Durham E-Theses

Development of methods for investigating settlement and land-use using pollen data : a case study from north-east England circa 8000 cal. BC - cal. AD 500.

Pratt, Kathryn Elizabeth

How to cite: Pratt, Kathryn Elizabeth (1996) Development of methods for investigating settlement and land-use using pollen data : a case study from north-east England circa 8000 cal. BC - cal. AD 500., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1571/

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• Development of Methods for Investigating Settlement and Land- use using Pollen Data:

A Case-study from North-east England, circa 8000 cal. BC - cal. AD 500

Volume two of three

Tables and Figures for Chapters 1-8 and Appendix A, excluding Chapter 7

Submitted for the higher degree of PhD by Kathryn Elizabeth Pratt MA (Cantab.), MSc

University of Durham, Departments of Archaeology and Biological Sciences

1996

1

4 JUL 1997 Volume 2

Contents Tables and Figures for Chapters 1-8 and Appendix A, excluding Chapter 7 (the pollen maps for north- east England, circa 8000 cal. BC - cal. AD 500) located in Volume 3.

N.B. There are no figures for Chapters 9 and 10 or for Appendices B and C, and no tables for chapters 1, 2, 8, 9 and 10, or for any of the Appendices. Page number

Title page 1 Contents, Volume 2 2

Tables and Figures for Chapter 1 10

Fig. 1.1 Map of the counties of north-east England included in the study area 11

Tables and Figures for Chapter 2 12 a) Present day land-use maps created using satellite images 13

Fig. 2.1 Arable: percentage cover of each 1 km grid square (includes all tilled land) 13-14 Fig. 2.2 Built-up land: percentage cover of each 11cm grid square (includes urban, suburban and rural development and industrial land) 15-16 Fig. 2.3 Pasture: percentage cover of each 1 km grid square (includes meadow, verges, mown and grazed turf) 17-18 Fig. 2.4 Rough pasture: percentage cover of each lkm grid square (includes moorland grass and grass heath) 19-20 Fig. 2.5 Dwarf shrub moorland: percentage cover of each 11cm grid square (includes Calluna, Erica, Ulex and Cylisus) 21-22

2 Fig. 2.6 Woodland: percentage cover of each 11cm grid square (includes deciduous and coniferous woodland and scrub) 23-24

b) Topography and climate maps

Fig. 2.7 Relief map of north-east England (elevation of land measured in metres above sea level) 25 Fig. 2.8 Drainage map of north-east England showing main rivers 26 Fig. 2.9 Main geomorphological regions of north-east England (after Beaumont 1970 and Swan 1993) 27 Fig. 2.10 Distribution of upland and lowland in north-east England (after Swan 1993) 28 Fig. 2.11 Mean accumulated temperature above 0° C (day-degrees), January to June (after Jarvis eta!. 1984) 29 Fig. 2.12 Rainfall: annual average precipitation (mm) 30 Fig. 2.13 Mean accumulated maximum potential soil moisture deficit (mm) 31

c) Geological and soil maps

Fig. 2.14 Solid geological map of north-east England 32 Fig. 2.15 Drift geology map of north-east England 33 Fig. 2.16 Map showing distribution of soil types across north-east England 34

Tables and Figures for Chapter 3 35 Table 3.1 List of pollen cores entered into the North-east England Pollen Database 36 Table 3.2 List of pollen cores not included in the North-east England Pollen Database 45 Table 3.3 Reasons for pollen cores not being entered into the North-east England Pollen Database 49 Table 3.4 A typical example of the taxonomic level to which herb pollen taxa are identified 50

3 Table 3.5 List of tables comprising the North-east England Pollen Database 52 Table 3.6 Format of pollen data available for pollen cores entered into the database 54 Table 3.7 Calibrated radiocarbon dates (calibrated years BC/ AD) for cores in the database 55 Table 3.8 Calibrated radiocarbon dates (calibrated years BC/ AD) for cores not included in the database 62 Table 3.9 Radiocarbon dates for biostratigraphical events in north-east England 63 Table 3.10 Number of pollen cores in each 500-year time period used in this study for pollen mapping 66 Table 3.11 Distribution of pollen cores entered into the database by county 67 Table 3.12 Distribution of dated cores entered into the database by county 67 Table 3.13 Distribution of pollen cores entered into the database by elevation 68 Table 3.14 Distribution of pollen cores and dated cores entered into the database in the upland and lowland regions of each county 69 Table 3.15 Distribution of pollen cores entered into the database by solid (bedrock) geology 70

Fig. 3.1 Map showing the distribution of pollen cores in the North-east England Pollen Database 71 Fig. 3.2 Map showing inset of Figure 3.1, focusing in upon pollen cores located in upper Teesdale and upper Weardale 72 Fig. 3.3 Age-depth curves for radiocarbon dated cores in the database 75

Tables and Figures for Chapter 4 86 Table 4.1 Some radiocarbon dates and calibrated midpoint dates for Mesolithic archaeological evidence from the north-east

and surrounding regions 87 Table 4.2 Some radiocarbon dates and calibrated midpoint dates for Neolithic archaeological evidence from the north-east and

surrounding regions 88

4 Table 4.3 Some radiocarbon dates and calibrated midpoint dates for Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age archaeological evidence from the north-east and surrounding regions 90 Table 4.4 Some radiocarbon dates and calibrated midpoint dates for Iron Age and Roman period archaeological evidence from the north-east and surrounding regions 93 Table 4.5 Number of entries in each category of archaeological evidence in the total archaeological database 97 Table 4.6 Number of entries of each category and type for the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in the archaeological database 98 Table 4.7 Number of entries of each category and type for the early Bronze Age period in the archaeological database 99 Table 4.8 Number of entries of each category and type for the middle Bronze Age period in the archaeological database 100 Table 4.9 Number of entries of each category and type for the late Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age period in the archaeological database 101 Table 4.10 Number of entries of each category and type for the Iron Age period in the archaeological database 102 Table 4.11 Number of entries of each category and type for the Roman period in the archaeological database 103

Fig. 4.1 Diagram showing the relationship between archaeological periods referred to in the text, the 500-year periods used for pollen mapping, Godwin's (1940) pollen zones and the Blytt-Sernander terminology 104 Fig. 4.2 Distribution map of land destroyed by urbanisation, extractive industries and forestry 105 Fig. 4.3 Distribution map of Mesolithic archaeological evidence for settlement and land-use 106 Fig. 4.4 Distribution map of Neolithic archaeological evidence for settlement and land-use 107

5 Fig. 4.5 Distribution map of early Bronze Age archaeological evidence for settlement and land-use 108 Fig. 4.6 Distribution map of middle Bronze Age archaeological evidence for settlement and land-use 109 Fig. 4.7 Distribution map of late Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age archaeological evidence for settlement and land-use 110 Fig. 4.8 Distribution map of Iron Age archaeological evidence for settlement and land-use 111 Fig. 4.9 Distribution map of archaeological evidence from the Roman period for settlement and land-use 112

Tables and Figures for Chapter 5 113 Table 5.1 List of cores with Cerealia-type pollen recorded, taxonomic level identified and interpolated dates of levels over the last 500 years in which Cerealia-pollen is identified (given as calibrated midpoint dates AD) 114 Table 5.2 Values for Cerealia-type pollen in recent levels of pollen cores from north-east England and agricultural land potential of the area around each pollen core site 117 Table 5.3 Arable:pastoral and agricultural:arable indices 119 Table 5.4 Number of pollen sites with arable scores from any index in each agricultural land classification grade 120 Table 5.5 List of pollen cores with levels dated to the last 500 years, with arable scores from any index 121 Table 5.6 Selected land use types in north-east England and their vegetation composition, based upon published vegetation survey data 122 Table 5.7 Suggested pollen rain for selected plant communities found across north-east England. The table is based upon vegetation survey data in Table 5.6 128

