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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00923-3 - A Short History of Ireland: Third Edition John O’Beirne Ranelagh Index More information

Index

abortion, (debate on) legalisation 287–8, Andrews, John 307 294–5, 295–6 Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 330–1 Act of Union (1800) see Union opposition to 331 Adams, Gerry xviii, 320, 321, 329–30, 335–6, support amongst Southern parties 288–9 340, 346, 347, 358, 361, 377 US influence 339–40 acceptance of Good Friday Agreement Anglo-Irish Bank 390 352–3 Anglo-Irish Treaty (1922) 122 biography/personality 343–4 acceptability to Irish majority 232 dialogue with moderates/opponents benefits for UK 232 329–30, 333, 337, 338, 342–3, 352, 353–4 preliminary negotiations 228–31 support for peace process 356–7 signing 231 adoption, legalisation of 277 Anne, Queen 81, 85 Adrian IV, Pope 39–40 Apprentice Boys 76 Aer Lingus 291 aristocrats, in Gaelic society 13–17 agrarian unrest 89–90, 111, 147–8, 153–4 defining features 16 moves to terminate 154–5 Army Comrades Association see Blueshirts peasant/tenant societies 89–90, 100 Art MacMurrough, King 49 agriculture 100–1, 110–11 Ascendancy (Anglo-Irish elite) 77–8, 83–4 farm subdivision, end of 132 critiques 85–6 problems under Free State 263 differences with Westminster Parliament recessions (1870s/1880s) 152, 167 81, 90–2, 103 role in modern Irish economy 283 domination of landholdings 110–11 see also agrarian unrest internal distinctions 84 Ahern, Bertie 73, 294, 296–7, 343, 344, 348, objections to Union 101–2 354, 357, 384 self-interested motives 92 Aiken, Frank 242, 246 Ashbourne, Lord 169 aisling (poetic form) 87–9 Asquith, Herbert Henry (later 1st Earl of Aitken, Sir Max (later Lord Beaverbrook) Oxford) 181, 183, 186–7, 195, 208, 211, 209–10 214–15 Alcuin 31 Astor, Lady 216 Alexander III, Pope 45 Atkins, Humphrey 327, 333 Alfred the Great 35 Auchinleck, Lord 73 all-party talks 341–2 Augustine of Canterbury, Saint 38 Allen, William 138 Alliance Party 322 B Specials 302 Allied Irish Bank 383, 386 armed patrols 313 American Revolution 90–1, 92–3 attacks on Catholics 311 Amsterdam, Treaty of (1998) 298 bail, refusal of 297 405

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00923-3 - A Short History of Ireland: Third Edition John O’Beirne Ranelagh Index More information

406 Index

Balfour, Arthur 168–70 Brehon Laws 18–21, 51, 56 Balfour, Gerald 170 abolition 65 Banbridge (co. Down), car bomb (1998) 351 basic principles 18 banks/banking system 100 blinding, as punishment 20 role in 2008 crisis 385–6, 390 compensation 19–20 Banotti, Mary 297 false judgments, liability for 18 Barrett, Michael 138 fasting, plaintiff’s recourse to 19 Barrington, Sir Jonah 84 fostering of children 19–20 Barry, John 83 seizure of property 19 Barry, Kevin 224 survival/revival in later ages 21, 251 Barry, Tom 222, 224 women’s position under 21 Barton, Robert xix Brett, Charles, Sgt 138 bata scóir, punitive use of 133 Brian Boru, King 11, 35–7, 51 Beaker people 6–7 dynastic successors 37 Beaumont, Gustave de 92, 108 Brighton bomb attack (1984) xiii, 329–36 Becket, Thomas à, Saint 45 British army Bede, the Venerable 30 deployment in Catholic areas 313–14 beef, export trade in 99–100 intervention in home rule debate 186–7 (see Belfast also Curragh Mutiny) foundation 62 mobilisation in Northern Ireland (1969) as industrial centre 165 312–14 shipyards 304, 308, 381 murder of ofﬁcers 224–5, 240 Benedict XVI, Pope 363 proposed reduction of role 338 Berkeley, George, Bishop 86, 97 Bronze Age 5–7 Berry, Sir Anthony xiii, 329 burial sites 5–6 Bessborough, Lord 146 migrations 6 Birrell, Augustine 180, 200–1 writing 7 Black and Tans 223–5 Brooke, Sir Basil (later Viscount government sanctioning of activities 223–4 Brookeborough) 302, 307, 309 Black Oath (1639) 67 Browne, George, Archbishop 55 Blair, Tony 342–3, 344, 346, 348, 355–6, 357, Browne, Noel, Dr 273–6, 277 360, 361–3 Bruce, Edward 47 Blaney, Neil 316–17 Brugha, Cathal 217, 219, 221 Bloody Sunday (21 November 1920) see Croke Bruton, John 296–7, 338, 342, 348 Park Brythoni 9 Bloody Sunday (30 January 1972) 318–19 Burgess, Charles see Brugha, Cathal Bloom, David E. 378 Burke, Edmund 79, 86–7 Blueshirts 265–6 Burke, Thomas 155 Boland, Kevin 292, 316–17, 382 Burnside, David 355 Boleyn, Anne 55 Bush, George W., President 361 Bonar Law, Andrew 184–5, 186, 223 Butler family 51 Book of Armagh 26, 37 see also Ormond Book of Kells 32 Butt, Isaac 149–50 Book of Leinster 37, 40 Byrne, Vinnie 224 Boundary Commission (1924–5) 231, Byron, George Gordon, Lord 89 253–6, 303 impact on Free State politics 255–6 Callaghan, James 313 resignations from 254 Calpurnius (father of Saint Patrick) 26 revocation of powers 255 Canada, ‘invasion’ of (1866) 139 Boycott, Charles, Capt. 153 Canning, David 378 Boyne, Battle of the (1690) 54, 76, 304 Canute, King 37 Breakspear, Nicholas see Adrian IV Carey, James 155–6

Index 407

Carlyle, Thomas 128 Catholics Carson, Sir Edward (later Lord Carson) 183–4, alienation by UK policies 314, 318 186, 195, 212, 226, 301 confiscation of lands 74, 77–8 role in home rule negotiations 214–16 educational establishments 140–1 Casement, Sir Roger 194, 197, 199–200, 202, housing 306–7 211–12 in Irish Parliament 64–5, 76 Casey, Eamonn, Bishop 297 in police force 302 Cashel, Rock of 38 in UK Parliament 112, 139–40 Castlereagh, Lord 102 unemployment 304–5 Catholic Association of Ireland 109 see also discrimination Catholic Church The Cattle Raid of Cooley see Tain Bó Cúailnge alliances against Protestant rulers 54–5 cattlemen, in Gaelic society 16 Anglican split from 54 Cavendish, Lord Frederick 155 anti-revolutionary stance 95–6, 122, 140, Ceannt, Eamonn 196, 238 269, 377 ‘Celtic tiger’, Irish economy seen as 369, 381 (apparent) condoning of violence 377 Celts 7–13 attacks on 67 archaeological evidence 7–9 attempts to suppress 79 (see also Penal arrival in Ireland 9 Laws) conflicts with Rome 13 banning of books 378 debate on meaning 7 centrality to Irish life/culture 375, 377 genetic characteristics 7 church attendances 375 gods 12, 22–3 conditions for rebellion 142 oral culture 9, 21 decline in public image 379–80 origins 7, 9 identified with Irish nationalism 64–5, references in Classical literature 9–12, 13 67–9, 79, 97–9, 210, 375–6, 380 religion 12 impact of social/economic change on see also Gaels 375–80 censorship 245 leaders, as statesmen 376–7 Chamberlain, Austen 231 opposition to health reforms 275 Chamberlain, Joseph 163–4 opposition to IRB/Fenians 141–4 Chamberlain, Neville 267 opposition to Land League 169 Charlemagne 31 political influence 245–6, Charlemont, James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of 91 275–6: opposition to 245–6; weakening Charles Edward Stewart, Prince (‘Bonnie of xi, 276, 285, 287–8, 297, 375, Prince Charlie’) 79–80, 82 377–8, 380 Charles I, King 65–6, 67, 71 role in emancipation movement 108–9 Charles II, King 75 scandals affecting 297, 379–80 Chartism 120 ‘special position’ in Irish Constitution Chesterfield, 4th Earl of 82 267–9 Chichester, Sir Arthur 61 support for UK government 106, 139–41 Chichester-Clark, James, Maj. 314, 317, 321 see also Catholic emancipation; Catholics; child abuse, by Church personnel 297, Irish Church; priests 379–80 Catholic Committee 107–8 Commissions of Inquiry 379–80 Catholic emancipation Childers, Erskine 193–4, 199, 240 impact on nationalist movement 110 The Riddle of the Sands 194 Irish movements for 107–9 cholera epidemics 125, 129 limited benefits of 109–10, 113 Christianity, arrival in Ireland 25 opposition to 101 see also Irish Church passage of legislation 109–10 Church of Ireland (Anglican) property qualification 109 Articles 67 UK government plans for 101–2, 106, 126 disestablishment 146

