ideen Size
Top and Bottom Wedges
15th
1-3/4" 36th
]IL
Headrope: 34'9" Polydacron Rope 3/8" Diameter Footrope: 35'7" Polyduron Rope 3/8" Diameter Chainrope: Same as Footrope Twine: Nylon Floats: Two 8" Diameter, Four 5" Diameter, Four Gill Net Floats Chain: 3/16" Dlameter 13 Links to 8" of Footrope
Wood: Hard Pine Oak 1" Thick Chain Brackets 3/16" Diameter Galvanized Chain I2-^.. L- 1/2" Door Weigtt Dry: 70 Pounds
18 Linl^ 25 Links Headrope: 66' 18" Footrope: 74' ^ 16 Llnks 23 Links Floats: Twenty-two to twenty-six 8" diameter floats Rollers: 14" diametér rollers on bosom z-1 2" ^- J2-1/2" Mesh Size: 2" stretched mesh wings and bellies 1-7/8" stretched mesh extension and cod end I I II 2-1/2" 2-1/2•,
FIG. 18 Semi-balloon trawl. F I G. 19 Smal I boat trawl. Mr. Bruce 273
BCF GLOUCESTER TRAWL SHRIMP
HEADROPE FOOTROPE Wing 27' Wing 30.5' Wing 27' Wing 30.5' Bosom 14' Bosom 12' Total 68' Total 73'
Mesh Size Top --4— tvedge Bottom T Selvedge 14' T 14' I 1 2' 21th
2' 21th +
36th
280bd Top and Bottom Twine: Polyethylene throughout except for nylon cod end Wings Floats: Twenty-four 8-inch diameter floats evenly spaced Rollers: 14-inch diameter bosom rollers, 9-inch diameter i wing rouera
FIG. 20 4-seam trawl. 274 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
FIG. 21 Shrimp pot designed in Maine showing entrance slot on top, cement ballast, bait string and bridles,
pounds of shrimp were landed in two months. Along with production. Thoughts about increasing production are the above-mentioned lobsterman, two other small boat presently under consideration that would use larger vessels fishermen from Maine have been working with pots made with refrigeration equipment, graders, cookers and packaging from designs used in Alaska. The future of pots in the hard or boxing equipment. These larger vessels will make untrawlable bottom along the coast and possibly in the extended trips and work on shrimp beds not presently offshore waters denied to trawlers is no farther away than fished by the fleet in addition to presently worked grounds. the coming season. Reports of activities along the coast This was briefly attempted in Gloucester this year but was gearing up for shrimp pot fishing are numerous. State abandoned due to technical difficulties. It is reasonable to extension service work with pots is underway in Maine. assume that the activity will be undertaken again. Feelings are high that another viable shrimp catching method will soon be employed. Another area under consideration is the use of trawl nets that will separate most of the finfish and "trash" from the SHRIMP HARVESTING TRENDS shrimp. The BCF Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research Base in Gloucester is scheduling trials this fall with two As people in this industry contemplate its future they types of trawls that, hopefully, will result in the introduction seem hopeful that it will continue at its currently yearly of commercially viable trawls that will perform this function. 275
Vessels Used in the Japanese Shrimp Fishery
by Seitaro Kojima, Fishing Vessel Division, Fisheries Agency of Japan, Tokyo
Mr. Kojirna (Paper presented by Mira Chigusa)
Mr. Kojima was born in Japan in 1921. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1943, on completion of a course in naval architecture in the university's Technological Department. He was engaged in wooden fishing vessel design and construction at the Mitsui Wooden Vessel Construction Company, Limited, from 1945 to 1948, and was a lecturer on fishing vessels at the Tokyo Fisheries College from 1957 to 1960. He has lectured on the same subject at Tokyo University since 1967.
Mr. Kojima has been a technical official of the Fisheries Agency of the Japanese Govemment since 1949, and chief of the Agency's Fishing Boat Section since 1961. He has been a member of the LM. CO. Meeting of Specialists on Stability of Fishing Vessels since 1963.
He attended the First Research Vessel Forum of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, held in Tokyo in 1961; the FAO Fishing Vessel Stability Meeting in Gdansk, Poland, in 1963; and the FAO Third World Fishing Boat Congress in C,oteborg, Sweden, in 1965.
Mr. Chigusa, who is at present living in Newfoundland, entered Rikkyo University in 1956, specializing in English American Literature. He graduated in April 1960, when he entered the employment of the Taito Seiko Company, Limited, in Tokyo. He was appointed to the foreign export division of the company, dealing with all kinds of fishing gear, fishing equipment, marine equipment, fishing boats and fishing plants.
Mr. Chigusa was a member of a Market Research Mission which was concerned with fishing gear and equipment used on the West Coast of Africa during 1964. He was appointed to the Foreign Export Division for the east coast of Canada from 1967 until September 1970, when he joined the Canadian Branch of the Taito Seiko Company in St. John's, Newfoundland, as sales manager.
ABSTRACT RÉSUMÉ
The Japanese shrimp fleet includes small craft for the La flotte de crevettiers japonais comprend de petits inshore fishery for high seas fishing near the home islands, bateaux pour la pêche côtière, des chalutiers pour la pêche and vessels operated in far distant waters in co-operation hauturière près des fles du Japon et enfin des bateaux de with foreign enterprises. Described here are a pair trawler, grande pêche exploités de concert avec des entreprises such as is used in the Yellow Sea and the Gulf of Pechili, étrangères. Dans certains cas, les Japonais utiliseront deux a small double-rigger, a small pair boat dragger, a bottom chalutiers pour traîner un seul engin ou encore un seul gill-netter, a basket trap boat, and a large double-rigger. chalutier pour traîner deux engins. L'auteur donne les 276 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY caractéristiques de ces bateaux ainsi que de ceux qui It is a stern trawler with a ramp, equipped with a servent pour la pêche de la crevette au filet maillant de controllable pitch propeller and tows at a speed of 2-1/2- fond et pour la pêche aux casiers. 3-1/2 knots on fishing grounds which are 40-100 meters in depth. Otterboards are not used and the opening of the net VESSELS USED IN THE JAPANESE SHRIMP FISHERY mouth is 20 meters, measured inboard with a Net-Sonde. The time spent for one drag is about 70-120 minutes, and To describe a fishing vessel, it is necessary to explain the net is shot 8-11 times during a 24 hour period, operating fishery in which she is engaged. The Japanese shrimp continuously. fishery is composed of an indigenous shore fishery with small craft and a high seas trawling fishery near the Japanese The fish hold is insulated with two tiers of foamed Islands, as well as vessels operated in far distant waters in styrofoam, each 50 mm thick, and waterproof veneer co-operation with foreign enterprises. board, 19 mm thick. Shrimp is stored in the fish hold with crushed ice and chilled by a supplementary refrigerator of Shrimp has been prized by the Japanese people as a 2-1/2 R.T., (5 horsepower compressor). The shrimp can be valuable sea food from ancient times, so much so that its kept fresh for seven days after being hauled on-board. domestic production cannot meet their demands and a vast amount of shrimp has been imported; for instance, 48,886 When an operating voyage runs over seven days, the metric tons of shrimp were imported in 1969. chilled shrimp is shifted to a carrier vessel on the fishing grounds. Ten fish carriers of about 100 gross tons each are Several typical shrimp vessels can be described as at hand for every seven sets of pair trawlers. follows: Some of these trawlers are equipped with air-blast 1. Pair-trawler in the Yellow Sea and the Gulf of Peehili freezing apparatus of 7-10 R.T. capacity, with which one Taisho-prawn (Penaeus orientes) and Uchiwa-prawn ton of shrimp is frozen per day, and the merits of these (lbacus cliiatus) are caught by pair-trawlers in the Yellow freezers are highly appreciated. Sea and the Gulf of Pechili (both lying between the Japanese Islands and the Chinese mainland) during the Trawl winches are usually driven hydraulically. winter season, from November to March, and the annual product in 1968 was 2792 metric tons. 2. Small Double-rigger These pair shrimp trawlers are of the larger type Among catches by small inshore trawlers operating off category among the licensed pair-trawlers of 15 gross tons the southwest coast of Japan, Kuruma-prawn (Peraus and over. Their number was about 150 in 1970. They are japonicus), Kuma-prawn (Penaeus semisukatus) and Tora- engaged in other fish trawling operations when the shrimp prawn (metapenaeopgis acclivis) are found in the months season is over. from September to May and their total catch in 1968 was 21,843 metric tons. These small trawlers are under five A typical one has the following specifications: gross tons each. There are 14,230 of them.
It has 191.24 gross tons and the registered length (the One typical vessel has a registered length of 10.30 length on upper deck from foreside of stem to rudder stock meters, the breadth being 2.35 meters and the depth to centre) is 32.20 meters; breadth, 6.80 meters; and depth to deck 1.06 meters. The construction material is almost all upper deck, 3.35 meters. It is constructed of steel and wood. F.R.P. is not popular because of its expense and its manned by a crew of 12, and can operate on the fishing displacement when trawling; and ferro-cement does not ground 470 nautical miles from home base, a trip requiring appear to be acceptable for these small trawlers in Japan, as 1-1/2 to 2 days. Its cruising speed is 10 to 11-1/2 knots, with it is difficult to break down the strong prejudices and a 630 b.h.p. diesel engine. The length of warp, one side, is ignorance of the people concerned. 1,100 meters, the net mouth being 50 meters wide, the cod-end length 10 meters, and its mesh is 58-60 mm, wing The five-gross-ton small trawler engages in daily operation net mesh 62-72 mm. three nautical miles offshore with a two-man crew. Mr. Kojima 277
It is an out-rigger trawler, with two wooden booms which are 1.50 meters high and 1,000 meters long, the mesh athwart the vessel, 4.5 meters each in length, and through being seven cm. These nets are set about one nautical mile each outer end of which a set of trawl gear is led with rope off the coast. (18 mm 0 manilla rope or 17 mm 0 synthetic fibre rope or 8 mm 0 steel wire rope) of 135 meters (for 23 meters' A small vessel of five gross tons or under, with a crew of depth), or 180 meters (for 30 meters' depth). This trawl one or two men is engaged in this gill-net fishery. net is weighted by three pieces of stone weighing 37 kg altogether, and its mesh is 25 mm. Catches are carried alive in a water tank onboard the vessel. The vessel runs at the speed of about two knots pulling the trawl nets. The net is hauled at a speed of about 25 5. Basket Trap meters/minute with the warping drum driven by the main On the northern coast of the Japan Sea, a basket trap engine. The pulling force of the net is about 400 kg. shrimp fishery is operated for Hokkai-prawn (Pandalus borealis),Toyama-prawn (Pandalus hypsinotus), Hokkai-red- Some of the captured shrimp are kept alive in water prawn (Pandalus borealis) and Botan-prawn (Pandalus tanks onboard, and the others are stored in crushed ice. nipponeneis) during the winter season. About 2000 metric tons are landed annually. 3. Small Pair-boat Drag-netter
The Gulf of Suruga-wan near Mount Fuji in the middle The basket is composed of steel bars and synthetic part of Japan is famous as the only location of Sakura- fibre net, and looks something like a barrel, with a height prawn (Sergetes lucens). Pair-boat type small draggers are of 0.3 meters and diameters of 0.50 meters at the top and engaged in this fishery, and the annual product in 1968 was 0.8 meters at bottom. Vessels used for this basket trap 7659 metric tons in raw form. fishery are varied in size, from five to 95 gross tons.
The vessels, numbering 120 in 1969, are under five gross A 95-ton class vessel, of which there are 78, carry tons each and are operated during the period from October 700-1,000 baskets onboard. It has a crew of 12, operates to June. 250 nautical miles offshore in the winter season, and hauls baskets from a bottom 150 meters deep. Catches are stored The vessel is of wooden construction, and its registered in crushed ice. It is a multipurpose vessel and is also length is 11.00 meters, the breadth being 2.82 meters and engaged in other fisheries, such as salmon-driftnetting in depth 0.79 meters. It is manned by an eight-man crew and the summer season. operated daily one nautical mile offshore, where the depth of the sea is 20-30 meters. A smaller type vessel of 15 gross tons, carrying 400-500 baskets and manned by three men, operates 15 nautical The net is composed of two long wings and a cod-end, so miles offshore. Catches are stored in crushed ice. There are it looks like a pair of trousers. The length of each warp is now 234 of these smaller type vessels. 150 meters, and the warp is hauled by a warping drum driven from the main engine. 6. Double Rigger of Large Type Several Japanese fishing companies are operating shrimp The catch is taken ashore raw and then dried in the fisheries in Australia, Indonesia, Brazil, sunlight. Tanzania, etc., in co-operation with fishing enterprises of respective countries. 4. Bottom gill-netter For the shrimp fishery, 63 American-make shrimp All along the coasts of Japan, from October to April, double-riggers were imported from 1965 to 1969. A typical spiny lobster (Panulirus japonicus, 1627 metric tons caught vessel of this type is made of steel, with a registered length in 1968), Karuma-prawn (Peraus japonicus, 399 metric tons of 20 meters, six meters in breadth and 3.17 meters in caught in 1968) and other miscellaneous shrimps (763 depth. It is manned by four men, powered with a 240 b.h.p. metric tons in 1968) are caught with bottom gill-nets diesel engine, and equipped with brine-freezing apparatus. 278 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
Moreover, for this shrimp fishery, 14 steel side-trawlers of a trawl winch capacity of 0.7 tons x 60 meter/minute. It the 90-ton class were converted into the double-rigger type, is equipped with a contact freezer of 11 R.T. by ammonia and nine new double-riggers were built in Japan from 1965 refrigerant. The main hull of the vessel is of sandwich-type to 1969. construction of 5,870 gr/m2 F.R.P. outer layer, and the core material is foamed vinyl-chloride with a 4400 gr/m2 Two newly built vessels of this type can be described as inner layer. It conforms with Lloyds F.R.P. rules. F.R.P. follows: The second vessel is a steel double-rigger of 99.50 gross The first is of F.R.P. construction, a double rigger, tons, length overall of 24.20 meters, breadth 6.00 meters, 50.84 gross tons, 16.48 meters in length, 5.00 meters in depth 2.65 meters and draft 2.10 meters. It carries a 9-man breadth, and 2.30 meters in depth. It has an eight-man crew and has a cruising speed of 11 knots. The engine is a crew and a cruising speed of 8-1/2 knots. It has a Caterpillar Caterpillar 365 b.h.p. diesel and C.P.P., and the vessel is 220 b.h.p. diesel engine, a controllable pitch propeller, and equipped with a contact freezer of 1 ton/day capacity. 279
Design of a Multi-Purpose Fishing Vessel Suitable for the Shrimp Fishery
by Captain John K.W. Dres, Fisheries Technologist, Canadian Vickers Llinited, Montreal, P.Q.
Captain Dres
Captain Dres, master fisherman and fisheries technologist, is in charge of the Fisheries Division of Canadian Vickers Limited of Montreal. This new service has designs and specifications available for all- weather fishing vessels in steel, wood, aluminum or fibreglass. Formerly with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Captain Dres played a major role in designing the Canadian Vickers Limited multi-purpose universal fishing vessel and fishing systems.
He has been actively associated with the fishing and the fish processing industry for more than 25 years in North and South America, joining the US. commercial fishing fleet in Alaska after World War IL In California he participated in the development of tuna freezing, and spent 15 years in Latin America as fleet and plant manager for U.S. fishing interests. He planned, built and installed processing plants for tuna and shrimp, located new fishing grounds and streamlined and updated fleet maintenance and fleet operation. He was also fisheries adviser to the Government of El Salvador. With FAO in Mexico he pioneered the fishing of shrimp with large vessels — 500 PH. and up.