Fig. 5.1 Map of Cerealia-type pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 131

6 Fig. 5.2 Map of Gramineae pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 132 Fig. 5.3 Map ofArtemisia pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 133 Fig. 5.4 Map of Caryophyllaceae pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 134 Fig. 5.5 Map of Centaurea pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 135 Fig. 5.6 Map of Chenopodiaceae pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 136 Fig. 5.7 Map of Compositae pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 137 Fig. 5.8 Map of Cruciferae pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 138 Fig. 5.9 Map of Leguminosae pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 139 Fig. 5.10 Map of Plantago pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 140 Fig. 5.11 Map of Polygonum pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day )4) Fig. 5.12 Map of Ranunculaceae pollen values, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 142 Fig. 5.13 Map of Rumex pollen values, circa cal. All) 1500 - present day 143 Fig. 5.14 Comparison of scores for different arable: pastoral indices 144 Fig. 5.15 Scores for Fenton-Thomas' (1992) agricultural: arable index 146 Fig. 5.16 Map of scores for Turner's (1964) arable: pastoral index, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 148 Fig. 5.17 Map of scores for Donaldson and Turner's (1979) arable: pastoral index, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 149 Fig. 5.18 Map of scores for Brown's (1977) arable: pastoral index, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 150

7 Fig. 5.19 Map of scores for Roberts' et at (1973) arable: pastoral index, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day 151 Fig. 5.20 Map of scores for Fenton-Thomas' (1992) agricultural: arable

index, circa cal. AD 1500 - present day , 152 Fig. 5.21 DECORANA plot of scores for estimated pollen rain of the 14 land-use types in Table 5.7 153 Fig. 5.22 The same DECORANA plot as Fig. 5.21, with the scores for the pollen cores added 153

Tables and Figures for Chapter 6 154 Table 6.1 Estimated pollen catchment area for each pollen core used in the catchment approach, for each period 155 Table 6.2 Total number of archaeological sites within the pollen catchment area of each pollen site in each period 158 Table 6.3 Number of each type of Mesolithic and Neolithic archaeological site in each pollen catchment area 161 Table 6.4 Number of each type of Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age archaeological site in each pollen catchment area 164 Table 6.5 Number of each type of Iron Age archaeological site in each pollen catchment area 167 Table 6.6 Number of archaeological sites in pollen catchment area, Roman period 170 Fig. 6.1 Sample triangular ordination plot used for presentation of results of the catchment approach 173 Fig. 6.2 Sample presentation of results for the interpolation approach 174

N.B. For tables and figures for Chapter 7 refer to Volume 3.

Tables and Figures for Chapter 8 175 Fig. 8.1 Triangular ordination plot for the Mesolithic period 176

8 Fig. 8.2, a-e Mean interpolated pollen values for different classes of Mesolithic archaeological evidence 177 Fig. 8.3 Triangular ordination plot for the Neolithic period 178 Fig. 8.4, a-e Mean interpolated pollen values for different classes of Neolithic archaeological evidence 179 Fig. 8.5 Triangular ordination plot for the early Bronze Age period 180 Fig. 8.6 Triangular ordination plot for the middle Bronze Age period 181 Fig. 8.7 Triangular ordination plot for the late Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age period 182 Fig. 8.8, a-e Mean interpolated pollen values for different classes of early Bronze Age archaeological evidence 183 Fig. 8.9, a-e Mean interpolated pollen values for different classes of middle Bronze Age archaeological evidence 184 Fig. 8.10, a-e Mean interpolated pollen values for different classes of late Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age archaeological evidence 185 Fig. 8.11 Triangular ordination plot for the Iron Age period 186 Fig. 8.12 Triangular ordination plot for the Roman period 187 Fig. 8.13, a-e Mean interpolated pollen values for different classes of Iron Age archaeological evidence 188 Fig. 8.14, a-e Mean interpolated pollen values for different classes of Roman archaeological evidence 189

Tables and Figures for Appendix A 190 Fig. A.1 Structure of the North-east England Pollen Database 191

9 Tables and Figures for

Chapter 1

Introduction LOCATION OF NORTH- EAST ENGLAND

Scale 1 I lir I U 10 20 30 40 50 km. Map of the Counties of North-East England included in the study area Tables and Figures for

Chapter 2

Background to the study region Figure 2.1 Map showing present day cover of arable land in north-east England, derived from satellite image data provided for the whole of Great Britain by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood. This map corresponds to the tilled land data provided by the ITE.

The present day dominance of arable land in the eastern, lowland areas of the region is clearly evident. Concentrations of arable land are particularly great in the Tees lowlands surrounding the Tees conurbation, in south-east Northumberland around the lower Blyth and Wansbeck, in the coastal lowlands of Northumberland and in the Tweed valley to the north. Arable land extends inland along the Tyne valley, into Teesdale and Weardale and the Till and Breamish valleys in northern Northumberland.

13 Key: * Arable El 0-10% 10-20% Percentage cover of El 20 -30% each lkm grid square. {-7 30 -40% (includes all tilled land.) 0 40-50% 11 50-60%

Copyright NERC 14 Acknowledgements ITE Monks Wood. Figure 2.2 Map showing present day cover of built-up land in north-east England. This map combines satellite data for urban, suburban and rural development and industrial land.

There is a clear contrast between the dominance of built-up land and land used for industrial purposes in the lowlands between the Tyne and Tees on the one hand and the relative lack of built up land in the uplands (apart from along the valley bottoms) and across most of Northumberland. Concentrations are particularly marked in the conurbations of the lower Tyne and Tees.

15 Key: Built-up Land O 0-10% 10-20% Percentage cover of O 20 -30% each licm grid square. LI 30 -40% (includes urban, suburban 40-50% 0 and rural development and 50-60% • industrial land.)

Copyright NERC

Acknowledgements ITE Monks Wood.

Figure 2.3 Map showing present day cover of grassland (excluding rough moorland and heath grassland) in north-east England. This map _ combines satellite data for meadow, verges and mown and grazed turf

The areas with highest concentrations of meadow, turf and verge grassland are typically located in the foothills at elevations between 100-400 metres a.s.1., above which land cover is dominated by rough grassland (Figure 2.4) and moorland (Figure 2.5). The cover of grassland thins out towards the lowland areas which are more dominated by built up land and arable land.

17 Key: * Pasture 0 0-10% El 10-20% Percentage cover of El 20 -30% each llim grid square. 111 30-40% (Including meadow, verges Ej 40 -50% mown and grazed turf.) 1111 50-60%

Copyright NERC

Acknowledgments ITE Monks Wood.

Figure 2.4 Map showing present day cover of rough grassland in north-east England. This map combines satellite data for moorland grass and - grass heath.

Rough grassland dominates the land cover in many upland areas of north-east England lying above 400m a.s.1.. This is mostly moorland grass. Gaps in the concentration of rough grassland in the uplands represent those areas where Ca//una and other dwarf shrub moorland is dominant (Figure 2.5), or those areas under forestry, such as around Kielder Water in south west Northumberland (Figure 2.6). Lower concentrations of rough grassland occur scattered across the Durham lowlands and the coast and mark the occurrence of grass heath, waste land and coastal grassland.

19 Key: * Rough Pasture El 0-10% 10-20% Percentage cover of

i 1 20 -30% each lkm grid square. in 30-40% (includes moorland grass Li 40 -50% and grass heath.) ii 50 -60%

Copyright NERC Acknowledgements ITE Monks Wood. Figure 2.5 Map showing present day cover of dwarf shrub moorland in north- east England. This map corresponds to the satellite data for dwarf shrub moorland, which includes common moorland dwarf shrubs such as Calluna (heather), Erica (heath), Ulex (gorse) and Cytisus (broom).

