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Sustainable Yield of a Karst Aquifer System: a Case Study of Jinan Springs in Northern China

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Sustainable Yield of a Karst Aquifer System: a Case Study of Jinan Springs in Northern China 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Sustainable yield of a karst aquifer system: a case study of Jinan springs in northern China Fengxin Kang & Menggui Jin & Pinrui Qin Abstract Based on the long-term monitoring data of Keywords Karst . China . Sustainable yield . Maximum rainfall, groundwater levels, groundwater abstraction, allowable drawdown . Numerical model spring flow rates and groundwater quality, an assessment has been undertaken of the sustainable yield of a karst aquifer system in Shandong Province, northern China, to maintain perennial outflow of the karst springs while Introduction meeting water demands. One of the fundamental indica- tors for sustainable yield of groundwater is identified as There are numerous valuable karst springs in northern maximum allowable water-level drawdown. A regional China (Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi Prov- three-dimensional finite-difference numerical model has inces and Beijing), where 61% of the areas of the been developed to optimize the schemes associated with provinces are made up of Cambrian and Ordovician well fields and their locations and sustainable yields, in carbonate rocks (Li and Kang 1999). In these areas, the Jinan spring catchment and its adjacent karst ground- groundwater in karst aquifers is abundant, and has water catchments, with the aim of maintaining the water become the main water-supply sources for domestic, municipal and industrial uses, and agricultural irriga- level higher than the allowable lowest water level of fl 27.5m above sea level. Furthermore, measures necessary tion. The karst springs out ow at centralized discharge areas of karst aquifer systems. The free flow rate of to move towards sustainable use of the karst groundwater 3 3 are outlined, drawing on contingency plans of water- more than 50 springs is greater than 1 m /s (86,400m / source replacement and artificial recharge, dual water d) (Ma et al. 2004). These big karst springs present not supply (based in water quality), use of the spring waters only the most splendid scenery, but also the sources for themselves, and groundwater quality protection. the local rivers, lakes and water supply for regional water users, so that they are one of the primary elements of the local ecosystem. For instance, the famous karst springs in Jinan, Shandong Province, are thesourceofDa’ming Lake and Xiaoqing River, as well as one of the largest tourist attractions in Jinan and Received: 24 November 2009 /Accepted: 4 March 2011 Shandong Province. Published online: 6 April 2011 With the large-scale exploitation of karst ground- water and rapid urbanization, continuous lowering of * Springer-Verlag 2011 groundwater levels and groundwater-quality deteriora- tion have occurred in these karst groundwater systems. fl F. Kang : M. Jin ()) Correspondingly, the free ow rates of the springs have MOE Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology decreased and some springs have even dried up. The & School of Environmental Studies, springs in Jinan City were selected as being representa- China University of Geosciences, tive of a system suitable for studying the sustainable Wuhan 430074, China e-mail: [email protected] karst groundwater yield under the prerequisites of Tel.: +86-276-7883461 maintaining perennial outflow of the springs and meet- Fax: +86-278-7436235 ing water supply demand. F. Kang The Jinan karst aquifer system lies at the northern edge Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, of Taishan Mountain (elevation of 1,545 m above sea 74 Lishan Road, Jinan 250013, China level (asl), the highest in Shandong Province), and is P. Qin bounded to the north by the Yellow River, the second Shandong Provincial Institute of Geo-engineering, largest river in China. For the purpose of spring protection Jinan 250014, China in Jinan, much research and numerous investigations have Hydrogeology Journal (2011) 19: 851–863 DOI 10.1007/s10040-011-0725-2 转载 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 852 been done in the last 40 years (Li 1985; Li and Kang than the allowable lowest water level of 27.5 m asl and to 1999; Li et al. 2002, 2003; Wang et al. 2004; Qian et al. meet water demand in Jinan City. 2006; Wu et al. 2010). However, all of the previous studies have concentrated on the sole Jinan spring catch- ment, not the whole Jinan karst aquifer system. As shown in Fig. 1, the Jinan karst aquifer system is composed of Description of the study site Jinan spring catchment, White spring catchment, Chang- xiao karst water catchment and Dong’er karst water Jinan springs catchment, with areas of 1486, 784, 677, and 823 km2 Jinan, the capital city of Shandong Province, is famous for respectively. its springs, and is named “City of Springs”. There are 108 It is necessary to take into account all four catchments springs distributed within 2.6 km2 in the center of Jinan. as one karst aqufier