactory. (9) "Shrimp Industry Developing in Lake", Fisheries of Canada, There is, therefore, some potential for increased shrimp Vol. 22, No. 1, 1969. processing capacity on the east coast based on the prospects (10) E. Smidt, "The Deep Sea Shrimp, Occurrence, Biology, for increasing supplies of shrimp from Canadian and foreign Fishery", English Summary, Fisheries Ministry, Marine sources and the likelihood that market prices should Laboratory, Norway, 1968. increase. It seems desirable, however, that this increase should be brought about by expanding present capacity in (11) H.J. Squires, "Shrimp Survey in the Newfoundland Fishing No. 129, 1961. existing plants rather than in building new plants Area", Fisheries Research Board Bulletin, SESSION 5 379

DISCUSSION

Professor R.A. Ffrench, of Acadia University, Wolfville, N.S., asked Mr. Whitaker: "Is not shrimp consumption a function of people with higher incomes? If so, it should not be unreasonable to expect the rate of growth to be below that of other fisheries, as indicated."

Mr. Whitaker: "Yes, I think you are right, Professor Ffrench. Income is a very important function in assessing the future demand for shrimps, and all of us here are talking about increasing incomes and are not being very specific about what we mean. The Japanese have recently made a study of their shrimp market and have come to the conclusion that their market has an income elasticity of 1.4. What does this mean? It means that a 10% increase in personal income would bring about a 14% increase in per capita consumption and in my work in the United States it works out to about the same thing as a 1.4-1 ratio. Other people are saying that in the United States a 10% increase in income would amount to a consumption increase of about 18%."

Dennis W. Monroe, of Fishery Products Ltd., St. John's, asked Mr. Whitaker if statistics were available on the amount of Alaskan shrimp sold in the United States in recent years. "I was under the impression that Alaskan production is better suited to the United States processing trade rather than to the European market. Is this correct? "

Mr. Whitaker: "It would be difficult to estimate the amount of Alaskan shrimp consumed in the United States. As Mr. Hemming said earlier, we know how much is produced in Alaska and we know that Alaskan shrimp are exported, but we don't know how much of the exports are Alaskan shrimp and how much are the pink shrimp. We need to break that down in our export figures."

Joshua John, of the Federal Department of Regional Economic Expansion, asked Mr. Hemming: "How competitive are Canadian exports of pink shrimp in European markets, for example Sweden? How do we compare with exporting countries such as the United States and Norway, with respect to pink shrimp? "

Mr. Hemming: "I would say specifically with regard to Norway, for instance, one would expect the Norwegians to obtain something of a price premium on the Swedish market because of their very high quality. We can give you some price quotations if you wish. When it comes to U.S. shrimps, of course we compete side by side. There is a certain amount of canned shrimp from Alaska going to Sweden but it's primarily a fresh and frozen market, with the fresh and frozen outselling the canned twenty to one. In that context, we are selling basically at the same price level. I was recently in Stockholm and saw them moving quite a considerable amount of shrimps out of a market. The shrimps were headed Canada shrimps and I noticed all the boxes there said 'Product of Maine'."

Lars Fjell, of the Norway Prawn Council to Mr. Hemming: "With the possibility of getting an increased production of Pandalus borealis, are there any plans for launching a marketing campaign aimed at expanding the consumption in Canada and in the United States?"

Mr. Hemming: "Hopefully something like this will arise out of a conference such as this if the industry wishes to do that sort of thing right now. There are no specific plans. I would imagine that it is a function of this type of conference to point out problems and point out opportunities as well. I would leave that in fact, to the industry, which is better suited to answering the question than I would be."

Jean Frechet, of the Department of Fisheries and Forests, Quebec Region asked if anyone present lcnew of any commercial use for shrimp eggs. No one appeared to have an answer.

SESSION 6 381 THE INDUSTRY POINT OF VIEW

Panel Chairman — C. Gordon O'Brien, Manager Fisheries Council of Canada. Panel Members — Réné Raby, Basil Blades, Captain Garnet Green, Andrew Kirk, Captain Francis Mallet. C. Gordon O'Brien

L.S. Bradbury: "Yesterday afternoon Mr. O'Brien, your moderator for this final session, passed a remark to the effect that he doubted there would be many here at this session this morning. I think he must be pleasantly surprised at the continuing interest. However, this is, at least in my opinion, a very important session.

"I think we all agree that able fishermen and efficient fishing companies are basic to sound and orderly fisheries development, and here with us this morning I think we have a very good representation from both groups. Now the session this morning is on the industry's point of view. The moderator is very well known to all of us as the very efficient and likeable manager of the Fisheries Council of Canada. Indeed he has held that position for many years. I give you Gordon O'Brien."

Mr. O'Brien: "Thank you, Mr. Bradbury and good morning ladies and gentlemen. This is an excellent crowd this morning and an excellent panel, and I hope we have an enjoyable discussion.

"I should like to introduce first Mr. Réné Raby, who is Assistant Manager of Production for Quebec United Fishermen, which is a large co-operative in the Province of Quebec and probably handles 70% of all the fish and shell fish processing in that province. Mr. Raby is stationed at Fox River, which is just around the corner on the Gaspe Peninsula from Gaspe Town, and he has prepared statements which he will read in French and he is of course particularly interested in the processing, quality control and marketing aspects.

M Raby: "Au Québec, notre entreprise s'est intéressée de près au développement de la recherche et de la production de la crevette du golfe Saint-Laurent. En effet, dès 1967, nous commencions avec l'aide technique du service de technologie industrielle du ministère de l'Industrie et du Commerce du Québec une production à caractère semi-industriel. Depuis 1968, nous transformons de 300 à 500 mille livres de crevettes annuellement que préparons sous forme de produit congelé. L'expérience acquise au cours de ces quatre années de production nous amène à faire diverses constatations dont les principales sont: Au niveau de la pêche, le revenu brut d'un chalutier de 60 pieds affecté à la pêche de la crevette est supérieur à celui du même bateau lorsqu'il pêche les poissons de fond tels que la morue, la perche, la plie, bien que les dépenses d'opération restent inférieurs. Le revenu brut des pêcheurs s'accroît également à cause de la réduction du nombre de membres d'équipage. CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY 382

"Le port de débarquement doit se situer le plus près possible des fonds de pêche pour maintenir une haute qualité de la matière première et permettre un allongement du temps de pêche. Pour permettre une augmentation réelle du revenu des pêcheurs et pour éviter le gaspillage de la ressource, le producteur de crevette doit être en mesure de transformer également la perche capturée par un crevettier. Des soins particuliers doivent être apportés dans la manipulation du chalut et le traitement à bord du bateau de manière à conserver toute la qualité à ce produit de luxe.

"Au niveau de la production, les principales constatations au niveau de la transformation de la crevette sont que la mécanisation de la classification, de la cuisson et du refroidissement de la crevette permettent d'obtenir un produit de qualité uniforme et bien contrôlée. La nécessité de recruter une main-d'oeuvre très habile au décorticage en vue de minimiser les coups et de maintenir une haute qualité du produit. Réduire au minimum le temps entre la capture et la transformation à l'usine en vue du maintien de la qualitè du produit fini. En aucun cas, le délai entre la sortie de l'eau et la congélation, après transformation, ne doit excéder quatre jours. Au niveau de la mise en marché sous forme congelée, la crevette du golfe Saint- Laurent est bien acceptée sur les marchés européens lorsqu'elle rencontre le haut standard de qualité exigé par ces marchés. Inconnu sur le marché canadien, il y a trois ou quatre ans, la demande augmente gradu- ellement au fur et à mesure que le consommateur apprend à connaître ce produit.

"A la suite de ces quelques années d'expérience dans la transformation de cette nouvelle espèce qu'est la crevette, nous sommes convaincus que cette nouvelle industrie offre des possibilités de succès aux conditions suivantes: maintien pour quelques années encore de la pêche expérimentale en vue de découvrir de nouveaux fonds de pêche à l'intérieur du golfe Saint-Laurent et surtout pour favoriser le développement des engins de capture; augmentation graduelle de la flotte de pêche s'ajustant autant que possible à la demande des marchés et aux connaissances biologiques et écologiques de l'espèce; application uniforme et sévère des normes d'inspection du gouvernement fédéral, tant au Quebec que dans les provinces maritimes afin de maintenir un haut standard de la qualité du produit offert au consommateur; recherche et mise en application de techniques améliorées des moyens de conservation et de transformation. Bien que l'industrie de la crevette des eaux atlantiques offre des chances de succès et pourra permettre à un certain nombre de pêcheurs de gagner leur vie et aux producteurs d'y retrouver un retour normal des investissements, nous appréhendons un trop grand enthousiasme des pêcheurs et des producteurs. Ceci risquerait de créer un encombrement des marchés d'une variété de produits de qualité très inégale, ce qui contribuera à mettre en péril cette nouvelle industrie et à en retarder son expansion. En d'autres termes, il ne faudrait pas revivre à la suite de cette conférence les expériences que nous avons vécues au cours des deux dernières années dans la production du crabe.

"En terminant, nous remercions les organisateurs de cette conférence et nous croyons que ce genre de table ronde demeure certainement la meilleure formule pour des échanges de vues et de connaissances entre les chercheurs et les industriels et nous souhaitons le maintien de cette formule".