ABSTRACT utilisation de la force motrice, capacité de la cale à poissons et espace de travail; et qui pourrait servir à la pêche de la Research has indicated that the fishing industry should crevette, au chalutage de fond, à la pêche à la seine à poche, consider the advantages of multi-purpose vessels in the à la pêche de la boette pour le thon, et ce, n'importe où. future. This paper describes efforts directed to the creation Il pourrait naviguer par tous les temps et l'équipage jouirait of a vessel which has optimum versatility, horsepower de plus grand confort. Il serait fabriqué en grande série et utilization, fish hold capacity and processing space, and son coût, de même que les frais d'exploitation, permet- capable of worldwide shrimping, bottom trawling, purse traient de faire face à la concurrence. seining, and bait fishing for tuna. It would have all-weather suitability and optimum crew comfort. It could be mass THE DESIGN OF "CANADIAN VICKERS produced and would be competitive in price and operating SUPER SHR IMPER" co st . Introduction RÉSUMÉ Research done to date on the various classes of vessels in La recherche a montré que l'industrie de la pêche devra use, the assessment of the advantages and disadvantages by à l'avenir étudier les avantages des bateaux polyvalents. La class, etc., cost and profit return, suggests strongly the présente communication décrit les efforts de création d'un necessity for the industry to consider the use of multi- bateau qui soit optimal aux points de vue polyvalence, purpose vessels in the future. 280 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
The subject of this conference is shrimp fishing but it 9. easily mass-produced not only in Canada but all over should be recognized that shrimp come and go, market the world in steel, in wood, in fibreglas; conditions, etc., do change. Experience gained throughout 10. competitive in price and operating cost. many Latin American countries, Central America, Europe and U.S.A. prove beyond a doubt that we should not, as PRINCIPAL PARTICULARS the saying goes, put all our eggs in one basket and that the needs of the industry can best be served by having more Multi-purpose: Trawler - Purse Seiner versatile vessels. A prime example is the conventional Gulf Midwater Trawler shrimper. Probably no one vessel has been more widely Shrimper - Freezer - Processor copied. As a shrimper she performed extremely well, Herring Processor. whenever and wherever shrimp were plentiful but, like the Length Overall: 106' - 6" Model T, does not meet today's requirements. Although a Breadth: 28' - 0" good low cost shrimper, she will never make a good purse Depth: 14' - 0" seiner or bottom trawler. Draft: IV- 6" Fishhold Capacity: 10,800 cubic feet To satisfy the needs of the industry today, our design Industrial Fish Capacity: Approx. 260 tons efforts were directed to the creation of a vessel having Processing Shelter Deck: 6500 cubic feet. optimum versatility, optimum H.P. utilization, ample fish- hold capacity and processing space, etc., and capable of ENGINE POWER doing the following: 1. shrimping worldwide with one, two or three nets and One Main Engine: 750 H.P. processing its catch in ample space with enough range 6:1 reduction gear twin disk. to stay out 60 days and over; Propeller 300 R.P.M. 84"/60" pitch. 2. bottom trawling with the same facility and ease and One 385 H.P. auxiliary engine. with less crew than required on a modern stern trawler; Total Fuel Capacities = 41,500 U.S. gallons plus 20 tons in Chill Tanks. 3. purse seining for herring, sardines and tuna;
4. bait fishing for tuna; SHRIMPING WORLDWIDE WITH ONE, TWO OR 5. midwater trawling; THREE NETS 6. large enough payload capacity to go after tuna and/or Known shrimp grounds in the Mexican Gulf, the industrial fish; Caribbean, off Honduras, the Guayanas, Brazil and the Bay 7. all weather suitability; of Fundy have maximum depths of 40 fathoms. Personal 8. optimum crew comfort; practical experience in those shrimp grounds has taught us Captain Dres 281 that we need 2.7 H.P. for every foot of headrope providing, cause the outriggers to spread so that they are both at of course, you don't waste H.P. with faulty trawl doors. 900 angles. Warps of both nets are let out. When the two Our vessel with 750 H.P. will handle 3:85 headrope nets in outside nets are fishing, the third net is set in the shrimp grounds up to 40 fathoms — in deeper water, following way. Doors are pulled up to the trawl blocks; the requiring more H.P., one can use two 100 ft. headrope nets sack is thrown over stem railing, followed by rest of net. or two 85 ft. nets. In extreme depths such as the When the net is trailing, doors are lowered to fishing depth. Mozambique Channel where Spanish and Portuguese trawlers are reportedly fishing for shrimp at depths of 150 All three trawl warps are wound in simultaneously. to 200 fathoms, one net is used under those conditions. When doors have reached the trawl blocks, the capstan winch is activated, bringing the two outriggers close to the In order to give the shrimp fisherman the flexibility to bow where they are held in brackets. The starboard out- fish with one, two or three nets with minimum effort and rigger, being connected with the stern trawl boom, has optimum H.P. utilisation, we did not incorporate the positioned same at 90 0 angle. With a Kelly eye and trigger conventional double rig system. Neither did we utilise the device, the same cable powered by the capstan continues stern trawler or side trawler method when employing one pulling the stem boom from a 900 angle until it reaches a net. Even the regular trawl winch was substituted by a forward position almost parallel with starboard outrigger. newly designed winch concept, consisting of the power This operation makes the cod ends come close to the stem drum attached to the outriggers and the spooling drums so that they can be fastened to the sweeplines of cod end placed on deck. hauling winches, hoisted on deck and spilled into a mobile fish pond.
DECK ARRANGEMENT. RIGGING AND DECK The fish pond is based on a tubular frame, which sits in MACHINERY ON BOARD OF THE 106 FT. a track, half tube. This prevents it from sliding sideways, SUPER SHRIMPER but enables it to move up towards the shelter deck. It is emptied into sorting space by lifting it up with cod end The two outriggers and stern boom are 45 ft. in length winches. and suspended from the Sampson posts by fixed stays. The forward hydraulic capstan moves outriggers towards the Setting the nets again is a simple matter, consisting of bow. When booms are in this position during the net throwing all three cod ends overboard, speeding up until hauling procedure, they are locked into brackets, one on they are trailing. A slight turn to starboard will cause the either side of the forecastle, and one bracket fastened to the the stem boom to move away from bow. When she is at a starboard outrigger prevents the two of them from 900 angle and going towards stem, she pulls the starboard colliding. When not fishing, both outriggers are in their outrigger. When the latter is moving towards 900 angle, a brackets and the stern boom is secured on after deck. We slight turn on the wheel towards port will cause spreading of have three hydraulic cod end 'Winches mounted on the cross port outrigger. trace of a fish crane, so that cod ends can be hoisted on board simultaneously. All winch equipment is operated When all three fishing booms are in position and secured, from control console located in pilot house. the three nets are lowered. This can be done simultaneously or, depending upon choice, first the two outside nets, then the centre net or vice-versa. FISHING WITH THREE NETS
Nets are on the aft deck, each connected to its trawl SHRIMPING WITH TWO NETS doors. The two outriggers are in forward position. Doors of two outside nets are lifted overboard in the same way as on According to depths or bottom conditions or personal board conventional double rig shrimp trawlers. Cable preference, one can eliminate a center net, depending on the winches pull the doors up to trawl blocks. The two nets go available H.P. We can use two nets of 85 ft. headrope or overboard. The trailing of the nets when vessel is underway, two larger nets. The operation is essentially the same as and a slight turn on the wheel to the left and right will triple net fishing. CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY 282
SAFETY stern boom. The cable spools for the above booms are used to accommodate the cable. The combined line pull is now Could outriggers of 45 ft. length cause a vessel to well over 30,000 lb continuous. Line speed 90 to 170 feet capsize when the gear is caught on bottom? This question per minute, same as in other operations. To set and recover has been asked by many, especially by those not acquainted the net is similar to the one net, cable bridle system on the with shrimp fishing. More than 15 years ago when shrimp stern boom, except that the cable on the port side of the trawlers adopted the double rig, many expressed the same tee has to be disconnected and secured on the stern boom fears. Their fears were unfounded. The safety of the double itself before it can be moved freely up forward. This type rig has been demonstrated well over the years. However, of rigging will be used when conditions require extreme further precautionary measures were taken as follows: high line pull. The one net shrimp trawl method has the advantage that only cod end is taken on board as is the case we have a band-brake device which allows the warp to 1. in all our shrimp trawling methods. slip when more than the usual pull is applied, caused by an underwater obstacle; 2. if the gear is caught on the bottom, both outriggers are COMPARISON OF CAPACITIES BETWEEN brought up forward and rested in their brackets. In this MULTI-PURPOSE VESSEL AND A way, attempts to free the gear can be done in the same MODERN CANADIAN STERN TRAWLER safe manner as heaving the anchor; 3. freeing the gear on a shrimper equipped with the con- It might be unfair to make a comparison with this ventional double rig is more hazardous in so far that a modern vessel as she was designed for stern trawling only. crew member has to scale an outrigger to disconnect the This, at present, puts her at a disadvantage, due to the fact trawl block so that it can be moved up forward and that purse-seining and other types of fishing, bringing in fastened to bow. The above description explains why our greater returns, cannot be done as efficiently with this rigging has no scaling ladders. All rigging or adjustments type of vessel. are done safely inboard. Although she is much larger in length and beam, her wet SHRIMPING WITH ONE NET, TWO CABLES fish hold and processing space are much smaller. Construc- tion costs are double that of the multi-purpose vessel and so To convert to one-net, two-cable system, a revolving tee will be the maintenance and operating costs. is attached to the end of the stern trawl boom, on which C.V. vessel is twice that are mounted the two trawl blocks. The powerdrum of the The range of the multi-purpose port outrigger is utilized in addition to the existing one on of the present stern trawler. Captain Dres 283
CONVERSION METHOD OF SIDE TRAWLER have been stuck with a shrimp fleet and no shrimp, while INTO THREE NET SHRIMP TRAWLER they could not go after other species available and in high demand because the single purpose shrimper could not We have dealt so far mainly with the shrimp fishing economically fish for them, lacking winch and propulsion systems innovated and designed for our 106 ft. super power, capacity and range. shrimper. It is worth mentioning how well this multi-rig shrimp trawling method can be applied to existing vessels of Our boat has no stern ramp in the true sense; cost of proper size and H.P. For example, we recently engineered construction would have gone up together with additional the conversion of a 133 ft. Portuguese tuna bait boat into a length, pricing it out of today's market. To give the fisher- super shrimper purse semer. As Canada still has many side man an all around fishing craft at a price he can afford, we trawlers which have to compete for crew with the stern have two things to make bottom trawling up-to-date on trawlers, we consider it important at this shrimp conference board of a relatively small vessel: to reveal our conversion method. 1. the attachable ramp and Beavertail combination;
SHRIMPING WITH CONVERTED SIDE TRAWLER 2. the swinging tee-boom, which, literally speaking, parks the net alongside of the boat, making the cod end come The equipment consists of two outriggers,and one stern closely to stern to be hauled over ramp. boom, all three 45 ft. in length and suspended with fixed stays from the installed Sampson posts. The outriggers and ATTACHABLE RAMP stem booms are brought forward in the same way and manner as on board of our C.V.I. super shrimper. As illustrated, this is of tubular construction. Its base on stag and rudder stand is functional in so far as it prevents By the manipulation of boom and outriggers, the cod the gear getting in the propeller or hanging up on rudder. ends are close to the stem where, with a graphook, their During inspection and repairs of propeller and rudder, it lazy lines can be retrieved. Then cod ends are tied to can be detached. sweeplines of hydraulic cod end winches, mounted on the gantry. Three fiarleads, two on starboard, one on port, BOTTOM TRAWLING WITH VIGNERON-DAHL guide those sweeplines to that point where they can be WITH TEE-BOOM AND AUXILIARY BOOM hoisted simultaneously with a lateral pull on board of the forward deck of side trawlers. As in shrimping with one net and two cables, the swinging tee-boom function is to "park" the net alongside ARRANGEMENT OF DECK GEAR so that cod end becomes accessible to be brought on board ON BOARD OF SIDE TRAWLER with the aid of a fish crane or cod end hauling winch. The rest of this operation is basically the same as on stem For the two outside nets, the original trawl winch was trawlers except that we don't use gallows. used, which is more than adequate in line pull and in cable capacity. For the third net fishing from the stem, we The trawl winches used are the ones of the port utilise a Canadian Vickers designed hydraulic winch of the outrigger and power drum attached to the stem trawl boom power drum cable spool concept. When fishing, the stern and their cable spools. The trawl boom has been fitted out net boom is kept in one position with boom support. All with a swivelling tee device to which the two trawl blocks booms are moved into forward position, when hauling in, are attached. The two winches supply a combined line pull stern boom support "kneels down" hydraulically and thus of over 30,000 lb with a line recovery speed of 125 ft. per frees itself to go up forward. minute.
BOTTOM TRAWLING WITH THE C.V.I. Our fishtail doors (patent applied for) malce warp and cable one entity. A bronze stopper secured on cable can The value of a fishing craft depends on its eaming shorten or lengthen cable if so desired, by moving the power. This, in turn, in many cases depends on its stopper and securing it. A bushing, which can be opened versatility. Shrimp bonanzas come and go. Some countries and closed, rides the cable. The brackets of door are welded 284 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY to the bracket-bushing. The stopper is secured back of Puretic powerblock, the Italians in Monterey and San Pedro, bracket-bushing. The fishtail slot keeps the cable in place by California used the same method, but pulling the seine on the angle of attack and the counterpull of net. Doors act board by hand. the same as conventional doors. Setting the net: the purse-cable is on the port cable Retrieving the net is as follows: when doors break spool; for pursing, we use the two powerdrums of the water, the bracket-bushings trigger devices are pulled, outriggers; the two outriggers are secured in their resting causing the stoppers to pass through the bushings and, position; to lift the rings on stern deck, we utilize the whilst cables continue to be pulled, both doors are sliding combined hoisting power of the cod end winches based on towards the wings of net where they are stopped by other the fishkrane; the powerblock is also attached to the bridles. As in shrimping, they will hit both trawl blocks. fishkrane. After the port cable is disconnected and the pennant close to trawl block is secured on the tee-boom, the tee-boom is When fish is accumulated in the sack, it is either pumped moved up towards the bow by capstan winch with the aid out as is common practice with herring, sardines and other of an auxiliary boom which is kept during fishing operation industrial fish or, when it is tuna, broiled out with an at a 900 angle. When the auxiliary boom is secured in its Alaskan broiler. The skiff does not need to be high stand up forward, the tee-boom then is at a 90° angle. The powered to counteract the force. The vessel can be Kelly eye-like trigger device releases and the capstan cable controlled with its own power, especially when the propeller continues to pull until the tee-boom is in forward position. and rudder are enclosed by Beavertail. The cod end is now accessible close to stern to be fastened and to be hoisted on board by fishkrane if not too BAIT FISHING FOR TUNA heavy. If the weight is excessive for the fish crane, it can be pulled on board over the attachable ramp of vessel using An ample G.M., a squat, full-rounded stem, relatively the same operational procedure as practised on stem low freeboard on aft deck, good capacity and range, all trawlers. combine to make the C.V.I. an ideal tuna bait boat. Seasonal bait fishing for tuna with medium size craft south of the border is gaining in popularity, especially Setting the net is done in the following manner: when for fishing craft with relatively small capacity. the cod end is emptied and secured, it goes over the side. The entire net trails alongside the starboard side of vessel. MIDINATER TRAWLING WITH THE C.V.I. The forward motion of the craft and some rudder to AND ATTACHABLE COD END HARBOUR starboard will help the tee-boom to spread to a 90° angle, from this angle to the stern where she is positioned and Only the very big processors, Japanese and Russian, are secured. The auxiliary boom will remain at a 90° angle. able to handle a heavy cod end of 40 to 100 tons. The entire net is trailing behind the stern. The cable is let out until the stopper, trigger device lets the stopper pass Processors are large vessels of 300 ft. with heavy duty and the doors go overboard. hoisting devices. Hauling a 12 ft. diameter cod end over the ramp on deck presents no problem to them. Smaller boats, PURSE-SEINING FOR HERRING, when engaged in midwater trawling, are forced to pump the SARDINES AND TUNA VVITH THE C.V.I. cod end out and, while pumping at an approximate rate of one ton per minute, actual fishing comes to a stop. In our Having a good deck space back aft, good winching and proposed patented system, we dock the cod end into the hoisting equipment, industrial fish capacity of approx. 260 spiller of this harbour and continue fishing while pumping tons, the C.V.I. will malce a good purse-seiner. Most purse- it into the tanks on board the vessel. seiners purse and broil from the side and I don't consider it necessary to comment on this. What will be worthwhile is to LONG RANGE, AMPLE PROCESSING ROOM, explain how our vessel is readily converted into a purse- OPTIMUM CREW COMFORT, OPTIMUM SAFETY seiner. Personal experience has proved the advantages of pursing and broiling from the stern. There is actually The versatility to fish for one species with the same nothing new about this. Long before the invention of the vessel and basic equipment applying different methods Captain Dres 285
according to requirements, is important. But what is also today's requirements. We consider the "Metal-Keel-Kore" a important, especially for the shrimp industry now more step in the right direction, improving the structure with less than ever, is to go where it pays, which may be far away. bulk. The basic principle is that the metal keel, skeg and U.S. shrimp freezers and processors are at present making stem are laminated with wood. Metal-keel-kore is extended trips of more than 90 days. upward with smaller gauge plates to form the center of the bottom fuel tanks. Fuel capacity in our design calls for more than 40,000 gallons. Processing on board today's long-range shrimper- processors is made difficult by lack of space. Our processing Frames are connected to metal mass. This eliminates a space is made ample not by lengthening the vessel, but by bulky wooden keelson and gives the vessel bottom fuel applying space utilization in the vertical way. The crew tanks before the boat is framed and planked. This method quarters and bridge are on top of the shelter deck, making was developed for Latin America, where the expansion and available needed processing room at low cost. This layout contraction of materials is no problem, but is considered and the fact that the engine room is astern makes for feasible elsewhere. optimum crew comfort.
The sheltered, fully enclosed, watertight processing and In the past year our people have spent considerable time sorting area of 750 square feet can accommodate all the investigating the viability of fibreglas construction for processing machinery and packing tables. fishing craft. We have enjoyed complete cooperation from Fibreglas of Canada and from our parent company, Below decks our boat, equipped as a shrimp-processor, especially for engineering data and tank testing facilities. can store more than 100 tons of frozen shrimp, has room for two chill tanks with a combined capacity of 20 tons, and the service alley can accommodate the conveyor of the Also, a considerable amount of time was spent visiting sorting machine. U.S. boat yards producing fibreglas shrimp trawlers, to gather additional data and to view the different techniques EASY TO MASS PRODUCE NOT ONLY IN CANADA and methods applied. BUT ALL OVER THE WORLD, IN STEEL, WOOD AND FIBREGLAS I talked to many fishermen who have been fishing with A multi-purpose fishing craft like ours, to become a fibreglas trawlers. All of them that I interviewed were more popular fishing platform in many parts of the world as we than satisfied with their fibreglas boats, but many were of expect, should be mass produced to offset the high design the opinion that design should be updated. Our fibreglas and development costs. In the western world where labour version is what the fishermen need and want at a price they and other costs are high, we have much more reason to go can afford to pay. into the development of mass produced standard fishing craft than elsewhere. CONCLUSION THE "METAL-KEEL-KORE" METHOD FOR THE WOOD CONSTRUCTED C.V.I. Our efforts and those of many other government and commercial organizations are contributing to one common There is nothing the matter with wood as a boat building goal: to change the art of fishing into a science for a better material, but building methods have not kept up with tomorrow. SS FCC/ NET
45 FOOT OUTINGGFJI PS S 0® SS FOOT STEMS wale ® OUTRIGGER b AMIGNOR CAPSTAN
MOON NOUNTED POWER DMUS 8® SPOOLING REEL 0
TRAWL SLOCX 0 COD ENO WRICK
OLSON SLOG% 9®
COO ES
SMILE FISK FOND FISK GANTRY ®00 SUPERSHRIMPER mime 3- 85 FOOT NETS
FIG OUTRIGGERS IN FWD POSITION NETS ALCNGSIDE CANADIAN VICKERS
MULTI - PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL
FISHING SYSTEM
WITH
3-85 FOOT NETS FIS CATCH ON BOARD W/ HOUSE
ACCOMMODATION
...- r.750 CU F7 FORE Or.Ae lir PROCE/S SI5 .PIG ANDNU FT DSORTING REEZERA PEAK SPACE We A A
STEERING STORE GEAR OIL ENGINE FISH HOLD14OLD ..... FUEL ROM e 10000 CU FT
OIL FUEL
OIL FUEL OIL FUEL 4
CANADIAN VICKERS
MULTI - PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL
TOTAL MN ?CAD PROCESSING. & WORK SPACE
16,750 CU. FT.
