DOCSLIB.ORG

PEOPLE Colonization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PEOPLE Colonization PEOPLE Colonization William Blackstone (1723-1780) William Blackstone was an English Jurist, the first Vinerian professor of law at Oxford, and Solicitor General to the Queen. Before Blackstone joined the faculty, English universities had focused exclusively on the study of Roman law. Blackstone authored Commentaries on the Laws of England widely regarded as the most complete and readable commentary on English law. The Supreme Court often references Blackstone’s writing as a source for determining the intent of the Founders when interpreting the Constitution. Thomas Hooker (1586-1647) Born in England in 1586, Thomas Hooker was raised in an ultra-conservative period in English history. After receiving degrees at Cambridge University, Thomas Hooker became a preacher whose sermons clashed with the established Church of England. He was eventually forced to leave England. He lived in Massachusetts and later founded the colony of Connecticut where he established a highly successful church in what is now Hartford, Connecticut. He aided in the adoption of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639. Believing in the principle of equality for all mankind, Hooker is sometimes called “the father of American democracy.” Hooker advanced a more democratic view, favoring the vote for all men, regardless of any religious or property qualifications. Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643) Anne Hutchinson stood up to a religious theocracy (where the church and the government are the same) in defense of religious liberty. A well-educated minister’s daughter, Hutchinson was born in England in 1591 and came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. She became a midwife, and she made friends. Soon she began to invite women to her home for Bible study. Over the years, Hutchinson attracted a following. Almost sixty people, both men and women, joined her group. The discussions at her home soon became more like sermons where she criticized the teachings of the colony’s ministers. For anyone—and especially a woman—to go against the official religion of the colony was a crime. Colony ministers charged Hutchinson with eighty-two “erroneous opinions.” But she did not keep silent. She courageously defended her beliefs. In the end, Hutchinson was convicted and banished to the colony of Rhode Island. Hutchinson’s struggle affirmed the values of respect and religious liberty. In 1789, the Constitution banned religious tests for public office; the First Amendment, adopted in 1791, stopped the federal government from establishing a national church; finally, all the states ended their official churches by the early 19th century. Hutchinson’s early struggle helped lay the foundation for religious liberty. 1 William Penn (1644-1718) William Penn was born in England to a prominent Anglican family, and endured persecution when he became a Quaker. He was arrested and imprisoned for expressing his beliefs. Penn was determined to found a new Quaker settlement in America where religious toleration would flourish. With land given to him by the King as payment for debts owed his father, Penn founded Pennsylvania (named after his father) in 1681. Writing the colonial charter and making plans from across the Atlantic in England, Penn wrote to the colony’s residents about his belief that just government relies on the consent of the governed: “You shall be governed by laws of your own making…” He ensured rights such as jury trials, freedom of assembly and freedom of religion for all Christians who were included in the charter. Penn’s commitment to moderation was evident in the colony’s criminal code. At a time when other colonies punished religious dissenters with death and English law provided the death penalty for offenses like robbery, Pennsylvania reserved the death penalty for the crimes of murder and treason only. The government also included ideas later found in the Constitution including separation of powers and republican government. On his first visit to Pennsylvania in 1682, Penn founded the city of Philadelphia. In negotiating with Indians, he always treated them with respect and paid a fair price for land. On his second visit in 1701, a new constitution for the colony was written that endured until the Revolutionary War. A bell was cast in 1751 for the 50th anniversary of that document, on which was inscribed a Biblical verse: “Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.” This bell, now known as the Liberty Bell, hangs in Independence Hall in Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson called Penn “the greatest law-giver the world has produced.” John Peter Zenger (1697-1746) John Peter Zenger was a German immigrant who settled in New York and became a publisher. He printed the first political newspaper in the country called the New York Weekly Journal. Its pages contained criticism of the New York governor, charging that he was threatening the “liberties and properties” of the people, and that he had violated the rules of his office. In response, the governor ordered the newspaper burned and had Zenger arrested for “seditious libel.” Zenger’s bail was set extremely high and he spent nine months in jail. At his trial, Zenger complained that the three judges on the bench had all been appointed by the governor. In response, the judges disbarred (or disqualified) Zenger’s lawyers. Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton then took the case. Hamilton argued that the law defining “seditious libel” was unjust, because it was irrelevant whether the objectionable printed statements were true or false. Since what Zenger printed was true, Hamilton argued, the jury should set him free. He asserted the importance of a free press in society, which ought to have “a liberty both of exposing and opposing tyrannical power by speaking and writing truth.” The jury agreed and set aside the law, acquitting Zenger. In addition to the principles of press freedom expressed by Hamilton, the Zenger case illustrates the importance of protections such as jury trials, due process, and prohibitions on excessive bail. 2 Revolution / Declaration of Independence Abigail Adams (1744-1818} Abigail Adams was born in Massachusetts, a descendant of the distinguished Quincy family. She married young lawyer John Adams in 1764. They settled on a farm in Braintree, Massachusetts. The couple had four surviving children, including son John Quincy Adams. Abigail raised the children and ran the farm while John traveled as a circuit judge and later while he served overseas. She and John corresponded through their long separations and her letters tell of her loneliness, but she persevered with courage and industry. Abigail often shared her views with John on political matters. She famously requested of the members of the Continental Congress: “I long to hear that you have declared an independency. And, by the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation.” Later, while John was president, she also told him that she believed there was a need for the Alien and Sedition Acts. John Adams (1735-1826) John Adams was born in Massachusetts, the second cousin of Samuel Adams. He began his law practice after graduating from Harvard. A defining moment in his young life was watching James Otis’s courtroom challenge of British writs of assistance, which was based on natural rights theory. The speech filled Adams with zeal for liberty, and Adams would remember it into his old age. Willing to take unpopular stands, Adams courageously defended the British soldiers accused in the Boston Massacre. Advising the courtroom to avoid relying on passion as a guide, he emphasized that “Facts are stubborn things.” Adams drafted the Massachusetts Constitution and Declaration of Rights and served in the Continental Congress where he was a leading advocate of independence. He seconded the Lee Resolution and served on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence (though the writing was done by Thomas Jefferson). He signed the Treaty of Paris with Benjamin Franklin and John Jay, and completed diplomatic missions in Europe. He was serving overseas as the Constitution was being drafted. He and his friend Jefferson wrote to James Madison urging the addition of a bill of rights. Adams served as the country’s first Vice President under George Washington from 1789-1797. He was elected the second President of the United States in 1796. As President, he kept the United States out of war with France but signed the controversial and probably unconstitutional Alien and Sedition Acts. He also signed the Judiciary Act of 1801. Six months before he died, Adams’ son John Quincy Adams became the sixth president of the United States. Adams died fifty years to the day after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 3 Samuel Adams (1722-1803) Samuel Adams was born in Massachusetts, the second cousin of John Adams. He worked at various businesses after graduating from Harvard. During the 1760s, Adams became a leader of Patriot resistance to the British government’s attempts to tax the colonies. Adams organized the Sons of Liberty with James Otis and John Hancock. This group took the lead in resisting the Stamp Act and Townshend Duties. Adams was soon famous throughout the colonies. In 1772 Adams authored The Rights of the Colonists, which appealed to the concepts of the rights of Englishmen and natural rights theory. When Parliament passed the Tea Act, Adams organized the Boston Tea Party.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 8Th US History Civil War and Reconstruction Units
    8th US History Civil War and Reconstruction Units 1. Complete the first 4 weeks of work in order. The first week covers the Civil War. If you can answer the questions without completing all of the reading, you may do so, as you should have learned the majority of this content in class. Within the unit there are two video lessons, one about Harriet Tubman and another about the 54th Massachusetts. If you have access to your phone or the internet, watch the videos as they are assigned to complete the questions. 2. Weeks 2, 3, and 4 over lessons we have yet to cover in class, including about the period of time after the Civil War, called Reconstruction. You should use the textbook reading to complete the questions and assignments in this section. 3. Week 5 focuses on the STAAR practice unit. Please access the quizlet link on page 76, review the “US History at a glance” pages, and answer the practice problems using the “at a glance” information. 4. For online games, activities and extra practice check out: https://www.icivics.org/games 5. Khan Academy provides a free, online module for 8th Grade US History, including topic overviews and practice. Focus on The Civil War era (1844-1877) https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history WEEK 1 The Civil War 21.1 Introduction he cannon shells bursting over Fort Sumter ended months of confu­ sion. The nation was at war. The time had come to choose sides. TFor most whites in the South, the choice was clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Hispanics in the American Civil War 1 Hispanics in the American Civil War
