Thiago Vernaschi Vieira Da Costa Osteologia E Filogenia Das Aves

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Thiago Vernaschi Vieira Da Costa Osteologia E Filogenia Das Aves Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa Osteologia e filogenia das Aves Caprimulgiformes, com ênfase em Nyctibiidae e Caprimulgidae Osteology and phylogeny of the avian order Caprimulgiformes, with special emphasis on Nyctibiidae and Caprimulgidae São Paulo 2014 Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa Osteologia e filogenia das Aves Caprimulgiformes, com ênfase em Nyctibiidae e Caprimulgidae Osteology and phylogeny of the avian order Caprimulgiformes, with special emphasis on Nyctibiidae and Caprimulgidae Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Doutor em Ciências, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luís Fábio Silveira São Paulo 2014 Ficha Catalográfica Costa, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Osteologia e filogenia das Aves Caprimulgiformes, com ênfase em Nyctibiidae e Caprimulgidae 454 páginas Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Caprimulgiformes 2. Osteologia 3. Filogenia I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: ________________________ _____ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). _________________________ ____________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof. Dr. Luís Fábio Silveira Orientador Dedicatória Aos meus pais, Beto e Claudete, e ao meu irmão Guga; pelo carinho e entusiasmo que sempre demonstraram pela minha profissão e minha paixão pelas aves (em especial pelos bacuraus e urutaus!), e por renunciarem muito de suas próprias vidas para que eu chegasse até aqui Epígrafe “Tenho a impressão de ter sido uma criança brincando a beira-mar, divertindo-me em descobrir uma pedrinha mais lisa ou uma concha mais bonita que as outras, enquanto o imenso oceano da verdade continua misterioso diante de meus olhos.” Isaac Newton Agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar agradeço ao Prof. Dr. Luís Fábio Silveira pela oportunidade de poder participar de seu grupo de pesquisa e pela orientação competente e transparente durante esses anos de convivência no doutorado. Pela dedicação que destina às coleções ornitológicas do MZUSP, e por propiciar sempre um ambiente de trabalho altamente agradável e produtivo. Desde o meu primeiro contato para o ingresso na pós-graduação até a fase final dessa tese tem sido um grande mestre e amigo. A essa e todas as oportunidades que me foram confiadas, sou profundamente grato Luís. À Coordenadoria de Apoio a Pessoal Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de doutorado, bem como pela bolsa do Programa Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior (PDSE – Proc. BEX 5360/317) concedida entre agosto de 2013 e fevereiro de 2014. Ao Prof. Dr. Marcelo Carvalho pela competência e seriedade à frente da coordenação da Pós-Graduação em Zoologia do Instituto de Biociências-USP, pela atenção, gentileza e presteza com que trata os alunos e as questões relativas à Pós-Graduação, e por todo o apoio com relação à bolsa PDSE. À Frank Chapman Foundation pelo Collection Study Grant recebido em 2012 para visitar as coleções ornitológicas do American Museum of Natural History, em Nova York, e ao Field Museum of Natural History, de Chicago, pelo auxílio recebido através do Visiting Scholarship em 2012 para visitar as coleções daquela instituição. Aos curadores e gerentes das coleções e instituições por gentilmente me receberem em suas instituições, por permitirem livre acesso às coleções sob sua responsabilidade ou pelo empréstimo de material: Dr. Alexandre Aleixo (MPEG, Belém), Dr. Joel Cracraft, Paul Sweet, Peter Capainolo e Merle Okada (AMNH, Nova York), Dr. John Bates, Mary Hennen, Stephanie Ware e Lori Breslauer (FMNH, Chicago), Dra. Helen James, Dr. R. Terry Chesser e especialmente Chris Milensky e Carla Dove (NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington), Dr. James Van Remsen e Steve Cardiff (LSUMNS, Baton Rouge), Steve Rogers, Tim Pearson e Megan Paustian (CMNH, Pittsburgh), Dr. Scott Edwards, Jeremiah Trimble e Katherine Eldridge (MCZ, Cambridge), Dr. Mark Adams e Joanne Cooper (British Museum of Natural History, Tring, Reino Unido) e Dra. Christine Lefévre, Anne Previato e Marie Portas (MNHN, Paris, França). Alguns museus gentilmente cederam por empréstimo alguns espécimes durante visita aos museus americanos em 2012 e 2013, e por conta disso sou especialmente grato a Dra. Janet Hinshaw e Dr. Diarmaid O’Foighil (University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbour), Dra. Carla Cicero e Dr. Rauri Bowie (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley), Dr. A. Townsend Peterson e Mark Robbins (Kansas University Natural History Museum, Lawrence), Dr. Andrew Kratter (Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville), Dr. Richard Prum e Kristof Zyskowski (Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven) e Dr. David Winkler (Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Ithaca). Em especial gostaria de agradecer à Dra. Helen James, curadora da Divisão de Aves da Smithsonian Institution, em Washington DC, pela supervisão, atenção e todas as discussões sobre Caprimulgiformes e Aves em geral durante o produtivo período de doutorado sanduíche naquela instituição. A toda a equipe da Divisão de Aves, Dr. Gary Graves, Dra. Mercedes Foster, Dr. Storrs Olson, Mort e Phyllis Isler, Chris Milensky, Dra. Carla Dove, Brian Schmidt, Christina Gebhard, Jacob Saucier, Craig Ludwig, Faridah Nahlan, Marcy Heacker, Jim Whatton, Joe Jehl, Caroline Duffie, Daniel Thomas e Daniel Field. Agradecimento especial ao Chris e à Carla por gentilmente me receberem em sua casa durante algumas semanas e por toda a ajuda durante a minha pesquisa. Meus agradecimentos também à Mary Sangrey, do Academic Research Center, e Francine Berkowitz, do Office of International Relations, pela atenção e gentileza durante minha estadia no Smithsonian. À Catherine Bechtoldt e sua família por gentilmente me receberem em Chicago durante visita ao Field Museum; ao amigo Karl Mokross e seus colegas por me receberem em Baton Rouge, Louisiana, e a todo pessoal de Baton Rouge que me receberam tão bem naquela cidade: Jared, Phil, Gustavo, Naty, César, Dan, Andrés e todo o pessoal do LSUMNS. Muitas pessoas contribuíram de diversas formas durante a realização desse trabalho, com discussões sobre bacuraus, sistemática e assuntos relacionados, assim como leitura, sugestões ou colaborações em manuscritos provindos da tese. Entre eles sou especialmente grato a Fábio Raposo do Amaral, Sérgio Vanin, Helen James, Mike Braun, Johan Ingels, Nigel Cleere, Sérgio Posso, Fernando Pacheco, Bret Whitney, Mario Cohn-Haft e David Winkler. Pelos ensinamentos em sistemática, meus agradecimentos ao Prof. Dr. Mario de Pinna, e pelas discussões acerca das análises filogenéticas sou grato também a Kevin Nixon, John Wenzel, Eduardo Almeida, Fernando Noll e Ismael Franz. Devo deixar registrado meus agradecimentos e admiração a muitos coletores e pesquisadores que dispenderam tempo, recurso e interesse à pesquisa e coleta de aves noturnas, particularmente de bacuraus e muitas das quais estudadas nessa tese, em particular a Robert Dickerman, Herbert Friedmann e Alexander Wetmore, e dos pesquisadores contemporâneos, a Mark Robbins, que muito tem contribuído ao conhecimento dos bacuraus do novo mundo, pelo esforço de coleta de espécies pouco representadas em coleções e pela generosa atenção no empréstimo de material da Universidade do Kansas. Aos amigos da Seção de Aves do MZUSP pelos incontáveis e agradáveis momentos durante esses anos: Aline Correa, Anna Ferraroni, Chico Dénes, Erika Machado, Érica Pacífico, Fábio Schunck, Fernanda Alves, Fernanda Bocalini, Glaucia Del Rio, Gustavo Bravo, Jeremy Dickens, Léo Novaes, Luciano M. Lima, Deborah “Luna”, Marina Somenzari, Naty Aristizábal, Naty Luchetti, Patty Lopes, Patrick Pina, Rafael Marcondes, Sérgio Bolivar, “Marcola” A. Rego, Thyago Santos, Vagner Cavarzere, Vinicius “Tico” Tonetti e Vitor Q. Piacentini. Nunca esquecerei o carinho com que me receberam no lab. Espero realmente algum dia poder retribuir um pouco o que vocês fizeram por mim. Ao Vagner Cavarzere e Rafael Marcondes também pela ótima companhia durante algumas viagens aos museus. Aos funcionários da seção de Pós-Graduação Lilian Parpinelli, Shirlene Barros, Helder Rossi e Erika Takamoto, especialmente à Lilian por toda a ajuda e atenção em diversos momentos e durante o pedido da bolsa do PDSE. A todos funcionários do MZUSP, Dione Serripieri, Altair, Ismael, Eliseu, Cláudio, e especialmente a Marina Lima e Marcelo Félix pela amizade e pela preparação cuidadosa de parte do material estudado. Aos amigos de longa data Helbert Medeiros e Vania Pretti por me receberem em São Paulo e com os quais passei momentos inesquecíveis no CRUSP, meus sinceros agradecimentos. Aos companheiros do ap. 94 Canadá, Charles Santos, Érico Machado e Elis Rosa pelos momentos que passamos ali. Aos housemates e amigos de Hyattsville durante o período pré-doc no Smithsonian, Davide Cerruti, Tim Slattery, Jennifer Bien-Aime e Karllinha Barbosa. À Karllinha, minha pequena, pelo amor, carinho e paciência em quase todas as fases do doutorado; por aguentar as minhas ranzinzices e todo o incentivo nesses anos compartilhados com os bacuraus e urutaus; por ter me acompanhado durante o doutorado sanduíche na nossa “american life” em Washington DC; por tudo isso e muito mais, muito obrigado Ká! Índice Introdução Geral 01 Capítulo 1. Sistemática de Caprimulgiformes (Aves) com base em caracteres osteológicos Abstract/Resumo 05 1.1. Introdução 07 1.2. Objetivos 20 1.3. Materiais e Métodos 1.3.1. Material de estudo 21 1.3.2. Nomenclatura e osteologia 22 1.3.4. Análises filogenéticas
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