ACCOMMODATION CA PAC iTy co M PARISON
CANADIAN VICKERS FORE FISH NOLD ST 0 RE •EAK MULTI - PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL ENGINE ROOM APPROK 4,000 CU FT \ \ \ AND CONVENTIONAL SHRIMPER CO NVE NTI ONA L SHRIMPER
TOTAL CUBIC CAPACITY 4.000 CAL Ft LENGTH CANADIAN VICKERS BREADTH MULTI-PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL DEPTH DRAFT CAPACITIES FISH HOLD 10,000 CU.FT. MAIN ENGINE B.H.P. 750+ 250 BOOSTER H.P. PROCESSING SPACE 5,000 CU_FT. FUEL CAP. 125TONSt FREEZER ROOM 1,750 CLL F7. COMPARISON CHART
LENGTH 143-0' CANADIAN VICKERS BREADTH 3s -O` MULTI-PURPOSE FISHfNG VESSEL MODERN STERN TRAWLER DEPTH
CAPACITIES DRAFT ll-ô AND FISH HOLD 8,000 CU FT_ MAIN ENGINE BAP. 1230 PROCESSING SPACE 3,000 CU FT. MODERN STERN TRAWLER FUEL CAP 135 TONS
113 FT HEADROOM NET TRAWL DOORS @C)
S • FOOT OUTRIGGERS TRAWL WINCH @O LEAD »LOGS FISISKWAWE Oe
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MULTI - RIG TRAWLING SYSTEM.
PROFILE CONVERSION of SIDE TRAWLER TO MULTI-RIG TRAWLING SYSTEM. Fr. oVESSEL FOHNG
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CANADIAN VICKERS
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CANADIAN VICKERS
MULTI-PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL
AS MUGS AM LEAD UNE LIFTED ON BOARD BY Fleet« PURSE SEINER NET PURSED, FISH BROUGHT ON BOARD 111714 NJ61CAN ORAL INTO MORE MN POND AND TRANSPORTED 10 FISMAY.1)
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I • SORTING AREA 1, 500 CU. FT i Li
PROCESSING AREA 5,000 Cti FT
FREEZER ROOlvt 1, 750 W. FT CANADIAN VICKERS
MULTI-PURPOSE FISHING VESSEL
CHILLING TANKS 1,800 CU. FT AS
PROCESSOR
REFRIG HOLDING ROOM z000 CU. FT 295
A Study of Canadian Shrimp Boat Requirements
by Cdr. H.A. Shenker, R.C.N. (Ret.). Chief, Vessels and Engineering Division, Industrial Development Branch, Fisheries Service Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Ottawa. Cdr. Shenker
Cdr. Shenker is responsible for programs designed to increase the efficiency of Canada's commercial fishing fleet through wide application of mechanization and automation. This involves fisheries engineering development, including new concepts in fishing vessel design and equipment, improved methods of powering vessels, use of new construction materials and electronic fish-finding and navigation gear, all directed to achieving better working conditions for crews and increased productivity.
Born in Hamilton, Ont., Cdr. Shenker served as a bomber pilot with the R.C.A.F, during the World War II, receiving the Distinguished Flying Cross. Following graduation from the University of Toronto and Massachusetts Institute of Technology with bachelor of science and naval engineering degrees, he joined the Royal Canadian Navy and served in various capacities relating to the design and construction of naval vessels.
In 1957 he was appointed Deputy Manager, Constructive Department, HMC Dockyard, Halifax, moving to Ottawa the following year to become Project Leader on the design of naval vessels. In 1959 he was appointed Manager Constructive Department, HMC Dockyard, Esquimalt. He returned to Ottawa in 1963 as Assistant Director, Ship Design and Construction (Contract Design). In 1967 he became Senior Staff Officer, Engineering, on the Canadian Embassy staff in Washington, D. C. He assumed his present post in July 1969. He was General Secretary of the Conference on Automation and Mechanization in the Fishing Industry, held in Montreal in February 1970.
Cdr. Shenker is a member of the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects.
ABSTRACT l'auteur insiste sur l'importance de faire une analyse fonctionnelle de tout le système de pêche auquel les A description is presented of the vessels currently bateaux sont destinés. Quelques-uns des éléments de base utilized for shrimp fishing in Canada. Stress is given to the indispensables dans un crevetier sont étudiés en termes desirability of carrying out a functional analysis of the total généraux. fishing system for which the vessels are intended. Some of the basic requirements for a shrimp vessel are discussed in INTRODUCTION broad terms. Shrimp fishing in Canada is largely carried on as a RÉSUMÉ seasonal or between seasons fishing operation by vessels Tout en donnant une description des bateaux actuel- designed primarily for other types of fishing. This seldom lement utilisés dans la pêche de la crevette au Canada, provides an optimized vessel for shrimping. 296 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
Shrimping has been carried on for many years on the cliaracteristics of vessels used in shrimping on the east coast Pacific Coast while it is a comparatively new fishery on the are listed in Table II. Atlantic. Figure 1 shows the shrimp catch over the period 1965 to 1969. The Pacific catch has been fairly constant at Operational Scenario about 1.8 million pounds while the Atlantic catch has risen role of fishing for to a high of 2.5 million pounds. As a comparison, the In designing a vessel, with the prime areas to be annual U.S. production is of the order of 200 million shrimp on the east coast, the principal pounds. considered are the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay of Fundy, and those areas off the coast of Nova Scotia where shrimp The potential of the industry makes it mandatory, for are known to exist in commercial quantities. those involved, to take a close look at the requirements and to provide vessels with shrimping as their primary mode of As on the Pacific coast, it is unlikely that these Atlantic operation. Coast vessels will be able to fish for shrimp the year round, so consideration must be given to providing an alternative mode of operation based on other species during the remainder of the year. The season in the Gulf of St. Lawrence begins after the ice leaves in the spring and VESSELS PRESENTLY IN USE extends to the late fall when the weather becomes too severe and icing conditions again prevail. Shrimp vessels Pacific Coast designed for this service should have the capability to fish The important areas where shrimp are caught on the economically for other species should shrimp not be west coast are shown in figure 2. The operating conditions available. can be quite different in these widely spaced areas. Bay of Fundy vessels can be somewhat smaller due to Almost without exception, the shrimp vessels in service the more sheltered areas in which they will be fishing and on the west coast of Canada have as their primary role also to conform to the current regulatory requirements. either gillnetting or trolling. They are converted for the shrimp season. Normally, these vessels are of wooden Weather Conditions construction, between 30 ft. and 45 ft. in length and use Average state of sea in all directions is shown in figure either a beam trawl or an otter trawl, depending upon the 12, taken from the Oceanographic Atlas of the North power in the vessel and the owner's preference. Some west Atlantic Ocean. As a contrast the conditions prevailing in coast shrimpers are shown in figures 3 to 5. the Gulf of Mexico are also shown.
Atlantic Coast In the Gulf of St. Lawrence the percentage of time when Figure 6 indicates the major areas where shrimp are the average wave heights are less than eight feet is very high available on the Atlantic coast. Presently the Gulf of St. for the months of May to August inclusive and only slightly Lawrence is the most productive area but as with other less for the remainder of the fishing season. fisheries, this may change. During the winter months conditions are much more Here again, the vessels have been converted from their severe off the southern tip of Nova Scotia but even here the primary role, generally small side draggers. The Bay of average wave heights are less than eight feet for over 75% of Fundy vessels range in size up to 65' in length, while in the the time. Gulf of St. Lawrence they are slightly larger, ranging up to 75' or longer. This difference in size can be attributed to Figure 13 provides a detailed breakdown of the average the availability of suitable vessels and possibly to the more wave heights for the Gulf of St. Lawrence area. As an severe weather conditions which the Gulf fishermen example for July, it is calm 9 per cent of the time; wave encounter during the shrimp season. Typical Bay of Fundy heights less than 3 feet, 69 per cent of the time, etc. The shrimpers are shown in figures 7 to 9 and some Gulf of St. average wave heights should be below 8 feet for 99 per cent Lawrence vessels in figures 10 and 11. Some basic of the month.
Upp tis a u in .
CANADIAN SHRIMP LANDINGS
WEIGHT AND DOLLAR VALUE
1965 19 66 1967 19 68 1969 PROVINCE ,00 o ,opo ,000 ,000 ,00 o ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 LBS. e LBS. $ LBS. $ LBS. # LBs. e
NEWFOUNDLAND 6 1
NOVA SCOTIA 7 1 37 7 10 3
NEW BRUNSWICK 650 84 1538 196 1844 430
QUEBEC 29 10 229 46 599 112 663 96 660 106
* BRITISH coLumBIA 1755 281 1682 300 1696 332 1568 320 2119 529
FIG. 1 *Includes Prawns 298 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
QUEEN
CHARLOTTE LEGEND
ISLANDS
LARGE TROLLERS ARE RIGGING UP TO FISH HERE. I.D.S. MONEY FOUND THIS SHRIMP IN THE 1950's.
Fig. 2. MOST IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL FISHING AREAS WEST COAST SHRIMP VESSEL "HENRY BAY n _
ARRIVING IN COMOX FROM FISHING VIEW OF GILLNET DRUM WHICH SERVES GROUNDS. NOTE: NEW HOUSE BEING BUILT AS A WINCH TO REEL IN THE TOW LINE ON VESSEL DURING STORMY DAYS DOES OF THE BEAM TRAWL . NOT STOP FISHING IN GOOD WEATHER.
BEAM TRAWL IN STOWED POSITION WEST COAST SHRIMP VESSEL "LADY JANE"
STERN VIEW. NOTE SHRIMP SORTING STOWED DOOR AND CABLE DRUM TABLE OVER THE TRAWL DRUM.
BERTHED AT COMOX GILLNET DRUM USED TO BRING IN TRAWL Cdr. Shenker 301
FIG. 5 B.C. Shrimp Fishery, converted gillnetter fishing shrimp. St. PIERRE MIQUELON
MAGDALEN Is.
LEGEND
KNOWN STOCKS
MAINE tein WINTER FISHERY GRAND MANAN Is.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF SHRIMP ATLANTIC COAST Fig. 6. Cdr. Shenker 303
FIG. 7 Typical Bay of Fundy shrimp vessels. CONFE RENC E
ON THE
CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
FIG. 8 Shrimp fishing — Bay of Fundy.
305
FIG. 9 Cooking on board - Bay of Fundy. DOF1011IY a r%iSALIC 1vS
FIG. 10 72'-0" L.O.A. shrimp vessel at Caraquet, N.B. Cdr. Shenker 307
FIG. 11 65'-0" shrimp vessel at Caraquet, N.B. I00
99 - 98 97 I 96 L.- il 95 94 93 92 91 TIME 90 -
OF L. 89
r-----
"Yo 88
E i 87 AT
T 86 85 LEGEND A S E
S 84 - GULF OF MEXICO _. 1 83 -•- SOUTHERN TIP OF NOVA SCOTIA ir 82 - GULF OF St. LAWRENCE - - -- 81 80 79 78 77 L._._. 76 75 1_ JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT N OV DEC
MONTH
Fig. ( 12 AVERAGE STATE OF SEA ALL DIRECTIONS) PERCENTAGE TIME WAVE HEIGHT 8ft. OR LESS 90
80
70
,, 60 OF i.
ii 50
40
30
20
10
LEGEND Fig. 13. AVERAGE SEA STATE ( ALL DIRECTIONS) 3 .FEET •11MMI MM. = GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE 11»1111M CALM P.-rP BUM 3 - 5 FEET 1 1 1=. FOR SEAS NOT EXCEEDING 8 FEET ILL = 5 - 8 FEET 310 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
PROPOSED VESSEL REQUIREMENTS Obviously, compromises will have to be made to obtain a reasonable efficiency for these varied operations and a premium in first cost will have to be paid for a multi-species General Statements vessel. One cannot stress too emphatically the requirement to carry out a functional analysis of the total operation to be Grounds undertaken. This should provide the potential owner with Exploratory work and commercial fishing have con- options from which he can select the vessel which will firmed that shrimp are available in commercial quantities in provide an economically viable proposition. the Gulf and the Bay of Fundy. Some of the grounds exploited are shown in figure 6. Some approximate To this end, the Department of Fisheries and Forestry distances to these grounds are provided in table 1. has issued a contract to the Nova Scotia Research Foundation to develop a simulation model for the evaluation of a trawler design. This was reported on by T.B. Mechani- Nickerson at the Conference on Automation and TABLE 1 zation in the Fishing Industry in February 1970. Similar Distance to Grounds in Nautical Miles studies have and are being carried out by other organi- zations such as the U.K. White Fish Authority and the U.S. Port aux Choix Anticosti (N.E.) Anticosti (W) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. We would hope to extend this to include other types of vessels in the near future. Canquet 320 190 170 North Sydney 270 220 320 Analyses produced by this simulation model and other analytical processes, together with experience and model Matane 400 250 90 trials, will determine such parameters as size of vessel, hull She lburne Shrimp Grou nds characteristics, hold capacity and propulsive power. Other features of the vessel system such as fishing gear, electronic Black's Harbour 175 suit, type of deck machinery, etc., must be selected by Halifax 80 experience and then subjected to an economic analysis to ensure the most cost effective sub-systems.
For detailed economic studies the life cycle costs of the Exploratory work indicates that a vessel should be vessel should be compared for the different options, as first cost may show advantages in one instance but when capable of shrimping in depths up to 200 fathoms, and this through costs are totalled, a higher first-cost vessel may be depth should be adequate for groundfishing or midwater the less expensive over its operational life. trawling. However, these other roles will require that vessel have a greater range than that needed for shrimping. The main propulsion system and winches must be designed for the condition which imposes the greatest load Hold on the machinery. A seakindly hull should be provided, It goes without saying that the volume of the hold is a capable of working safely in fairly high sea states. The function of the vessel size. The functional analysis may electronic suit should provide for communications, navi- show that the size of the vessel is determined to a large gation and fish fmding where applicable. extent by the prevailing weather conditions in the opera- tional areas. An automatic weighting would be used in the A vessel having shrimping in the Gulf of St. Lawrence as analysis taking into account the landed unit value and its primary role will be considered at this time. Economic period of fishing for each species. considerations make it mandatory for a higher utilization of the vessel than the shrimping season in the Gulf affords. Insulating materials and techniques, lining materials, Possible other uses are groundfishing or midwater trawling refrigeration requirements and handling methods should be for herring for human consumption. given careful consideration in the design of the fish hold. Cdr. Shenker 311
TABLE II Vessels used in shrimping - East Coast
Side Dragger Item McInnis & Chapelle 45 ft. Class McInnis Reid McInnis
Length 64' - 3" 48 58' - 0" 64' - 11'/^ " 86' - 6'/^ Beam 17'- 4" 15'- 4" 18'- 0" 18'- 11" 20'-11'/< 91- 8" Depth 6'- 2" 8'- 9'h " 9'- 4'h" 11'- 8" Draft 8'- 4" 4' 8'-0" 8'- 0" 9' - 1'/= Hull Material Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Horsepower 240-300 150 365 365 Endurance 7 days 2 days 7 days 8 days 12 days Gear Yankee 35 Yankee Yankee Yankee 41 Yankee 41 3/4- 35 35 Winch Horsepower 50 - 75 30 - 40 80 HP 100 HP 200 HP Winch Type Mechanical Hydraulic & Mechanical Hydraulic Mechanical Mechanical Hold Capacity 1300 1640 C.F. 2650 C.F. 4200 C.F. Refrigeration Mech. & Ice. Ice Ice Ice Ice Crew Accommodation Frw'd. below Frw'd. below Frw'd. below Frw'd. below Frw'd. below deck deck deck deck deck Crew Size 5 3 4 5 7
Insulation Refrigeration The insulating material should provide a low K factor The design of the refrigeration system depends on a (conductivity coefficient), high resistance to water vapor number of factors such as catch rate, size of vessel, distance transmission and water absorption, suitable physical from processing plant, extent of processing and the species properties and resistance to flame. Polyurethane foamed in involved. place insulation provides the properties noted above and acceptable methods of application have been developed. Maintenance of good quality shrimp can be achieved by utilizing boxes with ice. This method can also be utilized A suitable thickness of insulation should extend over the for holding herring for human consumption as well as frames. groundfish although it tends to be labour intensive.