    Hispanics in the American Civil War 1 Hispanics in the American Civil War Hispanics in the American Civil War First row David Farragut • Santos Benavides • Augusto Rodriguez Second row Federico Fernández Cavada • Julius Peter Garesché • Luis F. Emilio Third row Loreta Janeta Velazquez as herself (right) and disguised as "Lieutenant Harry Buford" (left) Hispanics in the American Civil War fought on both the Union and Confederate sides of the conflict. Not all the Hispanics who fought in the American Civil War were "Hispanic-Americans", in other words citizens of the United States. Many of them were Spanish subjects or nationales from countries in the Caribbean, Central and South America. Some were born in a US Territory and therefore did not have the right to US Citizenship. It is estimated that approximately 3,500 Hispanics, mostly Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans (Puerto Rico and Cuba were Spanish colonies) living in the United States joined the war: 2,500 for the Confederacy and 1,000 for the Union. This number increased to 10,000 by the end of the war. Hispanic is an ethnic term employed to categorize any citizen or resident of the United States, of any racial background, of any country, and of any religion, who has at least one ancestor from the people of Spain or is of non-Hispanic origin, but has an ancestor from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central or South America, or some other Hispanic origin. The three largest Hispanic groups in the United States are the Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.[1] The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Hispanic Medal of Honor Recipients 1 List of Hispanic Medal of Honor Recipients
    List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients 1 List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.[1] Forty-three men of Hispanic heritage have been awarded the Medal of Honor. Of the forty-three Medals of Honor presented to Hispanics, two were presented to members of the United States Navy, thirteen to members of the United States Marine Corps and twenty-eight to members of the United States Army. Twenty-five Medals of Honor were presented posthumously.[2] The first recipient was Corporal Joseph H. De Castro of the Union Army for Reverse of the Medal of Honor awarded his actions at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 3, 1863, during the American to Seaman John Ortega Civil War and the most recent recipient was Captain Humbert Roque Versace who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor on July 8, 2002, by President George W. Bush. Corporal De Castro was a member of the Massachusetts Infantry, a militia that was not part of the "regular" army; however, Private David Bennes Barkley was a member of the regular army during World War I and has been recognized as the Army's first Hispanic Medal of Honor recipient.[3] In 1864, Seaman John Ortega became the first Hispanic member of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Legion Magazine [Volume 85, No. 5 (November 1968)]
    EM BER 1 ALVIN YORK and FRANK LUKE: Legendary WW i Heroes A HISTORY OF THE MEDAL OF HONOR • HOW OUR omsioNS GOT THEIR SHOULDER PATCHES A REPORT FROM THE 50^^ NATIONAL CONVENTION. Held in NEW ORLEANS. LA — 10 Fabulous French PERFUMES 10 world famous fragrances ^4.95 A PARISIAN SCENT FOR EVERY MOOD An extravagant, exciting gift at an unbelievably low price. Each in its own distinctive bottle and set You save $10.00 when buying gift package of 10. in a beautiful tri-color gift box decorated Our price, $1.50 for each bottle if bought separately. with gay, crisp drawings of Paris. These are all genuine full strength perfumes, not toilet water or cologne. We have imported a limited number of All sealed in the beautiful bottles you see these exciting gift packages for distribu- perfumes pictured here. tion in the United States and Canada. Please rush your order now while the MOIMEY BACK GUARANTEE lasts. receipt of order supply Upon your NIresk Importers, Dept. PR-75 we will rush this amazing gift package of 210 S. DesPiaines St., Chicago, III. 60606 10 world famous French fragrances, each Please rush at once the fabulous collection of 10 World Famous Fragrance perfumes for only $4.95 each set—plus 25( for postage, handling and its in own different, distinctive bottle insurance—on full money-back guarantee. all for only $4.95. You must be completely I enclose $_ delighted or your money back promptly. Ship C.0.0. plus postage & C.0.0. fees. Charge to my Diners' Club Acct.