408 Index

Church of Ireland (Anglican) (cont.) Colmcille, Saint 30 offering of nourishment in return for Colombia, IRA involvement in drug-running conversion (Souperism) 128 356 tithes 90, 115 Colum, Padraic 209 vulnerability of position 82 Columbanus, Saint 31 Churchill, Lord Randolph 164, 177, 178–9, 185 Commonwealth, Irish status within Churchill, Winston 54, 185–6, 200, 257–8, 308 258, 272–3 Condon, Edward O’Meagher 138 Ciaran, Saint 30 Connaught xix civil disobedience 309, 310–12 confiscation/redistribution of lands 66, 74 civil service 104 Connolly, James xviii, 106, 188–90, 193, 195, female employment 372 199, 202–3, 208–9, 238, 251 pay 386–7 consent, age of 296 reorganisation (1924) 249–50 Conservative Party Civil War (English, 1642–9) 67–73 dominant position (1885–1905) 162, 164 Civil War (Irish, 1922–3) 122, 235–43 Irish policy 166–7, 168–70 aftermath 242–3, 244–6, 249 policy on direct rule 326, 327 ages of leadership 238 pro-Union stance 164–5, 184–5 turn in favour of Free State 241–2 Constantine, Emperor see Donation of Clan na Gael 151, 197 Constantine Clann na Poblachta (‘Family of the Republic’) Constitution of Ireland 266–9 273–6, 277–8, 280 Church influence on drafting 376–7 Clare, Charles O’Brien, 6th Viscount 82–3 criticisms 269 Clare, John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of 103 position of Church 267–9, 307 Clarence, George, 1st Duke of 51 position of women 268 Clarke, Kathleen (wife of Tom) 218–19 (proposed) amendments 338, 376 Clarke, Tom xviii, 192–3, 195, 196, 197–9, 203, Continuity IRA 330, 344, 365 208, 238 contraception, (debate on) legalisation 287–8, class, equated with ‘nation’ 179 296, 377–8 Clerkenwell explosion (1867) 138, 146 Convery, Pat 358 Clinton, Bill, President xiv, xv, 340, 341, 345, Coogan, Tim Pat 382 348, 356–7 Cook, Robin 73 Clontarf, Battle of (1014) 36–7 Cork, Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of 66 Cohalan, Daniel, Bishop 143 Cormac MacCarthy, King 38 Cold War xiv Corn Laws, repeal of 126–7 Colley, George 287 Cornwallis, Lord 95, 102–4 Collins, Eamon xv–xvi corporate taxation 391 Collins, Michael xviii, xix, 212–13, 216, Corrs, The 374 217–22, 224, 227–8, 238, 297 corruption, in Irish politics 291–4, 384–5, 387 abilities 218–19, 239–40 Cory, Peter, Judge 355 and Anglo-Irish Treaty: acceptance of 232, Cosgrave, Liam 316, 317, 324 233, 253, 303; reconsideration 235 Cosgrave, William T. 230–1, 241, 249, 250, acting presidency of Dáil 225 253, 266, 273, 316 death 238–9, 280 Costello, John A. 273, 274, 275, 277, 279–80 electoral pact (1922) 236–7 Coughlin, Mary 373–4 formation of killing squad 221–2, Council of Ireland (proposed, 1921) 226, 255 224–5, 242 counties, creation of 62–3 hostility towards 219–20 court cairns 4 infiltration of security forces 221 Coventry, IRA bomb attack (1939) 270 role in provisional government 234, Cowen, Brian 353–4, 385, 387–8, 391 239–40, 246–8 Craig, Sir James (later Viscount Craigavon) role in Treaty negotiations 228, 232 227, 228, 300–1, 307

Index 409

Craig, William 323, 324–5 Dark Ages 31–7 Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop 57 monks’ chronicles/transcriptions 13, 37 crannogs (Bronze Age dwellings) 6 political developments in Ireland 32 Crawford, William Sharman 148 Davies, Sir John 62 Crockett, Davy 80 Davin, Maurice 172 Croke, Thomas, Archbishop 172–3 Davis, Thomas 117–18, 122–3 Croke Park murders (1920) 224 Davitt, Michael 136, 151–2, 153 Cromwell, Henry 74 de Chastelain, John, Gen. 340, 348–9, 353, Cromwell, Katherine 73 357, 366 Cromwell, Oliver 71–5 de Gaulle, Charles 267, 281 harshness of Irish rule 72–3 de Lacy, Peter, Count 77 in Irish popular memory 73 de Valera, Eamon xviii, xix, 133–4, 137, 210, legislative measures 74–5 219, 236–9 Cromwell, Thomas, 1st Earl of Essex 73 authorship of Constitution 266–9, 307, 376 Cuchulain 20, 23–4, 175 break with IRA 238 Cullen, Paul, Archbishop (later Cardinal) 140, election on Sinn Féin ticket 215–17 142–3, 375 leadership of Fianna Fáil 246, 252–3, Cumann na nGaedheal (‘Society of the 255–6, 258, 260–1, 262–6, 271, 275, Gaels’) 277, 280 cultural/sporting policies 256–7 opposition to IRB 219 economic/social policy 248–51, 279 opposition to Treaty 233–4 electoral/popular losses 251–2, 253, 258–60 personality/qualities 280–1 foreign policy 257–8 political pragmatism 246, 252–3, 281 policy on Oath of Allegiance 253 Presidency of Dáil 221, 225, 226, Curragh mutiny 186–7 227: resignation 234; resumption in Curran, Sarah 105 opposition to Free State 241–2 Currie, Austin 321–2, 383 Presidency of Ireland 244, 278, 280 Cusack, Michael 172 re-enlistment as private soldier 238 cystic ﬁbrosis, prevalence of 7 rejection of violence 238, 241, 271 Czartoryski, Prince Adam 238 relations with colleagues 281 role in Easter Rising 203, 211 Dáil Eireann role in Treaty negotiations 228–31 on Anglo-Irish Treaty: debates 233–4; vote unrealistic ideas/aims 262–3 of acceptance 234 Deasy, Timothy 138 continuation in opposition to Free decommissioning 338, 340, 342–3, 348–9 State 241 acceptance 352–3, 365–6 establishment 217 as condition of involvement in talks 347, invalidity (1922) 234 349, 354 moves to end War of Independence 225 incentives to 360 oath of allegiance 220–1 Independent International Commission rebel courts, 1919–21 21, 250 348–9, 366 refusal to accept partition 226 time limits 346, 349 relationship with IRA 220–1 vagueness of deﬁnition 348–9 second formation (1921) 226 see also IRA suppression (1919/22) 221, 241 Defenders 101–2 women elected to 373 Democratic Unionist Party 323, 328, 339, 345 Daly, Cathal, Cardinal 377 electoral success 357–8, 358–9 Dana (Rosemary Scallon) 297 opposition to Good Friday Danaans (legendary people) 22–3 Agreement 350 Danes, communities in Ireland (post-1014) 37 role in power-sharing government 360–4 religious leanings 37, 38–9 Derry see also Vikings English appropriation/renaming 62–3