Lining Cooked whole shrimp for fresh consumption and for The lining material should be resistant to corrosion and freezing whole must be held in a refrigerated area and must wear, watertight, (leakproof if refrigerated sea water is not come in direct contact with water or ice. used), have suitable physical properties and be generally suitable for the storage of fish for human consumption. Refrigerated sea water can be utilized for holding herring and groundfish for human food but further work is If refrigerated sea water is utilized, the design should required to determine maximum storage time under various conform to C.S.I. requirements. conditions. 312 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
Refrigerated sea water has the advantage of being labour As speed increases the hydrodynamic resistance becomes saving and does not depend on human factors to the same the dominant factor that controls the towing speed. extent as icing; it also provides for faster chilling of the product to an optimum temperature below 32 F and the Determination of the type of gear to be used must take maintenance of that temperature. One disadvantage of a into consideration the different types of operation to be refrigerated sea water system is that it may not provide for undertaken. If the vessel was to be employed solely in long term storage of certain species, because of the salt shrimping the double rig now so widely used in the Gulf of uptake into the fish. Adequate sanitation procedures must Mexico and the Gulf of Alaska would be a probable choice, also be carried out to ensure that the entire system, but ground fishing and midwater trawling are also intended. including the tank surfaces, is kept clean. An over-the-stern arrangement with a single trawl offers Unloading Techniques advantages in each of these types of fishing and would make it possible for one basic deck arrangement to serve all Unloading and storage of shrimp iced in boxes should three purposes. not present any problem, but the unloading of herring and groundfish may present some difficulty at the plant The main trawl winch and a net drum winch have been depending on the available facilities. Boxing will probably demonstrated to provide efficient gear handling on this size also result in a lower utilization of hold space especially for of vessel. In addition to these an adequate lift for the cod groundfish, compared to icing in pens or refrigerated sea end must be provided, and a conventional boom arrange- water. ment or a hydraulic crane will meet this requirement.
Herring held in refrigerated sea water can be pumped out Unpublished data made available by the Pascagoula of the tanks depending on the condition of the herring. Station of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries show Groundfish held in refrigerated sea water could be pumped that a 71' shrimp net (trawl) towed at three knots has a line water out of the tanks by utilizing an air-lift system or the tension which varies from 4200 to 4800 lb. Standard out of the tanks and the fish discharged could be pumped shrimp doors 10' x 40" were used in this trial. by means of an air-flo system which has generally shown to be an effective and satisfactory method of discharging Data from the Technical Research Department of the groundfish from vessel holds to the plant with a minimum Netherlands Fisheries Directorate shows that towing loads labour force. of 5,500 lb are reached at 3 knots with a beam trawl having an 8.5 metre opening, and a ground rope length of 22 Deck Machinery metres. This type of gear is used to trawl for flat fish and is At usual trawling speeds a major part of the vessel's fitted with a 660 kilogram tickler chain. The net has a developed power is used in overcoming the hydrodynamic larger mesh than that of a shrimp trawl. resistance and the bottom resistance of the net and its gear. The bottom resistance is the frictional resistance of the Fisheries Research Board Technical Report #125 by doors, net, warps and other gear being dragged on the Carrothers, Foulkes, Connors, and Walker provides data bottom and it is not significantly affected by over-the- recorded in trials of some gear commonly used in Canadian ground speed in the towing range. groundfishing.
It is affected, however, by the type of bottom, and a Atlantic Western III and Granton trawls are too large to hard bottom such as well compacted coarse sand offers be considered as fishing gear for use with these vessels when little resistance compared with that of the much softer fine not engaged in shrimping. If it is designed to use a large muds. The heavy trawl gear tends to dig into a soft bottom shrimp trawl and is provided with reasonable margins for and a marked increase in the drag occurs. The gear may withstanding higher warp loads and handling bigger gear, alternately dig in and pull free, causing cyclic fluctuations the vessel can also be used for groundfishing with a of considerable magnitude in the bottom drag. In contrast, modified Yankee 41 or Atlantic Western trawl of com- the hydrodynamic resistance of the gear is continuous and parable resistance. The Operations Division of the Industrial increases with the square of gear speed through the water. Development Branch of the Canadian Department of Cdr. Shenker 313
Fisheries and Forestry has indicated that the design of upon it. The advantages of such a system lie firstly in the matched sets of gear for these purposes would pose no small size of engine that becomes possible, and then in the major problem. somewhat smaller hydraulic system which becomes neces- sary. Also, in an approach such as this, it is natural to With these working assumptions and the data referred to include other auxiliaries in the system which would not above, used as a guide it is reasonable to assume a tow rope normally be considered hydraulic auxiliaries: bilge pumps, pull of 5,000 to 6,000 lb for our design. Winch loads can be conveyor drives, and air compressors for example. held to a minimum if the vessel reduces engine power when in-hauling commences. If the speed of the gear through the The smaller and lighter diesel main engine uses less fuel water is increased by say 1 or 14/2 knots above the trawling than a bigger engine at the lower end of its power range. It speed the winch loads should not increase immoderately. A takes up less space. It is cheaper, and because of its reduced main winch speed of 300 ft./min. at the mean drum layer size and weight it allows a greater pay load of fish. Very will give a reasonable time for in-haul — approximately 12 often the larger engine tempts skippers to expend dis- minutes if 600 fathoms of warp are out — which is proportionate amounts of fuel in getting to and from fishing adequate for the contemplated operation. The main warp grounds at marginally increased speed. There need not load should not increase more than 45 or 50% above the necessarily be an increase in cost to install an integrated steady state trawling condition. The size and power of the power and hydraulic system instead of the usual arrange- main trawl winch can therefore be kept relatively close to ments and the benefit in reduced operating cost should be the maximum requirement for shrimping. well worth any initial effort expended in design.
Hydraulic power is proved and dependable and an accepted technology in our fishing fleets, and the extension Auxiliary Power of its application as suggested here should meet with When a number of auxiliary power requirements exist general approval. which have quite different operational profiles there is an opportunity to install a power system which will meet the aggregate operational profile and drive a perfectly satis- factory complete system yet will not have the power to Crew meet simultaneously all the demands that could be placed To ensure good productivity with a small crew a upon it. thorough work study of the operation should be under- taken during the early stage of the design with the object of For example, in the situation just outlined there is no providing mechanization and automation where feasible. need to be able to drive the vessel at full trawling speed and at the same time recover the trawl at design inhaul speed. With a suitably equipped and arranged working deck, The total power requirement is for considerably less than three men can easily operate a vessel when shrimping if a this. Other demands for auxiliary power such as from minimum of onboard processing is done. For groundfishing topping lift, net drum, wave trap, and so on can also be or midwater trawling around the clock, seven men should accommodated by an integrated power system designed to be sufficient manning under normal fishing. A satisfactory provide the total power the system might need at any one mechanical gutting facility would have to be fitted during time. the groundfish operation and removed when other operations are undertaken. In the vessel under consideration a hydraulic system could perhaps most economically provide the advantages of The accommodation must be given special attention. Two an integrated system. Hydraulic pumps driven by a power- double and two single cabins should be provided with the take-off from the main engine couM provide all the second single having a spare berth. Heads, shower, wash- required hydraulic fluid for any condition. The engine and place, galley, dining area, and berthing should be situated in controllable pitch propeller could be governed together so the forecastle section with an exception of the captain's that thrust and engine power would remain at desired levels accommodation. This should be placed on the same level as while auxiliary machinery would meet all demands placed the bridge. 314 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
The habitability areas should be designed and fitted out the bridge, no reverse gears are required and a longer engine for ease of maintenance and provide the maximum in life should be obtained. creature comforts. The fitting of a nozzle or shroud around the propeller With such a small crew an efficient shoreside main- will increase the overall efficiency. Tests by the U.K. White tenance program is mandatory. Fish Authority have shown gains in the order of twenty percent in tow rope pull can be obtained with no measurable loss in free-running speed. This results in additional fuel savings. Propulsion The most expensive single item in a fishing vessel, Lips of Drunen, The Netherlands, through their excluding the hull, is the main propulsion machinery. For Canadian representative Ampower, Montreal provided vessels requiring an installed power in excess of say 250 propeller data which are included as appendbt 3. With an horsepower there is no real alternative to selecting a diesel available horsepower of 510, a tow rope pull of approxi- engine. The cost of fuel to operate the diesel will be from mately 13,200 pounds at 2.5 knots and 11,700 pounds at one third to one half less than that for the gasoline engine, 4.75 knots can be obtained with the selected propeller. and this will quickly overcome any first cost advantage the gasoline engine may have. Vessels requiring much less than Calculations also indicate that with 380 horsepower, a 250 HP, or that are used relatively little, may present tow rope pull of approximately 9,500 pounds at 2.5 knots economic reasons for having gasoline engines but the fire and 8,800 pounds at 4.75 knots can be obtained. The hazard that is always present with gasoline in a boat should calculations do not include a nozzle on the propeller. The prompt careful consideration of the diesel's distinct smaller engine will easily handle a seventy-one foot, Gulf of advantage from the point of view of safety. The long term Mexico shrimp net. economics of the diesel are unchallengeable unless a very limited use of the boat is made. An analysis of through If a nozzle was fitted, with a resulting increase in tow costs, appendix 2, illustrates this point. rope pull, the vessel could tow a Yankee 41 or trawl with a comparable resistance at approximately four knots under An attempt must be made to design a machinery plant as average conditions. an operating system upon which various demands for power are made. These demands will include: the two propulsion modes, trawling and free-running; the powering of the trawl Hull winches, net drum, topping lift, and so on; and the If the hull is designed to allow fishing in a sea with operation of shaft driven and main engine driven auxiliaries average waves of 8' or less, a considerable fishing effort such as electric generator, and bilge pump. There is every would be obtained. There should be enough freeboard to chance that a smaller engine than that which might have produce adequate reserve of buoyancy and an appreciable been selected can be chosen instead and this will result in angle of roll before deck-edge immersion. A properly flared an immediate saving in first costs. Maintenance costs are forecastle type vessel would provide adequate freeboard for- also likely to be less because the smaller engine will be run ward and maintain drier decks. A proper flare will move the at a higher proportion of its rated power and will not be green water aside and generate a minimum of spray and ice subjected to the same degree of overheating at low power accumulation due to spray. This arrangement would operation. provide shelter for the crew while keeping the working platform close to the water line. For a fishing vessel with a requirement to tow large loads at low speeds and to have a reasonable free-running speed, a Of prime importance is the motion of the vessel under controllable pitch propeller would seem the obvious choice. adverse weather conditions. The amplitudes, velocities and The propeller efficiency can be maintained at a high level in accelerations should be small enough so as not to restrict or the two major modes of operation which realizes a endanger personnel while fishing. Fine ends tend to lower considerable saving in fuel over the life of the vessel. Other the resistance and provide better motion in pitching but advantages are the captain can have a positive control from also result in a loss in water plane area. Cdr. Shenker 315
Tomes have been written on the basic hull parameters. Conclusions As the total problem is so complex usually only one aspect The theme of this paper has been leading towards a of the hull has been investigated at a time, such as multi-species vessel but there are other suitable fishing resistance, stability, etc. This leads to situations where it is systems that should be considered as possible alternatives. desirable to have a large coefficient or dimension from one A maximum return on investment should be the ultimate standpoint and the opposite for some other condition, and aim of the endeavour, but whether a large or small system a compromise must be made. is developed is dependent upon the available money to invest. In the first instance, critical coefficients and dimensions such as the half angle of entrance, longitudinal prismatic, As the sustainable yield of shrimp on the eastern block, position of L.C.B., length to beam ratio etc., must be seaboard is not known, it may be prudent to provide a derived as a result of the initial analysis and experience. vessel which, while suitable for shrimping, can be used for Computer aided ship design allows much greater scope for fishing other species in the event of a decline of the former. investigations than in the former days of tedious and Based on the small catches of shrimp to date, it is clear that lengthy calculations. to be an economically sound proposition, a multi-species vessel would require a much larger hold capacity than that When sufficient design work has been completed to required for use when shrimping. This factor may preclude indicate a probable solution, model trials should be carried using the vessel in its primary role except when large out to confirm the theoretical derivation of the vessel catches are probable. parameters. These trials should include seakeeping in various wave configurations. A second approach would be to provide a vessel solely for shrimp. This should be a low cost day boat used only This may sound like an expensive proposition but the during the season in the Gulf and other inshore areas. Due cost is minimal when compared to the total building costs to the small load requirement, consideration should be of a vessel. This approach becomes attractive even for the given to the use of a catamaran. This concept could be an smaller vessels if some standardization can be accepted. It is economically viable proposition from the owner's stand- mandatory that the owner be specific in his operational point, but might pose a problem for employees during the requirements at the outset of the design. lay-up period. If the vessel is jointly owned the problem would be lessened. For ease of construction and hopefully lower costs, a single or double chine hull should be used if the hull A third alternative, involving a significant capital outlay, material selected is steel or aluminum. An aliminum hull would be a total system comprised of a number of small would have a higher first cost and require highly skilled day boats and a mobile self contained processor. Such a fabricators in the shipbuilding plant. All of the desirable processing unit containing sleeping and messing facilities for seakeeping characteristics could be obtained in a hard chine the catcher crews and the key processing personnel could vessel. move to locations where shrimp are abundant. With this type of fleet the probability of maintaining a year-round If fiberglass reinforced plastic, wood or ferro-cement is operation in shrimp would be favourable. selected for the hull material, a hard chine will not influence the building costs. F.R.P. has the highest first cost with wood and ferro-cement following in that order. The Which of the alternative courses of action is to be taken cost of an F.R.P. hull is lowered when the cost of the mold depends largely on the availability of capital funds, but the can be amortized over a number of vessels. Hull main- selected system should undergo a thorough functional tenance for F.R.P. and ferro-cement should be considerably analysis to determine its feasibility. less than for wood. Now is the time for our industry, the fishing industry, to Dependent on the resultant length of the vessel either a take advantage of the best analytical techniques which have stern ramp or roller should be fitted for ease of gear been developed and which have been used successfully in handling. other highly competitive industries. Failure to use all 316 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY available techniques to optimize vessel systems will result in 6. Dr. J. Scharfe, the industry withering away as competition from other German 1 Boat — Midwater Trawling (developments countries increases. Industry cannot afford to over- since 1959 to the beginning of 1968). capitalize in these days of changing technology, and fishermen, owners, consultants and governments must move 7. T.B. Nickerson, P.Eng., together to ensure that technological advances are all used Systems Analysis in the Design and Operation of to produce fishing systems of ever improved efficiency. Fishing Systems Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.
8. N.M. Kerr, Ph.D., C.Eng., M.I. Mech.E. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mechanization of Gear Handling and Fish Working on Board, My colleagues in the Department of Fisheries and East Yorkshire, England. been most helpful by their inputs and Forestry have Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970. constructive criticism during the preparation of this paper; in particular, I would mention Messrs. D.P. Nash, W.D. 9. Stanley Potter, Gerrit J. van Dissel, William Buote and and W.E. Snaith. To the many people in McDougall Caleb Warner industry and government who have aided me by their Canadian Experience Spawns Advanced New England discussions, I give thanks. I wish to express my gratitude to Stern Trawler, her patience during this exercise, and to Mrs. Somerville for Boston, Mass. for his final editing. Mr. J. Kinloch Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970
10. D.J. Doust, M.Sc., Dr. Tech., C.Eng., and J. Logan, BIBLIOGRAPHY C.Eng. Recent Designs of Semi-automated Fishing Vessels 1. J.S. MacPhail, Alastair MacDonald Montreal, P.Q. Shrimp Explorations 1965, Nova Scotia Department of Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970. Fisheries. 11. Cyrus Hamlin 2. Robert Murray Design Study: An Optimum Fishing Vessel for Georges Shrimp Explorations and Processing Trials 1965-67, Bank Groundfish Fishery Nova Scotia Department of Fisheries. Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970.
3. Francis J. Captiva 12. J.S.M. Harrison Modern U.S. Shrimp Vessels Design, Construction, Refrigeration on Board Fishing Vessels, Aluminum Current Trends and Future Development, Cold-Wall Hold — University of Washington Publications in Fisheries, Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 15 — July, 1970. New Series, Vol. IV 1968.
4. P.H. Chaplin and J.F. Foster 13. W.A. MacCallum Performance of a Propeller Nozzle Fitted to M.T. Holds, Storages, Facilities and Equipment for Handling Ardenlea Iced and Frozen Fish on Canadian Trawlers, First International Tug Conference, Canadian Atlantic Offshore Fishing Vessel Conference, Teddington, England. — October 1969. Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 7., October 1966.