    [Show full text]
  • April 2017 Newsletter
    April 13, 2017 The Civil War: April 12, 1861 - May 9, 1865 “Duels, Fools, and Scoundrels” Join us at 7:15 PM on Thursday, April 13th, at Camden County College in the Connector Building, Room 101. This month’s topic is “Duels, Fools and Scoundrels” Herb Kaufman Herb Kaufman – Strange but true—this axiom was never more relevant than describing many of the unusual and extraordinary occurrences during the four years of the Civil War. While much of our Notes from the President... history is dominated by the major battles such as Get- tysburg and biographies of the key commanders such as Spring and baseball have arrived as Old Baldy continues Grant and Lee, the four years of the Civil War also included its 41st campaign. Thank you to everyone who paid their a significant number of strange and highly unusual person- dues to allow us to continue our great programs and work alities and incidents that have generally escaped modern in the South Jersey community. If you have not done so discussion. yet, get your funds to Frank Barletta soon. Keep spread- ing the Old Baldy message as you travel the area and visit This presentation focuses on these unusual and often interesting places and people. controversial incidents and events. Topics include soldier murderers, plot to bomb the White House, the strange Last month Dan Dixon dazzled us with the story of Charles case of Ulric Dahlgren and the plot to kill the Confederate Anderson and the third Gettysburg speech, increasing our President, the spy who was hung twice and buried in three knowledge of the Civil War era.
    [Show full text]
  • Important People of the Civil
    Important People of the Civil War Jefferson Davis •President of the Confederate States of America. Robert E. Lee •Confederate General in charge of the Army of Northern Virginia •Prolonged the Civil War for four years by winning battles he was expected to lose. Abraham Lincoln •16th President of the United States. •President during the Civil War. •Kept our country together through it’s darkest times. Ulysses S. Grant •Union General that took control of the Mississippi River, when he captured Vicksburg, Miss. in 1863. •Took Command of the Army of the Potomac in 1864, and then defeated Robert E. Lee, to end the Civil War. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson •Confederate General in the Army of Northern Virginia. •Strong leader and great tactician. •Earned the nickname “Stonewall” at the First Battle of Bull Run. William Tecumseh Sherman •Union General that waged “Total War” on the South near the end of the war. •His army cut a 60 mile wide, 300 mile long path of destruction in “Sherman’s March to the Sea” Clara Barton •Union Battlefield Nurse during the Civil War. •Nicknamed “The Angel of the Battlefield.” •After the war, she founded the American Red Cross John Wilkes Booth •Actor and southern sympathizer who assassinated Lincoln 4 days after the war ended. William Carney • Medal of Honor Recipient during Civil War. • Fought in the 54th Regiment of Massachusetts (aka the Buffalo Soldiers) Philip Bazaar • Medal of Honor winner Andrew Johnson • Lincoln’s Vice President • S. Democrat, seen as too lenient Hiram Revels-Rhodes • 1st African American to serve in the US Congress • Spoke to Racial equality and amnesty to former Confederates Civil War Battles • Is often called the “Civil War” in the North and the “War Between” the States in the South.