410 Index

Derry (cont.) Drogheda, massacre of (1649) 72 local elections 305–6 druids 11–12 siege (1688–9) 75–6, 304 Drumcree 350–1 unrest (1969–) 312 (see also Bloody Sunday) Drummond, Thomas 112 Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, 14th Earl of 59 Dublin Desmond, Gerald Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, 3rd Castle 45–6 Earl of 48–9 Catholic University 141 Devlin, Anne 105 child abuse in Archdiocese 379 Devlin, Joseph 303 Customs House, destruction (1921) 226–7 Devlin, Patrick 321–2 founding 34 Devoy, John 136–7, 151, 152, 192, 197, 199 General Post Office, occupation of 202–6 Diamond, Battle of the (1795) 102 living conditions 187, 248, 263 Diarmuid MacMurrough, King 40–4 lockout (1913) 187, 189 Dillon, Count 83 Metropolitan Police, IRA infiltration 221 Dillon, James 272, 281 see also Croke Park murders; Phoenix Park Dillon, John (Irish Party MP) 167–8, 169, 180, murders; Trinity College 208, 216, 272 Duffy, Charles Gavan 117, 119, 147–9 Dillon, John (Young Ireland activist) 117, Duffy, George 149 118, 119 Dukes, Alan 289 Diodorus Siculus 13 Dunne, Ben 293 direct rule 319–20 Dwyer, Michael 105 activism against 326 cross-party consensus (in UK) 326 Easter Rising (1916) 24, xviii–xix duration 326 aftermath 207–14, 216 increased violence in response to 334 casualties 207 plans to replace 327, 333–4; failure 334 events of rising 202–6 ‘positive’ 325–6 failure of plans 200–2 discrimination, anti-Catholic governmental awareness of plans 200–1 campaigns against 310–12 linguistic/cultural consciousness 133 as explicit policy 306 opposition within nationalist movement legislative 78–80, 81 201–2 social 178, 304–7 personnel 196, 199 see also employment; Penal Laws popular opinion: initial disapproval Disraeli, Benjamin 87, 126–7 207, 210; swing in rebels’ favour 208–9, Dissenters 210–11 emigrations 80 preparatory arrangements 199–201 identification with Catholics 80 Proclamation 203 divorce reprisals 207–12 illegality 245, 287 survivors’ criticisms 218 legalisation 288 Economic and Social Research Council 380–1 Doheny, Michael 135 economic crisis (2008–10) xvii, 383–91 Doherty, Sean 290 attempts at recovery 387, 391 dolmens 5 borrowings 386 Dominions see Commonwealth global origins xvii, 383 Domnall, King 35 responsibility for 384–5, 387 Donaldson, Denis 359 economic transformation (1990s/2000s) Donation of Constantine (325, alleged) 39 368–74 Dowdall, Archbishop 58 causes 372 Dowling, Sean 26 role of women 372–4 Downing Street Declaration (1993) 337, 345 social change brought by 374–5 Doyle, Arthur Conan, ‘His Last Economic War (Ireland/UK, 1932–8) 262–5, Bow’ 217 282, 308

Index 411

impact on Irish economy/living conditions English rule of Ireland (1171–1921) 263–4 administrators sent from England 65–6 resolution 264–5 challenges to 46 economy (Irish) 283–5 commercial exploitation 53 under British rule 99–101, 110–12 conciliatory elements 58 dependence on trade 283 extension of royal power 56 dependence on UK 262–3, 264–5, extent of control 45–7 282: erosion of 370 fortiﬁcations 45–6 disposable income 386 Gaelicisation of ruling class 48–9 EU subsidies 369–70 harshness of regime 58–60, 63–4 exports 282, 283 Ireland’s strategic/commercial Free State 248–9, 262–5 importance 101 incompetent management 387 preservation of Gaelic customs 50–1 poor conditions (1950s) 277 process of conquest (1167–1250) 43–9 public service spending 386–7 rebellions against 51–2, 53–5, 58–62, 75–7, upturn (1960s) 278–80, 282–3, 298–9 134–40 (see also agrarian unrest; 1641 see also economic crisis (2008–10); Rebellion; 1798 Rebellion) economic transformation; trade religious oppression 57–8 education suppression of Gaelic traditions 57, 97–8 in Northern Ireland 309 see also Ascendancy; economy; industry; role in improved Southern economy Irish people; Pale; UK government; 369, 372 Union Edward II, King 47 Enniskillen Edward IV, King 52 housing policy 306 Edward VI, King 56–7 Remembrance Day bomb attack (1987) Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight D. 308 331–2 Elizabeth I, Queen 58, 60–1 Eoganachta (Gaelic tribe/kingdom) 32, 35 Emain Macha (Gaelic centre) 17 Ervine, David 320–1 emigration(s) ix, 78, 248, 278–9, 284, 298 Eucharistic Congress (Dublin, 1932) 29–30 anti-British feeling following 133–4 Europe (continental), Irish attitudes to xiii Dissenters 80 European Central Bank 386 famine-motivated 131–2 European Community/Union impact on population 113 Irish conformity with standards of 381 literary 177 Irish membership xiv, 282–3, 298–9, 369 military/aristocratic 77 , 82–3 (see also Irish referendums on treaties 295, 371–2 Brigade) single currency 298 overtaken by immigration 370 subsidies 369–70 reduction in (1960s) 279, 284 European Monetary System 369–70 renewal (1980s) 284–5 Eurovision Song Contest 374 wartime 272 Executive (Northern Ireland) 323 see also United States collapse 325 Emmet, Robert 105–6, 107 employment famine (1845–9) xvii, 9, 46, 113, 118, 123–34 breakdown by sector 283 absence of self-help initiatives 129 female 372–3 accompanying diseases 125 measures to improve 263, 281–2 after-effects 125 in the North 304, 381: Protestant vs. areas of greatest impact 123 Catholic 302, 304–5 Britain blamed for 133–4 poor levels of 187, 248, 258, 284 casualties 123–4, 125 public sector 284 causes 124–5 rises in 284 duration 125 English (language), enforced use of 133 food exports during 128

412 Index

famine (cont.) ﬁngal (crime in Gaelic law) 16–17 long-term consequences 131–4 Fingall, Countess of 208, 210–08 private initiatives to combat 128 Finn MacCool (legendary hero) 24, 135 as ‘providential’ 129–31 Finnian, Saint 30 soup kitchens 128 Firbolgs (legendary people) 22 UK governmental response: attempts at First World War 183 alleviation 126–7: compounding of casualties 210 problems 127–31; failure to appreciate coalition government 214, 216–17 scale of crisis 129 conscription 212–14 Farrell, Michael xii Irish enlistments 195, 197, 212 Faulkner, Brian 310, 317, 322, 323–4 nationalist plans to make use of 193–4 Feetham, Richard, Justice 254 Fisher, Joseph R. 254 Fenian Brotherhood 135–40 Fitt, Gerry 312, 321–2 1867 rising 137–8 FitzGerald, Lord Edward 93, 107 Church hostility to 142–3 FitzGerald, Garret 286–7, 289, 292, 293, 328, dynamite campaign (1880s) 192, 270 330, 382 English attitudes to 145–6 personal qualities 290–1 excommunication 142–3 FitzGerald, Maurice 43, 49 Manchester Martyrs 138 FitzGerald family 51, 58–9 split into factions 139 see also Desmond; Leinster; Offaly see also IRB Fitzgodebert de la Roche, Richard 43 Fenian cycle (of sagas) 22, 24 FitzStephen, Robert 43 Fianna Fáil (‘Soldiers of Destiny’) 285 Flight of the Earls (1605) 61–2 British attempts to destabilise 262 Flood, Henry 91, 92 as coalition partners 289, 296–7 Fomorians (legendary people) 22 collaboration with Northern parties 327–8 Fontenoy, Battle of (1745) 82–3 corruption/scandals 286–7, 289–90, 291–5, Four Courts (IRA breakaway group) 236 384–5, 387 Fox, George 69–71 crackdown on IRA 265, 266, 271 Framework for the Future 338, 346 defections from 288 France electoral disaster (2011) 387–8 support for Irish nationalist movements 54, electoral platform 262 93–4, 95 electoral successes 251–2, 260–1 see also French Revolution; Hundred Years formation 246 War; Napoleonic Wars grip on power 266 Franco, Francisco, Gen. 143 planned military coup against 260 Free State government(s) political maturation 264–5 administrative reforms 249–51 postwar government/policies 277–8, 280, ages/longevity of leadership 244 281–4, 285–6 cultural/sporting policies 256–7 refusal/acceptance of Oath of Allegiance enduring impact of Civil War 244–6, 252–3 252–3 general elections 251–2, 258–60 response to Northern violence 315–17 land reforms 250–1, 261, 262 responsibility for economic crisis 384–5, popular support 246 387–8 prioritisation of budgetary concerns stance on Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 331 248–50, 258 support for IRA 260–1 repressive social legislation 245–6 Unionist mistrust of 317 tendency to conservatism 244–5 see also Economic War see also Cumann na nGaedheal; Economic Fine Gael (‘United Ireland’) 266, 285, 315 War; Fianna Fáil; Fine Gael collaboration with Northern parties 327–8 freemen, role in Gaelic society 13, 16 role in coalition governments 273–6, French, Sir John (later Viscount), Field- 277–8, 286–7, 388–9 Marshal 186, 222