Mr. Raby: Here, in Quebec, we have been very closely interested in the development of research and production concerning the Gulf of St. Lawrence shrimp. In fact, as early as 1967 we initiated, with technical assistance supplied by the Industrial Technology Branch of the Quebec Department of Industry and Commerce, a semi-industrial type production. Since 1968, we have been processing 300 to 500 thousand pounds of shrimp a year as a frozen product. Experience in the course of these last four years brings us into stating the following: As far as fishing is concerned, the gross income of a 60-foot trawler given to shrimp- fishing, exceeds the income the same vessel derives from fishing groundfish such as cod, perch, flounder, although operating expenses remain lower. Fishermen's gross income also increases due to the crew being smaller in number. "Industry Point of View" 383

"The landing port must be as close as possible to the actual fishing grounds to maintain a first-quality raw matter and allow for longer fishing periods. To actually increase the fisherman's income and avoid dissi- pating the resources, the shrimp producer must be able to process perch also caught by the shrimp fishing vessel. Particular care is required in handling the trawl and processing on board, so as to preserve the shrimp's quality to the fullest.

"At the production level, our chief conclusions with respect to shrimp processing have been that automated sorting, coolcing and freezing are bound to give out a product the quality of which is uniform and well controlled; that it is essential that highly qualified manpower be recruited with respect to shrimp shelling, in view of minimizing costs and maintaining a high-quality product; that the time elapsed between fishing and plant processing be reduced to a minimum in view of maintaining the finished product's quality. The time elapsed between the shrimp's capture and its freezing, following processing, must not, in any case, exceed four days.

"With respect to frozen , the Gulf of St. Lawrence species sells well on European markets when it meets high quality standards required by such markets. Unlcnown on the Canadian market, three or four years ago, demand for the species is gradually increasing with the consumer becoming better acquainted with the product. With the experience acquired these recent years in the shrimp-processing industry, we feel this new industry offers all chances of success, provided the following conditions are prevailed upon: experimental fishing continued a few years still, to discover new fishing-grounds inside the Gulf of St. Lawrence and especially to promote fishing gear development; the gradual increase in the number of fishing vessels while adjusting to the demand and to the biological and ecological characteristics of the species; the federal government's inspection standards to be strictly and uniformly applied, both in Quebec and in the Maritimes, to maintain a high quality standard of the product offered to the consumer; research and application of improved techniques with respect to processing and conservation methods.

"Although the Atlantic shrimp industry offers chances of success and will help fishermen earn their living and producers find a normal investment return, we fear both may get over-enthusastic and, in so doing, block markets offering a variety of products differing in quality, which may imperil the new industry and delay its development. In other words, we have no wish to experience the same trouble we had in the course of the last two years, concerning crab production. In closing, we wish to extend our thanks to the organizers of this conference and feel a round-table discussion such as this is yet the best way to exchange views and information among searchers and businessmen and should be kept up."

Mr. O'Brien: "Thank you, Mr. Raby, and I'm sure that everyone is interested, particularly in your remarks concerning the advisability of slow and careful development and too rapid expansion. It has been gratifying to all of us to see the emphasis put on this point. I noticed in the introductory remarks by the deputies that it was dealt with by several of them, particularly Dr. Chenard, and as you know, there has been a little misgiving in the industry itself for fear that this conference might spark a little too rapid development in the shrimp industry. We look back at a couple of others that had somewhat this effect, and therefore I repeat it is gratifying to see the emphasis that is being placed on this particular point. Perhaps we have benefited by our mistakes and we won't have a repetition of that sort of situation. Now it is my pleasure to ask Mr. Basil Blades, who is president of Sable Fish Packers Limited, Clark's Harbour, N.S. to say a few words to you. Mr. Blades has pioneered in the production of the deep sea red crab and is involved in various other phases of the fishing industry in his plant at Clark's Harbour and this includes of course the shrimp. He's in a good position to contribute some thoughts on processing, quality control and marketing." 384 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Mr. Blades: "We in Nova Scotia are the babies in this new industry and I find myself in the awkward position of trying to talk on an industry of which our experience is very limited and our knowledge leaves much to be gained. However, in the past years, there has been some exploratory work done off the coast of Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy, and it was not until the winter of 1970 that the commercial fishery was developed in this province.

"Prior to 1970, my fishermen reported quite frequently of finding indications of shrimp in the stomachs of fish in the vicinity of the Roseway Bank, and with the assistance of a charter from the provincial and federal Departments of Fisheries, I made my 86-foot dragger available for shrùnp trials in December 1969 — January 1970. Good catches up to 2000 lb per hour were made in the eastern hole, west of Roseway Bank, and by March of 1970 a number of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia fishing vessels were working these grounds and the fishing continued throughout the summer and autumn of this year. Catches have not been consistent and during the months of warm weather they dropped off about 50% of what they caught in the winter months. However, recent reports by the motor vessel 'Donna Rae', fishing out of Lockeport, indicate good catches in the western hole and in the gully between Roseway Bank and Banquero Bank. So we feel that there could be other fishing grounds in the area which have not been explored.

"Our processing line was set up with the assistance of Mr. Wilfred Gionet of the Federal Department of Fisheries and Forestry, and he assists us in our fishing as well as in our plant operation. To him we are very grateful. We are using the batch cooking method and our entire pack is hand-peeled and individually frozen and marketed in the U.K. and Scandinavian countries, with limited sales being made in Canada. We anticipate increased production in the winter of 1971 and have plans to do some whole salt cooked this winter. We feel that quality is of the utmost importance and plan to approach this new fishery very cautiously.

"The area in which our shrimp are fished is quite different from that of the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy in that it is approximately 25 miles off the coast of Nova Scotia. During the winter months it gets pretty rough in this area. The boats are hampered by the weather and fishing days are limited. The fleet consists of mainly 65-foot boats with some larger 86-100-foot boats. We feel that the larger boats will be able to fish rougher weather and therefore land more shrimp. Since the present grounds are limited, we feel that a larger fleet this winter will discover new grounds in the general area off the coast of Nova Scotia. This year we adopted a new method of transporting shrimp from the grounds to the plant using polyethylene bags, and it has been our experience that this damages the shrimp somewhat and we get a big percentage of broken shrimp. We feel that this area should be given some consideration and we prefer to buy shrimp that have been transported in boxes.

"There were some comments made yesterday by some of our friends on the panel that frozen green shrimp peeled much better than fresh green shrimp, but our experience has been to the contrary. We find that there are days that we have a surplus of shrimp that we can't peel that day so therefore we freeze them immediately and defrost them at a later date and hand-peel them and we find that oui. production drops approximately one-third, therefore increasing the cost of produc- tion, and if somebody can enlighten me on a different process than the one we're using in this operation, we would be very grateful for it. Since we are the babies in this industry, our experience in marketing is very limited, but we have learned that the market is very limited for this species and consists mainly of the Scandinavian countries and the U.K. «lndustry Point of View" 385

"I think that anyone approaching this industry should realize that we have a lot of competitors from Denmark and Sweden who produce a lot of their own product from the North Sea. We learned recently that Norway, Iceland and Greenland are also producing tremendous quantities of these shrimp, together with Pakistan, India and Alaska, where they produce a cheap shrimp. We are all competing for the same market, which will only absorb a limited amount, so this is one area that we should investigate before we put too much effort in the fishery and create a surplus market which would be detrimental to the Canadian shrimp industry.

"Iceland, I am told, is presently marketing whole salt cooked shrimp for approximately 16 cents per lb packed weight. This could be very discouraging to our fishermen, because I feel that they couldn't operate at these prices. Alaska is paying four cents per lb for green shrimp, so we're getting into a low price and it is hard to get a favourable market. I also understand that the North Sea this year has produced greater quantities of shrimp and that more effort is being put into the shrimp fishery by Sweden and Denmark. So I think that every phase of this fishery should be approached very cautiously and try to eliminate pitfalls."

Mr. O'Brien: "I shall introduce Captain Garnet Green, who as I mentioned is on the program in place of Captain Miner. Captain Green is from Deer Island, New Brunswick, and he's been in the shrimp fishery for three years. He is the owner-operator of a shrimp dragger and I expect he will have something to say about boats and gear.

Captain Green: "I have been asked to participate in this panel to relate my personal ex- periences in the fishing industry in the Bay of Fundy, and offer a few comments about the future development. I have a 58 x 18-foot stern dragger, `Sea Stormer', which is powered by a Caterpillar 343, developing 365 h.p. We use about 9 gallons of fuel per hour when towing for shrimp as we tow 125 R.P.M. less than when towing for groundfish. We have a Hathaway chain driven winch with a capacity of 500 fathoms of 9/16 cable on each drum. We are rigged over the stern, but bring our cod-end over the side near the middle of the boat. This gives the men a chance to get in the lee of the winch house while culling shrimps. It is usually cold and windy weather fishing shrimp in the Bay of Fundy so we cook them up as soon as possible to keep them from freezing. If frozen too long, they don't curl so well.

"This year, we went to Shelburne, N.S., in March and fished until September. In the summer the weather was warm and much more attention had to be given to keeping the shrimp. We took them in every two days. In the Bay of Fundy we did the same except when salt cooking in April and May when we came in every night.

"We sold to Acco of St. George, N.B., world-wide exporters. They culled them for size and boxed them the same night, and they often arrived in the Scandinavian countries the next day by air shipment, Air Canada. We first fished with the Portland net, 50 ft. headrope, 70 foot footrope, 2-inch mesh, but shifted to a 60-80-foot net, made by Gourock-Bridport-Gundy Limited of Grand Manan. It was 11/2-inch mesh complete. We did this because we were selling raw then and no cull was taken into account. I would like to see, however, a 2-inch mesh adopted throughout. I think it would have a great effect on shrimp as the first year we rigged up with the 2-inch mesh and we were selling fresh, no cull then, boats with the different gear; with the 11/2-inch mesh we would land 40% more. We took a few days off then to rig the 11/2-inch gear. We have caught and cooked 8000 lb a day with this net during 4 - 21/2 hour tows. We usually have three per crew but often fish with just two. 386 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

"We have 61/2 x 4 and 7 ft. wooden doors on this trawl, finding no noticeable difference. We have tried the small doors and the larger doors when we were fishing off Shelbourne in 100 fathoms, but we found no difference on this trawl; it was pretty much the same.