    [Show full text]
  • Monday, January 10Th, 2005
    Civil War & Reconstruction Day 16 Civil War & Reconstruction #4 due TONIGHT @ 10:45 1. Warm – Up 2. DBQ – The Battle of Gettysburg: Why Was It a Turning Point? Warm - Up Which is correct? A B C ORAL QUESTIONS (use notes) Several important battles were fought in 1862, including the deadliest one-day battle in American history. Name all three. Shiloh, New Orleans, Antietam Why were Shiloh and New Orleans important? Mississippi River Why did Lee take his army north to Antietam? Capture Washington D.C. Which part of the Anaconda Plan did the Union accomplish first? Blockade The blockade stopped two things, one from leaving the country and the other from coming in. What were they? Cotton and weapons What action did Lincoln take at the beginning of 1863 in order to weaken the South and strengthen the North? Emancipation Proclamation What does “emancipate” mean? Free Lincoln did not free slaves in the border states. Why? Only Congress could What two battles of 1863 provided the turning point of the war? Gettysburg and Vicksburg What famous speech did Lincoln give four months after the victory at Gettysburg? Gettysburg Address The victory at Vicksburg was important because it gave the Union complete control of the… Mississippi River General Sherman used “total war” as he marched his army through which Southern state? Georgia Sherman’s “March to the Sea” was important because it… split the South In 1865, the Union captured what important city in the South? Richmond The Confederacy finally surrendered in 1865 at… Appomattox Court House MATCHING Sherman’s March to 1861 the Sea Blockade around the 1862 Southern coast Battles of Gettysburg 1863 and Vicksburg— captured the Mississippi 1864 Captured Richmond– surrender at Appomattox 1865 Battle of Antietam, bloodiest day of the war Civil War Timeline and Contributions C 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pythagorean Theorem and Converse (8.GB 6 and 7) Online: IXL 8Th Grade
    Pre-Algebra Practice Assignments Day 1: March 30 - Pythagorean Theorem and Converse (8.G.B. 6 and 7) Online: IXL 8th grade R.1, R.2, and R.5 Paper: Pythagorean Theorem and Converse Practice Worksheet Day 2: March 31- Graph Linear Functions (8.F.3) Online: IXL 8th grade Y.5 and Y.6 Paper: Graph Linear Functions Practice Worksheet Day 3: April 1- Write Linear Functions (8.F.4) Online: IXL 8th grade Y.7, Y.8, Y.9, Y.10, Z.11, and Z.14 Paper: Write Linear Functions Practice Worksheet Day 4: April 2- Systems of Equations by Graphing (8.EE.8a) Online: IXL 8th grade AA.1, AA.2, and AA.4 Paper: Systems of Equations by graphing Practice worksheet Day 5: April 3- Systems of Equations by Substitution (8.EE.8a) Online: IXL 8th grade AA.8 Paper: Systems of Equations by Substitution Practice Worksheet 3/20/2020 Untitled Assessment - 1 Untitled Assessment - 1 Collection: Draft Created by Pete Garza Q1: What is the length of the missing leg? a = meters Q2: One end of a cable is attached to the top of a agpole and the other end is attached 6 feet away from the base of the pole. If the height of the agpole is 12 feet, nd the length of the cable. Round your answer to the nearest tenth. A 13. 4 feet B 13. 1 feet C 18 feet D 10. 4 feet https://app.edulastic.com/secure/as/printPreview?t=1584722801880 1/5 3/20/2020 Untitled Assessment - 1 Q3: A triangle has sides with lengths of 4 meters, 5 meters, and 7 meters.