5. H.J. Squires 14. J.A. Marsters Shrimp Survey in the Newfoundland fishing area 1957 Steel Stern Trawlers, and 1958, Canadian Atlantic Offshore Fishing Vessel Conference, Fisheries Research Bulletin 129. Canadian Fisheries Reports No. 7., October 1966. Cdr. Shenker 317
15. P.M. Jangaard "The efficiency of gas turbines can be significantly Suggestions for Handling Shrimp Caught Off the improved by reclaiming heat normally lost in the Atlantic Coast of Canada exhaust gases, but the technical problems associated Fisheries Research Board of Canada — New Series with this heat recovery have not been fully overcome Circular No. 33. and satisfactory systems are not yet available. It is expected, however, that early improvements will be 16. A.J. Beardsley and W.L. High achieved through advanced compressor design. Development of Sorting Trawls for Use in the Pacific Northwest Shrimp Fishery — (Unpublished) "For marine systems, this exhaust heat is easily Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Seattle, Washington. recoverable to perform useful work through the use of waste-heat boikrs. Thus the advent of regenerative 17. E.J. de Boer, engines will not represent as great an advance in the Beam Trawling, marine application as in others, such as vehicular Technical Research Department of the Fisheries propulsion. Directorate, Netherlands. "In reviewing comparable engine plants in the 400 to 18. P.J.G. Carrothers, T.J. Foulkes, M.P. Connors, A.G. 600 horsepower range, comparisons are made between a Walker, four cycle diesel and a simple cycle gas turbine, both of Data on the Engineering Performance of Canadian East North American manufacture and using diesel fuel. Coast, Groundfish Otter Trawls, F.R.B. Technical Report No. 125. "The most obvious difference is to be found in their weights. These are tabulated as follows. Each requires an 19. White Fish Authority, added 1200 lbs. or so, for reverse/reduction gearing. Research and Development Bulletin No. 36, "Efficient Propulsion" 4 Stroke Diesel Gas Turbine Basic Engine Weight APPENDIX 1 C/W Controls 8600 lbs 450 lbs. Heat Exchanger + Sea Water Gas Turbine Propulsion Pump 700 Not Required It is essential that we keep in mind the possibilities Contained Sea & Coolant Water 600 Not Required presented by the continually developing gas turbine technology. The increase in use of gas turbines in the Contained Lube Oil in Engine, Cooler and Header 800 70 marine field is such that their total installed power in Water Tanks, Air Tanks and vessels of all types had reached 6 million horsepower in Contained Water Not Required 200 1969. A brief prepared recently by United Aircraft of Canada Lirnited for the Department of Fisheries and Electric Starter Included 50 Forestry reviewed the principle of the gas turbine and TOTAL 10,700 770 lbs assessed the advantages of its use in smaller vessels in the light of the latest technical developments. This brief included the following comment. "This difference should not be considered in isola- tion. Total system weight, that is engine weight plus fuel "In split shaft or "free turbine" engines, the com- weight, is the weight factor which must be considered of pressor and its driving turbine operate at high speeds prime importance. over the entire load range while the separate power turbine has a variable speed to suit the load. Very high "A second advantage of gas turbines is their small size. torques can be generated at low output speeds. Virtually Again, considering typical North American engines in all the gas turbine engines offered as marine propulsion the 400 — 600 horsepower range, at least one marine gas units are of this "free" or power turbine type. turbine will generate 39.0 hp/cu.ft. of engine whereas 318 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
the two cycle diesel figure is 2.6 hp/cu.ft. and the four imagination further, such a unit (no more than 20 inches cycle is 2.2 hp/cu.ft. Where gas turbines are positioned in diameter) could be vertically mounted in a pillar low in a vessel much of this space advantage is absorbed forming the base of a mast, or where a mast is not by air inlet and exhaust ducting. For example, where needed a structure about seven feet high which is the these ducts muct pass through two decks, the gas turbine engine, intake and exhaust and all in the size of the output is reduced to about 5 hp/cu.ft. In smaller craft, conventional funnel which it replaces." the space advantage is usually a function of length, the gas turbine plant being about 4 feet shorter than the The advantages outlined above are important and as equivalent diesel plant. stated earlier are such that developments in this technology must be watched closely. For the time being the gas turbine "The figures given above show that the 500 h.p. gas does not appear to be an economically acceptable turbine plant has a weight advantage over four cycle alternative to modern medium and high speed diesels for diesels of about 10,000 lbs. or five tons. Against this conventional fishing vessels. The specific fuel consumption must be applied the higher gas turbine specific fuel of .7 lb/hp./hr given above is achieved at the gas turbine's consumption. Representative full power sfc is 0.70 full power. At half power this consumption rises to lb./hp for the gas turbine and 0.42 for the diesel, and the apprœdmately 1.4 lb/hp/hr, which is more than three times saving in total weight will contract with range. Using the consumption of the diesel engine. In other words, the these values, the gas turbine consumes about 145 lb/hr fuel consumption of the gas turbine varies from 1.6 times of fuel more than the diesel and the weight advantage is that of the diesel at full power to 3.3 times that of the overtaken after about 3 days. diesel at half power. When this is considered in conjunction with a first cost approaching a figure twice that for a diesel "There are other inherent advantages in the gas of comparable power it must be concluded that the gas turbine which are briefly as follows. Turbines are free of turbine is not at the present time an economic alternative torsional oscillations which will permit lower safety to the diesel engine in this type of application. margins in design criteria for driven machinery. They provide assured easy starting even at very low temper- APPENDIX 2 ature and provide full power almost instantaneously without warm-up. Contrary to the general impression, THROUGH COSTS, ETC. they are, at worst, no more noisy than diesels and in some cases a great deal quieter. Coupled with this, the DIESEL VS. GASOLINE ENGINES low vibration level should result in longer life and more reliable operation of ship mounted electrical and I. Fuel Costs for 125 to 150 HP Engines electronic gear. Of less importance in the open ocean, The price of fuel varies from place to place, from dealer but still of general benefit, gas turbines emit a far lower to dealer, and from customer to customer. It seems concentration of air pollutants, particularly sulphur probable, however, that a reasonable presentation of dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. comparative costs can be based on diesel fuel at 20 cents/gallon, gasoline at 25 cents/gallon, and gasoline also "Perhaps the extreme light weight of this now proven at 30 cents/gallon. marine power should be harnessed with greater imagination by designers. For example, consider a DIESEL GASOLINE GASOLINE fishing vessel driven by gas turbine electric machinery. A FUEL A sealed DC motor is coupled without gearing directly to the propeller shaft. The engine and generator might be s.f.c. = .42 lb. .50 lb. .50 lb. mounted athwartships under the chart table in the pilot BHP x hr. BHP x hr. BHP x hr. house. Weighing very little the engine/generator plant is s.g. = 8.541b. 7.5 lb. 7.5 lb. ideally placed to reduce ducting requirements, is readily gal. gal. gal. accessible for inspection and does not materially effect the metacentric height. With no engine room, the whole cost = 20 cents 25 cents 30 cents hull is available for profitable use. Or, to stretch the gal. gal. gal. Cdr. Shenker 319
Diesel Running Cost = .'. Life = 5,000 hrs. .421b gal. x 20 cents = .985 cents 2,000 hrs./year = 2.5 years BHP x hr. x 8.541b. gal. BHP x hr. Gasoline A Running Cost = These figures are estimates and include allowance for .51b. gal. x 25 cents = 1.667 cents conditions which obtain generally in the industry in the size of vessel under consideration. BHP x hr. x 7.5 1b. gal. BHP x hr. Gasoline B Running Cost = .5 lb. gal. x 30 cents = 2.000 cents V. Maintenance Costs BHP x hr. x 7.5 lb. ga1. BHP x hr. Maintenance costs for the diesel will be very low most of the time and should be confined to renewal of starting battery, change of lubricating oil filter, maintenance of raw Therefore, cost of fuel for gasoline power is as much as water pump and replacement of corrosion pieces in raw twice that for diesel power. water system. Top overhauls including decoking and grinding in of valves may be necessary every two years. On II. Initial Cost the whole, however, an average of $100.00 per year should cover these maintenance costs. The gasoline engine will Consider engines in the 125 - 150 HP range. require all the maintenance required by the diesel, and the top overhauls will be more frequent, perhaps once each Diesel engine year. In addition to this, there is the matter of maintenance A conservatively rated diesel engine that delivers 125 of the ignition system which requires regular attention if BHP at 2600 r.p.m. costs $3,830.00 when fitted with heat the engine is to be kept running near its best efficiency. exchanger cooling and all necessary ancilliary equipment. Also, the fuel system and carburetor require attention and adjustment which is without a parallel in the diesel engine. Gasoline engine However, much of this engine maintenance can be done by A conservatively rated gasoline engine that delivers 130 the owner himself and it does not result in additional BHP at 3600 r.p.m. costs $1,535.00 when similarly fitted. expense. It is therefore likely that average annual main- tenance costs will be no more than 50% higher than those for the diesel, say $150.00. III. Engine Weight For the engines referred to in Section II above. Diesel engine weight - 15001bs. VI. Through Costs for 5 Years Gasoline engine weight - 765 lbs.
a) Diesel engine @ 125 BHP IV. Engine Life For the engines referred to in Section II above. Diesel engine life = 10,000 hours Year Item Cost Present Value Rate of use = 2,000 hours @ 9% year
Life = 10,000 hours 0 Engine Cost $3,830 $3,830 2,000 hours/year = 5.years. 1-5 Fuel Cost 2,460/year 9,600 Gasoline Engine Life = 5,000 hours 1-5 Annual Maintenance Rate of use = 2,000 hours Costs 100/year 390 year Total $13,820 320 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
b) Gasoline engine @ 125 BHP using gasoline A VIII. Safety There is no question that the presence of gasoline in a Year Item Cost Present Value vessel creates a very real and continuing problem. Mixtures @ 9% of gasoline vapour and air are explosive at ambient 0 Engine Cost $1,535 $1,535 temperatures, and the discharge of electrostatic potentials developed by the pumping of fuel or any other cause can 1-5 Fuel Cost 4,167/year 16,210 initiate explosions and fire. Sparks in any unshielded 1-5 Maintenance Costs 150/year 585 electrical system can do the saine thing, as can sparks struck 3 New Engine 1,535 1,000 by the clash of two steel objects and any open flame.
Total $19,320 Diesel fuel does not form explosive gaseous mixtures at ambient temperatures and its use does not entail any of c) Gasoline engine @ 125 BHP using gasoline B these dangers.
Year Item Cost Present Value IX. Summary @ 9% From the point of view of through costs and safety the 0 Engine Cost $1,535 $1,535 gasoline engine is no competition for the diesel engine. The 1-5 Fuel Costs 5,000/year 19,500 diesel is heavier and there is not the convenience of repair facilities that there are for the gasoline 1-5 Maintenance Costs 150/year 585 and maintenance engine, and of course its first cost is more than that of the 3 New Engine 1,535 1,000 gasoline engine but when the through costs are considered Total $22,620 the gasoline engine is expensive at any price. For this reason alone it is suggested that the diesel engine is the better investment for a fisherman. It must be pointed out that this VII. Reliability conclusion is valid only if the boat is to be used for Diesel and gasoline engines are both very reliable considerable. periods during the year. If it is to be used for machines when well maintained and operated and it would less than say 400 hrs. at full power, or equivalent, then the be hard to give one the edge over the other, although safe gasoline engine may have an edge from the strictly cold weather starting aids may give the diesel an advantage. economic point of view. PRED/LT/ON TOWROPE PVLL FOR , PfRX. HORSE POWER %SIO BH.P. ) f1ND %1RX PROPELLER REVOL!/T/ONS tl310 R.P. /`1.)
,O-CEE //Y ffNOTS. L/PS PROPELLER WOR.S'S W ,ORLINEN- HOLLHND D1996RA/'7= fl4f037b 322 APPENDIX 3 (2)
Appendix 3 (2) _L PREDICT/ON TOWROPE PULL FOR 2,3. 4 . MD 5 IfiV075 SPEED /IND 118%. PROPELLER REWLLITIONS I •310
6000
5000 SPEED =2 HAMS I SPEED 3 !MOTS ISPEED • 4 /e/VOTS SPEED •S ILVOTS
4000
3000
MOO 1
11,00
› k
Ix ZOO SAO
EI/6/HE HORSE POWER (a "erew) LIP• PROPELLER ittleVIS afeheA/- HOZLIP.V11 ■glAbRel 173.00001 Cdr. Shenker 323
APPENDIX 4 e) Radio telephone HF, S.S.B. covering 2182 KH "1 distress signal Electronic Suit for Shrimp Boat 0 Magnetic Log "1 g) VHF/FM Radio telephone " 1 Assumptions for vessel operation a) Travels up to 100 n.m. offshore. b) Operates Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundy areas. Optional equipment c) Catch taken in less than 200 fm. a) Automatic pilot " 1 Recommended equipment b) Net sounder if not scanning V.D. Sonar " 1 c) Second sonar unit ,, 1 a) Radar, range 24 n. m. ea. 2 d) Warp tensionmeters " 1 pr. b) Decca Navigator " 1 e) Second depth sounder " 1 c) Depth sounder, range 200 fm. " 1 0 Loran A " 1 d) Sonar, variable depth preferred; or high speed " 1 g) Remote monitoring of important functions scanning system with 360° cover. (data reporting/logging) "1
SESSION 4 325
DISCUSSION
T.G. deWit, of the Netherlands, asked Captain Captiva: "What is the hauling speed of Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawlers? Can you give an indication of the power requirements at the propeller for hauling the nets and for the processing equipment and electronic gear? "
Captain Captiva: "Do you mean trawling speed or towing speed? Trawling speed - approximately 3 knots - is determined of course by the power of the vessel and the size of the gear. The Gulf of Mexico shrimp boats have larger nets and tow slower while in some areas they use smaller nets and tow fast. It amounts to the same thing. It's the ground covered. The power in a shrimp trawler, the requirement at the propeller, will depend on the size of the vessel. Let us take the standard vessel which is about 72 feet with about 300-350 horsepower to tow at 3 knots - say two 70 ft. nets. A 72-75 foot vessel will tow two 70-ft. nets with 10-foot doors and it would take, I would say, about 90 per cent of the installed horsepower to do this. The processing equipment is handled by auxiliary engines and in the bigger trawlers, with full freezing equipment and full electronic gear, two 30 k.w. a.c. generators seem to be adequate for the load."
Mr. deWit also put the following to Captain Captiva: "In your paper, reference is made to computer designed hulls for optimum performance; does optimum performance also include sea kindliness and change of stability? It is stated in the paper that materials like aluminum alloy and reinforced fibreglass increase the economical life expectancy twofold. Why the economical life, because this is influenced mostly by future developments than by choice of material? "
Captain Captiva: "To answer the first question, optimum performance certainly includes sea kindliness. As a matter of fact, I would put sea kindliness next to stability. Stability of course is a must. Without stability you have nothing but without sea kindliness you also have nothing. I know of vessels that cost five million dollars that are not sea kindly. They are stable vessels, very seaworthy, but not very sea kindly. I would say then that five million dollars are wasted. This is a research vessel that I am talking about. I also know of many fishing vessels that are much too stable. I mean they have a very fast roll. They are not sea kindly. They have to quit fishing long before the sea kindly vessel. When I say optimum performance, I also mean that you should take into consideration the area worked. In other words, vessels that are fishing the North Atlantic would have an entirely different hull form than vessels designed to fish in the Gulf of Mexico, where we have a short sea.
When we say that aluminum and reinforced fiberglass increase economical life, this is predicated on the fact that a wooden vessel in the Gulf of Mexico has a useful, economical life expectancy of from 5 to 10 years, depending upon where the vessel is built. Some of the vessels have depreciated in from 3'/z to 4 years. They are cheap vessels. They do the job and the owner gets rid of them very fast and builds another one. This type of thing is frowned upon now and they are looking for vessels of longer life, longer economical capability. With some steel vessels we get 10 to 12 years with a minimum of repair. With others, we won't get that much. Some we get more. But with aluminum or fiberglass we figure that the vessel will have a minimal maintenance cost over at least a 20-yr. span, and perhaps more. Now perhaps the term economical life expectancy is confusing, but this is what we mean by it." 326 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
Mr. deWit asked Commander Shenker the following questions: "Don't you think there is a relationship between the horsepower driving the propeller and the horsepower driving the winch?, and don't you think that the power demand at the winch in midwater trawlers is much higher than for bottom trawling; if yes, what is the consequence of this for combination vessels, bottom trawling or midwater trawling? "
Commander Shenker: "In answer to the first question about a relationship between the horsepower driving the propeller and the winch, a lot of people say yes, there is, and I'm not going to dispute that. A line tension must be overcome when you're hauling the net in the fishing mode or when you're bringing it in, and you must obtain a heavy winch with enough power to bring your net in. It is a function of slowing the vessel down, bringing it back, just keeping enough way on to control your vessel and utilizing the power to overcome the resistance of the net coming in.
"With respect to the power demand of the mid-water trawl being higher than that of the bottom trawl, my personal feelings are yes, but here again, as I mentioned earlier, if you look at your three modes, if you're going to be operating in these three modes you must then design your winching system, your deck gear and your engine horsepower so that you have a balanced system. In other words, each system would use up approximately the same amount of power; you would probably have to tow a smaller mid-water net. But there is certainly no sense in having a vessel with twice as much power for one mode of operation and only using half of it for another mode of operation."
Mr. deWit was asked the following question from the floor: "We have to bring the speed of the net a part of a lcnot ahead so that when you normally tow your gear — let me say four knots and you want to bring your net higher then you have to increase your speed to 4 1/4 knots and that means quite a different layout for your winch system.
Mr. deWit: "In the Netherlands all our winches on vessels built five years ago were too light, and when we went mid-water trawling they were all overloaded when we went to get the net higher, and I think that's the problem you have to consider when laying out an engine installation together with your winch installation. I completely agree with Commander Shenker that they have to be balanced, but my point was that the condition and requirement for bottom trawling and mid-water trawling are quite different, so that you can't really compare them."
Captain Captiva: "Perhaps I could add something to this. We had this problem when we designed our new research vessel; we have requirements where for weeks on end all we need are two or three hundred horsepower. We also have requirements where we need 15-16 hundred horsepower. The way we got around it, we put in a controllable pitch propeller and we had the front power take-off drive the hydraulic pumps which, at the engine, were powered at 500 horsepower. What we did was put in two engines and a compound gear and when we have one condition we cut one engine off the line and work with one engine; then when we have the other condition, like mid-water trawling and we need a lot of power or large fish trawls, we put two engines on a line. We find that we can steam ahnost 12 lcnots with one engine and we get about 13 1/2 with two engines.
