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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNA, IRVINE La Autobiografía, La Flâneuse Y La Sexualidad: Actos De Resistencia En Carmen Laforet, Carmen

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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNA, IRVINE La Autobiografía, La Flâneuse Y La Sexualidad: Actos De Resistencia En Carmen Laforet, Carmen UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNA, IRVINE La autobiografía, la fl âneuse y la sexualidad: actos de resistencia en Carmen Laforet, Carmen Martín Gaite y Almudena Grandes DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Spanish by Victoria Lau Dissertation Committee: Professor Gonzalo Navajas, Chair Assistant Professor Santiago Morales-Rivera Professor Jacobo Sefamí DEDICATORIA A mis padres A mi hermano A mi abuelita A mis tíos ¡Los quiero mucho! ii ÍNDICE LISTA DE ILUSTRACIONES iv AGRADECIMIENTOS v CURRICULUM VITAE vi ABSTRACT ix INTRODUCCIÓN 1 CAPÍTULO I: El intelectual contemporáneo, la mujer y la resistencia 7 I. Configuraciones del intelectual contemporáneo 7 1. Nacimiento del intelectual moderno 8 2. Gramsci, el intelectual orgánico y la hegemonía 11 3. Foucault, el poder y la resistencia 15 4. Spivak, lo subalterno y el esencialismo estratégico 19 II. La mujer española intelectual 24 CAPÍTULO II: La autobiografía como resistencia 31 I. El yo autobiográfico 31 II. La autobiografía femenina 37 1. El cuestionamiento de la autobiografía tradicional 37 2. El yo relacional y el yo doble 45 3. La hermandad femenina 55 4. El destino de la mujer excepcional 59 III. Conclusión 69 CAPÍTULO III: El espacio urbano como transgresión 71 I. El espacio 71 II. El nacimiento del espacio urbano y el fl âneur 77 III. El espacio urbano y la mujer 88 1. La esfera privada y la esfera pública 88 2. La transgresión de la esfera pública 92 3. La existencia de la fl âneuse 100 4. Mujeres en la ciudad 114 IV. Conclusión 126 CAPÍTULO IV: Malena, la feminidad y lo erótico 128 I. El contexto: los 1970-1980 128 II. El cuestionamiento de la feminidad y lo erótico como transgresión 136 III. Conclusión 171 CONCLUSIÓN 174 OBRAS CITADAS 177 iii LISTA DE ILUSTRACIONES Figura 1 Louis Huart, Physiologie du flâneur (1841) Figura 2: Five O’Clock Tea de Mary Cassatt. (1880). Museum of Fine Arts City Boston. Figura 3 : Portada de Nada. Edición Destino. Figura 4 : Louis Huart, Physiologie du flâneur (1841) Figura 5 : Portada de Nada. Edición Vintage Publishing (en inglés). Figura 6 : Paris Almanach. Georges de Gure. Figura 7 : The Shop Girl. James Tissot. 1883-1885. iv AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco profundamente a mis padres que son las personas que me han motivado más en la vida para alcanzar esta meta. Sin sus consejos y su amor, esto no sería realidad. También agradezco a mi hermano por ser una de las personas que más admiro y siempre sé que estará ahí para apoyarme. A mi abuela que está en el cielo y a mis tíos que ayudaron a criarme, muchas gracias. Agradezco sinceramente a todos los profesores y la administración del departamento de español de UC Irvine. Muchas gracias a mi comité: Profesor Gonzalo Navajas, Profesor Santiago Morales-Rivera y el Profesor Jacobo Sefamí. En especial le agradezco al Profesor Navajas por su comprensión y ayuda en todo este proceso. Sin él, no hubiera logrado llevarlo a cabo. También le agradezco a Evelyn Flores por su ayuda con todos los trámites administrativos. Agradezco a mis profesores de Loyola Marymount University. Sin su ayuda, sus consejos y su empuje, nunca hubiera logrado lo que he logrado hasta ahora. Ustedes son un ejemplo a seguir y les estaré siempre agradecida por las oportunidades que me han brindado. Finalmente, agradezco a mis amigas, Cassandra, Kati y Mariana, por siempre alentarme para terminar la tesis y obtener este doctorado. Sus palabras de ánimo me ayudaron a no darme por vencida. ¡Muchas gracias! v CURRICULUM VITAE VICTORIA LAU EDUCATION University of California, Irvine. Doctorate Degree: PhD. Spanish Literature. December 2018. University of California, Irvine. Master’s Degree: M.A. Spanish Literature, June 2010. Loyola Marymount University. Bachelor’s Degree: B.A. Spanish and Political Science, May 2005. Saint Louis University. Course work toward the B.A. degree in Spanish. Madrid, Summer 2004. PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT Loyola Marymount University . Visiting Assistant Professor of Modern Languages and Literatures. Spanish, August 2016- May 2018. Bellarmine-Jefferson High School. High School Spanish Teacher. March 2013-June 2016. Bellarmine-Jefferson High School. Sophomore Religion Teacher. August 2015-June 2016. Bellarmine-Jefferson High School. Junior Moderator. August 2015-June 2016. University of California, Irvine. Spanish Instructor/Teaching Assistant (TA). September 2008- September 2012; Winter 2016. Parker-Anderson Enrichment Program. Spanish Instructor. Spring 2013. Chapman University. Adjunct Faculty. Fall 2012. HS2 Academy . Spanish Instructor. Summer 2009- Spring 