The occurrence of land with dwarf shrub moorland is almost entirely restricted to those areas of upland in the west of the region above 400 m a.s.l. that is not covered by rough moorland grassland (Figure 2.4) or by forestry (Figure 2.6). Concentrations occur in the Northern Pennine uplands, the Cleveland Hills, and the Fell Sandstone Uplands and Border Hills of Northumberland. Outside these areas there is virtually no coverage of dwarf shrub moorland.

21 Figure 2.6 Map showing present day cover of woodland and forestry in north- east England. This map combines the satellite data provided by the _ ITE for deciduous and coniferous woodland (including afforested areas) and scrub.

Areas with high woodland cover are distributed quite widely across the north-east of England when compared with other land cover types. Concentrations of woodland occur in the Kielder Water area, in the Fell Sandstone uplands of Northumberland and in the Northern Pennines, where upland land has been afforested by coniferous tree species. Lower concentrations of wooded land scattered across the lowlands and uplands represent smaller or less dense patches of forestry plantation and deciduous woodland or scrub. Woodland is scattered throughout those foothill and lowland areas dominated by meadow and arable land, but is mostly absent from industrialised and urbanised areas.

23 Key: Woodland LI 0-10% 0 10-20% Percentage cover of 20-30% each lkm grid square. El 30-40% (includes deciduous and 40 -50% coniferous woodland and scrub.) II 50-60%

Copyright NERC

Acknowledgements ITE Monks Wood. THE CHEVIOT

Key:

Li 0 —50m Relief map of 0_ 50 —100m North-East England LII 100 —200m 0 200 —400m 400 —600m Elevation of land measured 600 —800m in metres above sea level.

25 Figure 2.8

Key:

as, Reservoir/ lake Drainage map of North-east England River/ stream showing main rivers.

26 Figure 2.9

r21:1

oribmberlan .Lkowlands ------

Tx.ni.Lowlands ------' • 7- 143

*St': •-• Allendales .021 • . 14- „ EASt: \-N NORTH PENNINES 11• RURH Weardale / ------MATEA .1112, o N..) A--; .1 Tees Lowlands

Stainmortnap

Key:

Land between Main 100 - 200m a.s.l. Geomorphological Land over 200m a.s.l. Regions of North-

HILLS Upland area east England

Valley Lowland area or valley (After Beaumont 1970 and Swan 1993)

27 Figure 2.10

Key: Distribution of upland * and lowland in North- east England. Upland 1 (After Swan 1993) (Extensively %._.u.m, farmed) - N.B. The present transition Lowland between upland and lowland in (Intensively farmed) Northumberland lies between 200-250m a.s.l. and in County Durham between 350 -400m a.s.1.. 28 Figure 2.11

Key: * Ti <8500 850 - 950°

950 - 1050° Median accumulated temperature I above 1050- 1150° 0°C (day-degrees), 1150- 1250° January to June. 1250- 1350°

> 1350° R 7 (After Jarvis el al. 1984) 29 Figure 2.12

Key: * <500 mm

1_1 500 - 700 mm 700 - 800 mm Rainfall:

800- 1000 mm annual average

1000 - 1200 mm 1 precipitation (mm)

1 1200 - 1600 mm IN > 1600 mm 30 Figure 2.13

Key:

<25 mm 25 - 50 mm Mean accumulated 50 - 75 mm maximum potential soil 75 - 100 mm moisture deficit (mm)

100 . 125 mm

125- 150 mm (After Jarvis el al. 1984) > 150 mm 31 Key to Figure 2.14: Solid geological map of North-east England

Geological Colour Sedimentary Period Code Formation

Lower Lias

Middle Lias

Jurrasic Upper Lias Great and Inferior Oolite

Combrash

Corralian

Magnesian Limestone (Permian)

Permian mudstones

Permian and Permian and Triassic Triassic sandstones

Triassic mudstones

Upper Carboniferous Limestone Series

Lower Carboniferous I I Limestone Series Carboniferous Millstone Grit Series I I I I Coal Measures

Silurian Llandovery

Andesitic and basaltic Extrusive lavas and tuffs.

Granite

Intrusive Basalt and dolcritc 32 Figure 2.14

*

Solid Geological Map

of North-east England.

33 Figure 2.15

Key: * 1-1 Peat Glaciofluvial and I I river terrace drift Drift geology map of L:1 Reddish till North-east England Other till and Head

Drill thin or absent

(After Jarvis el al. 1984) 34 Key to Figure 2.16: Map showing distribution of soil types across north east England

Colour Soil Soil Soil Code No. Name Description

U Unsurveyed Urban and industrial areas.

Disturbed soils Restored open cast workings, compacted fine loam and clay, often stony.

I I 313 Dunwell Shallow loam.

511 Aberford Shallow, locally brashy, well drained [ calcareous, fine loamy soils over limestone.

541 Eardiston 2/ Well drained, coarse loam. Rivington 1/ Wick 1

I 542 Nercwys Deep, fine loam.

551 Newport 1 Deep, well drained, sandy and coarse loamy soils.

561 Wharfe/ Alun Deep stoneless alluvial loam.

611 Malvern Well drained, very stony loam.

1 651

1 711 Salop/ Dunkeswick Fine loam over clay soil.

1 712 Dale/ Crewe/ Clayey and fine, silty soils, often stoneless. Windsor/ Foggathorpe

713 Brickfield 3 Fine loam and clayey soils.

1 721 Wilcocks 1 Fine loam over clayey soil with peaty surface horizon.

1011 Longmoss/ Thick, very acid peat soils. Winter Hill 35 Figure 2.16

*

Map showing distribution of soil types across North-east England.

36 Tables and Figures for

Chapter 3

The pollen data set: the North-east England Pollen Database Table 3.1 List of pollen cores entered into the North-east England Pollen Database. N.B. Dated cores are depicted in bold font.

Core Site Core Name Grid Reference References , No. No. 1 1 Akeld Steads NT 966 305 Borek (1975)

2 2 Amgill Head Brocks 1 NY 834 250 Turner&Hodgson (1979)

3 2 Amgill Head Brocks 2 NY 834 250 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

4 2 Amgill Head Brocics 3 NY 834 250 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

5 3 Bellow Moss NZ 077 337 Hodgson (1974)

6 4 Bishop Middleham NZ 324 304 Bartley et al. (1976)

7 5 Black Band NY 809 265 Squires (1970)

8 6 Black Hill NY 815 280 Squires (1970)

9 7 Black Lough NU 141 093 Moyle (1980)

10 9 Black Rigg NY 635 551 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

11 10 Blackshiel Bog 1 NY 733 607 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

12 10 Blackshiel Bog 2 NY 733 607 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

13 10 Blackshiel Bog 3 NY 733 607 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

14 8 Blackpool Moss NT 517 289 Butler (1992)

15 11 Bollihope Bog NY 990 370 Roberts et al. (1983)

16 12 Bonfield Gill Head SE 590 958 Simmons & limes (1981)

17 13 Broad Moss NT 963 215 Davies & Turner (1979)

18 14 Burnhope Burn NY 964 457 Turner & Hodgson

19 15 Bumhope Dam NY 964 457 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

20 16 Camp Hill Moss NU 100 263 Davies & Turner (1979)

21 17 Cold Fell 1 NY 613 546 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

22 17 Cold Fell 2 NY 613 546 Turner & HOclgson (1991)

23 18 Coom Rigg A NY 670 760 Chapman (1964)

38 24 18 Coom Rigg B NY 670 760 Chapman (1964)

25 19 Cowpen Marsh 1 NZ 5062 2462 Tooley (unpublished)

26 20 Cowpen Marsh 2 NZ 5061 2462 Tooley (unpublished)