"We used 25 floats on this trawl. Three years ago we sold to the Cape Cod Tuna Co. of Eastport, Maine for 9 cents per lb raw with a fair supply of shrimp. Acco Seafoods of St. George had two boats cooking shrimp that year. Next year we had two cookers and cooked over 100,000 lb of shrimp in five months and sold them for 30 cents per lb.

"Last winter, shrimp were almost nil in the Bay of Fundy. They were too mixed up with small ones to cook. We received 15 to 19 cents raw. We have used this same net ever since with good success but I think it is time some attempt should be made to use larger trawls as we have the power to tow them. Nets with footropes of 120 ft. have been used in the Shelbourne area with no rollers on them and the results have been very good, I understand. I think gear improvements in the shrimp trawls in our area is much needed. I think also time should be spent trying midwater trawling for shrimp at night. Fishermen do not have the time and money to experiment with some of their ideas but would receive charters and help from the Fisheries Department. We do appreciate the help we have received in charters for exploratory fishing for shrimp, for the shrimp boxes and coolers provided, and unloading facilities on the wharf.

"I would like to mention that we have electronics on board, as is common aboard all draggers in the Bay of Fundy. One type of gear might differ but it would be pretty much the same amount of gear. We have a Simrad EH2A wet paper sounder. A small JRC dry paper sounder, a Decca 314 radar, 48-mile Decca navigator and radio telephone. Shrimp never seem to be in heavy enough concentrations to show on our sounder and we never felt, any time that we've seen anything on this sounder, sure enough to say that it might be shrimp. Perhaps we would tow over that spot and have nothing and the next time when nothing was showing on the sounder we might have a good tow of shrimp. So we feel that shrimp is never concentrated enough in our area to see them. We've fished down in the Gulf of Maine and got some good tows without ever seeing anything on the recorder.

"May I conclude by saying that the shrimp industry is very very important to us. We would never have survived the last three years without it. Let us think of mesh size, price and quality and do not deteriorate the stocks of shrimp as we have the haddock stocks and then enforce conservation measures."

Mr. O'Brien: "I should like now to introduce Mr. Andrew Kirk, who is the sales manager of fresh and frozen for Connors Bros. Limited of Black's Harbour, N.B. Andy's experience is very broad and it encompasses both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.

Mr. Kirk: "I am very pleased to be here and to have the opportunity to give my opinion on the excellent papers that have been presented to us at this conference. It is impossible in the time that we have to comment on each specific paper. But I'd like to congratulate the authors of all the papers presented at this conference for a job well done. I am pleased to see that there are a number of papers that stress the importance of quality from the catch to the consumer, because I feel that if this shrimp industry of ours is to succeed in the highly competitive world market, quality, price and marketing are the main factors. "Industry Point of View" 387

"I agree with Dr. Blackwood's remarks that the industry should get together with the fisher- men, the producers and the inspectors of the Department of Fisheries Inspection Branch discussing the problems not only from the fishermen's point of view but industry's point of view and the consumer's, and the proper methods of handling this very important product of ours.

"In the 1967-68 season approximately 1,200,000 lb of shrimp were caught in the Bay of Fundy. I realize that the Bay of Fundy is just a small segment of this huge industry that the Maritimes are now experiencing. In the 1968-69 season 1,500,000 lb were caught in the Bay of Fundy. In 1969-70 the Bay of Fundy has produced less than 200,000 lb of shrimp. Question. What is the reason for this low catch? Where did the shrimps go? Question 2. What do we know about Pandalus borealis in the Bay of Fundy area? What are its movements? Where does it spawn? What are its feeding habits? Is the raw material supply out in the Bay of Fundy in sufficient quantity to justify increased capital expenditure by fishermen and processors?

"These are questions that we in the industry ourselves cannot answer. They have to be answered by the research people. I'm very sorry to say this and it seems that the Department of Fisheries do not have any money allocated in the 1970 season for research programs in the shrimp industry. There is no money slated for the shrimp project, but it states that it is hoped that in the future, this may be done. Before too long may be too late. I think the research program should be started as soon as possible and that we may have some of the answers to the questions before it is too late. I would like to comment on Mr. Brian Meagher's comments in which he covered the conference from one end to the other by this one paragraph. We have observed many instances where new products or species have been developed. We exploit the resources but not the markets. It is my hope that out of this conference will emerge sound recommendations for orderly development, orderly catching, orderly marketing, sound scientific and conservation measures and a quality control program which will identify Canadian pink shrimp as a delicacy, second to none and unsurpassed in quality."

Mr. O'Brien: "Captain Francis Mallet, who comes from St. Simon, New Brunswick, has the distinction of being the first shrimper in the province of New Brunswick, I'm informed, having started in the industry in this province in 1965. His remarks will cover some aspects of the boats, catch methods and gear."

Capitaine Mallet: "C'est alors un plaisir et un honneur d'avoir été choisi pour adresser la parole à cette discussion d'aujourd'hui sur un sujet qui, depuis quelques années, suscite de plus en plus d'intérêt au point de vue pêcherie maritime. Pêcheur de naissance, je pratique la pêche à la crevette depuis cinq ans déjà dans le golfe Saint-Laurent avec un bateau de 65 pieds équipé de tous les équipements électroniques modernes. Mon bateau est également muni d'un système de réfrigération et d'une aide considérable à la conservation de la crevette à bord et me permet des voyages en mer d'une durée moyenne de quatre jours pour un rende- ment de six à huit mille livres de crevettes et de 30 milles à 40 mille livres de poissons rouges. J'ai assisté et écouté avec grande attention à tous les exposés présentés à cette conférence et je suis certain que cet échange d'informations vaut à nous tous ici présent son pesant d'or. Personnellement, une fois la conférence terminée, je partirai pour chez nous avec un bagage de connaissances qui me seront d'une extraordinaire utilité dans la pratique de mon métier de pêcheurs.

"En ce qui me concerne, je suis convaincu que les programmes de recherche élaborés dans les différents ministères des pêches sont d'une importance capitale et vitale pour nous, pêcheurs, en permettant l'exploitation de nouveaux fonds de pêche, des recherches et des méthodes d'engins de pêche de la crevette et de toutes facilités pour nos efforts nous permettant un rendement maximal. Egalement les études sur les 388 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

besoins canadiens des crevetteirs sont urgentes et primordiales car avec un prétendu déjà existant, il nous faut l'exploitation appropriée et efficace. La conservation est une autre espèce très importante et vitale à l'industrie de la crevette car si nous voulons une exploitation efficace de longue durée, il faut commencer par conserver et préserver nos matières premières d'engins et méthodes de pêche destructive. Je suis entièrement d'accord avec M. Carroll et son exposé qui lit: "We must avoid introducing regulatory measures which are premature and thus unnecessary, too hurried and thus ineffective, too late and thus ineffective, unrealistic and then destructive". Il ne faut pas s'alarmer parce qu'un pêcheur nous raconte d'avoir complété 25,000 livres de bébés poissons rouges tués pour un rendement de 200 livres de crevettes; je n'ai aucunement l'intention ici de démentir ce monsieur; je veux simplement laisser savoir que durant mes cinq années de pêche à la crevette, je n'ai jamais été témoin de cela. Je pêche dans le golfe et soyez assurés que j'ai donné beaucoup de coups de chalut durant mes cinq dernières années de pêche. Comme conclusion, j'incite fortement les différents ministères de pêches à continuer leurs recherches sur les centres, les méthodes d'engins et de conservation de la pêche de la crevette et soyez assurés qu'à mon retour que nous, pêcheurs, feront un effort pour que nos pêcheurs canadiens de la crevette puissent se comparer à tous ceux des autres pays du monde à tout point de vue. Merci".

Captain Mallet: "I am both pleased and honoured to have been asked to say a few words on a subject which in recent years has become a centre of interest as far as maritime fisheries are concerned. Born in a fishing family, I have been fishing shrimp for the last five years in the Gulf of St. Lawrence with a 65-foot vessel provided with all modern electronic equipment. My vessel is also equipped with a refrigerating system and machinery for keeping shrimp on board and will hold the sea for an average of four days, yielding six to eight thousand pounds of shrimp and 30 to 40 thousand pounds of redfish. I listened very closely to all that was said and I know everyone here present will benefit by these discussions. Personally, when I return home, I will have accumulated loads of information which will be extremely useful in my work.

"As far as I am concerned, I know the research programs developed in the various fisheries depart- ments are of the utmost importance for all fishermen, as they help in developing new fishing-grounds, designing and planning shrimp fishing gear and methods, and assist us in our efforts towards maximum performance. A study of Canadian shrimp-fishing vessel needs has now become an emergency and calls for top priority because, with the existing shrimp resource as is considered, fishing operations must be appropriate and efficient. Conservation is another aspect of the shrimp industry also vitally important to the industry, because if fishing operations are to be continued over a long period of time our resource needs be protected from destructive fishing gear and methods. I fully agree with Mr. Carroll who states: We must avoid introducing regulatoiy measures which are premature and thus unnecessary, too hurried and thus ineffective, too late and thus ineffective, unrealistic and then destructive. Let's not worry over the story of a fisherman taking 25,000 pounds of young redfish for 200 pounds shrimp; all I want to say is that in my five years at sea, I have never seen that happen. I have been fishing in the Gulf and have made a great many trawl tows for the last five years. May I, in closing, request that all fisheries departments continue their work with respect to shrimp fishing stations, gear, conservation methods and we, of the fishing trade, will do our utmost to improve shrimp fishing so that all Canadian shrimp fishermen can compare favorably with all other shrimp fishermen in the world." SESSION 6 389

DISCUSSION

Mr. O'Brien: "The first question is directed to Mr. Raby by Alphonse Gagnon, who asks how many pounds of shrimp must a 60-foot dragger land to be as economical as when it is fishing groundfish.