2010. Louisville High School. High School Spanish Teacher. August 2005-June 2008 Louisville High School . Freshmen Moderator. August 2005-June 2008. vi COURSES TAUGHT University Levels Stylistics and Composition SPAN 2804 Intermediate Spanish SPAN 2102 Intermediate Spanish SPAN 2C Intermediate Spanish SPAN 2B Intermediate Spanish SPAN 2A Intermediate Spanish SPAN 201 Elementary Spanish SPAN 1C Elementary Spanish SPAN 1B Elementary Spanish SPAN 1A Five Latin American Poets SPAN (Teaching Practicum) High School and Middle School Levels AP Spanish Language and Culture AP Spanish Advanced Spanish Honors Spanish 3H Advanced Spanish Spanish 3 Intermediate Spanish Honors Spanish 2H Intermediate Spanish Spanish 2 Elementary Spanish Spanish 1 The Church Sophomore Religion Paschal Mystery Sophomore Religion ACADEMIC CONFERENCES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND WORKSHOPS Advanced Placement Conference in Spanish Language and Culture. La Jolla, CA. Attendee. November 2018. California Language Teachers Association World Language Jamboree Workshop. Attendee. October 2018. “La mujer caminante”. Paper presented at the Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú. Presenter. July 2018. Modern Language Association. Member. January 2018- present. “El rol de la mujer intelectual en la posguerra civil española” 2017 AATSP Conference. Presenter and attendee . July 2017. The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. Member . January 2017 - present. vii AATSP Southern California Fall 2016 Conference. Conference moderator and attendee . November 2016. “Faculty Service Report Workshop.” Loyola Marymount University. Attendee . November 2016. CP3 Conference. Loyola Marymount University. Integrating technology in the classroom attendee . August 2014 and August 2015. “Latin American Women Directors” Spanish Film Forum. University of California, Irvine. Organizer and presenter . January and October 2014. Juan Bruce-Novoa Mexican Conference. University of California, Irvine. Volunteer . 2011. Latin American Film Festival. University of California, Irvine. Volunteer . 2010. Modern and Classical Language Association of Southern California. Member . September 2006- June 2008. “Teaching Strategies Workshop.” Modern and Classical Language Association of Southern California. Attendee. October 2006. viii ABSTRACT La autobiografía, la fl âneuse y la sexualidad: actos de resistencia en Carmen Laforet, Carmen Martín Gaite y Almudena Grandes By Victoria Lau Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish University of California, Irvine 2018 Professor Gonzalo Navajas, Chair In this dissertation I intend to explore three acts of resistance done by intellectual women against the Franco dictatorship that lasted from 1939 until 1975. At the same time, these acts of resistance are forms of subversion against the hegemonic patriarchal system that has always placed men in a superior position when compared to women. This has been true especially when it comes to literature and the public realm. The fact is that men have dominated the fields of intellectuality and have therefore controlled who belongs to the canon and who does not, placing women and their experiences in what the influential literary critic Gayatri Chackvorty Spivak calls the subaltern. It is well known that after the Spanish Civil War, Spain endured one of its most repressive periods with Francisco Franco in power bringing back many laws that discriminated against minority, marginalized groups such as homosexuals, Jews, people from the Basque, Catalonia, and Galicia regions, and women, amongst others. Although, the totalitarian government tried to control every aspect of its citizens’ lives, women writers did not stay silent and through their texts resisted the censorship that was imposed on them. As the French philosopher Michel Foucault would point out: "where there is power, there is resistance” and ix writing is one of the most effective forms of resistance. In this dissertation I intend to focus on three strategies women used to have their voices heard and resist: autobiography, the fl âneuse , and sexuality. In the first chapter, I start exploring how the contemporary intellectual was established with Zola and the Dreyfus affair, following with Antonio Gramsci’s concepts of the organic intellectual and hegemony. Zola and Gramsci were influential on how the rest of the intellectuals would describe their role in society in the twentieth century by siding with marginalized groups and speaking truth to power. In the second half of this chapter, I also explore Michel Foucault’s relationship between power and resistance and Spivak’s strategic essentialism and the subaltern. These are key concepts that helped shaped how women have been able to resist the hegemonic patriarchy they have lived under. In the rest of the dissertation I explore three specific acts of resistance: the autobiography, the fl âneuse , and sexuality. I start the second chapter examining different configurations
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