Index 413

French Revolution 90, 92–3 Gladstone, William Ewart xix, 146–7, 154–6, Fullam, Seamus, Fr 380 158–9, 162, 164, 180 Fustok, Mahmoud 293 Goldsmith, Oliver 87 Gonne, Maud 208 GAA (Gaelic Athletic Association) 172–3, Good Friday Agreement (1998) 298, 346–53 256, 257 breakdown 353 politicisation 172–3 commitment to cooperation 346–7 Gaelic League 173–5, 256 opposition 347, 350 failure of linguistic project 175 provisions on decommissioning 348–9 politicisation 174 provisions on policing 349 Gaelic renaissance (late 19th/early 20th referendums on 347–8 centuries) 171–7 voting system 348 literary impact 175–7 wording 347 nationalist hostility to 176–7 Gough, Brig.-Gen. Sir Hubert de la Poer 186 Gaels 9 Goulding, Cathal 315 Christianity 13 Gow, Ian xiii cultural/political centres 17 Grace and Bounty, doctrine of 66 currency/exchange 16 Grant, Ulysses S., President 80 election of leaders 16–17 Grattan, Henry 91–2, 102, 104, 108, 182 fostering of children 19–20 Great Depression (1930s) 264, 304 isolation from European mainstream 17 Greenwood, Sir Hamar 227 kingdoms 15–16 Gregory, Isabella Augusta, Lady 175 language 9 Gregory, Sir William 175 legal system 18–21 (see also Brehon Laws) Gregory I, Pope 38 literature see sagas Gregory VII, Pope 38 military dominance 24 Gregory XIII, Pope 54, 59 monkish chronicling of activities 13 Grifﬁth, Arthur 118, 177, 182, 189, 193, 207, social organisation 11–12, 13–21, 24 216, 221, 225, 228, 234–5, 238, 283 stone forts 11 acceptance of Treaty 231, 235 survival of traditions 87–9 death 238 system of family names 24–5 The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for see also Brehon Laws; Celts; English rule Ireland 182 of Ireland Guinness, Arthur 84 Gallagher, Matt 385 Gunpowder Plot (1605) 61 Gandon, James 226 Garda Síochana, formation of 249 Haakon IV, King 47 Gardiner, Kevin 369 Hain, Peter 360 Garvin, Tom 263, 278 Hales, Sean, Brig. 240 George I, King 79 Halifax, Lord 270 George III, King 79, 83, 91, 102, 106 Harcourt, Lord 80 George IV, King 108, 109 Harcourt, Sir William 161 George V, King 183, 227, 301 Harding, Warren Gamaliel, President 134 Germanus of Auxerre, Bishop 28 Harington, Sir John 61 Germany Harkley, Robert 85 German Plot (alleged, 1918) 217 Harney, Mary 288, 293 nationalist negotiations with 197, Harrington, Timothy 167–8, 169 199–200, 207 Hartington, Lord 159, 163–4 overtures to IRA (1939) 271 Haughey, Charles xiii, 285–6, 327, 330, 374 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 59 alleged dealings with IRA 316–17 Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Wales) 7, 40, corruption 292–4, 384 42, 46, 49 personal qualities 290–1 Gladstone, Herbert 158 as Taoiseach 286–7, 289–90

414 Index

Healy, Timothy 167, 209–10, 211, 215, 248 ILPU (Irish Loyal and Patriotic Heaney, Seamus, ‘From the Frontier of Union) 180 Writing’ 334–5 immigration, increase in 370 Heath, Edward 313, 317, 319–20 Independent Irish Party (1852–6) 148–9 hedge schools 97–8, 133 Independent Parades Commission 350–1 Heiric of Auxerre 31 Industrial Revolution 100, 165–6 Hennessy, Richard 83 industry (Irish) 111, 165, 171, 283 Henry II, King 39–43, 44–5, 49, 64 inquiries 355–6 invasion of Ireland (1171) 44–5 focus on security forces 355 Henry IV, King 49 internment Henry VI, King 51 1920s 301 Henry VII, King 52–3 following Easter Rising 212–14: ending 215 Henry VIII, King 53–6, 58, 64, 73 of terrorist suspects (1971–3) 317–18, 320 breach with Rome 54 wartime 272 Herodotus 9 Invincibles 155–6 higher education IRA (Irish Republican Army) xi, 137 nineteenth-century reforms/institutions 141 1930s revival 269–71 Hillery, Patrick 290 1939 ultimatum 270 Himilco (Carthaginian sailor/writer) 10–11 1950s campaign in North 314–15 Hitler, Adolf 272 alienation of public opinion 271 Hobson, Bulmer 182, 190, 192, 193, 201 attacks on British forces 221–2;UK Holkeri, Harri 340 response 223–4 home rule breakaway groups 236: intimidation of 352 ‘county option’ 187 ceasefire (1994) 337, 345: abandonment 341 legislative implementation 225–6 Church disapproval/excommunication opposition 158–9, 162, 180, 183–7 143–4, 269 proposals for 149–50, 183 claimed authority for actions 143–4 re-emergence on Liberal agenda 180–2 commitment to violence 262, 270–1, seen as dangerous precedent 185 329–30, 335–6 threat of civil war 183–7 conflict with Blueshirts (1933–6) 265–6 wartime moves to implement 214–16 decommissioning of weapons Homer, Iliad 10 349: announcement of 359, Hort, Josiah, Archbishop 82 366; proposals for 338, 347; refusal 339, housing 342–3, 354 new projects 383–4 defeat in Civil War (1923) 241–2 Northern policies 306–7, 314 differences with Fianna Fáil 265 Humbert, Jean-Joseph, General 95 early use of name 202–3, 218 Hume, John 296, 321–2 executions of members 240 Nobel Peace Prize 318 extraordinary army convention (1997) 342 role in peace process 333, 336–7 Fianna Fáil support 260–1 Hundred Years War 47 GHQ Staff 219, 220 hunger strikes 222, 242, 271 infiltration by security forces 359 in Maze prison 336 involvement in peace process xvi Hunt, Lord 313 IRA Organisation (in National Army) Hyde, Douglas 122–3, 132, 173–4, 190, 242–3 267, 269 loss of manpower/arms 227, 246, 265 Casadh an tSugáin (The Twisting of the move away from violence 357, 359, 383 Straw Rope) 174 move towards socialism 261–2, 315 oath of allegiance 220–1 ICA (Irish Citizen Army) 190 official recognition 220–1 illuminated manuscripts 32 organisation 218–19