system because the catchments are Flowing along the moat, the spring waters collectively hydraulically interconnected. On the basis of the long- flow into the Daming Lake, and then drain out into the term monitoring data of rainfall, groundwater levels, Xiaoqing River. The total discharge of the springs ranges groundwater withdrawals, and spring discharges, a three- from 300,000 to 400,000 m3/d in normal years, with the dimensional finite–difference groundwater numerical maximum of 502,000 m3/d observed in 1962. Among model has been developed to simulate sustainable ground- them, four spring groups are the most famous: Baotu water yield under different scenarios for the Jinan karst spring, Black-tiger spring, Pearl spring and Five-dragon aquifer system. The aim is to maintain water levels higher spring. Fig. 1 Hydrogeology of Jinan Karst Aquifer System, consisting of Jinan spring catchment, White spring catchment, Changxiao karst water catchment and Dong’er karst water catchment. 1 karst groundwater abundant and discharge area, 2 karst groundwater recharge area, 3 karst groundwater buried below impermeable sandstone and shale, 4 impermeable igneous rock, 5 impermeable granitic gneiss, 6 permeable fault, 7 low permeability fault, 8 impermeable fault, 9 impermeable igneous dike, 10 surface and groundwater divide, 11 no-flow boundary, 12 lateral inflow boundary, 13 lateral outflow boundary, 14 karst spring, 15 general direction of karst groundwater flow, 16 karst groundwater well field and its number, 17 urban area of Jinan City, 18 towns, 19 Cambrian-Ordovician, 20 Carboniferous-Permian, 21 Archean, 22 magmatic rock Hydrogeology Journal (2011) 19: 851–863 DOI 10.1007/s10040-011-0725-2 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 853 Over the last 40 years, due to over-exploitation of the between Jinan spring catchment and Changxiao karst karst groundwater and changes to the recharge conditions, water catchment, and Niujiaodian Fault between Chang- the discharge from the springs has been declining xiao karst water catchment and Dong’er karst water continuously, and the springs have dried up during dry catchment. Southern sections of these boundaries are seasons (March–June). For example, Baotu spring began impermeable, whereas northern sections are permeable. to dry up in the dry season from 1972 (Fig. 2); on The Upper Cambrian (€3) and Lower-Middle Ordovician occasions, there was no free flow in the whole year, like in (O1, O2) limestone and oolitic limestone are the main 1982, 1989, and 2000–2002. The “City of Springs” is in aquifers in the system. danger of being unworthy of its title, which could affect Precipitation is the predominant recharge source and the sustainable development of Jinan’ssocietyand streamflow seepage is another important recharge source. economy. The drying up of the springs is the biggest The major discharge has changed from natural spring cultural issue to all Jinan citizens, because springs are the outflows to artificial extraction. There are also some other soul and the most valuable treasure of Jinan. Therefore, it small discharges, such as lateral outflow through the is important to study the sustainable yield of the karst Quaternary aquifer at the northwest of Jinan City. aquifer system. As shown in Figs. 1 and 3, the karst groundwater is generally flowing from south to north, which basically coincides with the dip direction of karst strata and Geology and hydrogeology topography; when moving to Jinan City, the karst ground- The Jinan karst aquifer system is a monoclinic structure, water is obstructed by impermeable Mesozoic igneous with an area of 3,770 km2 and an average annual rocks (diorite and gabbro) or Carboniferous-Permian sand precipitation of 673 mm. Topographically, the Jinan karst and shale and then enriched around the contact zone aquifer system is gradually lowered in elevation from between impermeable rocks and permeable limestone. In — the suitable areas of topography and structure, the south to north from mountainous and hilly land to a fi fl piedmont inclined plain and to the Yellow River alluvial con ned karst groundwater ows out as ascending plain. Jinan is located in the conjunction between the two springs, and a typical monoclinic artesian structure is plains (Figs. 1 and 3). The Yellow, Xinzhaoniu, Xiaoqing, formed. Yufu and Beisha rivers run through the system. The Jinan karst aquifer system basement, consisting of metamorphic rocks of the Archean Taishan Group, is distributed in the south of the catchment. In the middle of Effects of historical over-extraction on the karst the catchment, the basement is covered by karstic groundwater carbonate strata of Cambrian and Ordovician. The Karst groundwater level and springs discharge Cambrian strata is characterized by the interbeds of limestone and shale while the Ordovician is composed Measurements of water levels in wells provide the most by thick-bedded limestone, argillaceous limestone and fundamental indicator of the status of groundwater and are dolomitic limestone, with the dip direction of NE20° and critical to meaningful evaluations of the quantity and dip angle from 5 to 10°.
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