27 21 Cranberry Bog NZ 232 545 Kershaw (1967) -

28 22 Cronldey Fell NY 843 287 Squires (1970)

29 23 Cronldey Pastures 1 NY 8571 2880 Squires (1970)

30 24 Cronldey Pastures 2 NY 8572 2880 Squires (1970)

31 25 Crook Burn 1 NY 782 350 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

32 25 Crook Burn 2 NY 782 350 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

33 25 Crook Bum 3 NY 782 350 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

34 26 Cross Fell East NY 689 345 Turner (1984)

35 27 Cross Fell South NY 692 341 Turner (1984)

36 28 Cross Fell Slate Sike NY 706 345 Godwin & Clapham (1951)

37 29 Cross Fell Summit NY 688 345 Turner (1984)

38 30 Cross Fell West NY 685 344 Turner (1984)

39 31 Cuthbert's Hill NY 930 352 Hodgson (1974)

40 32 Dead Crook 1 NY 805 302 Turner et al. (1973)

41 33 Dead Crook 2 NY 804 303 Turner et al. (1973)

42 33 Dead Crook 3 NY 804 303 Turner eta!. (1973)

43 34 Din Moss NT 805 315 Hibbert & Switsur (1976)

44 35 Dubby Moss NY 799 307 Turner eta!. (1973)

45 36 Dufton Moss A NY 872 293 Squires (1970)

46 36 Dutton Moss B NY 872 293 Squires (1970)

47 36 Dufton Moss C NY 972 293 Squires (1970)

48 37 Edlingham NU 114 091 Moyle (1980)

49 38 Embleton's Bog NU 160 140 Bartley (1966)

39 50 39 Ewe Crag NZ 695 110 Jones (1971)

51 40 Fe!lend Moss NY 679 658 Davies & Turner (1979)

52 41 Fortherley Moss 1 NZ 0150 5750 Turner & Hodgson (1981,1991)

53 42 Fortherley Moss 2 NZ 0151 5750 Hodgson (1974) '

54 43 Fortherley Wood NZ 0170 5750 Turner & Hodgson (1981,1983)

55 44 Fox Earth Gill NY 842 282 Squires (1970)

56 45 Furness Moss NY 803 305 Turner eta!. (1973)

57 46 Goosetarn Beck NZ 017235 Hodgson (1974)

58 47 Graham's Moss 1 NY 860 531 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

59 47 Graham's Moss 2 NY 860 531 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

60 47 Graham's Moss 3 NY 860 531 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

61 48 Great Eggleshope NY 948 331 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

62 49 Greenmines NY 803 265 Squires (1970)

63 50 Green Swang NY 813 432 Hodgson (1974)

64 51 Hallowell Moss NZ 251 439 Donaldson(1975),

65 52 Hard Hill NY 727 331 Johnson & Dunham (1963)

66 53 Harthope Moss NY 868 341 Turner & Hodgson (1979,1991)

67 54 Harthope Quarry NY 886 347 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

68 56 Hartlepool Bay 4 NZ 5180 3180 Tooley (unpublished)

69 56 Hartlepool Bay 6 NZ51853185 Tooley (unpublished)

70 57 Hartlepool Slake NZ 5182 3418 Tooley (unpublished)

71 58 Hedleyhope NZ 139 412 Hodgson (1974)

72 59 Herdship Fell NY 803 340 Godfree (1975)

73 60 High Banks Moss 1 NY 756 499 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

74 60 High Banks Moss 2 NY 756 499 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

75 61 Hisehope Burn NZ 017 459 Godfree (1975)

40 76 62 Howden Moss NY 860 265 Simpson (1976)

77 63 Hutton Henry NZ 410 350 Bartley et al. (1976)

78 64 James' Hill NY 925 321 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

79 65 John's Burn NY 774 354 Godfree (1975)

80 66 Kennel Hall Knowe NY 667 898 Davies (1978)

81 67 Kildale Hall 1 NZ 609 097 Jones (1971)

82 67 Kildale Hall 2 NZ 609 097 Jones (1971)

83 68 Kilhope Law 1 NY 796 441 Turner & Hodgson (1979,1991)

84 69 Kilhope Law 2 NY 819 444 Godfree (1975)

85 70 Knock Ridge 1 NY 740 303 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

86 70 Knock Ridge 2 NY 740 303 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

87 71 Knoutberry 1 NY 799 418 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

88 71 Knoutberry 2 NY 799 418 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

89 72 Lamb Shield 1 NZ 024 489 Turner & Hodgson (1981,1983,1991)

90 73 Lamb Shield 2 NZ 024 488 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

91 74 Lilburn Steads NU 026 234 Jones (unpublished)

92 75 Linton Loch A NT 793 254 Manion (1978)

93 76 Little Punchard Head NY 959 028 Hall (1979)

94 77 Long Crag NY 835 255 Squires (1970)

95 78 Longlee Moor NU 156 195 Bartley (1966)

96 79 Long Moss NY 865 598 Hodgson (1974)

97 80 Low Stublick 1 NY 865 604 Turner & Hodgson (1979,1983)

98 80 Low Stublick 2 NY 865 604 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

99 81 Melmerby Fell 1 NY 648 385 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

100 81 Melmerby Fell 2 NY 648 385 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

101 82 Mickle Fell NY 810 249 Squires (1970)

41 102 83 Mickleton Moor 1 NY 810 249 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

103 83 Mickleton Moor 2 NY 810 249 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

104 84 Midgeholme Mire NY 610 655 limes (unpublished)

105 85 Milburn Forest NY 718 320 Godfree (1975)

106 86 Mire Holes NY 849 267 Squires (1970)

107 87 Mordon Carr NZ 321 253 Bartley et al. (1976)

108 88 Moss Mire North NZ 026 215 Hodgson (1974)

109 89 Moss Mire South NZ 026 215 Hodgson (1974)

110 90 Mow Law A NT 8216 1788 Tipping (unpublished)

111 91 Mow Law B NT 8214 1765 Tipping (unpublished)

112 92 Mown Meadows NZ 053 466 Hodgson (1974)

113 93 Muckle Moss NY 805 666 Pearson (1960)

114 94 Neasham Fen NZ 332 116 Bartley et al. (1976)

115 95 Pawlaw Pike 1 NZ 010 323 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

116 96 Pawlaw Pike 2 NZ 010 323 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

117 97 Pity Me NZ 266 451 Turner (unpublished)

118 98 Pow Hill NZ 012516 Turner & Hodgson (1979,1981,1991)

119 99 Quarry Knowe NT 8405 1685 Tipping (unpublished)

120 100 Quickcleugh A NY 883 468 Turner & Hodgson (1983,1991)

121 100 Quickcleugh B NY 883 468 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

122 101 Quick Moss NY 852 422 Rowell & Turner (1985)

123 102 Sally Grain NY 792 392 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

124 103 Scaleby Moss NY 431 635 Godwin et al. (1957), Walker (1966)

125 104 Scraith Head 1 NY 794 367 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

126 104 Scraith Head 2 NY 794 367 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

127 104 Scraith Head 3 NY 794 367 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

42 128 105 Seamer Carrs NZ 487 097 Jones (1971)

129 106 Seven Hills NY 969 125 Hodgson (1974)

130 107 Shaking Moss 1 SD 794 894 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

131 108 Shivery Hill NY 816 457 Hodgson (1974)

132 109 Shot Moss 1 NY 831 195 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

133 109 Shot Moss 2 NY 831 195 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

134 110 Sikehead NY 962 469 Hodgosn (1974)

135 111 Silverband NY 709 310 Turner (1984)

136 112 Site W NY 814 290 Turner et al. (1973)

137 113 Smiddy Shaw NZ 047 462 Godfree (1975)

138 114 Sourhope NT 859 198 Tipping (unpublished)