Index 415

outlawed in South 252, 266, 271 response to Northern violence 315–17 reclamation of Dáil (post-1922) 241 right to engage in Northern refusal to accept partition/Treaty 226, affairs 330–1 235–8 secularisation xi repudiation of Dáil 235–6 state corporations 281–2 response to Boundary Commission 255–6 two-party system 277–8; breakdown 285 S-Plan (1939 bombing campaign) 270–1 welfare state, moves towards 277 splits into factions 314–15, 330 see also Constitution of Ireland; economy; wearing down xvii employment; industry see also Continuity IRA; Official IRA; Irish Brigade(s) 77, 78, 82–3, 265 Provisional IRA; Real IRA Irish Church (medieval) 29–31 IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood) xix, 134 architecture 38 Catholic establishment’s disapproval of conflicts with papacy 39–40 141–2 conversion of local leaders 29–31 collapse 246 conversions outside British Isles 30–1 Constitution 143 decline in English influence 50 cooperation with home rule movement 151 divergences from Catholic mainstream formation 135–7 38–9 hostility towards 219–20 familial nature 50 increased numbers/influence 192–3 literary/artistic works see illuminated internal disputes 195–6, 201–2, 233 manuscripts links with GAA 172 loyalty to English conquerors 45 popular rejection of objectives 197–9 monastic leanings 29–30 Supreme Council 196 pillage of religious sites 31 see also Fenian Brotherhood scholarship 31 Ireland (geographical entity) see also Church of Ireland animal life 1–2 Irish Convention (1917) 215–16 early human habitation 1, 2–7 Irish Free State 177, 231 geography 2 agricultural recession 263 geological formation 1 allegiance to Crown 248 Ireland (modern state) Constitution 246–8 age of electorate 285, 374 electricity system 251 American companies based in 368–9 formal establishment 240 anti-terrorism legislation 351 ignorance of Northern affairs 255–6 bicameral parliament 267 imitation of Britain 250, 251 conformity with European standards 381 industry 263 declaration of Republic 274, 308 legal system 250, 251 Department of Finance 280 living conditions 248, 250, 263–4 extension of franchise 373 local authorities 250 fears of spread of violence 317, 328, 348 rebuilding of infrastructure 249 formation xvi renaming 267 health reforms 273– 6, 277 (see also Mother (un)employment levels 248 and Child Scheme) see also Free State government; National Industrial Development Authority 274 Army lack of interest in North 382–3 Irish (language) living standards 279–80 attempts at revival 173–5, 256–7: failure 175, political volatility (1980s) 285 256–7 presidency 267, 269, 297–8 compulsory teaching in schools 256–7 public sector employment 284 disuse/suppression 9, 57, 132–3 recognition of Northern legitimacy 331, origins 9 338–9 resurgence (as second language) 257 renewed spirit of confidence 298–9 Irish Medical Association 275

416 Index

Irish National Land League 151–5 Irish Volunteers (1913) Declaration of Principles 152 arms/ammunition smuggling 193–4 Plan of Campaign (1880s/1890s) 167–9 conflicts with army/police 194–5 violent tactics 153–5, 168 disagreements over objectives 201–2 see also No Rent Manifesto formation 190–1, 192 Irish National Liberation Army 366 IRB membership 195 Irish Parliament Irish Party control 193 1613 sitting 64–5 (perceived) discriminatory treatment 194–5 1633 sitting 66 Iron Age 9 abolition (1653) 74 isolation of Irish culture 17 dissolution (1800) 103–4 ITGWU (Irish Transport and General limitations on powers 56 Workers Union) 188–9 passing of second Union Bill 102–3 Patriot Parliament (1689) 76 Jackson, Thomas ‘Stonewall’ 80 rejection of first Union Bill 101 James I of England/VI of Scotland, King 61, restoration (1782) 91 62–3, 65, 68 Irish Party James II of England, King 75–7 1885 election successes 156–8, 163 ‘James III of England’ (son of James II) 79 (apparent) acceptance of partition 215 John, King 45–6 balance of power 181 John XXII, Pope 47 competitors 181–2 John XXIII, Pope 363 cooperation with Volunteers 193 John Paul II, Pope 30, 330, 363, 375, 377 disintegration 216 Johnson, Samuel, Dr 73 formation 150 Johnston, William, MP 158–9 handling of home rule debates 187 Jones, Paul 90 increased representativeness 158 Joyce, James 175–6, 177 internal divisions 159, 161–2 Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 162 invitation to join wartime government 214 Ulysses 172, 176 responses to Easter Rising 208 Julius Caesar, History of the Gallic Wars 11–12 reunification under Redmond 181 role in home rule negotiations 214–16 Keane, Ronan 293 support for Land League 153 Keane, Terry 293 Irish people Kells, Book of see Book of Kells categorisation by economic status Kells, Synod of (1152) 39, 50 (1841) 123 Kelly, Billy 316 demography 110–11 Kelly, James, Capt. 316 English stereotyping/demonising 46, 49, Kelly, John 316 131, 145–6, 168, 357 Kelly, Thomas J. 137–8 increased electorate 158 Kenny, Enda 390, 391 living conditions 85 Kent, Thomas/Kent brothers 206, 211 marriage, age of 132 Keynes, John Maynard 279 reimagining of stereotypes 209 Kickham, Charles Joseph 136–7, 143, 151 second-class status ix, 81–2, 195, Kildare, Garrett More FitzGerald, 8th Earl xvii–xviii of 52–3 shift in attitudes xviii, xiv–xvi Kilkenny, Confederation of (1642) 68–9, see also national identity 71, 78 Irish People (newspaper) 136–7, 142 Kilkenny, Statutes of (1366) 48 Irish Republic see Ireland (modern state); Kilmainham Treaty 154–5 Republicanism Kilwarden, Arthur Wolfe, 1st Viscount 105 Irish Unionist Party 180 King, William, Archbishop 82 role in home rule negotiations 214–16 Kinsale, Battle of (1601) 61 Irish Volunteers (1779) 91–2, 94 Kipling, Rudyard 156

Index 417

Labour Party (Irish) 288–9 Lisbon Treaty, referendum on 371–2, 385 collaboration with Northern parties 327–8 Liverpool, IRA bombings 270 electoral gains 295 Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd role in coalition governments 273–6, George) 134, 181, 227 277–8, 286, 296–7, 388–9 handling of home rule/Treaty negotiations Labour Party (UK) 214–15, 228, 231–2, 248 policy on direct rule 326 handling of War of Independence 221, 223, Laffoy, Mary, Justice 379 224, 225 laissez-faire, economic doctrine of 125–6 negotiating skills/subtlety 214, 228 exacerbation of famine 127, 129–31 Locke, John 81 Laithwaite, Sir Gilbert 276 London, IRA bombings 270, 341 Lalor, James Fintan 119–20, 152, 167 Londonderry see Derry Land League see Irish National Land League Long, Walter 300–1 land ownership Lord Lieutenant, office of 104 calls for reform 166–7 Lough Gara (Bronze Age site) 6 changing patterns 132, 147 Lough Gur (archaeological site) 3–4, 6 confiscations under Cromwell 74 Louis XIV, King 54, 75, 77, 78, 79 Free State reforms 250–1 Louis XVIII, King 83 inequality of distribution 110–11 ‘loyalist’ militants insecurity of titles 64–5, 66 ceasefire (1994) 337 Land League survey 153 commitment to violence 335–6 Land War (1880–2) 153–5, 167–8 decommissioning of weapons 365–6 (proposed) legislation 154–5, 169–71, internment 320 181: counterproductivity 171 strike against direct rule 326 sale of estates 170 Loyalist Volunteer Force 345, 349 weakening of landlords’ powers 170–1 Luby, Thomas Clarke 136–7 see also Irish National Land League; Lucan (Roman poet) 12 plantation(s) Lucas, Frederick 147–8 Land Rehabilitation Project (1949) 274 Lug (Celtic deity) 12 Langrishe, Sir Hercules 95–6 Lundy, Robert, Col. 75–6 Larkin, James 187–9 Lynch, Jack 286, 315–16 Larkin, Michael 138 Lynch, Liam, Gen. 235–6, 238, 242 Laud, William, Archbishop 66 Laudabiliter (papal bull) 39–40 Maastricht Treaty 295 authenticity 40 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 1st Baron 73 League of Nations 258 MacBride, John 208 Lecky, William 62, 71 MacBride, Sean 269–70, 273, 275, 276 Leinster MacCurtain, Thomas 222 Viking kingdom 34–5 MacDermott, Sean 192–3, 196, 201, see also Book of Leinster 208–9, 238 Leinster, James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of 84 MacDonagh, Thomas 199, 208, 209, 238 Lemass, Sean 244, 246, 278, 281–2, 285 MacDonald, Ramsay 166, 262 anti-corruption stance 291–2, 384 MacMahon, President Patrice de 77 Lenihan, Brian (sr) 289–90, 293 MacMahon, The, of Monaghan 59–60 Lenihan, Brian (jr) 385, 391 MacNeill, Eoin 173, 190–1, 193, 195–6, 201–2, Leo XIII, Pope 169 206, 207, 254–5 Liberal Party 146, 180–2, 183 MacRory, Joseph, Cardinal 307–8 rupture with Irish Party 161 MacSwiney, Terence 222, 224 split over home rule 159, 163–4 Major, John 296, 333–4, 337, 338, 340, 342, Limerick, Treaty of (1691) 77, 78, 81 345, 360, 363 Lincoln, Abraham, President 106 Mallon, Seamus 347, 350 linen industry 99, 111 Malthus, Thomas 129–30