Mr. Raby replied that 200-225 million pounds of shrimp would be the equivalent of about a million pounds of groundfish and roughly 400,000 pounds of redfish.

I. W. Flye, of Seafood, U.S.A., put the following to Mr. Kirk: "It was stated at this conference that Japan is the second largest consumer of shrimps, yet no mention is made of Japan as a market for Canadian shrimp. Why is there no market in Japan?

Mr. Kirk: "At the present time, Japan is exporting shrimp to the world markets; they have sufficient quantities to look after their own consumption plus exporting some to the world markets. But it has been rumored, and this is a fact, that they feel that their supplies are starting to dwindle and right at this moment there are Japanese representatives in Nova Scotia taking a good look at our shrimp fishing off the coast of Nova Scotia and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence area, so we feel sooner or later that they'll come down here to fish our shrimp and their catching costs and processing costs are far cheaper than ours so therefore, at our price of shrimp, we cannot hope to compete on their market."

Dennis Monroe, Fishery Products, St. John's, Newfoundland, addressed this question to Mr. Blades: "In order to provide continuity of work, have you had occasion to compare results from freezing and thawing raw shrimp for hand peeling, as compared with freezing and thawing cooked-at- sea (not salted) shrimp?

Mr. Blades: "We have had experience in freezing and thawing raw shrimp and, while we can only compare with fresh cooked and peeled shrimp, the result is approximately 7% less yield from the frozen and thawed green shrimp. In addition to this Toss in yield, our cost of production increases approximately 1/3. We find that frozen green shrimp which is then thawed and processed is much harder to peel and our cost goes up on the peeling operation. We have never compared it to cooked-at-sea and frozen and then defrosted and peeled shrimp, because our boats don't cook at sea and freeze; they are not equipped with freezers to freeze cooked shrimp at sea and bring them in. Perhaps Mr. Kirk can answer this. I don't know if he has had occasion to defrost cooked shrimp and hand-peel them."

Mr. Kirk: "No, we have never had the occasion, but I agree with you that the frozen shrimps are much harder; as you say, there is a loss, and then you get quite a bit of breakage from the frozen thawed shrimps.

Captain Deraspe, of the Grand Riviere Fisheries School, asked Captain Green: "What method do you use for sorting your shrimp from the codend? Do you use the weights as the New Brunswick fishermen do?

Captain Green: "We only used the weight on the codend the last month we were in Shelburne. There were just the two of us. We were getting redfish and hake and it was an awful lot of work for the two of us and we were finishing late at night and it took us the whole tow to cull them. So one night we went in and got a good sized rock. We did it this way. After the codend came out and 390 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

we'd hauled our hull rope and hauled the codend alongside, we had about a 15 ft. piece of rope tied to the end of the codend on one side and we'd just tie the rock on that and throw it over-board and let it sink down that way. We never hooked it on and towed it behind for the whole tow. We just used it after the tow came up and it separated them very well. But up home what we mostly got to pick is 3- and 4-inch dabs and flounders, heavy bottom fish that won't float up. We get herring up home and most of the time they're drowned, so they'll sink, but down in the Shelburne area the hake and the whiting are so numerous you just can't get them down. But up home, we take a hockey stick handle and cut it in foot-lengths, and drive in an 8- or 10-penny nail, cut the head off it, and bend it at about a 45-degree angle and sharpen it, and you can use this to pick out the other fish quite fast. In a half hour a couple of men can handle an awful lot of trash and it doesn't damage the shrimps in any way."

Mr. O'Brien: "Mr. Blades has indicated to me that Mr. Wilfred Gionet might have something to say on the question asked by Mr. Monroe."

Mr. Gionet: "I never did advise anyone to freeze and defrost cooked shrimp for peeling and then refreeze it. I never did agree with this approach and I wouldn't advise anyone to do it."

Mr. O'Brien: "Mr. ICirk, if we can come back to that Japanese thing for just a moment, Mr. Hart has asked a question. He wonders if there is evidence that the Japanese can actually catch shrimp cheaper than the Canadian fisherman.

Mr. Kirk: "This is a hard question to answer but, as Mr. Blades says, and I agree with him, the fishermen work much cheaper and their prices to them are much cheaper."

"In Alaska they are only paying four cents a pound and in this area, New Brunswick and Maine, last year the prices went as high as 24 cents. So that's six times as much for your raw material before you even start."

Mr. Capstad, of the Malpeque Corporation asked: "Will Canada keep its preference on exports to the U.K. if the U.K. enters the Common Market? "

Mr. Hemming: "I think the answer to that is undoubtedly no. If the U.K. enters the Common Market, all the Commonwealth countries' advantages to Canada will disappear.

Mr. O'Brien: "Advantages will disappear, but what about tariffs generally, will tariffs go up?

Mr. Hemming: "Well, tariffs in the U.K. market will go up to the Common Market level in any case. There will be a transitional period, but they will go up to the Common Market level. This means that Canadians will face the same tariffs in the U.K. as for instance in Europe."

Mr. O'Brien: "Presuming that this happened, perhaps you could give one example just to illustrate, perhaps canned salmon."

Mr. Hemming: "To use canned salmon, at the moment we get 3% preference over the Japanese and the Russians and Americans. If the U.K. goes into the Common Market we will lose that 3% preference and the U.K. tariff on canned salmon will then be 16%." "Industry Point of View" 391

Mr. O'Brien: "Captain Green has been asked a question by the Conference Secretary, Jack Rycroft. He said you mentioned mesh sizes. In your opinion, should a minimum mesh size for shrimp, say 13/4 inches, be introduced? "

Captain Green: "Well, I couldn't really say on the 13/4 inch, while it certainly would be better than 11/2 inch, which has had almost 100% better effect in our area, or at least 85 %. I know at the time we had the 2-inch on, the first year we had the boat, I would say it had that much difference, and we were selling to Cape Cod then for nine cents a pound. They were taking no cull. What I mean by no cull is no small ones, whereby if we salt-cook, they can't use the small ones, so they are put through a culling machine and the small ones drop out and we get nothing for them.

"On the cooked shrimp you can only sell the big ones and with the 2-inch mesh you get a nice even size and let all the small ones go. So I would say two inches, 13/4 inches does make quite a difference. I would say in my opinion, two inches, but that's just one man's idea."

Mr. Capstad: "There is presently overproduction of pre-cooked shrimps; where and how can new markets be developed? "

Mr. Blades: "This is a $64 question, Mr. Capstad, and I think that if anyone here could answer it we would solve a lot of problems. As you know better than myself, the main market for whole salt cooked shrimp is in the Scandinavian countries and as I mentioned in my paper, that market is limited to how many they can consume. We always like to look at our friends next door with 203,000,000 people and say we'd like to penetrate this market but unfortunately, they are accustomed to the large Gulf shrimp and it has been my experience that it is hard to change a custom. Perhaps with enough advertising and effort we may eventually get small quantities on the U.S. market and the Canadian market, but as of today, the consumption of whole salt cooked shrimp in North America is practically nil. I'm not really prepared to answer this question and I would like to know if anybody is."

Mr. O'Brien: "I'm going to ask Mr. Ian Langlands to say a word about marketing along this line."

Mr. Langlands: "Two things come to mind from this conference; one, the big surprise to me really is that the total Canadian resource is relatively small and so the total quantity of shrimp that we're dealing with is relatively small by world standards. We've got to learn a lot from what Tony Hemming told us yesterday, and that is that there is no hope at all for the Canadian quantity of shrimp to seriously influence the price. So I think we've got to learn to gear our industry to international market prices, and we've got to make sure that we can procure the shrimp at the right prices. For the fishermen to make a living at these prices, we've got to operate our plants so efficiently that we can make a profit with these figures, and I think we're tending to do a little bit of the reverse.

"We may be over-exploiting the fishery. We have some evidence from Quebec that the catch per unit of effort has already declined to what it was four years ago. Now these are very very serious signs. We have had terrific advice from Captain Green this morning and my own thinking would be that probably we should at an early stage think of licensing the number of shrimp boats in a given area, to protect the living of these shrimp fishermen so they can enjoy a good living as they obviously are at the present time.

"They can keep their boats modernized. There won't be the same pressure to increase the price of the shrimp to the fisherman because the individual fisherman will be doing well; and this will allow the Canadian producers to compete on the international market with high quality products. If we cheapen our product there's no hope at all because we have to compete with Alaska with machine-peeled and shrimp 392 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

bought in bulk. The one area that I think perhaps we've missed in the long run, and that we're trying to do something with in our own company, is that surely over the long term, we in Canada should be able to eat the relatively small total amount of peeled shrimp that is going to be produced in Canada. On our domestic market, not tomorrow or next year, but maybe ten years from now, Canadians should be eating more of these shrimp than we can produce in this country, and this will be our prime market and we must regard Europe and the traditional small shrimp markets as just to tide us over until we can develop the Canadian market.

"I don't know the precise figures, but it was only a few years ago, when we first started handling some of these shrimp, we asked various sales people how much of the shrimp was sold and I think that Montreal could take 1000 lb per month. The Toronto market at that time was 2000 lb of small shrimp per month. I mean this is the measure of how small our market is. Now the Canadian market is many many times that today. This is the thing I think we should do and I don't think many speakers have really sort of looked that far. I think this is where we're going to make a lot of money and hopefully all Canadians will come to appreciate that this fresh peeled shrimp is so delectable that they probably will never want to eat a Gulf shrimp again."

Mr. O'Brien: "I have a note from Jack Rycroft, that he would like an opportunity to say a few words about the government's role in this whole picture."

