Deviance and Control in Communities with Article Perfect Surveillance – The Case of Second Life Victoria Wang Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Centre for Criminal Justice and Criminology, School of Law, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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[email protected] Kevin Haines Centre for Criminal Justice and Criminology, School of Law, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
[email protected] John V. Tucker Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
[email protected] Abstract Advanced cybercommunities are communities in which perfect surveillance is possible – software tools allow everything to be observed, recorded, archived, pored over at a later date and acted upon. Hence, one expects that these surveillance technologies ought to be heavily used and effective in controlling deviance in these cybercommunities. Drawing on our research in the cybercommunity Second Life, we observe that surveillance technologies are not heavily used to deal with deviance; instead, it is the power of relationships that form the fabric of social control and the regulation of deviance. This discovery questions the effectiveness of technology as a regulator, both in Second Life and in the real world, as well as evidences the importance of social bond as a mediator of deviance. Key Words: deviance, surveillance technology, cybercommunities, control, social bond Introduction It seems that building a surveillance society is the means to achieve a secure society (Lyon 2007). The building of a surveillance society has generated a new security architecture – increasingly, surveillance technologies and techniques are built into our physical and virtual surroundings, and surveillance practices are increasingly becoming an inseparable part of our everyday life (Jones 2005; Lyon 2007; Zedner 2009).