418 Index

Manchester Martyrs 138, 143 Moore, George 176 marching season 304, 350–1 Moore, Thomas 89 Markievicz, Constance Georgina, Countess Moran, Denis 190 189, 216, 373 More, Thomas 55 marriage, interracial, prohibition 48, 57 Morgan ap William 73 Martin, John 120 Moriarty, David, Bishop 142, 149 Marx, Karl 171 Moriarty Tribunal (1997) 293 Mary I, Queen (‘Bloody Mary’) 56–8 Morrison, Danny 329, 382–3 Mary II, Queen 75 Mortimer, Roger 49 Mason, Roy 326 Mother and Child Scheme 275–6 Maudling, Reginald 313–14 opposition to 275 Maxwell, Sir John, Gen. 207–9, 210, 211 mothers, employment possibilities 372–3 Mayhew, Sir Patrick 338, 339 Mount Sandel (Mesolithic site) 2–3 Maynooth (Catholic seminary) 140–1 Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord 60–1 Maze prison, hunger strikes (1981) 336 Mowlam, Mo 345–6, 348 Mazzini, Giuseppe 117 Mulcahy, Richard 219, 222, 235, 273 McAleese, Mary 297–8, 373 Murphy, William Martin 189 McCracken, Henry Joy 93, 95 Murphy, Yvonne, Judge 379 McCracken Tribunal (1997) 292–3 McDaid, Kevin 365 Nally, Derek 297 McGahern, John 378 Napier, Oliver 322 The Dark 378 Napoleon I 83 That We May Face the Rising Sun 378 Napoleonic Wars, impact on Irish economy McGuinness, Martin xviii, 319, 320, 329, 110–11 342–3, 356–7 Nathan, Sir Matthew 200–1 acceptance of Good Friday Agreement 352–3 The Nation 117–19 biography/personality 344 National Army (1921–4) 235, 236 confrontation with Southern politicians 353–4 executions of IRA members 240, 242 in government 354, 360–1, 389–90 ‘Mutiny’ (1924) 242–3, 253 McIntosh, Lord 351 National Asset Management McKevitt, Michael 342 Agency 386 McNally, Leonard 93–4, 105 national identity (Irish) ix McQuaid, John Charles, Archbishop 376–7 challenges to ix McQuillan, Jack 291 nationalism 54 McShane, Roy 359 1842 manifesto 118 McVeigh, Timothy 341 constitutional vs. revolutionary 113 Meagher, Thomas Francis 113, 134 divisions over Anglo-Irish Treaty 232 Mesolithic Age/people 2–3 internal conflicts 219–20 metalwork, Dark Age 32 international element 54–5 Midland Volunteer Force 190 loss of enthusiasm 251 Midleton, Lord 200 as minority interest 197 Milesians (legendary people) 23 rejection of extremism 351, 355 Mill, John Stuart 145–6 shifts in Northern groupings/attitudes Minister for Home Affairs (NI) 321–2, 327–8 special powers 302–3 theoretical basis 178–9 Mitchel, John 116, 118–20, 134 see also Catholic Church; Republicanism; Mitchell, George (former Senator)/Mitchell socialism; names of speci fic groups/events Commission 340, 346, 348–9, 350, 352, Nationalist Party (NI) 303 353 as official opposition 310 Molyneux, William 81–2, 91 Neave, Airey xiii monasteries, dissolution of 55 Neolithic Age/people 3–6 Moone, co. Kildare, high cross 34 burial sites 4–5

Index 419

Mediterranean connections 5 sectarian divisions 304–8; attempts to origins 3 bridge 308 (see also peace process) surviving evidence 3–4 seen as anachronistic xviii, 381–2 technological advancement 3 sending in of troops 312–14 neutrality, in Second World War 265, 271–3 Southern lack of interest in 382–3 attacked by Churchill 272 on Westminster agenda 313–14 defended by de Valera 273 see also direct rule; Northern Ireland reasons for 271–2 Assembly; Northern Ireland Parliament; New Ireland Forum 327–8, 382 peace process; UK government New Tipperary (Land League town) 169 Northern Ireland Assembly 323, 333, 350 new towns, creation of 62–3, 309 2003 elections 357–8 New York Irish Brigade 134 2007 elections 360–1 Newgrange (Neolithic burial site) 4–5 2011 elections 389–90 Newman, John Henry, Fr (later new form under Good Friday Cardinal) 141 Agreement 346 Niall of the Nine Hostages 24–5 suspensions 354, 356 Nice Treaty, referendum on 371 voting system 348 NICRA (Northern Irish Civil Rights Northern Ireland Parliament Association) 310 constitution 301 Ninian, Saint 30 creation/first elections 226, 300 No Rent Manifesto 154 distribution of seats 300 Noonan, Michael 390 special powers 302–3 Northern Ireland Nulty, Thomas, Bishop 161 boundary-fixing 300–1: electoral districts 305–6 Ó Fiaich, Tomas, Cardinal 377 civil service 304–5 Oath of Allegiance (to British consent (to regime change), principle of Crown) 248 327–8, 338 calls for removal 261, 262 contribution to war effort 308 Fianna Fáil’s refusal 252 current political order xi–xii forced on Fianna Fáil 252–3 demography 300 Oath of Supremacy 66–7 economic/industrial decline 380–1 O’Beirne family xviii–xix economic viability 303 O’Brien, Conor Cruise 311 economy 303–4 O’Brien, Edna 378 education 309 Down by the River 294 Executive Committee 346 O’Brien, Mahon, Bishop 50 expenditure on policing 317 O’Brien, Michael 138 formation 300 O’Brien, Turlough, Bishop of Killaloe (1483– Forum 342 1526) 50 franchise 305 O’Brien, Turlough, Bishop of Killaloe (1556– health service 308–9 69) 50 increase in violence 334–6 O’Brien, William, MP 160–1, industry 304 167–8, 169 local government 305–6 O’Brien, William Smith 120–2, 149 parliamentary representation 306 O’Casey, Sean 176, 177, 190, 197 planned administrative harmonisation with The Plough and the Stars 177 South 326 O’Connell, Daniel, Count 83, 107 political/religious conflicts xi, xii O’Connell, Daniel ‘The Liberator’ 17, 96, proposed reduction in size 254 106–10, 111–16 recognition by Republic 331, 338–9 conflicts with contemporaries 112–13, relations with South 309 118–19, 120, 126

420 Index

O’Connell, Daniel ‘The Liberator’ (cont.) O’Rahilly, Michael 208 election to Parliament 109, 112–15 Orange Order 102 illness/death 115–16 links with Ulster Unionist Party 300 imprisonment 115 support for Union 158–9, 164–5, posthumous reputation 116, 117 177–8 rejection of violence 107, 113, 118 Orange Volunteers 325 O’Connor, Frank 88 O’Reilly, Don Alexander 77 O’Doherty, Joe xix O’Reilly, Hugh, Archbishop 68–9 O’Donnell, Patrick 156 Ormond, James Butler, 12th Earl (later 1st O’Donnell, Peadar 261, 270 Duke) of 71, 73, 75 O’Donnell, ‘Red’ Hugh, Prince 60–1 Orpen, William 189 O’Donnell family 51 O’Shea, Katherine 159–62 see also Tyrconnell O’Shea, William, Capt. 159–61, 167 O’Duffy, Eoin 265–6 Offaly, ‘Silken’ Thomas FitzGerald, Lord Paget, Sir Arthur, Lt.-Gen. 186 53–4 Paine, Thomas 87 Ofﬁcial IRA 315 Paisley, Eileen 361 O’Flanagan, Michael, Fr 225 Paisley, Ian, Rev. (later Baron Bannside) xviii, Ogham (script) 7 310, 321, 323, 324–5, 328, 348, 350, 353, O’Grady, Standish James 175 357–8, 358 O’Growney, Eugene, Rev. 173–4 colleagues’ assessments 361–3 O’Hagan, John 98 in government 360–3 O’Higgins, Ambrose 83 personality/achievements 363–4 O’Higgins, Bernardo 83 Pale (area of English control) 48–9 O’Higgins, Kevin 252 Palladius (early Christian missionary) Oklahoma City bombing (1995) 341 25–6, 28 Olaf of the Sandals, King 35 papacy see Catholic Church; Irish Church Old English families 64–5 Paparo, Cardinal 39 religious/constitutional concessions 65–6 Parnell, Charles Stewart xix, 113, 136, 150–62, O’Leary, John 136–7, 149 164, 167–8, 169 O’Leary, Michael 371 divorce case 159–62 O’Leary, Olivia 382 imprisonment/release 154–5 Omagh rejection by Irish Party 161–2 car bomb (1998) xvi, 351 Partholon (legendary leader) 22 housing policy 306 partition O’Mahony, John 135, 142 acceptance by Treaty delegation 231–2 O’Malley, Desmond 287, 288, 295 early plans for 187 O’Morain, Michael 316 end to, wartime proposal for 272 O’Neill, Art 60 focus of wartime negotiations on 214–16 O’Neill, Brian 47 as grounds for wartime neutrality 271–2 O’Neill, Henry 60 legislative implementation 225–6, 231 O’Neill, Hugh see Tyrone, 3rd Earl of Republican agreement to reject 231 O’Neill, John 139 wartime reinforcement 308 O’Neill, Owen Roe 69, 71, 72–3 passage graves 4–5 O’Neill, Sir Phelim 68, 69 size/positioning 5 O’Neill, Terence, Capt. 309–10, 321 Patrick, Saint 26–30 meeting with Lemass 310, 363 Confessio (autobiography) 26–9 resignation 310, 312 dates 26 O’Neill, Turlough Luineach 55 (debates on) ordination 28–9 O’Neill family 25, 47, 51, xviii–xix legends concerning 1–2, 18, 29–30, 62 see also Tyrone; Ui Neill origins/early life 26–8 O’Rahilly, Eogan 88 Paul III, Pope 53–4