Mr. Ryaoft: "First of all, I'd like to thank Mr. Green for answering my question. The reason I mentioned mesh sizes of course, was that we don't know yet what or if conservation measures are ever going to be necessary, but your comments are very useful. I think a couple of comments were made about the government's role. For our own part in the federal government, in our shared cost programs with the provinces, we have spent quite a lot of money over the last couple of years on shrimp exploration and development, and you can be reassured that we intended to spend rather a large amount next year in federal exploration and with the provinces, both in looking for shrimp and in developing gear, particularly midwater gear."

Mr. O'Brien: "Mr. Meagher asks that if the Fisheries Council of Canada and its provincial members are interested in encouraging formation of an association for the shrimp industry, would it consider membership by the producers as well as dealers. Dr. Blackwood asks if any thought has been given to the formation of an industry shrimp conu-nittee or association similar to the queen crab association. I think that most of you are aware that there is a queen crab association which is based at Halifax in the office of Mr. Johnson, who runs the Nova Scotia Fish Packers' Association and the Canadian Atlantic Salt Fish Exporters' Association, the Atlantic Vessel Trawling Association and the Atlantic By-products Association. I'd hate to think what he would say if we suggested that an Atlantic Shrimp Association be superimposed, but this perhaps would be a logical development in my opinion. In our position as a national body made up of associations based locally across Canada, of which we have sixteen, we never found it good policy to try and organize these things from the top. If they don't come from down below they usually have a rather short life. But it would appear to me that there would be a place for an organization in the shrùup industry and I'm sure that any of our provincial bodies and certainly the Fisheries Council would give it all the help in organizing it that we can. In our own setup, as you are aware, we have many producers and we have all the fisheries co-operatives represented in the Fisheries Council, so that our set-up includes producers, processors and wholesalers, so this may come about.

"In this connection, I had a chat yesterday with a gentleman from Maine and he was showing me the bylaws of a proposed Northern Shrimp Association, and I noticed in the membership paragraph it states that any person, firm or corporation dealing in and processing shrimp harvested from the Gulf of Maine, Bay of "Industry Point of View" 393

Fundy, including those from Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia may become a member of this association and on my suggestion, I thinIc he's changing that to read 'from the Canadian Atlantic provinces'. So this may be a start and it might be a very good thing, if we're thinking in terms of the marketing aspects and the fact that this production is coming only from three main areas really, Norway, Northeastern U.S. States, and our own provinces here on the Atlantic, and the closer the people in Maine, Massachusetts and so on can be with our own people up here, the chances of orderly marketing in the long run would be greatly enhanced. That's one possibility.

"We have had a very interesting morning and on your behalf I want to thank each and every member of the panel for being here. I want to thank you for the very excellent questions and the attention you have given to the panel, and it is now my pleasure to turn the microphone back to the acting conference Chairman, Mr. Louis Bradbury.

CLOSING REMARKS

Mr. Bradbury: "It is customary at this time for Dr. Needler as Chairman of the Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries Committee and also as Conference Chairman to make some closing remarks. As you know Dr. Needler had to leave; he regrets this very much, it's the first time that he hasn't been with us right to the end. However, it was felt appropriate by the Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries Committee, instead of the Chairman's closing remarks as such, to have one of the Committee members provide you with a brief summary of the proceedings. This pleasant task has fallen to the lot of Mr. Maurice Lessard, the Deputy Minister responsible for Fisheries in the Province of Quebec. I now take the pleasure in calling on Mr. Lessard."

Mr. Lessard: "Thank you Mr. Chairman, this is the price you pay for being a senior member of a conference like this. In the first place I wish to express my deep appreciation to the very select attendance that we have enjoyed at this conference, its sustained interest in all the sessions and also its active participation in the discussion. This in itself is a guarantee of the success of this conference, and by way of consequence the greatest reward that could come to the sponsors of the conference.

"The Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries Committee decided to hold this conference because it is convinced that we have the shrimp resources and the desire to develop another important fishery. We look forward to a Canadian Atlantic shrimp fishery which will not only parallel but likely exceed the very promising Canadian Atlantic crab fishery and it should provide a much needed 'shot in the arm' for our fishermen.

"It is now my pleasant duty on behalf of the Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries Committee to thank the speakers for the extremely high calibre of papers presented. The Proceedings of the Conference will be made available in book form as soon as possible in order that fishermen and processors may have the benefit of the best guidelines in building up this new fishery. We trust also that other countries will benefit from our deliberations.

"We were fortunate to have at this conference speakers from such important shrimp fishing nations as the United States, Japan, Holland, the United Kingdom, to mention only those, and I think the other speakers will not be offended if we make special mention of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries whose contribution to this conference has been considerable. 394 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

"In developing our Atlantic Shrimp Industry, we are fortunate to be in a position to learn from the experiences of countries which have been catching and processing shrimp for many years. We can learn from their mistakes and benefit from their successes. In other words, we should be able to, and we must, develop a shrimp industry with a high level of quality and efficiency from the time the shrimp come out of the water.

"The large attendance at this conference is an obvious measure of the importance of shrimp in the fisheries picture. Unlike many of our traditional species, the world demand for shrimp far exceeds the supply. Japan and the United States, for example, two of the world's largest shrimp processors, are importing this delectable fish. Indeed, given the resource which we appear to have, the possibilities for this fishery show great promise, and we look forward to a profitable shrimp industry.

"On behalf of the Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries Committee, I also want to thank the New Brunswick Government for their hospitality, the Saint John Convention Bureau and the Holiday Inn for their excellent conference arrangements and facilities, and of course the conference secretariat for another job well done.

"Pour revenir à ma langue maternelle un grand nombre parmi nous ont pu constaté la participation et la présence constante à toutes les sessions d'un de mes compatriotes donc le nom et depuis un grand nombre d'années associé avec l'activité de la pêche non seulement au Canada mais sur le plan international.

"L'attention qu'il a apportée a suivre toutes les délibérations est un signe manifeste qu'il n'a nullement l'intention de s'en retirer mais déployer une activité de plus en plus grande. Je voudrais dire par la présence parmi nous de M. Louis Bérubé autres fois de l'école de la pêcherie St-Anne de la Pocatière qui se trouve entouré au moment de plusieurs de ses anciens élèves qui occupent des carrières enviables dans le domaine des pêches. Dr. Léonce Chenard est un de ses enciens éleves et j'invite M. Chenard à dire le mot de bienvenue."

Dr. Chenard: "On behalf of the Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries Committee I want to tell you that we are delighted to have among us this morning Mr. Louis Bérubé, the `youngest' delegate at the conference. If you don't mind, Mr. Bérubé, maybe you would like to say a few words to us, because we young men would like to have the advice of the people who have been so long involved in the fishing industry in eastern Canada."

M. Bérubé: "Je suis réellement ému et à si peu de temps de la vie il m'est difficile de dire plus qu'un court mot. Ce qu'on a dit de mon humble personne est malheureusement la vérité et je dis malheureusement à dessin parce que je défie quelqu'un de se lever dans cette salle et dire qu'il est plus vieux que moi. Personne ne relève le défie.

"Nobody meets the challenge. I have just said that I am the oldest one in this hall. It is true that I have been connected with fisheries internationally and with the shrimp industry and this is why in these few remarks I will answer a question that has been posed to Mr. Blades and has remained unanswered. It is a detail perhaps, but it is important in a way. It was said in your experience that older shrimp were harder to peel than fresher ones, am I right, and that you freeze your shrimp before you peel them? "

Mr. Blades: "No, frozen green shrimp and defrosted ones are much harder to peel than fresh green shrimp." "Industry Point of View" 395

Mr. Bérubé: "There is no contradiction with what was said the day before. I expected that the gentleman who has said that shrimps were easier to peel when older would give an explanation. Maybe mine is not an explanation, it comes from experience, however. It is that if you freeze a very fresh shellfish, the shell adheres to the flesh and the longer you keep the fish in storage, the more it sticks to the shell and that would explain your excess labour and higher cost of production. "Now to come back to what was to be said before. I have enjoyed very much attending this conference and I thanlc all you gentlemen for the pleasure you have given me and I thank Mr. Lessard for his remarks and Mr. Chenard too. Also, he has put a burden on my shoulders. Your shrimp conference is going to have quite an effect in the international field because in many developing countries, you know, they have a shrimp industry developing and the latest technology that I have learned here and which will be put in your books will come in very handy when the Canadian International Development Agency co-operates with a developing country in developing their shrimp fishing fleet, a shrimp processing plant and even a shrimp marketing organization.

"For all that, thank you very much, gentlemen."

Mr. Jean Frechet: "Mr. Chairman, as a student who has received the main part of my education in fisheries from Mr. Bérubé I would like to have a word. And this is going to reveal a secret. You probably know from experience that a teacher always receives a nickname and those nicknames sometimes are unpleasant, but I think that the nickname that we students gave at university to Mr. Bérubé was not unpleasant, and today is very meaningful. We used to call him 'Le Pere Eternelle'. The Eternal Father. So Mr. Bérubé, who has defied anybody to prove they are older than he is in this room, has also in this room about 25 children, that is 25 young students who owe a good part of their education in fisheries to him from the school of fisheries at Laval University, and an equivalent number of fishermen and men in the processing industry who are graduates from the fisheries school at Grande Riviere. For this I think we could even go as far as saying that without him possibly this conference might not have been held, because he is the one who was responsible for having another great educator in Canada, Commander Lucien Bougi, who showed to Dr. Chenard and myself and many others in this room how to catch shrimp initially, about 20 years ago."

Mr. Bradbury: "Well, Ladies and Gentlemen, several months ago, it was decided by the Federal-Provincial Atlantic Fisheries Committee that we would hold this conference. The results, I am sure, speaking for the Secretariat and Organizing Committee, have been far beyond our expectations, indeed the audience this morning, as I look over it now, is as great as it was when we declared the conference open on Tuesday morning. It only remains for me now to declare the proceedings at an end. Thank you very much."