"We have had this three years now and have had no problems with it and I recommend it very highly. It is very shnilar to the father and son system used in Germany except we have two 800 horsepower o.p. diesels driving the controllable pitch propeller through a compound gear, and it has been a most satisfactory installation aid. We would recommend this very highly to anyone, and you can do this with almost any size engine because the compound gears that are available today are very dependable and the power loss is very little. I think this would solve your problem, Mr. deWit." Discussion Session 4 327
Mr. deWit asked Captain Dres the following three part question: "(1) Don't you think that bringing the booms so forward can be dangerous in bad weather? When the top of the booms are still a few metres from the ship's side one cannot hold them when the ship rolls; (2) In the design, the warps are running along the booms. This means a heavier buckling load for the booms than when the warps run to a more forward position. Why not position the winch on the forecastle? (3) How is midwater trawling performed? What type of net (with or without midwater doors) will be used? "
Captain Dres: "In answer to the first question, on the conversion of the side trawler, we have got beckets which keep quite a tension on the forward capstan. The first boom on the starboard side away from the vessel itself, then there is another small becket which matches into the first boom which is also the tension from the main forward capstan. In relation to midwater trawling, I did an article on this. Our main concept of midwater trawling is done in the same way. On talking about midwater trawling, we will midwater trawl according to the horsepower we have on board. I have not calculated the net size for midwater trawling. We have only concerned ourselves with the basic equipment of making our vessel suitable for midwater trawling. Midwater trawling is now done even off side trawlers, which are not the most convenient vessels to work, though we don't consider this a problem as far as fishing is concerned. The engines of our designed vessel are 385 horsepower and can apply net pull of 30,000 lb on either side. I don't know the question of the net and doors used; it is something which is not in our department."
I. H. Langlands, of National Sea Products, Ltd., asked: "Can any speaker give an example of a multi-purpose vessel designed for a primary purpose, accepting a somewhat lower performance for other uses? "
Captain Captiva: "I can say a lot about multi-purpose vessels as research vessels. I once owned a dragger in New England and I used this vessel for scalloping, swordfishing, any kind of fishing that there was that I could make money at. The vessel was a side trawler, rigged both sides, and was adequately powered. It had the normal electronic gear on it and it took more than a day or two to change over from one fishery to the other. When we were scalloping, for example, we could catch just as many scallops as a boat that just went scalloping. If we went dragging the same thing held true. This I don't think is what the speaker had in mind but this is my experience with combination trawling in a commercial boat. Now in our research vessel, we have it rigged so that we can do anything except live-bait fish. We can do it with a minimum of effort and practically no change in the structure or anything like this. We can shift from double-rig shrimp trawling to side trawling, to stern trawling, to purse seining, plus anything you can think of and I see no loss in efficiency whatsoever.
"I see no reason in the world why a vessel that is properly designed with an eye towards combination fishing cannot operate effectively in any mode. This is done on the west coast and I think that Mr. Jurkovich could give us something on this. As a matter of fact, I think combination vessels originated out there. They're not used too much on the east coast where I come from, but we did shift from one fishery to another. But, in our research vessels we do have to change modes quite often, sometimes two or three times in a trip. On the basis of that I see no reason in the world why a commercial vessel couldn't be designed to operate just as effectively; it takes some doing, takes some thinking and some compromising."
Mr. Jurkovich: "Gentlemen, we have some shrimp vessels that have taken $70,000 gross in shrimps and have doubled with another $70,000 in crab in a given season. They work at shrimps for six months of the year starting in winter. It only requires a day to change over so that they can pick up pots. They have moved into a crab fishery and have doubled their money for $140,000 gross in a year, and this is fairly commonplace. We have vessels that have fished salmon, and then turned to offshore tuna fishing for which they use just jigs and a couple of poles, and it takes a day to change over here. If the tuna fishing fails they 328 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
can go back and mount the net reel and the picking box on the back of the deck and return to shrlinp fishing. It's all done very easily. Then, with regard to midwater trawling we do not always have sufficient power in the vessel; if we try to maintain a depth we can control the depth with the propeller plus or minus 25 fathoms of the intended line of trawl of the net, and we do not have power enough to pull the net at the same time without allowing the trawl to drop to the bottom and as such, we open the engine wide open and we hurriedly reel in two or three shots of warp and then speed up again, stopping the winches, and when we get it out of the danger zone we just continue to reel it in at slow speed."
Robert Hart: "It is my pleasure to introduce to you Mr. Fred Wathne of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Mr. Wathne came to Canada on very short notice as an observer. Otherwise, I think we would have had him give us a paper. Mr. Wathne is a graduate of the University of Washington. He worked for two years as a production manager with the Starfish Company. He then worked for ten years with the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in Seattle and in the Gulf of Mexico, on explorations and on the development of fishing gear. Seventy-five per cent of his work at that time was directed towards the development of shrimp gear and exploration for shrimp. At the present time, he occupies the position of Chief of the Fishing Techniques and Training Section of the Fishing Industries Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Mr. Wathne comes to you and brings to you the greetings from the F.A.O.
Mr. Wathne: "Thank you Mr. Hart. They told me about this just a few minute ago, but I would lilce to repeat the greetings from Mr. Jackson and his Assistant Director of the Fishery Industries Division, F.A.O., Rome, and to extend his best wishes and that of the Organization to this Conference. On behalf of myself I appreciate the opportunity to come over here to observe and also to visit Newfoundland, as I did last week, to observe the developing shrimp fishery there. I am sure that this conference will do much to assist the Canadians in effectively and rapidly developing this promising industry through contacts and information. Thank you very much." SESSION 5 329 MARKETING
Moderator - Eugene Gorman
Trends in World Shrimp Demand and Production
by Donald R. Whitaker, Chief, Branch of Edible Fishery Products, Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C.
Mr. Whitaker
Mr. Whitaker is a native of North Carolina, having lived there until obtaining his B.A. degree in economics from Guilford College in 1958. Since his graduation, he has lived and worked in the Washington, D.C. area. His entire career has been spent in the U.S. Government service. He was with the Department of Agriculture for a short time before transferring to the Department of Defense where he spent three and one-half years as a Military Intelligence Analyst for the Transportation Corps, which includeda three-month tour of duty in Brussels.
Since 1962, Mr. Whitaker has worked exclusively in fishery economics for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in the Department of the Interior, which in October 1970 became the National Marine Fisheries Service in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the Department of Commerce. He has held a series of increasingly responsible positions in the economics group of the Government fisheries agency.
He has specialized in current economic analysis work on fisheries. He spent more than a year on situation and outlook work in the U.S. tuna industry. For over five years, he worked almost exclusively with shellfish, occupying the position of Chief, Shellfish Section in the Branch of Current Economic Analysis. This work led to the publication as principal author of the popular "Shellfish Situation and Outlook" in mid-1966. This report is read in all 50 States, every province of Canada, and more than 70 countries around the world. In September 1970, Mr. Whitaker's responsibilities in analysing the supply and demand factors of various fishery products were broadened to include all edible fishery products. He is Chief, Branch of Edible Fishery Products, Division of Current Economic Analysis. While continuing to have overall responsibility for the "Shellfish Situation and Outlook, " his current duties also encompass a companion publication, "Food Fish Situation and Outlook," which covers the principal finfish species. Both reports are published quarterly. He also prepares the Fishery Products Situation which appears in the Department of Agriculture quarterly "National Food Situation "
Mr. Whitaker has followed the growth of the United States and world shrimp industry closely for several years. Although his current duties require him to spend more and more time on a wide variety of short range problems facing many fishery products, he still finds time to write about the shrimp industry as evidenced by three papers in the Addenda to the Proceedings of this Conference. 330 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
ABSTRACT increase production and increase per capita consumption, all at generally increasing price levels. This paper is a review of the growth in world demand for shrimp. Shrimp catches are compared with total world The U.S. market for shrùnp seems to have no end to its catches of all fish and shellfish and various major fishery growth. The same can be said of Japan and Western Europe. groups. Catches of shrimp by country and continent are To keep this growing market supplied, many U.S. firms traced back to 1950. Present world trade in shrimp is have engaged in operations of almost every kind in all parts reviewed as well as the current world shrimp situation. The of the world. role Canada can play in the world shrimp market and the means by which it may be obtained are discussed. The U.S. market stimulates production simply by offering a large market to foreign producers, by offering the use of loan capital, by investment in primary processing RÉSUMÉ plants, and even in fishing vessels (Chapman, 1969). Japan is just as aggressive in seeking out worldwide sources of La présente communication traite de la demande crois- supply (Whitaker, 1970a and Surdi, 1970). sante de crevette dans le monde. L'auteur compare les prises de crevettes avec les prises totales de poissons, de mollusques et de crustacés dans le monde, et avec les THE DEMAND FOR SHRIMP différents groupes importants de pêche. Il donne, depuis 1950, les prises de crevettes par pays et continent. Il expose The tremendous increase in demand for shrimp is a la situation actuelle du marché et de la place de la crevette well-known fact. Comparing quantities and prices reveals dans le monde. Il parle du rôle que le Canada peut jouer sur sharply this increase in demand. le marché mondial de la crevette et des moyens qui lui permettraient de tenir ce rôle. With the United States by far the largest shrimp market in the world, there is some justification for using U.S. prices as indicators of world shrimp prices. Just as the INTRODUCTION quantity of shrimp produced has doubled since 1950, so have actual U.S. prices of shrimp (fig. 1). The price increase The shrimp industry has been characterized as one of the has not been so smooth or gradual as has shrimp pro- relatively few bright spots in the United States fish duction. The sharp ups and downs in prices reflect producing industry (Hutchings, 1970). Production has been temporary gluts and shortages in the U.S. market. Higher relatively steady while prices have advanced. Shrimp holds prices do call forth larger quantities of shrimp. In figure 2, an equally bright spot in global fisheries. price and quantity are for the same year. Lagging prices by one year did not improve the relation between price and Shrimp products have an actual or potential export quantity. The simple correlation between price and interest to a large number of developing countries. A strong quantity indicates that about 70 per cent of any increase in demand in international markets, particularly in the United shrimp production can be attributed to rising prices. Rising States and Japan, has stimulated production for export in standards of living and changing tastes and preferences many developing countries. While the continued expansion would also make major contributions to higher shrimp of demand in the United States is of crucial importance to production. the existing shrimp industries of the developing countries, a proper concern for the importance of identifying, creating In figure 3, I have plotted annual per capita con- and stimulating demand in markets elsewhere is a necessary sumption of fresh and frozen shrimp in the United States prerequisite for realizing the export potential of many and the corresponding average annual wholesale price for developing countries (GATT, 1967). each year during 1950-69. If a single line were drawn through the observations, it would slope upward to the While some segments of 1,vorld fisheries face problems right—while the traditional demand curve slopes downward ranging from depletion of the resource to declining per to the right. The scatter around the line would be wide, capita consumption, the world shrimp market continues to indicating a low degree of correlation. WORLD LANDINGS AND U.S. WHOLESALE PRICE OF SHRIMP
Bil Lion pounds^
1.5 NDINGS
1.0
.5
0
Dol'. ars per pound
1.50 WHOLESALE PRICE
1.00
.50
0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
Live weight Chicago wholesale price for 26-30 count raw headless
Source: F.A.0. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
Figure 1 WORLD LANDINGS AND U.S. WHOLESALE PRICE OF SHRIMP
Dollars per- pound*
1.50
ebs
teç, 6.1 6? 1.00 ‹, 63 5!3 57 •
53 5 9 . 60 CONFERENCE
so 5.2 sp 5.4 .50
ON THE Y (World Landings) 196.1 + 12.4 X (U.S. Wholesale (2.0) Price)
R2 = 0.69 CANADIAN SH o '--2 è .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
World catch (bil. lbs.) RIMP FISHER *Chicago wholesale price for 26-30 count raw headless Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
Figure 2 Y IN ', 11W4 12 DEMAND FOR FRESH AND FROZEN SHRIMP 1 19) Dollars per pound * ill II 111111111
1.50 \6.9.8
\\6.6 5.8 \ 6.2 6.3 6.06.7 1.00 \ 5.7\ \“4 5 '35.6 5.9 6.16.0 5.0 5.2 5.5 \ \\ \ 5.1 5.4 \ .50
0 ) t I I I I I I I I I I t I t I 1 I I t I I 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2 4
Per capita consumption in pounds heads-off weight * Wholesale price at Chicago for Source: Div. of Current Economic Analysis for 26-30 count, frozen shrimp National Marine Fisheries Service
Figure 3 334 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
Can we learn something about demand for shrimp from to be between 1.5 and 2.0 (Cleary, 1970). This means that this diagram? Obviously, we do not get a smooth curve as a 10 per cent rise in personal incomes would stimulate a 15 economics text books would show. This suggests that the to 20 per cent increase in per capita shrimp consumption. demand curve for shrimp has not been constant. Rather, it So, while rising prices over a period of time tend to reduce has been shifting - upward and to the right. This situation consumption, this is more than offset by rising incomes. indicates a big increase in the demand for shrimp. Although figure 3 applies only to the United States, I believe it is SHRIMP CATCHES COMPARED WITH OTHER indicative of the general increase in the worldwide demand MAJOR FISHERIES for shrimp. World shrimp production has doubled in the past two decades (fig. 4). Later we will see that production of most Some demand analysis measures only average relation- other fishery products has matched or exceeded the growth ships over a period of years. This may be adequate when of shrimp production. Shrimp production rose from 827 demand is fairly constant, which is clearly not the case for million pounds (live weight) in 1950 to 1700 million shrimp. Where changes have occurred, we should try to pounds in 1968. The average rate of growth during this explain them and to forecast changes that might be period was 47.3 million pounds per year. To put it another expected in the future. way, shrimp production has grown by 4.1 per cent per year.
Why has demand for shrimp increased so much? Several Although doubling since 1950, the rate of growth in factors come to mind (Crowther, 1969). shrimp landings has dropped considerably below the rate of growth in the world catch of all fish and shellfish, 1. Shrimp is unique as a food. Its flavor and texture particularly since 1960 (fig. S). The total world catch has seem to appeal to most people, It is versatile. It is equally more than tripled. desirabL; as an hors d'oeuvre, a cocktail, or a main course. Its size and shape make it easy to prepare and eat. The doubling of the world shrimp catch since 1950 is 2. Shrimp is processed into many varieties of products, regarded as quite remarkable; but as we have already seen, and new products have helped to increase shrimp con- the world catch of all species tripled during the same sumption. Consumers can buy packages ranging from a few period. In the following tables and figures, we will take a ounces to five pounds. Shrimp are packaged in a variety of look at how the shrimp catch compares with the catch of containers. The industry was quick to recognize the value major groups of fish and with the catch of molluscs and of polyethylene bags at the point of sale. other crustaceans. Because of the large differences in the volume of landings in the various fisheries, and because I 3. The distribution of shrimp to retail outlets is wanted to present this graphically as well as in tabular exceptional. Although frozen fish are generally available, form, I have constructed indexes of landings. Economic only canned tuna would rival shrimp in the total points of time series are often changed from absolute to relative sale in the United States. The shrimp industry was quick to numbers for greater ease of comparison. In the following see that frozen products would expand their markets tables and figures, landings are expressed as a per cent of significantly. 1950 landings. This allows us to quickly see how fast other fisheries have grown relative to the shrimp fishery. 4. Promotion has been a keyword in the shrimp industry. The Shrimp Association of the Americas was In figure 6, we see that catches of quite a few fisheries formed in the early 1950s for promotion purposes. The have grown faster than shrimp. Catches of freshwater fish latest development has been truly worldwide through the have nearly tripled since 1950. The total catch of flounders, International Shrimp Council. Co-ordinated promotional halibuts, and soles has fluctuated sharply in recent years, effort is unique in the U.S. fishing industry. but growth has still been greater than that for shrimp. The catch in the most current year was nearly two and one-half 5. Steadily rising incomes in the United States, Japan, times that in 1950. The total catch of cods, hakes, and and Western Europe have, no doubt, played an important haddocks grew steadily in the 1950s and early 1960s. In role in increasing the demand for shrimp. In the United recent years, it has risen sharply to a little over two and one States, the income elasticity for shrimp has been estimated half times the catch in 1950. IT • ll llgi 1v- TREND IN WORLD SHRIMP LANDINGS ) da
Billion pounds*
......
1.5
1.0
Y (World Catch) = 740.9 + 47.3X (Time)
R = .954
o I I I I I I I L I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
* Live weight
Sourse: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
Figure 4 SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH WORLD TOTAL CATCH 1950=100
...°** 300 •
Total
Se.*
200 e'e S ......