Index 421

peace process xiv, 296–7, 336–6, xiv–xvi Powell, Jonathan 357 degree/manner of success 356–60 power-sharing initiatives (in North) 323–5, early initiatives 330, 333–4 333–4, 353 extremist opposition to 351 formation of government 354 inﬂuence of Church 377 see also all-party talks; Good Friday release of prisoners 338, 347 Agreement twin-track strategy 340 Poynings, Sir Edward 52–3 see also all-party talks Poynings’ Law 52–3 Pearse, Patrick xviii, 133, 137, 189, 196, 202–6, priests (Catholic) 207–8, 210, 217, 238, 251, 256 ban on entry into Ireland 68 Pearse, William 208 as voice of national identity 98 peasantry Prior, James 333 improved conditions following Land Act Pro-Life Amendment Campaign (PLAC) 287 (1909) 170 Progressive Democrats 288 political mobilisation 110 coalition governments involving 289, 295 Peel, Sir Robert 120, 126–7, 140 electoral gains 289 Peep O’Day Boys 101–2 Protestants Pelham, Sir William 59 equal treatment in South 178 Pembroke, Earl of see Strongbow industrial/commercial dominance 165–6 Penal Laws (1695–1727) 78–80, 83, 375 opposition to Catholic emancipation 99– enforcement 79–80 100 relaxation/suspension 82, 91, 98–9 role in nationalist movement 178 People’s Democracy 310–11 separate ‘national’ identity 178–9 petrol bombs, use of 312 sixteenth-century decline 57–8 Philip II, King 54 support for Union 115, 122, 177–8, 376 Phoenix Park murders (1882) 155–6 Provisional IRA 315, 331–2 Parnell accused of complicity 156 breakaway groups 330 Pigott, Richard 156 overseas operations 356 Pitt, William (the Younger) 93, 101–4, 106, 140 support from Southern politicians 316–17 Pius VI, Pope 96, 142–3 PSNI (Police Service of Northern Ireland) plantation(s) 349, 358 Cromwellian 74–5 Pym, Francis 323 impact on Gaelic culture 97–8 initial proposals 57 Queen’s Colleges, founding of 101–2, 120, repopulation of planters’ lands 59–60 126, 141 Stuart projects 62–4, 71 Queensberry, Marquis of 183 Plunkett, Joseph Mary 199, 201, 212, 238 poets/poetry Raleigh, Sir Walter 59, 124 Irish-language, 17th/18th century 87–9 Real IRA 330, 342, 344, 351, 354, 365 place in Gaelic society 15 IRA pressure to disband 352–3 politicians, assassination attempts xiii 1641 Rebellion 67–71 Poor Law/Unions 128, 129, 147 propaganda arising from 69–71 popular culture, Irish 374 1798 Rebellion 94–5, 100–1 tax concessions 374 establishment views of 95–6 population (Irish) as model for later nationalists 96 decline 113, 123–4, 125 UK response 101 eighteenth-century 100 Redmond, John 113, 169, 180–1, 182, 187, 193, increases 279, 370 195, 197, 208, 211, 296 potato crop 124–5 role in home rule negotiations 214–16 blight 124–5, 127 Rees, Merlyn 325–6 danger of dependence on 125–6 Reid, Alec, Fr 377 decline in importance 132 Reiss, Mitchell 358

422 Index

Repeal Association 113–15, 126 Scappaticci, Freddie 359 departures from 119 Schrödinger, Erwin 281 Monster Meetings 115 Scotland, etymology 24 Republicanism Scotus Eriugena 31 emergence 118–22 SDLP (Social Democratic and Labour Party) Free State’s failure to provide 246–8 321–3 internal divisions 228–30 collaboration with Southern parties 327–8 see also Dáil Éireann; IRA; IRB Second World War Restoration (1660) 75 Irish enlistments 272 Reynolds, Albert 294–7, 333–4, 337 Northern Irish contributions 308 Rhodesia, Northern Ireland compared see also neutrality with 178 Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary) 152 creation of 320 Auxiliary Division 223 Seely, Jack, Col. 186 IRA targeting 222 self-sufficiency, (optimistic) calls for 251, Richard II, King 49 262–3 Richardson, Sir George, Gen. 184 ‘September 11’ attacks 354–5, 360 riots (in North) Shamir, Yitzhak 239 in 1930s 304 Shannon scheme (1925–9) 251 at formation of Northern Ireland 301 Shaw, George Bernard 176, 177, 208–11 Riverdance 374 John Bull’s Other Island 176 Robert the Bruce, King (of Scotland) 47 Pygmalion 176 Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, 1st Earl 184 Sheil, Richard Lalor 109 Robinson, Mary 290, 297, 373 Sheppard, Oliver 24 Robinson, Nicholas 290 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 87 Robinson, Peter 363, 364, 389–90 Simnel, Lambert 51, 52 Roche, Adi 297 Sinn Féin (‘We Ourselves’) 118, 182, 187, 246 Roman Empire, conflicts with Celts 13 acceptance of Good Friday Agreement 349, Rory O’Connor, King 40, 44, 45, 60 352–3 Rossa, Jeremiah O’Donovan 136–7, 196 as all-Ireland party 389–90 RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary) 301 broadening of support 336, 342 anti-Catholic bias 311 criticisms of trade union movement 189 replacement by PSNI 349 divisions over electoral involvement 182 Special Constabulary 302 (see also B electoral pact (1922) 236–7 Specials) electoral successes 215–17, 226 Russell, Lord John 127–8, 129 entry into peace talks 342 Russell, Sean 270 exclusion from peace talks 341, 346 Russia, nationalist appeals to 54 improved public profile (post-1916) 216–17 Ryan, Sean, Justice 379 invited to participate in devolved Ryanair 371 government 334 involvement in peace process/power- sagas (Gaelic) 21–5 sharing 353–4, 356–7, 360–1, 364 cycles 22–3 loss of electoral ground 359 historical basis 23 meetings with UK government 337–9, oral transmission 21 342–3, 345 relevance to Gaelic society 24 opportunities limited to North 389–90 transcription by monks 23, 25, 37 organising of rebellion 218–19 vision of Irish culture 22–3 participation in Southern elections 332–3, Sands, Bobby 336 388, 389–90 Sarsfield, Patrick 77 refusal to acknowledge PSNI 358 Saville, Lord Justice 319 refusal to take seats at Westminster 216 Scallon, Rosemary see Dana weakness in inter-war period 246

