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A Phenomenological Exploration of Pastoral IDEALISM & REALITY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF PASTORAL EXPECTATIONS & MINISTRY REALITIES EXPERIENCED BY PROTESTANT CHURCH PLANTING PASTORS by Dwayne Ramon Bond Liberty University A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Liberty University April 2014 IDEALISM & REALITY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF PASTORAL EXPECTATIONS & MINISTRY REALITIES EXPERIENCED BY PROTESTANT CHURCH PLANTING PASTORS A Dissertation Proposal Submitted to the Faculty of Liberty University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Dwayne Ramon Bond ¬ APRIL 2014 Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia April 2014 Dissertation Committee Approval: Dr. Lisa Sosin Committee Chair Dr. Mark Myers Committee Member Dr. Johnny Baker Committee Member ABSTRACT IDEALISM & REALITY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF PASTORAL EXPECTATIONS & MINISTRY REALITIES EXPERIENCED BY PROTESTANT CHURCH PLANTING PASTORS Dwayne Ramon Bond Center for Counseling and Family Studies Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia Doctor of Philosophy in Counseling With the majority of literature focused on reducing clergy stressors, there is a need to explore how pastors respond when ministry idealism dissipates, while familial and congregational expectations increase. When idealized expectations fade how does clergy experience resiliency? The purpose of this study was to explore how idealism affects clergy resiliency and their responses, coping, and longevity in ministry. Ten (10) new church planting protestant pastors were selected using snowball sampling. Each pastor was interviewed. Data from the two-hour in-depth interviews was collected, organized and analyzed. The findings for each interview were compared and contrasted, and themes were identified – a) utilizing coping strategies during stressful and difficult seasons, b) locating personal identity in Christ alone, c) having relational support systems, and d) maintaining a healthy relationship with his wife. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………… iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……………………….…………………………...1 Problem Background…………………………………………………………………..1 Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………………...3 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………….3 Definitions……………………………………………………………………………...4 Research Method………………………………………………………………………6 Locating Myself as a Researcher……………………………………………………..10 Limitations……………………………………………………………………………12 Trustworthiness……………………………………………………………………….14 Summary…………………………………………………………………………...…16 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………..…………...…18 Idealized Expectations………………………………………………………………..19 High Idealism among Pastors entering ministry…………………………………20 Pastor’s unrealistic expectations of ministry…………………………………….21 Expectations and measurements of success……………………………………...22 Relationship between narcissistic characteristics, expectations and motivation in pastors………………………………………………………………………………...23 Ministry realities and expectations of the life of pastors……………………………..25 iv Burnout………………………………………………………………………..…25 Burnout in the early years………………………………………………………..26 Idealizations and insecurities leading to burnout………………………………..27 Lacking Social Support………………………………………………………….27 Family Boundary Issues……...………………………………………………….28 Vision Conflict…………………………………………………………………..31 Mental and Physical Health strain……………………………………………….32 Resilience in light of idealized experience and realities of the ministry……………..33 Pastors leaving the ministry……………………………………………………...34 Resilience and adjustment strategies…………………………………………….35 Narcissistic ways of coping……………………………………………………...35 Personal Strategies for learning from experiences……………………………….36 Spiritual Practices that contribute to wellbeing or burnout……………………...38 Maintaining resiliency…………………………………………………………...39 Intrapersonal, family and community forms of care……………………………..40 Relationship between the Existing Literature and the Proposed Study………………42 Summary……………………………………………………………………………...45 CHAPTER THREE: METHOD……..…………...……………………………………..49 Designing a Qualitative Study………………………………………………………..49 Research Design……………………………………………………………………...50 Selection of Participants…………………………………………………………...…52 v Data Collection……………………………………………………………………….53 Data Processing & Analysis………………………………………………………….56 Ethical Procedures…………………………………………………………………....57 Ensuring Trustworthiness of Findings………………………………………………..58 Summary……………………………………………………………………………...60 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS………………..………………………………………..61 Portraits of Individual Participants…………………………………………………….61 Experience of Resiliency in Light of Personal Expectations and Ministry Realities….76 Finding Refreshment & Emotional and Physical Rest………………………………77 Reflecting on Identity in Christ……………...