139 115 South Cornsay NZ 125 398 Hodgson (1974)

140 116 Stanley Moss NZ 146 386 Hodgson (1974)

141 117 Staple Moss 1 NY 835 240 Turner & Hodgson (1979,1983)

142 117 Staple Moss 2 NY 835 240 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

143 118 Steng Moss NY 965 913 Davies & Turner (1979)

144 119 Steward Shield NY 980 440 Roberts eta!. (1973)

145 120 Summerlodge Tarn 1 SD 951 948 Turner & Hodgson (1983,1991)

146 121 Swindon Hill NT 842 187 Tipping (unpublished)

147 122 Teeshead 1 NY 699 340 Turner (1984)

148 122 Teeshead 2 NY 699 340 Turner (1984)

149 123 The Dod NT 472 060 Shuman & limes (1987)

150 124 The Lough NU 138 430 Leicester Archaeology Dept

151 125 Thomhope Burn NZ 030 404 Hodgson (1974)

152 126 Thorpe Bulmer NZ 453 354 Bartley eta!. (1976)

153 127 Tinlder's Sike 1 NY 818 290 Turner eta!. (1973)

43 154 127 Tinkler's Sike NY 818 290 Turner eta!. (1973)

155 128 Tranmire Slack NZ 766 119 Jones (1971)

156 129 Trickley Wood NU 024 270 Turner (1968)

157 130 Valley Bog NY 763 331 Chambers (1978) .

158 131 Vindolanda 1 NY 763 661 Davies (1978)

159 132 Waldridge NZ 295 378 Hodgson (1974)

160 133 Wanister Bog NZ 253 494 Hodgson (1974)

161 134 Weelfoot Moss NY 814 291 Turner eta!. (1973)

162 135 Weelhead Moss 1 NY 812 301 Turner eta!. (1973)

163 136 Weelhead Moss 2 NY 8070 3040 Turner eta!. (1973)

164 137 Weelhead Moss 3 NY 8071 3041 Turner et al. (1973)

165 138 Wee!head Moss NY 8071 3042 Turner eta!. (1973)

166 139 West Hartlepool 3 NZ 517320 Tooley (unpublished)

167 140 West Hartlepool 19 NZ 5209 3138 Tooley (unpublished)

168 141 West House NZ 634 196 Jones (1971)

169 142 White House NZ 028 236 Hodgson (1974)

170 143 Whitfield Lough 1 NY 724 541 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

171 143 Whitfield Lough 2 NY 724 541 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

172 144 Woldgill Burn 1 NY 652 454 Turner & Hodgson (1979)

173 144 Woldgill Burn 2 NY 652 454 Turner & Hodgson (1983)

174 144 Woldgill Burn 3 NY 652 454 Turner & Hodgson (1991)

175 145 Wolfscleugh NY 867 438 Godfree (1975)

176 146 Wolsingham NZ 041 414 Hodgson (1974)

177 147 Woodland NZ 078 268 Hodgson (1974)

178 148 Woofer Water A NT 996 268 Clapperton et aL (1971)

179 148 Wooler Water B NT 996 268 Clapperton eta!. (1971)

180 149 Yetholm Lough NT 803 277 Tipping (unpublished)

44 Table 3.2 List of pollen cores not included in the pollen database for reasons outlined in

section 3.1.1.

Core Name Grid Reference References

Abbot Moss NY 511 434 Walker (1966)

Aslcrigg Common SD 941 935 Hall (1979)

Beanrig Moss NT 517 293 Webb & Moore (1982)

Beldon Bottoms SD 968 945 Hall (1979)

Bink Moss not available Turner (unpublished)

Black Moss not available Turner (unpublished)

Blackpool Moss 2 NT 517 289 Webb & Moore (1982)

Black Hill not available Turner (unpublished)

Bog Hill NY 769 328 Johnson & Dunham (1963)

Bolton Fell Moss NY 490 690 Barber (1981)

Bradford Kaims NU 160 310 Bartley (1966)

Broadgate Fell NY 900 850 Blackburn (1953)

Brown Dod not availble Turner (unpublished)

Burtree Lane NZ 268 189 Bellamy et a (1966)

45 Catton Carr NY 828 577 Raistrick & Blackburn (1932)

Cock Lake not available Turner (unpublished)

Collier Gill NZ 786 009 Simmons (1969)

Colt Crag NY 930 780 Raistrick & Blackburn (1932)

Cotterend Tarn 1 SD 816 938 Hall (1979)

Cotterend Tarn 2 SD 816 938 Turner (unpublished)

Fleet Moss SD 862 834 Hall (1979)

Fog Close NY 870 062 Hall (1979)

Foolsike Moss NY 811 297 Tumer et al. (1973)

Fozy Moss NY 830 714 Dumayne (1994)

Green Combs NY 799 348 Hodgson (1974)

Hartley Moor not available Turner (unpublished)

Hartside Height not available Turner (unpublished)

Heathery Burn NY 900 480 Raistrick & Blackburn (1931)

How Top Moss not available Turner (unpublished)

Kilhope Moor NY 796 441 Raistrick & Blackburn (1932)

Kitchen Moss NT 165 608 Newey (1969)

Ladybridge Slack NZ 804 018 Simmons (1969)

46 Linton Loch B NT 793 254 Mannion (1978)

Little Punchard Head 1 NY 959 028 Hall (1979)

Long Moss 2 not available Turner (unpublished)'

Mickle Shoulder NY 819 248 Raistrick & Blackburn (1932)

Moorthwaite Tarn NY 510 510 Walker (1966)

Moss Swang NY 806 035 Simmons (1969)

Neasham Brick Pit NZ 334 511 Blackburn (1952)

Newbiggin Carr NY 880 310 Bartley et a/. (1976)

North Gill A NZ 726 007 Simmons (1969)

North Gill B NZ 726 007 Simmons (1969)

Nunstainton Cans NZ 320 295 Bartley et al. (1976)

Prestwick Can NZ 180 720 Raistrick & Blackburn (1932)

Quickcleugh C NY 883 468 Godfree (1975)

Romaldlcirk NY 991 230 Bellamy et al. (1966)

Shaking Moss 2 SD 794 894 Hall (1979)

Side Moss NT 285 555 Newey (1969)

Simy Folds NY 888 277 Donaldson (1983)

47 Slapestone Sike NY 818 305 Turner eta!. (1973)

Stanhope Common NY 978 443 McDonald (1993)

Summerlodge Tarn 2 SD 951 948 Hall (1979)

Threepwood Moss NT 425 515 Mannion (1978b)

Upper Eddleston Valley NT 242 537 Newey (1969)

Upper Valley Bog NY 763 331 Johnson & Dunham (1963)

Vindolanda 2 NY 770 664 Manning (unpublished)

Walby Valium not available Davies (unpublished)

Walton Moss NY 504 667 Dumayrie (1994)

Waskerley NZ 042 460 Raistrick & Blackburn (1932)

White Beacon Haggs SD 893 951 Hall (1979)

Widdybank Fell NY 814 294 Turner eta!. (1973)

Widdybank Moss NY 825 295 Turner eta!. (1973)

48 Table 3.3 Reasons for pollen cores not being entered into the pollen database.

Reason why core not entered into NEEPD: Number of Cores: Taxa recorded in insufficient detail 13

Good core already available for same site 13

Data only available for tree pollen 11

No grid reference available for core site 11

Outside study region 9

Core timespan too early (pre 8000 cal. BC) 3

Insufficient data to convert from pollen sum 2

Insufficient levels or data to assign dates 1

Diagram too unclear to read off data 1

Total number of cores not entered into 64 NEEPD

49 Table 3.4 A typical example of the taxonomic level to which herb pollen taxa are identified by pollen workers in north-east England.