Index 423

slaves, in Gaelic society 13, 17 Synge, John Millington 176 Smith, Adam 124 The Playboy of the Western World 177, 190 Smyth, Brendan, Fr 297 In the Shadow of the Glen 177 socialism, combined with nationalism 188–9, 261–2 Taillteann Games (1924) 256, 257 Socialist Workers Association ...179 Tain Bó Cúailnge (Gaelic saga) 12, 23–4, 25, 384 Soloheadbeg murders (1919) 220 Tandy, James Napper 95 Somerville, Henry, Admiral 266 Taoiseach, ofﬁce of 16, 267 Souperism 128 salary 386 South East Antrim Brigade 365–6 see also names of individual incumbents Southern Ireland (pre-Free State) Tara (Gaelic centre) 17 elections for Parliament 226, 236–7 Tebbit, Margaret xiii, 329 provisional government 234 Tebbit, Norman (later Lord Tebbit) xiii, 329 see also Ireland (modern state); Irish Free Temple, Sir John 69 State Temple, Sir William 85 Spain, Irish Catholic appeals to 60–1 Tenant Right League 147–9 Spender, Wilfrid, Col. 302 tenants Spenser, Edmund 59 dispossession 147 sport, Free State policy/events 256–7 moves to protect 146–7 see also GAA see also Irish National Land League; land St Andrews talks (2006) 360 ownership; No Rent Manifesto; St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1582) 63–4 peasant/tenant societies Statute of Westminster (1931) 258–60 terrorism xi Stephens, James (IRB leader) 135–6, 137 casualties 366–7 Stephens, James (poet) 210 causes xiv, xv stone constructions concessions to 340, 367 Dark Age buildings 34 continuing problem xvi high crosses 32–4, 37–8 exhaustion with xvii, 355, 358, 367, 381–2, round towers 34 xv–xvi standing stones 7 impact on Southern politics 287, 315–17, stone circles 6–7 375,xi–xii tombs 4–6 International Monitoring Commission Strabo 11, 13 356, 358–9 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of 65–7 moves to combat xii, xvi, 325–6, 330, 332, Strongbow (Richard Fitzherbert de Clare, 351, 382 Earl of Pembroke) 42–5, 46 victims xiii suicide rates 358 see also peace process Sunningdale Agreement (1973) 323 Thatcher, Margaret (later Lady Thatcher) challenged in Southern courts 324 290–1, 327, 329–36, 377 failure 325 Thomas, James 261 objections to 323–5 Thurgesius, King 34 proposed modiﬁcations 324 Tiernan O’Rourke, King 42 strike in protest at 324–5 Tocqueville, Alexis de 98, 110 Surrey, 2nd Earl of (later 3rd Duke of Tone, Wolfe 92–6, 97, 101, 105, 116, 122, 260 Norfolk) 53, 57, 58 Tory Party Sweetman, Roger 225 response to Irish famine 126–7 Sweetman, Rosita 384–5 split over Corn Laws 126–7 Swift, Jonathan, Dean 83, 85–6, 91, 97 trade 370–1 Drapier’s Letters 85–6, 90 Anglo-Irish, eighteenth-century Gulliver’s Travels 86 importance to Irish economy 283 A Modest Proposal ...86 US, as main trading partner 370–1 A Short View of the Present State of Ireland 86 see also Economic War

424 Index

trade unions 187–90 Ulster Unionist Party Transparency International 294 domination of Northern politics 300 transport, developments in 100 internal divisions 321 Treacy, Sean 220, 224 links with Orange Order 300 Treason-Felony Act (1848), arrests under 119, loss of support 328 136–7, 145 moves towards liberalisation 309–10, 314 Trevelyan, Charles Edward 129–31 rejection of peace proposals 339, 345 Trimble, David (later Lord Trimble) 321, 347, Ulster’s Solemn League and Covenant’ 183–4 348, 350, 353, 356 Union (of Britain and Ireland) Nobel Peace Prize 318 arguments for 103 resignation as party leader 359 campaign to maintain 164–5 response to Good Friday Agreement 352 consequences 103–5 Trinity College, Dublin 58, 66, 141 corruption involved in obtaining 102–3 Troubles see War of Independence held to blame for subsequent problems tuberculosis, efforts to eradicate 273–4 111–12, 149–50 Turloch O’Connor, King 37–8, 40 initial proposals 101 Twain, Mark 139 movement for repeal 112–15 ‘two nations’ theory 178–9 opposition to 101–2 problems of 179 passing of Act 102–3 Tyrconnell, Rory O’Donnell, Earl of 61, 65 violent resistance to 105–6 Tyrone, Con O’Neill, 1st Earl of 56 unionist movement (in North, post-1969) Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, 3rd Earl of 56, 60–2, internal violence 354 63, 65, 69, 76, 78 opposition to Agreement 331 refusal to compromise 328, 333, 334, 358–9 U2 374 rejection of extremism 351, 355 Ui Neill (Gaelic tribe/kingdom) 32, 35–6 security forces’ collusion with 355, 359 UDA (Ulster Defence Association) 325, 354 shift towards hardline attitudes 321, 328, 342 UFF (Ulster Freedom Fighters) 344–5, 346 see also names of parties UK government United Irishmen, Society of the 107 attitudes to Northern Ireland xii formation 93 charged with torture 316 as model for later nationalists 96 coal–cattle pact 264, 266 persecution 94 debates on Northern Ireland 313–14 role in 1798 Rebellion 94–6 dual policy on Northern Ireland 325–6 United Kingdom see Economic War; economic policies 81, 91 economy; English rule; UK Irish representation (post-Union) 104 government meetings with nationalists 337–9 United Nations, Irish membership of 299 political shift (post-1885) 163–4 United States relationship with Irish people 46–9 Civil War (1861–5) 134 see also Conservative Party; direct rule; importance to UK policy 214, 339, 350 Economic War; Labour Party; Liberal inﬂuence on Irish economy 370 Party; Tory Party; Whig Party Irish-based companies 368–9 Ulster Irish-descended population 339 anti-Union feeling/movements 101–2 migrations to 80, 131–2, 133–40, 339, 370–1 plantation (under James I) 62–3 role in Irish imagination xviii, 370–1 prosperity (relative to rest of Ireland) 99, role in peace process 339–1, 345, 356 165–6 support for Irish nationalism 133–40, 221, see also Northern Ireland 270, 329, 339: withdrawal of 341, 355 Ulster Democratic Party 346 trade with Ireland 370–1 Ulster Loyalist Anti-Repeal Union 180 see also American Revolution Ulster Unionist Council 180 UUUC (United Ulster Unionist Council) 324

Index 425

UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force) 302, 325 Wild Geese see Irish Brigade criminality of actions 184, 185 Wilde, Oscar 176, 177, 183 foundation 184 William I, King (‘The Conqueror’) 44 nationalist counter-movements 190–1 William III, King 75–7, 81 UWC (Ulster Workers’ Council) 3245 Wilson, Gordon 332 Wilson, Sir Henry, Field-Marshal 186, 223 Vanguard Party 323 murder 236 Vikings 31–7 Wilson, Marie 332 Christianisation 35 Wilson, Woodrow, President 80, 134, fear inspired by 34–5 187, 228 lack of organised resistance to 32 Wimborne, Lord 200, 202, 207 positive aspects 35 Winchilsea, Lord 109 see also Danes Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal 53 Virgin stores 296 women Voyage of Bran (Gaelic saga) 23 child benefits 372–3 childcare provisions 373 Wakeham, Anne xiii, 329 education 372 Walsh, William, Archbishop 376 employment 372–3 War of Independence (1919–21) 221–8 parliamentary representation 373 casualties 228 position under Gaelic law 21 Warbeck, Perkin 52 position under Irish Constitution 268 Washington, George, President 83, 95 removal of discrimination against 372–3 wedge tombs 5–6 role in new economy 372–4 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wood, Sir Charles 129–31 109, 111, 126 workhouses see Poor Law Wentworth, Thomas see Strafford Wright, Billy 345 Wesley, John 99 Wyndham, George 170, 181 West, Harry 324–5 Westminster see Statute of Westminster; UK Yeats, William Butler xvii, 123, 162, 175–6, government 208, 264, 281 Westmorland, Earl of 101 comments on Catholic influence 245, 376 Wexford, massacre of (1649) 72 nationalist hostility to 177 Whig Party, mishandling of Irish famine 127–31 York, House of, influence in Ireland 51–2 Whitaker, T. K. (Ken) 280, 282, 369 York, Richard, 3rd Duke of (1411–60) 51–2 Whiteboys 89–90 Young, Arthur 84, 97 Whitelaw, William 320, 322–4 Young Ireland 115–23, 152 ‘Widow McCormack’s Cabbage Patch, Battle advocacy of rebellion 119–22 of the’ 120 recognition of significance 122–3