397

Addenda

The papers which follow were not presented at the Conference but were made available later for publication in the Conference Proceedings.

TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES SHRIMP INDUSTRY

By Donald R. Whitaker, Chief Branch of Edible Fishery Products Division of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service Washington, D.C.

ABSTRACT grounds are bays, bayous, and other areas of the estuarine shore. As the shrimp grow, they begin to move out to sea This paper reviews trends during 1950-69 for the toward the eventual spawning grounds. After spawning, the following segments of the U.S. shrimp industry: consump- life cycle ends. Few commercial shrimp of the South tion, prices, aggregate supplies (landings, imports, cold Atlantic and Gulf areas are believed to live more than one storage holdings), and exports. The trends are illustrated in year. The fecundity of the southern female shrimp is high. 10 figures and 14 tables of statistical data. An adult female will carry between 500,000 to 1,000,000 eggs and may spawn more than once. INTRODUCTION The life history of northern shrimp varies considerably Shrimp are found in oceans throughout the world. from southern shrimp. Average life span of northern shrimp Although hundreds of species and even more families of is believed to be about 3-1/2 years and may extend to 4-1/2 shrimp are said to exist, most shrimp comprising present years for a small portion of the population. They are day commercial fisheries in the United States are members hermaphrodites, functioning first as males. Egg-bearing of the family Penaeidae, which includes the brown, white, females migrate from the deeper offshore waters to shallow and pink shrimp landed on the South Atlantic and Gulf inshore areas during the maturation period. The egg-bearing States (North Carolina to Texas). These shrimp accounted females make up the bulk of the commercial catch. The for 73 per cent of the total U.S. catch of shrimp in 1969. number of eggs per female ranges between 800 to 3,400. Since the mid-1960s, northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, from New England and Alaska waters have become in- New-born shrimp are planktonic and although both eggs creasingly important in domestic catches. These shrimp and young shrimp are preyed upon by marine animals, comprised 8 per cent of the total U.S. catch in 1965 and 27 many survive to adulthood. Nonetheless, the abundance of per cent in 1969. shrimp in the ocean cannot be predicted with any degree of precision. Unlike many other fisheries, the size of the Penaeidae shrimp spawn offshore in deep waters, and the shrimp catch does not appear to affect future shrimp young shrimp migrate towards the shore. Shrimp nursery populations. 398 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Small shrimp along the coast of the southern United were caught for local consumption before that date. Annual States are protected by laws of the various states. As the landings fluctuated widely from just a few thousand pounds shrimp increase in size and move toward the sea, the waters to over one-half million pounds in 1945. A sharp decline are opened for fishing. Small shrimp are caught in shallow began in 1946 and reached bottom — no shrimp landed — waters and size increases as depth increases. The largest in 1955. Almost no shrimp were landed from then until southern shrimp are landed at sea, but rarely at depths 1958. In the 1960s, landings have increased steadily, exceeding 45 fathoms. reaching an all-time high of 29 million pounds, live weight, in 1969. The biological basis for the apparent changes in Washington, Oregon, and California have closed seasons abundance is unknown. during certain periods of the year, and California lias a catch quota by areas. There are no seasonal restrictions in Many species of shrimp are found off Alaska; however, the New England States and Alaska. only the family Pandalidae is known to occur in com- mercial quantities. This family contains approximately five Most shrimp are caught in otter trawls (97 per cent in species which have been found in commercial quantities in 1967) pulled along the bottom of the waters. Shrimp Alaskan waters. Of these five species, the small ocean pink vessels come in all sizes. Boats (less than 5 gross tons) shrimp (Panda/us borealis) and the large side-stripe shrimp shrimp in bays and other shallow or near-shore waters. (Panda/us dispar) appear to be the most important and Lobster boats 30- to 40-feet long, are often used in the New would form the bulk of future large-scale shrimping England fishery. Large modern shrimp trawlers traverse the operations. entire Gulf of Mexico. These vessels may travel as far as the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and to Honduras. Trawlers Commercial shrimping in Alaska has existed for many which have freezers aboard may stay out as long as two years. Between 1935 and 1955, 2 to 3 million pounds, live months. Most shrimp landed in the United States are found weight, were landed each year, except for the war years. along the shores by shrimpers who range within several Prior to 1950, the shrimp fishery was larger than the miles of the coast on trips of one to five days. combined catches of dungeness, king, and snow crabs. In the late 1950s, the shrimp catch increased considerably. In Until the late 1930s, most shrimping in the United the early 1960s, catches ranged from 7 to 16 million States was confined to the bays and shallow waters of the pounds. The growth in the Alaska shrimp fishery in the last northern Gulf of Mexico. Through the end of World War II, half of the 1960s was phenomenal, rising from 8 million exploration of white shrimp expanded throughout the pounds in 1964 to 48 million pounds in 1969. northern Gulf of Mexico. Expanding markets and a decline in white shrimp catches in the late 1940s forced the Given the present technological state of the shrimp industry to turn to brown shrimp. By 1951, most of the fishery in the southern states, significant increases in major brown shrimp grounds off the coast of Texas and the production from these waters are not likely on a sustainable Mexican Gulf coast had been located. The pink shrimp basis. Along the east coast of Florida and in the eastern half fishery developed about 1950 when shrimping activity of the Gulf of Mexico royal shrimp are found in 150 to 300 extended to the Dry Tortugas grounds off the southwest fathoms. This shrimp resource appears sizeable with at least coast of Florida and the Campeche grounds off Yucatan, three grounds available to the industry. Only about Mexico. The discovery of these new grounds in the late 100,000 pounds, heads-off weight, are currently being 1940s and early 1950s culminated in record United States taken each year. Because little is known about the life shrimp landings in 1954. history of the species, the amount of fishing pressure that the resource can withstand is difficult to estimate. A larger The record catch in 1954 was not exceeded until 1967. fishery than is now in operation could be maintained since During the 1960s, shrimp production in New England and the seasonal availability of royal red shrimp differs on the Alaska expanded rapidly and by 1969, a new U.S. record three known commercial grounds. catch took place. Owing to the deep-water habitat of royal red shrimp, the Northern shrimp in New England waters have been fishery requires powerful vessels with large winch capac- fished commercially since 1937 although small quantities ities. Conventional gear cati be used. Mr. Whitaker 399

The only southern shrimp which is probably not fished peeled, while large sizes are generally marketed fresh or raw as extensively as it could be is the sea bob. Sea bobs frozen. (Xiphopeaaeus kroyeri) are very small white shrimp found along the shores of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Shrimp have become one of the most important pro- ducts of U.S. commercial fisheries. The estimated total consumption of shrimp in 1969 was 362 million poun ds, Northern shrimp in Alaska are probably the only U.S. heads-off weight, an increase of 159 per cent since 1950. shrimp resource that can be expanded rapidly in the next While part of this expansion resulted from an increasing few years and in considerable quantities. In 1969, 48 population, per capita consumption of shrimp also in- million pounds, live weight, were landed in Alaska. The creased substantially. In 1950, per capita consumption was estimated potential of Alaska shrimp is as much as 400 0.92 pounds, heads-off weight; by 1969, it had risen to million pounds on a sustainable basis. Not all of this 1.79 pounds per person. Furthermore, this increase occur- resource would automatically go to the American fishing red during a period when per capita consumption of all fish vessels. Both Russia and Japan have been fishing this products has been extremely stable. The increased con- resource for several years. sumption of shrimp could only occur concurrently with an increase in the supply of shrimp.

Probably two-thirds or more of this resource is com- Imports comprise the other source of shrimp. Historical- prised of the small ocean pink shrimp. The large size of the ly small relative to domestic landings, imports were about Alaskan shrimp resource, however, does not necessarily one-third the volume of landings in 1950. After a series of mean that it would be economically feasible to attain sfzeable increases beginning in 1955, imports first exceeded harvests comparable to those from the Gulf of Mexico. This domestic landings in 1961, and have continued to exceed will depend upon how concentrated the shrimp are on the landings in every succeeding year. In 1969, imports totaled various beds off Alaska, which in turn will govern where 220.1 million pounds, heads-off weight, compared to profitable catch rates can be achieved. landings of 195.5 million pounds. Therefore, even though investment in the domestic fishing fleet has increased substantially, domestic landings have not kept pace with Although the shrimp fishery has contributed only about the increasing imports. In fact, until 1967, when domestic 5 per cent of the total catch of fish and shellfish in the landings reached 189.5 million pounds, heads-off weight, United States, it has accounted for a much larger share of the total value. In 1969, shrimp fishermen were paid $125 the peak year for landings was 1954, when 159.7 million million for their catch — 24 per cent of the estimated total pounds were landed. As a result, imports now regularly value of $518 million for all U.S. fisheries. Since 1951, supply slightly over half of the total quantity of shrimp shrimp has been the most valuable species caught by U.S. consumed in the United States. fishermen in every year except for 1961. Domestic landings, imports, cold storage holdings, and other variables all interact in a complex economic milieu to Southern shrimp are classified and sold on a size measure determine consumption and prices. Over the period from known as the "count" — the number of heads-off shrimp 1950 to 1969, increased retail and institutional demand has per pound. As the size of the shrimp increases, the count size had a consistent impact at all market levels. Supplies and decreases. Count sizes for domestic landings range from less prices have risen throughout the period. Yet when short-run than 15 to the pound to more than 70. Prices vary by count supplies have become excessive, price reductions have size. As count size increases, price per pound decreases. taken place. Imports have flowed into the market, sug- Most imports are also bought and sold according to count gesting both a well-defined import demand as well as a size. foreign supply responding to this demand. An import sector of the magnitude of that found in the U.S. shrimp market must have an impact upon domestic prices and vice versa. Almost all harvested shrimp are used for human con- Over the period, domestic landings and exvessel prices have sumption and the type of use varies by count size. Small varied and these variations have often been reflected shrimp are canned. Small and medium sizes are breaded or upwards through the shrimp market. 400 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