Taxonomic level of identification

Family level Sub-family level Genus level Species level

Compositae Compositae Liguliflorae/ Compositae Cichorioidae Arctium Centaurea Cirsium Taraxacum Compositae Tubuliflorae/ Compositae Asteroidae Artemisia Bellis Matricaria

_Carribyllaceae

Chenopodiaceae

(Cistaceae) Helianthemum

Cruciferae

(Dipsacaceae) Succisa

Gram ineae Cerealia-type

(Onagraceae) Epilobium

(Plantaginaceae) Plantago Plantago lanceolata Plantago major/media

(Plumbaginaceae) Armeria I Polygonaceae 1 Polygonum

50 Table 3.4 continued ....

Family level Family sub-group level Genus level Species level

Ranunculaceae Caltha Ranunculus Thalictrum

Rosaceae Filipendula L.. Potentilla

Rubiaceae

Rumex Rumex acetosa Rumex acetosella OT Rumex acetosalacetosella-type

Saxifraaaceae

(Urticaceae) Urtica

Um belliferae

(Valerianaceae) I Valeriana

51 Table 3.5 List of tables comprising the North-east England Pollen Database, created using the Paradox relational database package.

N.B. See Appendix A for a more detailed guide to the contents and structure of each table mentioned below.

Type of table Table name Subject matter of table

Pollen site tables SITELOC Information about location of pollen sites (e.g. Grid reference, elevation.)

SITEDESC Background information about pollen sites (e.g. bedrock geology, soil type, pollen catchment size, modem vegetation.)

Entity (pollen core) tables ENTITY Information about each "entity" or individual core. There may be more than one pollen core per site. (e.g. core number, date core was taken.)

ENTITY&& Additional notes about each entity.

ENTSIZE Dimensions of each core/section.

ENTDATA Source and type of pollen data available for each entity.

SEDIMENT Information on sediment lithology.

P_PREP&& Notes on pollen preparation.

Pollen workers tables WORKERS Information about pollen workers (whether pollen analysts, authors of publications, fieldworkers)

ADDRESS Contact addresses of pollen workers

Publications tables PUBLCIT General information about all types of publications relevant to the pollen sites studied (e.g. publication title, year of publication, author(s).)

PUBLENT A table cross-referencing individual cores with their relevant publications.

52 Pollen data tables SAMPLE A table containing information about pollen sample depth for each entity.

COUNTS A table listing pollen count information for each taxon for each sample level from each entity.

TAXA A look-up table for taxon names.

GROUP A table listing the major groups to which each pollen taxon is assigned (e.g. Plantago lanceolata is assigned to the family Plantago.)

Dating tables C14 A table containing radiocarbon dating information.

AGEDEPTH Age estimates for each sample depth from each entity.

AGEBASIS Dates used to establish the age-depth relationship.

SYNEVENT Dates from commonly occurring pollen events.

CALEVENT Calibrated dates for these events.

EVENT Name and nature of pollen events.

PUBLEVNT Published information referring to each event.

DATING&& Additional notes on dating.

53 Table 3.6 Format of pollen data available for pollen cores entered into the NEEPD. ,

Type of pollen data Number % total available of Cores Cores Raw count sheets 114 63.3% Computer printout 25 13.9% Raw Counts Published tables of raw 1 0.5% counts On disk in Tilia format 6 3.3% Total Raw Count Data: 146 81.1% Published pollen diagrams % total tree pollen 23 12.8% %total dry land pollen 8 4.4% Pollen Sum other pollen sums 0.5% Data Published tables % total tree pollen 2 1.1% Total Pollen Sum Data 34 18.9% Total Pollen Cores: 180 100%

54

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ln 0 tr) ,ZI- (.1 CV (+1 CA .4- •;1- .1- 'I' 00 r-- `Cr en tr) ON 0 0 0 0 <0) ON 0 " "1" en en 'Cr .--. ,--. .-, .•-n N .--, rel NO VD VD s.0 VD (..1 I kr) in _j_ . dy_ ,0 0 0 Go 00 io, o 00000 Z'

kr) te) • sr) 14e) Q-o.) ((1- oo sr) kr) 0 00 sr) 0 If N 1n1 9n1 00 •ch ON ON h

6E9 d.) [—n -

000 000000 000CO (-4 00 00 al r N PO CO 00 (00 act 01 L) 00 00 0:1 C _. -ci cc; 0l2..... c.) co. cs. 74 r:CI -cr:; 7; 1 ici - g co. U po 0 "g cc; cc; .A kr) ,-, c..) ,., 0 0 0 U 0 0 CO 000 •zr CD 0 U o:; cc; CD ,.Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD 0 en 0 0 0 N 0 0 0 w 00 S w L.c) m. N kn c.) el kr) N 0 00 0 "Crz; 0 S tr) If LO oo If S .1- 0 IIf)if).-.r) .1- V-- N en 0 c, 00 No If) 0'. S. ND .1. w N •ch en VI C'. N 8 vi, v:, 6 8 8 .d. - 6 n I _l_ 8 _I „ 8 s 1 Q Q Q 1 0 en 0 ar. 1 8 c. c) --1 --1 .--• al .:1- 01 CD 1/40 00 en '.0 0'. 1n1 00 d• 1/40 en 1/40 0CD ct cd cc; cz) 00 en 00 fn N. VD ON 01 VD VI k0 al CD N-I "Zr NJ N c.) 0 0 w s kr) w oo kr) kr) '.1. ..rt en en en en w S S kr)

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41 kr) 0 kr) kr) 0 VI kr) 00 si kel In 0 In ON N S a)t4' 01/4 1/40 •ct en CV 0 .1- .1- w C N en w 0 NO kr) kr) fr) 00 Cyl en en en •Tr /1 kr) tr) 'I' en en en en N

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§ 0 rs 0 CD vl vl 0 'el C) vl 0 0 0 0 cl) ,C) .et 'Tr -4- V) 'Cr kr) .cr ,. 00 -d- -1- -1-1 -H -H -H -H -H -H -H -H +I -H A-1 c73' 0 'el 0 kr) 0 kr) cz c) c) cD c) kr) ,.0 kr) csi c) oo .--. d- c) eq •Tt cz) c-4 CL. oo cl oo .--. n.0 kr) vz, 1/40 cr, ..cr c) 0, .--. en —, nr-1 kr) kr) ..:r en VI N esi ,--.

\ 0 ^. '10 'n C'. ",:t 00 CV -tzt: 111 rna‘ '.0 S cn 00 V') kr) oo 00 n.0 S ild2 rn en C,1 1-4 (1) 41 c11 ..0 ;.= g g C/) C./) Crl C/)

$7; 0 a) -45.. •er 00 N 00 00 .49.• en WI ON kr) 71- C) kr) c:D 00 '.0 "0 a) N s.C) 111 ,4

a) 0 0

0 0 L. 0

4-4cri cl) cl)

0 c+. Cl) 0

oo er; U ,.0

E-ict Table 3.9 Radiocarbon dates and calibrated midpoint dates for commonly occurring

events in the tree and shrub pollen curves from north-east England.