...... ****** Shrimp CONFERENCE
...... •
... 100 ON THE CANA 11111 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 DIAN SH
Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service RI MP FISHERY
Figure 5 I 41 IMPINI )
SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH MAJOR FISH GROUPS e d
1950 = 100 I I I I I I I I I I
•••• %. I° / a. ,0 X. 0 * e : oi . ■t .. 00* 250 0 0.° , • ...■7 e ...---- Flounders, ...r \ Halibuts, 0/ I /I \ Soles, \\. ii, e e t % etc. «*#' .1 / I / : • 4 • 200 1 ‘ <,.- ''.---••- 4° - I- / / ee Freshwater I / .e \ • ■ ..... Shrimp \ / #r ■e /''/ . 0 150 1 , •"" ./ • s. Cods,) 40C Hak es, Haddocks
100
50 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
F igure 6 338 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
In figure 7, we see a pattern similar to that in figure 6. be traced to U.S. landings of clams, particularly the surf The shrimp catch kept pace with many other fisheries in clam (Spisula solidissima). The potential for the ocean the early 1950s, but since then, has fallen behind. Here we quahog (Artica islandica) catch off the United States see one of the prime contributors to the overall growth in Atlantic Coast is said to be considerable (Merrill and Ropes, world fish production. The latest catch of herrings, 1969; Merrill, Chamberlin, and Ropes, and Parker, 1966). sardines, and anchovies was over four times greater than in The resource is awaiting advances in technology which will 1950. The tunas, bonitos, and skipjacks group and the enable this deep-water clam resource to be harvested and redfishes, basses, and congers group have grown to about marketed profitably. two and one-half times that in 1950. Again, the shrimp catch has doubled since 1950. Scallop catches have declined sharply in recent years. The decline can be traced to lower abundance of sea In figure 8, we see that the shri:np catch has performed scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) on Georges Bank and about as well as the total shellfish catch. Shellfish, both off the Middle Atlantic region of the United. States. Like crustaceans and molluscs, have slightly more than doubled clams, scallops have a potential for a far greater catch than since 1950. Thus, we see that shellfish catches have not at present. Several hundred square miles of calico scallop increased so fast as most finfish catches. Coupled with a (Pecten gibbus) beds off the coast of Florida are said to strong and growing demand in general, this sheds some light have a great potential (Bullis and Carpenter, 1968; Bullis on the reasons for the constantly rising prices of most and Cummings, 1961; Drummond, 1969). In this case, the shellfish. technology of processing lags a little behind the technology of harvesting, but these problems likely will be overcome in How has shrimp compared with other crustaceans? In the near future. figure 9, we see that the total catch of all crabs has grown at a faster rate than shrimp. This growth rate may slow in Two thoughts come to mind after a quick look at the the immediate future with the current decline in king crab trends just reviewed. Shrimp catches have fluctuated w;dely catches. However, it could pick up again with the increases reflecting varying degrees of abundance. Most shrimp in Alaska snow crab (Chinoecetes) catches and crabs from (Penaeus) are one-year animals. This facto:, can be both Canada's Atlantic Coast. Although the world lobster catch fortunate and unfortunate. Fortunate because even though has grown steadily over the years, its rate has been a failure may occur one year, the resource can bounce back considerably less than the growth rate of shrimp, especially the following year to new highs in production under in the 1960s. The rate of growth in lobster catches likely favorable environmental conditions. The other conclusion is will slow considerably in the coming years. The native that many other fisheries, particularly finfishes, have out- lobsters of the New England region of the United States performed shrimp in their annual growth rates. However, and Canada's Maritime Provinces (Homams americanus) are the charts have been based primarily on established now being fished at about their maximum sustainable yield. fisheries. Further g;-owth in many of these estab:ished Any future growth likely will come from spiny lobsters. fisheries appears limited. With proper management, many However, some major producing areas, particularly South established fisheries could level off near their present high Africa, are presently experiencing a decline in their spiny production points. Shrimp production probably will lobster catches. The likelihood of continued higher prices continue upward - possibly to double the current level of for spiny lobsters could st'nnulate explorations for further world production. untapped resources.
The world catch of shrimp compares favorably with SHRIMP CATCHES BY COUNTRY catches of most molluscs (fig. 10). Although fluctuating AND CONTINENT considerably, the trend in oyster production in the 1960s has been fairly level. Oyster culture methods seem to be Now that we have some idea of how shrimp production about offsetting the declines in production that are due to has grown and compares with other major fisheries, let's natural predators and pollution. Clam production has risen look at where shrimp production is coming from - which the fastest of all molluscs since 1950. However, we see a countries and continents are principal producers, where distinct leveling off in the two most recent years. This can shrimp production is declining, leveling off, and increasing. SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH MAJOR FISH GROUPS
1950 = 100 r_ •,..• .• ♦ ♦♦n ♦ ^ ♦ +• • ♦ + ^ ♦ •• ♦ •..' Herrings, ;. Sardines, ; Anchovies,etc. 300 .....
Tunas, / i Bonitos, # ^^- ^ ^,./-e=^ y^• Skipjacks, etc. ^ • ^^^^.^^ ^ ^^^ ► ^• ^. 111OF '00 200 ^ •
// 4' • . ^^- 0 // • I ^ r Shrimp .10.ft^•" Redfishes, Basses, wr, Congers, etc. 100
- 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970
Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
Figure 7 SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH ALL CRUSTACEANS AND MOLLUSCS 1950 = 100
200
150
100 CONFE
Shrimp RE
All Crustaceans NCE 50
Molluscs ON THE
CANAD 0 1960 1950 1955 1965 1970 IAN SHRIMP Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service FISHE
Figure 8 RY 100 150 200 1950 =1001 50 Source: F.A.O.and 1950 Le deeMr"e a SHRIMP 1.1, CATCH 1955 Div. of Current EconomicAnalysis COMPARED WITHOTHERCRUSTACEANS 1 ..... ' Crabs 1960 Figure9 1 **e I // ..*** 1 •
e National Marine •• 1965 1 ..... Shrimp 1 . Fisheries 1970 Service
Ja)Ivilblili •11
SHRIMP CATCH COMPARED WITH MOLLUSCS
1950 = 100 I I I I 1 1 I 1 I I 1 r- ... .. 1 I 1 1 • • - 4%. 1,'>" lee* . ...... Oysters I I "/ \ f \ \ / , \ 1 _...., i 200 \ i: en--- 7:// / \e" à, I .0e ... //. '' .--\,____,L./‘ ■ I .4 - ■ 1 \„...„,., n,,,, e/.1...,..4* —„• \‘ / \ / Cl am ...... _. .. ../. ** ‘ , \,,, )/ / ----, *e. # / (4 \or / /•■ /*%%**%-...,■. " k el : ,------..# _...._ Scallops Shrimp CONFERENCE ,te I re--- 00/ 4I 1-1.....,•:: -0 #/ : ert'v7 0v 100 e47.7.-z;,...> —
ON THE CANADIA 50 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 N SHRIMP
Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service FIS H E R
Figure 10 Y Mr, Whitaker 343
From figure 11, we can get an idea of the location of the In table 6, North America, we see a steady increase in principal shrimp producing countries. This map quicldy catches in Canada and Greenland until an apparent leveling establishes that shrimp are produced on every continent. off in these two countries in recent years. Figures for the U.S. catch reflect wide swings in abundance that occur in FAO statistics indicate the proliferation of shrimp American shrimp fisheries. The American catch rose rather producing countries (fig. 12). In 1968, 55 countries sharply in the late 1960s. The U.S. catch reached a record reported shrimp catches to FAO — up from 16 countries in high in 1969 and likely will set a new record in 1970. 1950. This number probably is less than the number Shrimp abundance in the southern States of the United actually producing shrimp. I base this on the fact that the States has been above the long-run average since 1967. United States has imported shrimp from 70 to 80 countries Coupled with this have been sharply increasing catches of in recent years. Although these figures may include northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in New England and transshipments through some countries, they are still well Alaska (Whitaker, 1970 c). above the latest reported number of countries catching shrimp. The shrimp catch in Central America (table 7) leveled off in the 1960s. Here, the dominant country is Mexico. Even though at least 55 countries have shrimp fisheries, Mexican catches have been trending downward. The only production is extremely concentrated (fig. 13). Five countries which have showed any substantial growth in countries have consistently produced half the world's recent years are Cuba and Honduras. shrimp production. This leaves at least 50 countries producing the other half. The top 5 countries in order of Shrimp catches in South America have been rising importance in 1968 were: the United States, by far the steadily since the late 1950s. The catch has more than leading producer with catches a third higher than those of doubled since 1960 (table 8). In general, catches in all India which is in second place; then Thailand, Japan, and countries are trending upward. The most rapid advances are Mexico. being made in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia.
A further indication of concentration in shrimp pro- The shrimp catch in Europe rose to a peak in 1963 duction can be gained by looking at U.S. imports. In 1969, (table 9). Since then, catches have declined to about the the top 25 countries provided 95 per cent of U.S. imports; levels of the 1950s. Most European countries went through it took 46 other countries to provide the last 5 per cent a period of growth in their catches in the 1950s and a (Whitaker, 1970 b). decline since the early 1960s. This applies particularly to the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, United Studying the shrimp industry of any one area quickly ICingdom, and Sweden. Long-run upward trends in catches leads to an analysis of the world market. The fact that half are indicated for Denmark and Italy; but it appears these of the production is confined to 5 countries, and as we will shrimp fisheries are beginning to level off. With little see later, nearly half of the consumption is confined to 2 growth in the overall shrimp catch, but a continually rising countries, would appear at first glance to simplify any standard of living, Europe has become an attractive shrimp analysis undertaken. World production, trade, inventories, market. More about this later. and other variables all interact in a complex economic milieu to determine consumption and prices (Doll, 1970). The shrimp catch in Africa (table 10) and Australia Shrimp trade is incredibly complex, and becoming (table 11) has grown rapidly over the years; however, it has increasingly so by the month (Chapman, 1969). grown from a very small base. Both areas combined produced only 2.2 per cent of the world catch in 1968. Tables 6 through 12 give shrimp catches for more than These areas are important because of their large potential. 50 countries. The tables are compiled by continents. I took the liberty of separating out what is commonly called Asia is, by far, the top producing continent (table 12). Central America from the North American figures, as I felt Since 1950, shrimp catches have risen in all countries with that this traditional shrimp producing area was important the possible exceptions of Hong Kong, Japan, Republic of enough to show what trends have been occurring there. All Korea, and Turkey. There are indications shrimp catches data in these tables are from FAO Statistical Yearbooks. are near their maximum potential in the Persian Gulf (FAO, WORLD ^^^^^^ OFF 'Y ^..OUN: ^I.5 cN 1-963 ([ive E3eôg.hi 1,000 ::e-11-r'ie tons;
7.2
NORWAY
NETHERLANDS F.R. GERMANY D
5 PAIN JAPA USA REP. KOREA
7.3 PAKISTAN UAR 1,.4 URMA 7B CHINANA MEXICO INDIA ^-^. ;-^C'^ V(TAIWAN) T HAIIAND o PANAMA 10. 21.7
97 .. oO ^ 75.0
AUSTRALIA CHILE
OTHER COUNTRIES
Source: Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
Figure 11 ••• NUMBER OF SHRIMP PRODUCING COUNTRIES ••••
Number of Countries
1950 1955 1960 1965 1960
Figure 12 (.41 cr,
WORLD SHRIMP LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES Mil lion pounds* L
Total World 1500
1000 CONFERENCE
500
ON THE
CANADIAN 0 1 1 1960 1965 1970 * Live weight SHRIMP
Source: F.A.O. FISH E R
Figure 13 Y Mr. Whitaker 347
1969). But the potential of India, Indonesia, and other pounds of shrimp in 1968. These imports rose to over 8 Southeast Asia areas is believed to be much greater than million pounds in 1969. This trade results from shrimp current production. Asia can be expected to continue its landed in Texas being shipped across the border and peeled leadership in world shrimp production and probably will and deveined in Mexico. Thus, practically all of United increase its share. States exports to Mexico re-enter as imports of peeled and deveined shrimp (Surdi and Whitaker, 1970). The trends in shrimp production by continents are summarized in table 13 and figure 14. Here again, I have From the exports-imports columns we see that 636 made comparisons by indexing. million pounds, live weight, were involved in international trade in 1968. This trade figures out to 37 per cent of world production. If better trade data were available, I WORLD TRADE IN SHRIMP suspect world trade in shrimp would be at least 50 per cent of total production. World data is difficult to acquire. Exports of shrimp products reported to FAO are not nearly so complete as are Looking at the last column in table 14, we see that the production data. Many countries are listed as shrimp United States consumes a third of the world catch. U.S. producers, but they are not listed as shrimp exporters. I consumption as a per cent of world production has been have concentrated on the latest available data which is relatively constant for several years (fig. 15). 1968. Where we are sure of the data, for example, United States and Japanese imports by country of origin, we have The United States and Japan combined consume nearly changed and added to some of the FAO figures. half (48.9 per cent) of world production. Japanese con- sumption is a little less than half shrimp consumption in the The trade information presented in table 14 is far from United States. complete, but it does give some indication of world trade patterns in shrimp. Starting with the first two columns in Once a pattern of trade becomes established, and the table 14, we see that the five top producing nations had 56 economy and particular industries of a country become per cent of the world catch. adjusted to foreign trade, any substantial change in this pattern disrupts the economy and various industries. For a The next two columns show exports to the United decade, more than half of the shrimp consumed in the States and to other countries. The interesting thing to note United States has been imported. Loss of this trade could here is that the United States exported and transshipped 47 mean a serious adjustment for the United States shrimp million pounds of shrimp, live weight, in 1968. U.S. exports industry. and transshipments jumped to 75 million pounds in 1969. The fact that the United States is the largest buyer of Price, quality, and continuity of supply are the shrimp is well known. That the U.S. shrimp industry has important factors in the growth in world trade in shrimp gradually developed foreign markets to the point that it is products. Controlled prices are becoming more common in one of the world's largest sellers of shrimp probably is not agricultural trade. Some countries have established a higher so well known. When U.S. transshipments (mostly Mexican domestic price structure for their agricultural products and shrimp) are added to U.S. exports, total exports were then set up various types of barriers to protect that price equivalent to 16 per cent of U.S. production in 1968. structure. This protection has not occurred for the United States shrimp industry. When Japan lifted her trade barriers Transshipping Mexican shrimp adds significantly to on shrimp a few years ago, trade with Japan rose sharply. United States trade in shrimp. A great deal of shrimp from Fast rising demand in developed countries is often cited as the West Coast of Mexico is sent to California where it is the reason for growth in world shrimp production, but this stored and sold on the world market. These sluimp are growing demand must also be accompanied by reducing or classified as U.S. imports and when sold are classified as eliminating trade barriers if shrimp production and trade U.S. exports of foreign merchandise. are to continue upward.
Another interesting fact about U.S. trade is shown in If countries like Japan or the United States were to keep column 5. Here we see that Mexico imported 6.3 million out shrimp imports, other nations would likely keep out TRENDS IN SHRIMP CATCHES BY CONTINENT
1957-59 = 100
300 South Americ a.^ .^ ^ ^ ^. y * ♦
/ ♦v .-. /I ♦ 200 /-1%* . .^ '•o ' Central Asia ./ ^/America ^ ^-^^^ ,/^^^^ ^O ^,,r•^^^__ ^..^ y ^^i^ ^^_ ^/^ I ♦ ^ ,o----^^,,. ^.,,. i p,i' ,..•• ••...... -•, 100 ...... / •.,.. n .. n ....