………………………………………81 Enjoyment in Ministry……………………………………………………………….85 Not Quitting in Ministry……………………………………………………………..88 Managing Growth & Progress Pressure……………………………………………...92 Needed Relationships………………………………………………………………...95 Support of Pastor’s Wife……………………………………………………………..98 Negative Impact of Ministry Reality Associated with Dissipation of Idealism……...104 Frustration from Performing Unexpected Duties…………………………………..105 Discouragement with Low and Fluctuating Attendance………………….………..108 Drained by People…………………………………………………………………..113 Comparisons and Contrasts Among Participants……………………………………..118 Drive to Plant the Church………………….……………………………………….118 vi Need to Escape from Stress………………………………………………………...120 Pursuit of Counseling…………………………………………….…………………123 People Pleasing and Longevity………………………………..……………………127 Summary………………………………………………………………………….…..131 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION………...……………………………………………134 Findings Related to Literature………………………………………………………..134 Personal Expectations and Ministry Reality………………………………………..134 Pastors and Untested Interpersonal Skills…………………………………………..135 Coping with Reality…………………………………………………………...……136 Idealism and the Sacred Calling……………………………………………………136 Replenishing by Finding Identity in Christ…………………………………………136 Need for Relational Support and Accountability…………………………………...137 Role of the Marriage Relationship in Ministry……………………………………..137 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………...139 Maintaining Healthy Rhythms of Refreshment……………………………………139 Unprepared for what to expect in ministry……………………………………...139 Limited support and stress on the pastor’s health…………………………….....140 Needing healthy rhythms of escape…………………………………………..…141 Remembering the Call when Discouraged………………………………………...143 Discouragement from workload, people and low and fluctuating attendance….143 Questioning the call and being encouraged by the call………………………….144 vii Being Reminded Consistently of Identity in Christ………………………………..146 Finding significance in success………………………………..………………...146 Being reminded of identity in Christ…………………….……………………...147 Relying on God for validation and affirmation……………...…………………..147 Identity in God and personal weaknesses…………………………….…………148 Having Ventilating Relationships and a Coach……………………………………150 Understanding the impact and need for supportive relationships……………….150 Value of friendships with other pastors………………..………………………..151 Benefits of having a coach………………………………………..……………..152 Nurturing a Loving Marital Relationship with the Spouse………………………...153 Understanding the impact and need for a support wife………………..………..153 Protecting the wife from becoming an unpaid assistant………………...………153 Nurturing the wife through stress and difficulties…………………………........154 Refreshing and valuing the wife…………………………………………..…….155 Summary of Conclusions Derived From this Study………………………………….156 Implications…………………………………………………………………………...158 Implications for Churches, Church Planting Networks and Denominations……....158 Implications for Colleges and Seminaries…………………………………………160 Implications for Counseling………………………………………………………..162 Suggestions for Future Research……………………………………………………..163 Exploring Identity in Christ and Personal Wellbeing……………………………...164 Faithfulness and Fruitfulness as a Measurement of Success……………………....165 viii Personal Identity and Family Life…...…………………………………………….166 Summary……………………………………………………………………………...168 Final Summary………………………………………………………………………….169 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………172 APPENDIX A: INFORMED CONSENT………………………………………...…...179 APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW GUIDE………………………………………………...183 ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Problem Background Idealism is inherent in the hopefulness and optimistic attitudes of every pastor (Grosch & Olsen, 2000). However, when a pastor’s sense of ministry idealism fades, while familial and congregational expectations increase, many experience burnout, discouragement, and despair (Grosch & Olsen, 2000). Research states that the prevalence of supportive relationships within the congregation lowers a pastor’s level of burnout and discouragement and increases their optimism about remaining in the ministry (Lee, 2010). According to Lee and Gilbert (2003), “anticipating the kinds of support needed or expected” (Lee & Gilbert, 2003, p. 255) is important in enhancing a pastor’s wellbeing and longevity in ministry. Pastors enter the ministry to make a difference over time in the lives of the people and fulfill their God given calling; not to abandon their ministry (Christopherson, 1994; Monahan, 1999). Yet the theological and practical expectations for the pastor demand “commitment to personal sacrifice, faithful obedience to the calling, and servant- leadership modeled after Jesus Christ” (Kunst, 1993, p. 208). Fulfilling the calling, “clergy
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