Event Core: Radiocarbon date Calibrated mid point Calibrated total

of date range with range

highest probability

U/mus decline Bishop Middleham 5180 ± 110 BP 4000 cal. BC 4250-3720 cal. BC

Bonfield Gill Head 4890 ± 80 BP 3660 cal. BC 3980-3390 cal. BC

Din Moss 5440 ± 70 BP 4305 cal. BC 4450-4080 cal. BC

Mordon Carr 5305 ± 55 BP 4120 cal. BC 4310-3990 cal. BC

Neasham Fen 5468 ± 80 BP 4335 cal. BC 4460-4080 cal. BC

North Gill IA 4640 ± 50 BP 3420 cal. BC 3619-3127 cal. BC

North Gill 8 3645 45 BP 1975 cal. BC 2135-1887 cal. BC

North Gill 9 5690 ±45 BP 4539 cal. BC 4682-4400 cal. BC

Quick Moss 4900 ± 50 BP 3708 cal. BC 3788-3543 cal. BC

Scaleby Moss 4925 ± 134 BP 3735 cal. BC 3980-3370 cal. BC

Valley Bog 4794 ± 55 BP 3595 cal. BC 3690-3380 cal. BC

Weelhead Moss 5220 ± 120 BP 4055 cal. BC 4330-3780 cal, BC

Yetholm Loch 5775 BP 4634 cal. BC 4686-4582 cal. BC

63

Event Core Radiocarbon date Calibrated mid point Calibrated total

of date range with range (95%

highest probability limit)

Alnus rise Din Moss 6780 ± 100 BP 5630 cal. BC 5810-5450 cal. BC

Mordon Can 7759 ± 67 BP 6565 cal. BC 6710-6420 cal. BC

Pow Hill 5300 ± 40 BP 4131 cal. BC 4230-3998 cal. BC

Quick Moss 6120 ± 50 BP 5032 cal. BC 5212-4921 cal. BC

Scaleby Moss 7425 ± 350 BP 6315 cal. BC 7050-5580 cal. BC

The Dod 7370 ± 190 BP 6160 cal. BC 6540-5820 cal. BC

Tinkler's Sike 6150 ± 160 BP 5050 cal. BC 5380-4720 cal. BC

Valley Bog 6779 ± 75 BP 5640 cal. BC 5760-5520 cal. BC

Weelhead Moss 6202 ± 70 BP 5110 cal. BC 5260-4960 cal. BC

Yetholm Loch 7100 BP 5957 cal. BC 5968-5889 cal. BC

64 Event Core Radiocarbon date Calibrated mid point Calibrated total

of date range with range (95% limit)

highest probability

Corylus rise Din Moss 9275 ± 170 BP 8350 cal. BC 8930-7980 cal. BC

Mordon Can 8689 ± 50 BP 7656 cal. BC 7898-7550 cal. BC

Neasham Fen 9082 ± 90 BP 8110 cal. BC 8340-7950 cal. BC

Scaleby Moss 9557 ± 209 BP 8635 cal. BC 9190-8080 cal. BC

65 Table 3.10 Number of pollen cores with levels in each of the 500 year time periods used in this study. (Chapter 4 gives more information about the time periods chosen.)

Time Period Number of % of total (in calibrated years Cores Cores BC/AD) cal. AD 1500 - present 48 26.7% cal. AD 1000 - 1500 53 29.4% cal. AD 500 - 1000 54 30.0% cal. AD 70 - 500 61 33.9% 500 - cal. AD 70 72 40.0% 1000 - 500 cal. BC 64 35.6% 1500 - 1000 cal. BC 71 39.4% 2000 - 1500 cal. BC 80 44.4% 2800 - 2300 cal. BC 84 46.7% 3800 - 3300 cal. BC 105 58.3% 5500 - 5000 cal. BC 84 46.7% 6800 - 6300 cal. BC 83 46.1% 7800 - 7300 cal. BC 66 36.7% 8500 - 8000 cal. BC 39 21.7% 9000 - 8500 cal. BC 31 17.2%

66 Table 3.11 Distribution of pollen cores entered into the NEEPD by county

County: Number of Percentage of total Cores Cores , Cores within region Northumberland 38 21.1% Tyne & Wear 1 0.5% County Durham 84 46.7% Cleveland 9 5% 132 73.3% Cores outside region Scottish Borders 9 5% Cumbria 30 16.7% North Yorkshire 9 5% 48 26.7% Total Cores: 180 100%

Table 3.12 Distribution of dated cores entered into the NEEPD by county

County Number of % total cores dated cores: in county: Northumberland 5 13.1% Tyne & Wear - County Durham 13 15.5% Cleveland 2 22.2% Scottish Borders 8 88.9% Cumbria 2 6.7% North Yorkshire 2 22.2% Total dated cores: 32 17.8%

67 Table 3.13 Distribution of pollen cores entered into the NEEPD by elevation.

Elevation bands Number of (metres above sea level) core sites: 0-99 21 Lowland 100-199 16 (20.6%) 200-299 19 300-399 26 400-499 29 500-599 28 Upland 600-699 27 (79.4%) 700-799 10 > 800 metres 4 Total sites: 180

68 Table 3.14 Distribution of pollen cores entered into the NEEPD in the uplands and lowlands of the region, and by county

County Upland/Lowland Number Number of % of of Cores dated Cores Number of Cores

Northumberland upland 26 3 11.5%

lowland 12 2 16.7%

Tyne & Wear lowland 1

County Durham upland 75 8 10.7%

lowland 8 5 62.5%

Cleveland lowland 9 2 22.2%

Scotland upland 7 7 100% lowland 2 1 50% Cumbria upland 29 1 3.4% lowland 2 1 50% North Yorkshire upland 6 1 16.7% lowland 3 1 33.3% Total Cores: 180 32 17.8%

69 Table 3.15 Distribution of pollen cores entered into the NEEPD by solid (bedrock) geology.

Geological Bedrock geology: Number of Period: Cores: Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay/Corallian 1 Great & Inferior Oolite 2 U_pper Lias 3

Triassic Triassic mudstones 3 Bunter sandstones 7

Permian Magnesian limestone 4 Carboniferous Coal measures 11 Millstone Grit series 77 Carboniferous Limestone 44 series Silurian Llandoveg 1

Ordovician Llanvrin & Areni 2

Igneous Granite 1 Andesite 6 Rhyolite 3 Whin Sill dolerite 15 Total Cores: 180

70

Key: Fig. 3.1 * Location of pollen 106 Dated pollen core • sites in the North-east England 106 Non-dated pollen • core Pollen Database

N.B. Key to pollen site codes on following pages. 71

▪

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cn •

01)00 00

C-•

• 7. 00

02 (721 • '7r

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• c cd ,";; • N kn •i:-.: 00 -0 N E cc AL ,_,N • • .--. O CV" • C...) V N N NCA en0

o 1.. t' O 6 at o /..) 4 0 0 ti-n 6 R. 0 0 =1 -0 0 at O a, ,0 rs. 0 — -0 -7 .S..) 0 0 0 0 tit' 0 0 8 0 0 V. S. Z o U r=g rn I Cld 1 0 • — 1 1

72 Key to Figures 3.1 and 3.2

Location of pollen sites in the North-east England Pollen Database.

N.B. Bold font indicates dated sites. Italics indicate sites in the inset Figure 3.2. '