    [Show full text]
  • Senate Section
    E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 107 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 147 WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2001 No. 135 Senate The Senate met at 9:30 a.m. and was to the Senate from the President pro the vehicles will depart the Capitol called to order by the Honorable HIL- tempore (Mr. BYRD). steps at 10 this morning. LARY RODHAM CLINTON, a Senator from The legislative clerk read the fol- f the State of New York. lowing letter: RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME U.S. SENATE, PRAYER PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- The Chaplain, Dr. Lloyd John Washington, DC, October 10, 2001. pore. Under the previous order, the Ogilvie, offered the following prayer: To the Senate: leadership time is reserved. Under the provisions of rule I, paragraph 3, f Almighty God, You have created us of the Standing Rules of the Senate, I hereby to know, love, and serve You, and then appoint the Honorable HILLARY RODHAM AVIATION SECURITY ACT—MOTION live with You forever. We thank You CLINTON, a Senator from the State of New TO PROCEED for the life and leadership of Senator York, to perform the duties of the Chair. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- Mike Mansfield. We are grateful for ROBERT C. BYRD, President pro tempore. pore. Under the previous order, the this truly great American, distin- Senate will now resume consideration guished Senator for 34 years, majority Mrs. CLINTON thereupon assumed of the motion to proceed to S.
    [Show full text]
  • Sectionalism and the Civil
    SECTIONALISM AND THE CIVIL WAR 11 Pages… SECTIONALISM When people favor the interests of one region over the interests of the country as a whole Tariffs Slavery Industry Uses of land Political Parties North vs. South A SPLITTING COUNTRY Various reasons and issues caused a rift in the country Tariffs: High tariffs helped the industrial North by making their prices cheaper against imports – made people buy American-made goods The South imported most non-agricultural goods, saw tariffs as a burden imposed by the North – their main trade partners were from Europe The West needed funding for roads, canals, railroads, etc. This was funded by the tariffs. NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832 A very high tariff had split the country Vice President John Calhoun left office to go help his home state of South Carolina South Carolina considered the tariff null and void, threatened military action, and threatened to secede from the Union Henry Clay helped reach a John C. Calhoun compromise tariff Claimed that state Both sides backed down and conflict governments have the was avoided right to reject federal States’ Rights -Revolved around the laws. ability of a state to declare federal laws unconstitutional MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state Maine was admitted as a free state Any new states above the Missouri Compromise line would be free states Maintain balance in the Senate A SPLITTING COUNTRY Slavery: North – illegal since the Revolution Abolitionist societies and newspapers – Underground Railroad
    [Show full text]
  • SONS of UNION VETERANS of the CIVIL WAR Lt
    SONS OF UNION VETERANS OF THE CIVIL WAR Lt. Commander Edward Lea U.S.N. – Camp Number 2 Harriet Lane *********************************************************************************************************************************** Mar 2016 Volume 22 Number 1 *********************************************************************************************************************************** From the Commander’s Tent Back in June 2010, my wife and I had just started volunteering at the Clayton Library, Center for Genealogical Research, a Special Collections branch of the Houston Public Library, better known among us locals as simply the Clayton Library. On Saturday mornings, we cover the 10:00 am to 12:00 pm shift at the Clayton House, the former home of Will Clayton and family. Well, on that Saturday in June 210, we pulled into the parking lot and noticed what appeared to be Union soldiers scurrying around behind the Clayton House. I usually go to the Clayton Library to research my ancestors, but now I was beginning to think that some of those ancestors had actually returned to set me straight on my family history……Dream on! It turned out that the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War were going to have a meeting in the Carriage House and that they had arrived early. I invited them to hangout in the Clayton House and then let it be known that I could be a member of the SUVCW. I was encouraged to apply for membership, but was given no special instructions. In the weeks to come, I requested my great-grandfather’s service and pension records from the National Archives and then sent my application to SUVCW National Headquarters. It was summertime, so I was not surprised that it took more than two months for my application to be acknowledged.
    [Show full text]