CONSUMPTION breaded shrimp are meager compared with U.S. production; therefore, breaded shrimp production in table 1 can be taken as a proxy for breaded shrimp consumption. Other Approximately 60 per cent of the shrimp market is breaded fishery products (notably fish sticks and portions) institutional. As incomes have increased, people have tended have increased similarly in popularity. to not only eat better at home, but also to eat out more. Also, the expansion of shrimp consumption has occurred at U.S. production of peeled and deveined shrimp has a time when frozen foods in general have become popular. grown rapidly over the years, and this product has Shrimp are particularly adapted to freezing and the contributed substantially to greater consumption. Here majority is marketed in that form. again, U.S. production of peeled and deveined shrimp does not reflect the true consumption pattern. Large quantities Between 1950 and 1969, total consumption of shrimp in of peeled'shrimp are imported and would not appear in the United States increased over 2-1/2 times from 140 table 1. This particular import category is growing quite million pounds, heads-off weight, to 362 million pounds. rapidly. The more processing done overseas, the more Per capita shrimp consumption nearly doubled - 0.92 dollars foreign suppliers can earn. In 1968, U.S. production pounds, heads-off in 1950 to 1.83 in 1968 and 1.79 pounds of peeled shrimp (raw and cooked) was 44.3 million in 1969. Total and per capita shrimp consumptions for the pounds. In the same year, imports of peeled shrimp were period are illustrated in figure 1. 47.5 million pounds. In 1969, imports jumped to 63.8 million pounds; production figures are not available for Rising popularity of shrimp has occurred at the sam,e 1969. Thus, it can be seen that consumption of peeled time the American public has shown an increasing prefer- shrimp in recent years is about double what the data in ence for high protein foods. Since 1950, per capita table 1 indicates. consumption of all foods has risen 3 per cent. Consumption of carbohydrate foods has declined while consumption of Canned and cured shrimp are the only items where protein foods, most notably poultry and red meats, has consumption has remained relatively constant. Production increased. of cured shrimp is small, and imports about equal the production. From the 1930s to the late 1960s, no long-run Shrimp were once marketed in either canned or fresh upward or downward trends in U.S. production of canned forms. Use of modern freezing technology became wide- shrimp were evident. Imports of canned shrimp are not spread in the processing and distribution of shrimp, and the large relative to the domestic pack. Even with long-run market shifted from a primarily fresh one to a primarily relatively stable production, per capita consumption of frozen one. Since the late 1940s, shrimp have been available canned shrimp has declined. This is because more and more in a number of frozen forms: breaded, peeled and deveined, of the domestic pack has been exported. Exports are a and in various specialty forms. Types and quantities of significant market for canned shrimp. In recent years, shrimp processed in the United States are presented in table exports have been as much as one-third of the domestic 1. canned pack. At the present time, about one-third of the increased production of northern shrimp in Alaska is being From the data in table 1, it would appear that the canned. This has resulted in a sharp jump in U.S. consumption of raw headless shrimp has remained relatively production of canned shrimp in 1968 and 1969. The constant over the years. However, this data shows only raw long-run decline in per capita consumption of canned headless shrimp that have been packaged in the United shrimp may have been reversed in the past two years. States. It does not include imports of raw headless shrimp which go directly into marketing channels without further Specialty products, such as TV dinners, shrimp cocktails, processing. Consequently, consumption of raw headless etc., have grown steadily over the years. Although they still shrimp has expanded considerably over the years, but not account for a minor part of the total shrimp consumption, likely so fast as breaded or peeled shrimp. production can be expected to increase over the years.

Breaded shrimp is one of the items that has contributed The introduction of modern freezing techniques which materially to increase shrimp consumption. Imports of enabled wide-spread distribution and the adaptability of C.'ONSUMPT k,s7). N OF SH-FdiM

Mi I lion pounds* Pounds*

e. I I ;1 ez 400 20C

. 4

; e

300 --4.1 .50 e Per Capita ...... • g î - ...... '•••,„ •••._ „e* Tota l 200 L -** I d. 9 1 100 .50

-I 0 I I I I I t I t I ;1 II I! g ig 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

*Heads-off weight

Figure 1 41. ■-■

402 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

TABLE 1 Processed shrimp products by method of preparation, 1952-69 (Product weight) Fresh and frozen Year Raw Peeled & deveined2 Breaded, raw Speeialties4 Canned' Cured' headlessl Raw Cooked and cooked'

Million pounds 1952 59.5 0.3 2.5 17.3 0.5 12.3 1.1 1953 62.0 .6 .8 17.4 .4 15.2 .9 1954 82.4 4.2 1.6 24.8 .8 14.0 1.0 1955 69.1 6.7 1.8 39.0 1.9 13.5 .6 1956 61.4 7.5 2.2 50.9 3.5 13.6 .5 1957 58.3 9.4 1.4 51.1 3.9 9.1 .4 1958 63.3 7.6 2.1 60.9 3.9 14.3 .4 1959 61.6 11.1 1.9 , 69.8 3.8 13.8 .3 [ 1960 78.1 19.3 2.9 70.3 5.9 14.3 .7 1961 46.4 17.2 2.6 73.8 5.8 9.3 .4 1962 51.2 18.1 3.1 76.8 5.6 13.2 .4 1963 66.4 212 2.3 74.9 5.2 15.9 .5 1964 64.5 23.1 3.6 91.3 7.8 9.7 .3 1965 64.4 23.5 4.1 98.1 10.3 15.6 .4 1966 62.2 24.7 5.4 104.9 9.8 14.2 .3

1967 100.8 31.2 7.9 94.2 11.9 16.9 .4 7 1968 77.4 31.9 12.4 103.0 18.5 19.0 .6 7 1969 n.a. n.a. n.a. 104.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.

1Does not include imports of raw headless shrimp which go directly into marketing channels. 2 Does not include imports of peeled shrimp which go directly into marketing channels. Both domestic landings and imports of raw headless shrimp are processed into peeled and deveined. 3 Both domestic landings and imports of raw headless shrimp are breaded. 4 Includes frozen or canned products such as cocktails, soup, stew, aspic, burgers, chow mein, creole dinners, egg rolls, gumbo, steaks, stuffed shrimp, etc. s Does not include canned slirimp that requires refrigeration. 6 Includes dried, salted, spicedismoked, pickled slnimp, etc. 7 Preliminary.

shrimp to many varied forms of preparation undoubtedly increased per capita poultry consumption and most of the has increased its acceptance among consumers. remaining 55 per cent is due to increased beef consump- tion. The increasing popularity of shrimp has taken place while per capita consumption of all seafoods has remained Meat Consumption constant at 10 to 11 pounds over the past 30 years. In Per capita consumption of all meat, including red meat 1950, fish and shellfish accounted for about 7.8 per cent of (beef, pork, lamb), fish and poultry, has increased one- total meat consumption, but by 1968, it accounted for fourth from 176.7 pounds, retail weight, in 1950 to 221.5 only 6.3 per cent. Consumption in the three major meat pounds in 1968. Forty-five percent of this increase is due to categories is shown in figure 2. r--- 1 14 41 11 1 11

PER CAPTA CONSUMP-HON OF MEAT, POULTRY, AND FISFi v- in Pounds i ;III

Meat 1 / 150 r- î 100

È.-- --, i 50 i ,,,Poultry 1 / if I 1/ ---,, I ...... -- ...... -j . .! a . 9 2/ 1 — 1 -1 I o ,___—I 1 I I I III_ I I I 1 I I I I 1_1Ii_i_____ 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 aq 1/ Retail weight --,,, , z/ Edible meat weight 1 _

Figure 2 404 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

Fish and Shellfish Consumption Much of the increase in consumption of canned tuna is Although per capita consumption of all seafoods has also associated with the growth in imports. Salmon, on the remained constant for some time, certain products have other hand, has experienced a decrease in imports and an risen considerably while others have declined. Changes have increase in exports, thus holding down the total domestic taken place in both the relative ranking of species con- supplies available for markets. sumed and in product form. For example, per capita consumption of fresh fish in the round is being replaced with frozen processed fish and shellfish. This is reflected Prices especially in the rapid growth of frozen packaged ground- fish fillets and breaded fish sticks and portions. Average annual shrimp prices are depicted in figure 4. All prices have increased over the 20-year period Changes in the level of per capita consumption of several 1950-1969. Prices paid for shrimp at dockside in the seafoods are shown in figure 3. Shellfish consumption has Southern States increased from $0.36 in 1950 to $0.82 in risen from 1.96 pounds, meat weight, per capita in 1950 to 1969; wholesale prices increased from $0.62 in 1950 to 2.74 pounds in 1969. Of this 0.78 pounds increase, 0.68 $1.31 in 1969; and retail prices increased from $0.79 in pounds is shrimp and the rest is other shellfish. 1950 to $1.52 in 1969. These were increases of $0.46, $0.69 and $0.73, respectively. Expanded per capita consumption of any species must be associated with increased supplies. Supplies of practical- Within the long-term trend, shrimp prices have varied ly all shellfish species have risen sharply since 1950; oysters considerably. Peaks attained in 1953, 1958, 1962 and 1966 are the notable exception. Supplies of crabs have increased were followed by substantial drops in the next year. primarily because of the phenomenal growth in the king Moreover, these variations are shared by all three price crab industry. King crab catches have dropped sharply in series, suggesting that variations at one level are quickly recent years, but the relatively new snow crab resource may evidenced at the other levels. The simple correlation more than offset the declines in king crab production. between retail and wholesale prices for the period is 0.96 Increases in clam supplies have been due mainly to much and wholesale and exvessel is 0.95. Retail, wholesale, and larger catches of the offshore surf clam in the Middle exvessel shrimp prices have tended to move together both Atlantic States. A much greater fishing effort has resulted in the short and long run. Prices at each level have increased in a gradual increase in lobsters. The traditional inshore both in actual and deflated terms. Each of the three levels lobster trap fishery is likely being fished near its maximum has demonstrated what may be loosely termed three cycles. sustainable yield at present. Catches of offshore lobsters by otter trawl vessels have not increased in recent years. Wholesale price has tended to rise about 3.6 cents per Fishing for the offshore lobsters along the Continental year, and retail price has tended to rise at 3.8 cents per Shelf with lobster traps may be the only way that supplies year. The difference, however, cannot be considered signifi- of lobsters will increase significantly. Sea scallop pro- cant. Exvessel prices have risen at 2.4 cents per year. The duction has grown over the years, but recently has dropped three trends show that the price spread between wholesale because of a lower abundance. Consequently, there has and retail has tended to remain constant over time, while been less fishing effort for sea scallops; however, it likely the price spread between exvessel and wholesale has tended will take several years to replenish stocks unless there is an to increase. unusually large year class. Disease and pollution have taken their toll in oyster production to the point where catches in The spread between wholesale and retail has not tended recent years were about half those of the 1930s. With no to increase thus implying that the unit retail markup has further deterioration of the estuaries and continued expan- remained essentially constant since early 1950s. The tend- sion in , production could increase in the ency for the spread between exvessel and wholesale to coming years. increase means that the processors and wholesalers of shrnnp have been increasing their relative share of the total In the case of shrimp, increased per capita consumption cost of shrimp. Processing and transportation costs, in- has been associated with development of foreign shrimp cluding labor and materials, have increased resulting in fisheries and exports to the United States. necessary increases in processing costs.