T ,• t North Europe America
0 L-- I I I I I I I I I I I 1960 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Source: F.A.0. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
Figure 14 1 '41 t4
U.S. SHRIMP CONSUMPTION COMPARED tli Il P- )1
WITH WORLD PRODUCTION Ja 1955=100
200 200
180 — /- 180 / 160 160 U.S. consumption 140 140
\f\4 • / \AlOrld production 120 7.73; 120
100 100
80 1 80
Percent U.S. consumption as a percent of world production 35 35
•■•1 30 30
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1955 1960 1965 1970
Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
F igure 15 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY 350
United States and Japanese shrimp exports and possibly Western Europe probably resulted in record world prices. It exports of other products. As barriers rise, large businesses is too early to tell if prices have stabilized. Some upward may be able to establish firms abroad to maintain their price improvement is likely in 1970 if demand continues to volume of output. But fishermen ordinarily do not have expand as it has in the past. this option. Japan had temporary marketing problems in the last half If a nation erects a barrier that reduces imports of of 1969 and continuing into 1970. Japan shrimp imports shrimp, domestic producers of shrimp would normally have reached a record high of 49 thousand tons in 1969, an opportunity to expand production. But in such nations although the domestic market was sluggish. This was due to as the United States (the Gulf of Mexico fishery), Japan, continued purchase of frozen shrimp by Japanese trading and the western European countries, shrimp production firms, particularly during the latter half of 1969, despite an likely could not be expanded greatly. In most instances, over-supply in Japan. These firms, because of purchase curtailment of shrimp imports would also mean higher arrangements made with foreign shrimp producers, were prices and incomes to domestic producers. While net compelled to buy their production regardless of the income to domestic producers would at first be higher if demand in Japan. shrimp imports were curtailed, net income would soon Japanese imports of shrimp during January-July were 19 decline if more and more people were allowed to enter the per cent above the same months last year. The market was domestic shrimp fishery. The amount of the price increase would depend on both the nature of product demand and still described as sluggish during the third quarter. the availability of shrimp resources to expand production. The American market has also been going through a The fewer the substitutes for shrimp and the fewer the sluggish period in the third quarter. Shrimp supplies (both available resources, the more the price will rise. domestic landings and imports) have been heavy. Even though shrimp sales have risen sharply in the first half this THE WORLD SHRIMP SITUATION year, inventories have been record high and roughly 30 per cent greater than last year. Since mid-year, shrimp prices in Complete trade data for 1969 are not yet available, but the United States have been running below year-earlier total exports likely rose again from 1968 levels. Trade data levels. for countries where returns are available are significantly higher from their volume of trade during 1968. From the THE ROLE OF CANADA IN THE trade data available from the Food and Agriculture Organi- WORLD SHRIMP MARKET zation of the United Nations, Japan and the United States Pandalus borealis in took about two-thirds of the world trade in shrimp in 1968. The maximum sustainable yield for Both countries imported even greater quantities in 1969. the Northwest Atlantic has been estimated at 48.5 million pounds (Longhurst, 1969). It appears that the resource is (Whitaker, 1970 d). fairly evenly divided between New England and the Information on 1970 to date is even more fragmentary. Maritimes. The 1969 catch in New England was a little over Both United States and Japan imports in January-July 1970 29 million pounds, live weight; the 1970 catch will were higher than in the same months of 1969. If 1970 probably be somewhat lower. catches in Asia and South America turn out larger than the last year or two, which seems likely, world trade could Future market prospects for Maritime shrimp are bright. increase again in 1970. A ready market for these shrimp exists in Western Europe and Scandinavian countries. In the European market, Increasing world import requirements have exerted Canada will find the United States a strong competitor. upward pressure on world shrimp prices. World price data This is a rather unique situation although I imagine there is are meager for countries other than Japan, the United some competition between the United States and Canada in States and Australia. United States prices were record high the European salmon market. Canada, of course, is well in 1969 despite large supplies. Even with large 1969 catches accustomed to competition - especially with European (judging by United States and Japanese imports) in Asia countries in sales of fish blocks and fillets to the United and South America, additional competition from Japan and States. Mr. Whitaker 351
WORLD SHRIMP TRADE AND CONSUMPTION, 1968
ae.41 CONSUMP s ri Ofv ••4°e „..••• 34% Ÿ— ■
NET U. S. \ \ U.S. IMPORTS CATCH e 17% (,,A\ 17% II
1 OTHER WORLD 17% TRADE CONSUMED IN FOREIGN COUNTRY WHERE CAUGHT 46%
1.7 BILLION POUNDS LIVE WEIGHT
Source: F.A.O. and Div. of Current Economic Analysis National Marine Fisheries Service
Figure 16 352 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
Despite fairly good supplies of locally caught fish, abundance now and then, but they will probably want a markets in Europe are increasingly finding insufficient predictable portion of each year's catch. Associated with supplies of certain species. Rising consumer demand is availability of shrimp for export is importance of main- causing a rising trend in fish prices. With the inability of the taining constant export flows. Any shipping restrictions, European fleets to supply adequate quantities, buyers are maritime regulations, strikes, or other factors which disrupt looking for other sources of supply. exports force importers to obtain their supplies from other sources. Since 1964, United States shrimp sales to Europe have risen sharply. Frozen shrimp, mainly from the State of Groups interested in foreign market expansion should Maine and valued at nearly US$5 million, were sold to plan to supply shrimp that meet the variety, quality, Europe in 1969. Most of the 1969 sales were to Sweden. packaging, and other specifications desired by a particular Shrimp from Alaska is now entering the markets. Markets market. The New England shrimp industry has been very in Norway and Denmark also are taking increasing good at this in its sales to Europe. Shrimp are processed for quantities. In Norway, shrimp fishermen have been some- Europe in ways seldom done for the U.S. market. what concerned by the low prices of foreign shrimp which are apparently undercutting their sales, and now are Importers usually stress "exclusive handling." An seeking ways to improve marketing. (U.S. Embassy, importer, who invests in the promotion of a given brand Copenhagen, 1970). name product, wants reasonable assurance that he will profit from the resultant sales. He can have such assurance In addition to competition from New England in if he is the sole distributor for the branded product in a Europe an markets, Canada can expect increasing specified market area. Exporters should ally themselves competition from Alaska. The Alaska resource of Pandalus with those importers in specific world markets who have borealis is estimated to be several times greater than that of the trade connections, distribution outlets, knowledge, and New England or the entire Northwest Atlantic (Bureau of experienced personnel to effectively exploit the market. Commercial Fisheries, 1968). Importers tend to consider price first. This does not mean that the price lias to be the lowest in the market, but We are in an era of increasing competition in foreign it has to be competitive relative to quality, size, and trade. It is important that countries continually re-examine packaging desired. their programs and policies relating to market development. Exports have traditionally been the most rapidly expanding Certain markets may be able to use shrimp only during sector of the market for Canadian fishery products. The some season of the year when a supply is not available from competition Canadian shrimp products will face in world domestic sources. Exporters should not downgrade these markets will increase in future years. This competition is seasonal markets. A more careful scheduling of exports to the result of increased shrimp production around the world. seasonal markets in several countries might provide essentially year-round markets for shrimp. A siinilar The structure of international trade has changed with attitude may prevail concerning small order markets. Many many countries joining together to form trading blocs. small shrimp markets are growing, have a large potential, These blocs have established uniform barriers against and should receive attention from exporters. incoming trade. The European Economic Community particularly lias improved its bargaining position in the Careful analysis is needed prior to launching a program international market. Market development activities can be in order to maximize the effectiveness of development expanded only within the institutional and political frame- activities. Expansion of the foreign market for Canadian work and the limits of total demand for shrimp products in shrimp will permit the expansion of domestic production. any country. Domestic production will be expanded through improved technology and more efficient use of resources. GNP will be Foreign importers are interested in constant supplies, or increased, employment in industries and businesses they turn to alternative sources of supply. They may supporting shrimp will grow, and consumer welfare both in understand and appreciate the problems created by lower Canada and the trade recipient countries will be improved. Mr. Whitaker 353
Expanded worldwide shrimp production has meant a to which the world's potential shrimp supply will be growth in international shrimp market development. How- exploited. ever, many countries are not promoting their shrimp products as much as they could. Canadian fisheries can With favorable price levels, consumption for shrimp will, compete successfully for their share of world shrimp no doubt, continue to increase because of population markets if they are aided by a firm and aggressive national growth and increasing levels of income. Increased trade policy. production in many areas of the world is largely dependent on the acquisition of additional fishing craft, processing plants, and other necessary equipment. The rate at which CONCLUSION necessary facilities have been acquired by many countries has resulted in a gradual growth in world production of From the standpoint of the world market and the future shrimp. course of the industry, the problems connected with supply are paramount. Supplies for the anticipated increase in An adverse consequence in the shrimp industry is the future consumption will depend on the continued phenomenon associated with "good times". Each abundance of shrimp in waters presently fished, on the announcement of the discovery of new shrimp grounds, and discovery of new fishing grounds, and on expanded world e a ch s e a s o n of profitable operations, usually is trade. accompanied by a substantial expansion in vessel operations. This is attributed partly to an over-enthusiastic Estimates of potential supplies of shrimp in various areas boat building program and partly to the influx of outside of the world must be viewed in the light of the problems elements which enter the shrimp fishery while business is involved in realizing the potential in each specific area. The good. existence of a potential supply does not indicate that the potential will be realized. Prices for shrimp, costs of Gradual growth may be the best course for the future, production, and the rate at which shrimp fishing and shrimp for it allows for a more orderly balancing of supply and processing facilities are expanded will determine the extent demand.
TABLE 1 World shrimp catch and world catch of all fish and shellfish, 1950-68 (Live weight)
All fish & All fish & Year Shrimp Year Shrimp shellfish shellfish
1,000 metric Million 1,000 metric Million tons metric tons tons metric tons 1950 ...... 375 21.1 1960 ...... 499 40.0 1951 ...... 394 23.5 1961 ...... 559 43.4 1952 ...... 393 25.1 1962 ...... 619 47.0 1953 ...... 375 25.9 1963 ...... 671 48.3 1954 ...... 510 27.6 1964 ...... 670 52.7 1955 ...... 481 28.9 1965 ...... 663 53.5 1956 ...... 532 30.4 1966 ...... 697 57.3 1957 ...... 517 31.5 1967 ...... 757 60.5 1958 ...... 502 33.2 1968 ...... 771 64.0 1959 ...... 476 36.7
354 CONFERENCE ON THE CANADIAN SHRIMP FISHERY
TABLE 1 (Concl'd)
Index, 1950 = 100
All fish & All fish & Year Shrmpi Year Shrimp shellfish shellfish
1950 100.0 100.0 1960 133.1 189.6 1951 105.1 111.4 1961 149.1 205.7 1952 104.0 118.9 1962 165.1 222.7 1953 100.0 122.7 1963 178.9 228.9 1954 136.0 130.8 1964 178.7 249.7 1955 128.3 137.0 1965 176.8 253.5 1956 141.9 144.1 1966 185.9 271.5 1957 137.9 149.3 1967 201.9 286.7 1958 133.9 157.3 1968 205.6 303.3 1959 126.9 173.9
Source: FAO and Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service.
TABLE 2 World Catch by Major fishery Groups, 1950-68 (Live weight) - - - - - - - - - - Flounders Cods Redfishes Herrings Ulnas Crusta- Fresh- Halibuts Hakes Basses Sardines Bonitos Molluscs Year water Soles, Haddocks, Congers, Anchovies, Skipjacks, ceans etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
Thousand metric tons 1950 2,360 490 3,630 1,360 5,050 550 660 1,620 1951 2,620 480 3,870 1,570 5,560 600 690 1,830 1952 2,770 530 4,120 1,560 5,840 640 700 1,920 1953 2,960 550 3,960 1,620 6,040 610 760 1,830 1954 3,190 560 4,400 1,690 6,480 720 860 1,950 1955 3,400 620 4,870 1,900 6,210 800 860 1,950 1956 3,520 680 5,120 2,060 6,790 890 920 1,950 1957 3,900 690 4,730 2,140 7,040 910 900 2,100 1958 4,400 790 4,490 2,250 7,250 990 850 2,070 1959 5,100 880 4,650 2,390 8,920 1,060 880 2,340 1960 5,580 1,210 4,990 2,390 10,080 1,060 970 2,560 1961 5,700 1,330 5,050 2,410 12,410 1,210 990 2,500 1962 5,700 1,240 5,530 2,600 14,530 1,230 1,070 2,660 1963 5,900 950 5,950 2,730 14,790 1,240 1,140 2,960 1964 6,110 990 6,070 2,970 18,490 1,210 1,170 2,670 1965 6,300 960 6,750 3,190 16,780 1,200 1,190 2,880 1966 6,360 1,090 7,260 3,220 18,740 1,320 1,280 2,950 1967 6,550 1,200 8,150 3,140 19,680 1,330 1,350 3,080 1968 6,660 1,150 9,480 3,190 20,460 1,400 1,400 3,380
Source: FAO TABLE 3 355 Indexes of World Catch by Major Fishery Groups, 1950-68
Flounders Cods Redfishes Herrings Tunas Fresh., Halibuts Hakes Basses Sardines Bonitos Crusta- Year Molluscs water Soles, Haddocks, Congers, Anchovies, Skipjacks, ceans etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
1950 = 100 - 1950 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1951 111.0 98.0 106.6 115.4 110.1 109.1 104.5 113.0 1952 117.4 108.2 113.5 114.7 115.6 116.4 106.1 118.5 1953 125.4 112.2 109.0 119.1 119.6 110.9 115.2 113.0 1954 135.2 114.3 121.2 124.3 128.3 130.9 130.3 120.4 1955 144.1 126.5 134.2 139.7 123.0 145.5 130.3 120.4 1956 149.1 138.8 141.0 151.5 134.4 161.8 139.4 120.4 1957 165.3 140.8 130.3 157.4 139.4 165.4 136.4 129.6 1958 186.4 161.2 123.7 165.4 143.6 180.0 128.8 127.8 1959 216.1 179.6 128.0 175.7 176.6 192.7 133.3 144.4 1960 236.4 246.9 137.5 175.7 199.6 192.7 146.9 158.0 1961 241.5 271.4 139.1 177.2 245.7 220.0 149.9 154.3 1962 241.5 253.1 152.3 191.2 287.7 223.6 162.1 164.2 1963 250.0 193.9 163.9 200.7 292.9 225.5 172.7 182.7 1964 258.9 202.0 167.2 218.4 366.1 220.0 177.3 164.8 1965 266.9 195.9 185.9 234.6 332.3 218.2 180.3 177.8 1966 269.5 222.4 200.0 236.8 371.0 239.9 193.9 182.1 1967 277.5 244.9 224.5 230.9 389.7 241.8 204.5 190.1 1968 282.2 234.7 261.2 234.6 405.1 254.5 212.1 208.6
Source: Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service.
TABLE 4 World Catch of Selected Crustaceans and Molluscs, 1950-68 (Live weight)
Year Crabs Lobsters Clams Oysters Scallops
Thousand metric tons 1950 143 86 197 370 93 1951 148 91 213 451 90 1952 145 96 203 424 94 1953 156 98 228 459 121 1954 183 100 230 672 101 1955 204 106 233 629 117 1956 196 106 289 640 112 1957 199 114 316 648 123 1958 197 111 316 639 119 1959 202 112 310 713 144 1960 233 120 332 816 161 1961 247 122 338 751 171 1962 259 125 360 707 175 1963 272 128 441 815 162 1964 288 132 442 829 157 1965 309 135 454 741 190 1966 340 137 497 761 178 1967 338 140 483 839 131 1968 354 146 483 823 148
Source: FAO TABLE 5 TABLE 6 Indexes of World Catch of Selected Crustaceans and Shrimp Catch by Country in North America, 1950-68 Molluscs, 1950-68 (Live weight) Year Crabs LoUsters Clams Oysters Scallops Year Canada Greenland United States Total
1 950 = 100 --- Thousandmetric tons ------1950 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1951 ...... 103.5 105.8 108.1 121.9 96.8 1950. 86.8 87.2 1952 ...... 101.4 111.6 103.0 114.6 101.1 1951. 101.7 102.0 1953 ...... 109.0 114.0 115.7 124.1 130.1 1952. 103.0 103.6 1954 ...... 127.9 116.3 116.8 181.6 108.6 1953. 118.1 119.0 1954. 121.8 122.6 1955 ...... 142.7 123.3 118.3 169.9 125.8 1956 ...... 137.1 123.3 146.7 172.9 120.4 1955. 110.8 111.9 1957 ...... 139.2 132.6 160.4 175.1 132.3 1956. 101.7 102.8 1958 ...... 137.8 129.1 160.4 172.7 127.9 1957. 92.5 93.9 1959 ...... 141.3 130.2 157.4 192.7 154.8 1958. 97.0 98.6 1959. 109.0 110.3 1960 ...... 162.9 139.5 168.5 220.5 173.1 1961 ...... 172.7 141.9 171.6 203.0 183.8 1960. 113.1 115.7 1962 ...... 181.1 145.3 182.7 191.1 188.2 1961. 79.1 82.1 1963 ...... 190.2 148.8 223.9 220.3 174.2 1962. 86.7 90.9 1964 ...... 201.4 153.5 224.4 224.1 168.8 1963 . 109.0 113.1 1964. 96.1 100.4 1965 ...... 216.1 157.0 230.5 200.3 204.3 1966 ...... 237.7 159.3 252.3 205.7 191.4 1965. 110.5 116.4 1967 ...... 236.4 162.8 245.2 226.8 140.9 1966. 108.4 113.6 146.0 1968 ...... 247.6 169.8 245.2 222.4 159.1 1967. 139.6 1968. 132.3 138.6 Source: Division of Current Economic Analysis, National Marine Fisheries Service. Source: FAO
TABLE 7 Shrimp catch by country in Central America, 1950-68 (Live weight)
Total Costa El Mexico Panama various Year Cuba Guatemala Honduras Rica Salvador countries
------Thousand metric tons ------NA NA 1950.... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1951.... NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.1 1952.... 0.1 NA NA NA NA NA 0.6 35.5 1953.... 0.1 NA NA NA NA 34.8 1.7 37.2 1954.... 0.1 NA NA NA NA 35.4 43.2 2.0 45.4 1955 . . 0.2 NA NA NA NA 44.8 3.0 47.8 1956 . . NA NA NA NA NA 43.7 4.2 47.9 1957 NA NA NA NA NA 50.2 4.6 57.7 1958 0.4 1.5 1.0 NA NA NA 60.3 5.6 67.8 1959 . . NA NA 1.9 NA NA 66.8 5.5 80.1 1960 NA NA 7.8 NA 72.3 5.2 87.5 1961 1.1 1.7 6.2 0.9 0.1 70.6 5.6 86.6 1962 1.1 1.4 6.0 1.6 0.3 72.0 5.6 88.7 1963 1.6 1.8 5.7 1.5 0.5 7.1 89.6 1964 1.9 3.5 5.5 2.1 0.5 69.0 5.9 76.0 1965.... 1.7 1.9 5.0 1.5 0.9 59.1 5.6 87.2 1966.... 1.8 2.8 7.3 2.3 1.6 65.8 6.5 90.4 1967.... 1.8 2.9 5.6 1.8 1.7 70.1 78.0 1968.... 2.4 2.9 4.5 1.1 2.5 58.6 6.0
Source: FAO TABLE 8 Shrimp catch by country in South America, 1950-68 (Live weight)
Total Year Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Peru Surinam Uruguay Venezuela Various countries
Thousand metric tons
1950 . . 1.4 NA ...■ NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.4 1951 . . 2.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.5 1952 . . 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.0 1953 . . 3,3 NA NA NA NA 0.3 NA 0.2 3.3 1954 . . 1.5 NA 0.1 NA NA NA 0.2 NA 0.5 1.6 1955 . . 1.6 NA NA NA 1.7 NA 0.2 NA 0.5 4.0 1956 . . 2.5 NA NA 0.1 2.3 NA 0.2 0.7 0.7 6.5 1957 . . 1.5 NA NA 0.2 2.1 NA 0.4 0.4 1.0 5.6 1958 . . 1.4 17.4 0.3 0.7 2.7 NA 0.3 0.5 - 1.1 24.4 1959 . . 0.9 18.2 0.7 1.3 2.8 0.5 0.1 0.5 - 1.6 27.1 1960 . . 0.7 21.7 2.6 1.7 2.8 1.0 0.1 0.7 1.4 33.7 1961 . . 1.0 25.0 2.4 1.9 4.6 1.8 0.6 0.7 0.1 2.5 42.4 1962 . . 0.8 35.2 4.3 1.8 4.7 2.3 0.6 0.5 - 3.8 54.0 1963 . . 0.8 28.3 3.6 1.9 5.2 2.8 0.8 0.6 0.1 3.9 48.0 1964 . . 0.7 28.1 5.9 2.6 5.0 3.2 0.9 0.7 4.3 51.4 1965 0.7 39.4 5.9 2.7 5.7 3.7 0.4 0.7 7.5 66.7 1966 0.6 34.7 11.4 2.1 5.3 4.3 0.4 0.6 3.4 62.8 1967 0.6 35.5 10.0 6.2 6.0 4.1 0.3 0.7 - 5.1 68,5 1968 0.9 '40.0 10.3 6.8 6.6 4.2 0.3 0.8 NA 4.6 74.5
lEstim. ated.
Source: FAO TABLE 9 Shrimp catch by country in Europe, 1950-68 (Live weight)
Fed. Rep. Total Year Belgium Denmark Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden U.K. of Germany France Greece Iceland Italy various countries