ultr

I n

P7R CAPTA CONSUMPTION OF SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS vlyti in 1 Pounds* ! 1 . I . I ' I ' I „oi,MM,■■■AV,dm.ye I

jT f _,....••■••••■• o . l • .4..•-■...... A e 2. 0 free ee. 4 • : if "vie Canned Tuna e# ... e ...... •• •

...*"."*...... * o• .- fe .4. Y--- 1 — — — - / <`:..":• • , . .. ---Groundfish and ; .** i** ...... 4, 4 * • e•• Ocean Perch

•• Fillets and Blocks

1.0 î

.5 \Canned Salmon

* Edible meat weight

Figure 3 AVERAGE ANNUAL ^^^ IRMP PRICES

Dollars per pound r[ I T--^ 2.00 I ^

1 .50 C L Ret.ail

1.00 / 6 "'- ^..^.OWholesale **% / e ^/ 0/01-4.. /^ / /^, Exvessel %*/JO i o ^ . ^ .. .- 4^* / ^ 7 'W/^i .50 , ! If .50 é - el

Retail--; rozen, raw headless shrimp at New York City, 1950-63, BLS 41-city average price for frozen raw headless shrimp, 1964 to present. Wholesale--26-30 count Gulf prown siirimp, frozen, raw headless at Chicnryo- Exvessel--Weighted average prices for all species and sizes in Sou th U.S. Department of the Interior Neg. Econ. 338-70(2) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Mr. Whitaker 407

The upward trend in prices for raw shrimp has not been increased 530 per cent from 41.5 million pounds to 220.1 fully reflected in prices of manufactured shrimp products. million pounds, heads-off weight. Domestic landings Between 1960 and 1967, the average price per pound for showed considerable variability but no definite trend until breaded shrimp, f.o.b. plant, increased 35 per cent. During the late 1960s. Stocks approximately doubled but demon- the same period, the average plant price for raw peeled strated a high degree of variability at the same time. shrimp increased 39 per cent. Prices paid for 31-40 count shrimp during 1960-67 increased 70 per cent, and prices Domestic Landings paid for 41-50 count shrimp rose 62 per cent. The price paid for raw shrimp is by far the major cost component in Domestic shrimp landings are presented for 1950-1969 processed shrimp products. This cost has risen almost twice in table 2. For many years, southern shrimp dominated as fast as the price of the finished product. When the U.S. landings. Until 1957, they accounted for 98 to 99 per general increases in all other costs of doing business are cent of the total catch. In the late 1950s, northern shrimp taken into consideration, it is likely that profit margins began to make inroads into the total catch when Pacific have been reduced considerably in recent years since all the Coast (primarily Alaska) landings picked up while southern rising costs have not been passed on in the form of higher landings declined. It was the early 1960s before northern prices for the finished product. shrimp grew to as much as a tenth of the total. By 1966, northern shrimp was 15 per cent of the total catch, and its Other Prices share has increased each year since then — accounting for Shrimp prices have shown much stronger increases than 18 per cent in 1967, 22 per cent in 1968, and 27 per cent the general price level. The consumer price index increased in 1969. Not only have Pacific Coast landings of northern 52 per cent between 1950 and 1969, while wholesale shrimp increased substantially, but also those in New shrimp prices have increased 111 per cent and retail shrimp England (primarily Maine). prices have increased 92 per cent. However, while the general price level of all consumer goods has demonstrated Northern shrimp probably will continue to have an a steady advance, the price level of shrimp has advanced increasing share of total U.S. landings over the next few erratically (figs. 5 and 6). By comparison, during the same years. Most of future increases likely will come from period, meat prices have advanced 39 per cent, while the expanded Alaska production. Southern shrimp landings price of poultry has declined 23 per cent. The all fish price vary greatly from year to year because of changes in the index has shown a 47 per cent gain since 1950. The price annual abundance. The heavy fishing effort in the Southern movements of several other shellfish show considerable States covers all known shrimp producing areas. The fluctuation and little well defined trend. Blue crab and deep-water royal red species and sea bobs (a species of small northern lobster are exceptions. Both demonstrate a very white shrimp) are the resources in the Southern States strong upward trend over the period. which are not fished to their potential. Domestic landings are A tentative conclusion may be drawn from the preceding quite variable. The average landings during observations on per capita consumption of shrimp, relative 1950-69 were 144.7 million pounds, heads- off weight, with price behavior, and price spreads. The rapid growth of a standard deviation of 23.7 million shrimp prices accompanied by increased per capita con- pounds. Landings during the period dropped as low as 91.4 sumption implies strong upward shifts in the demand for million pounds in 1961, and no discernible upward trend shrimp (fig. 7). can be found in the series except for 1967-69. Table 3 contains the numbers of craft and fishermen in AGGREGATE SUPPLIES the South Atlantic and Gulf States as well as measures of Total supplies of shrimp available for consumption in output. Numbers of vessels and boats have increased from the United States increased 276 per cent during the past 20 6730 in 1950 to 9501 in 1966. This increase has been years — 170.6 million pounds, heads-off weight, in 1950 to reasonably steady over the entire period. However, the 471.4 million pounds in 1969 (fig. 8). The most important number of vessels (five gross tons or over) reached a peak of factor in this increase was the rapid rise in imports 4227 in 1959 and, in recent years, has remained stable at beginning in the mid-1950s. From 1954 to 1969, imports about 3800. Tonnage is another measure of fleet size. In

rtt ; ; n zt, M e ; rt 5,9 re 1 !: Cee"›..mcsr..r,,Izn P CS

index * i 1 (1957-59=100)

140 ---

130 **** F , ei 120 L- ••• e • • 4, •• *.• 5 A l! Consumer r Prices *. 110 t • • Meat\ a c.. , ../..... 41 r---- ) . t • • . .C:".7."‘.. ., ••"" , 9 ,,i ...iitt....„."...... -i." _},„....-,--t•-...... „_"3., ifs ,e x.v ..,,,,e›.• t , "',..,- tt ••,,N "".--,,, .2,-es 100 Il CONFERE ""•■\..,-....=....-..... 7,- ..„,-e• ir f. ..."... ry, I ..,,,,/`,,..,.... --,..- ...... .• e / '* A 4

'? i ‘ É 9 90 is- f i \

J • NCE I . ‘% L....9 VL. / ‘ Pau !try ON THE 80 ) ---- e \ c._.nriniz. 70 CA 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 NA DIAN SHRIMP FISHERY

* Retai I Prices

be.■••■••••••■■

Fiaure 5 i •It Th r " n, - Ç A e f J' 0 0 D . f tIM 1I 11 1 AND FOOD AwAy F ROM HOM ) da Index* !II i I II (1957-59=100) i I 160 F-

150 r- î o 140

130 1— oe40 Food away 120 from home ...... * 110 ...... • ."" • .... . Food at 100 ...... • X. • ..... \ home **** * *** ** *********** • [ 90 Shrimp 9 SO

70 „ 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

* R.-ta ! Prices

...••••••■■••••••••■•••■•1 Figure 6

-4=• \ 0 t^ ^^, ^ ÿ F' C) ::.^ ^s •5^.6 ce^ ts^x^d^^'r°^t^'^ D É'^^r-`• Ri•+a a"ï^^âRi E^ ^ ^ CY-a3i^d'^ ^ ^i: .'a^

j 1 DOLLARS 'PER POUND* j 7 1 1 '

5.8 5•\ 6.4 5.35.6 5.9 6.1 \ 6.0

^ 5•0 5.1 5.5.45.5

\ \ \

I ^ ^ I I I I I ! I ! I I I ^ I I I I I I ! ^ .9 1.0 1.i 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

Per capita consumption in pounds hea6s-off weight * VV;^olesale price at Chicago for for 26-30 count, frozen shrimp

^igure 7 •••

SHRUVIP SUPPLiES

MILLION POUNDS* III III Ilia I j ti

400

300 1■11

200 J

100

0 I I I 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

* Heads-off weight

Figure 8 41.