No. Pollen site name No. Pollen site name No. Pollen site name

1 Akeld Steads 33 Dead Crook 2 65 John's Burn 2 Arngill Head Brocks 34 Din Moss 66 Kennel Hall Knowe 3 Bellow Moss 35 Dubby Moss 67 Kildale Hall 4 Bishop Middleham 36 Dufion Moss 68 Kilhope Law 1 5 Black Band 37 Edlingham 69 Kilhope Law 2 6 Black Hill 38 Embleton's Bog 70 Knock Ridge 7 Black Lough 39 Ewe Crag Slack 71 Knoutbeny 8 Blackpool Moss 40 Fellend Moss 72 Lamb Shield 1 9 Black Rigg 41 Fortherley Moss 1 73 Lamb Shield 2 10 Blackshiel Bog 42 Fortherley Moss 2 74 Lilburn Steads 11 Bollihope Bog 43 Fortherley Wood 75 Linton Loch 12 Bonfield Gill Head 44 Fox Earth Gill 76 Little Punchard Head 13 Broad Moss 45 Furness Moss 77 Long Crag 14 Burnhope Burn 46 Goosetarn Beck 78 Longlee Moor 15 Burnhope Dam 47 Graham's Moss 79 Long Moss 16 Camp Hill Moss 48 Great Eggleshope 80 Low Stublick 17 Cold Fell 49 Greenmines 81 Melmerby Fell 18 Coom Rigg 50 Green Swcmg 82 Mickle Fell 19 Cowpen Marsh 1 Si Hallowell Moss 83 Mickleton Moor 20 Cowpen Marsh 2 52 Hard Hill 84 Midgeholme Mire 21 Cranberry Bog 53 Harthope Moss .85 Milburn Forest 22 Cronkley Fell 54 Harthope Quany 86 Mire Holes 23 Cronkley Pastures 1 55 Hartlepool Bay 4 87 Mordon Can 24 Cronkley Pastures 2 56 Hartlepool Bay 6 88 Moss Mire North 25 Crook Burn 57 Hartlepool Slake 89 Moss Mire South 26 Cross Fell East 58 Hedkyhope 90 Mow Law A 27 Cross Fell South 59 Herdship Fell 91 Mow Law B 28 Cross Fell Slate Sike 60 High Banks Moss 92 Mown Meadows 29 Cross Fell Summit 61 Hisehope Burn 93 Muckle Moss 30 Cross Fell West 62 Howden Moss 94 Neasham Fen 31 Cuthbert's Hill 63 Hutton Henry 95 Pcrwlaw Pike 1 32 Dead Crook 64 James' Hill 96 Pawlcrw Pike 2

Continued on next page.

73 Key to Figures 3.1 and 3.2 continued.

No. Pollen site name No. Pollen site name No. Pollen site name

97 Pity Me 114 Sourhope 131 Vindolanda 98 Pow Hill 115 South Cornsay 132 Waldridge 99 Quarry Knowe 116 Stanley Moss 133 Wanister Bog 100 Quickcleugh 117 Staple Moss 134 Wee/foot Moss 101 Quick Moss 118 Steng Moss 135 Wee/head Moss 1 102 Sally Grain 119 Steward Shield Meadow 136 Weelhead Moss 2 103 Scaleby Moss 120 Summerlodge Tam 137 Wee/head Moss 3 104 Scraith Head 121 Swindon Hill 138 Weeütead Moss 105 Seamer Carts 122 Teeshead 139 West Hartlepool 3 106 Seven Hills 123 The Dod 140 West Hartlepool 19 107 Shaking Moss 124 The Lough 141 West House 108 Shivery Hill 125 Thornhope Burn 142 White House 109 Shot Moss 126 Thorpe Bulmer 143 Whitfield Lough 110 Sikehead 127 Tinlder's Sike 144 Woldgill Bum 1 1 1 Silyerband 128 Tranrnire Slack 145 Wolfscleugh 112 Site W 129 Trickley Wood 146 Wolsingham Park Moor 113 Smiddy Shaw 130 Valley Bog 147 Woodland 148 Wooler Water 149 Yetholm Loch

74 0 - - - - - 2040 BC -50 - 1615 BC

, -100 - •------.4000 BC g 5645 BC ,s -150 -

4 -200 -

-250 -

-300 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Bishop Middleham

0 /

-50 -

§ - ,s -150 - / 1465 BC

2180 BC A) -200 --

-250 - 1540 BC -300 I I I I I -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 B.C. Calibrated date AD.

Age-depth curve for Blackpool Moss

Figure 3.3 Age-depth curves for dated sites in the North-east England Pollen Database

75

0

-50 - AD 1792 -

-100 - AD 1877

▪ -150 - • - AD 325 • -200 -

-250 -

-300 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 B.C. Calibrated date A.D.

Age-depth curve for Bollihope Bog

0

-50 - - ,-, -100- • 2040 BC ./ 3975 BC -150 - 4530 BC -200 -

-250 -

-300 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 B.C. Calibrated date AD.

Age-depth curve for Bonfield Gill Head

Figure 3.3 continued.

76

0 AD 1345 —50 — 880 BC , ,_s -100 — g 1325 BC —150 — 1825 BC

ca —200 —

—250 —

—300 —8000 -7000 —6000 —5000 -4000 -3000 —2000 —1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Camp Hill Moss

0 4180 BC —50 — 4195 BC 0 — -- 4305 BC / —100 — ilo 5435 BC / 4915 BC —150 — 5585 BC )„ —200 — 5630 BC r 5725 BC t-250 — 6485 BC ...i. 5955 BC 4 —300 —7730 BC 6190 BC —350 — / 8270 BC 4.4. 8590 BC —400 --e---- 8350 BC 9205 BC —450 -9500 —8500 —7500 —6500 -5500 -4500 —3500 -2500 —1500 —500 500 1500 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Din Moss

Figure 3.3 continued.

77 0

-50 - AD 1467 0/

-100 AD 1104 - 1-150 /AD 715 • 8. -200 - AD 54 A -250 -

-300 - - • 2045 BC -350 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Fellend Moss

AD 874 -50 - AD 260 AD 65 • -100 AD 535 AD 696

-150 500 BC 42( 230 BC _ -200-200-

-250 - 2015 BC - 3720 BC -300 I I I I I I I I I -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 B.C. Calibrated date A.D.

Age-depth curve for Hallowell Moss

Figure 3.3 continued.

78

0 -50- -100 1 -150 — • AD 215 ,5 -200 _ fg. -250 — -300 — -350 — •1860 BC -400 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Hutton Henry

- -50 — - - 3205 BC -100 - -

"g -150 / 3520 BC -200 - 4120 BC -250 — 4090 BC

-300 — 6565 BC -350 — • 7656 BC

-400 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. AD.

Age-depth curve for Mordon Carr

Figure 3.3 continued.

79 0 -50 985 BC -100 1000 BC fh------.AD 820 -150 651 BC ra, -200 595 BC

fa, -300 1535 BC -350 4335 BC -400 -450 5800 BC -500 7210 BC -550 1 I 1 I I I -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Neasham Fen

0 3451 BC -50 — _ 2953 BC -100 — 5474 BC 4131 BC 1- 50 --- / , -200 — 6018 BC 6) -250 — 7720 BC -300 — -350 — _ -400 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 B.C. Calibrated date AD.

Age-depth curve for Pow Hill

Figure 3.3 continued.

80 0 .., -50 - • - AD 135 45 BC , -100 - § 497 BC .5 -150 - .74( 1366 BC

-200 - 3708 BC

-250 - 6835 BC 5032 BC

-300 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B .C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Quick Moss

0 _ - -50 - -100 - - lb 1 - 6315 BC 3755 BC 2,-200 - 6200 BC 3735 BC 3775 BC t-250 - 410-0 5795 BC 4 -300 -7995 BC -7840 BC -350 - -400 -.Z. 8855 BC 8635 BC - 411- -450 1 1 1 I I I I I I I -5000 -4000-9000 -3000 -8000 -7000 -6000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 B.C. Calibrated date A.D.

Age-depth curve for Scaleby Moss

Figure 3.3 continued.

81 0 AD 953 -50 - /

,§, -100 -

.. -150 — 635 BC a. A -200 - j 790 BC 1256 BC -250 - 1951 BC -300 I I I I I I I I 1 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Steng Moss

0 , , •______--• -50 - _ 110 BC AD 1160

- -250 - _ -300 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. AD.

Age-depth curve for Steward Shield

Figure 3.3 continued.

82 0 / / / -50 — / / / — 0- I_100 AD 385 C) - 1945 BC AD 410 .6 -150 — 3465 BC La. _ 6160 BC A -200 —

-250 —

-300 I I I I I I I I I -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for The Dod

o

-50 —

-100 —

"E-150 —

-200 —

) -250 i E _ -300 — AD 1215 _ I AD 330 -350 — 60 BC •

-400 I I I I I I 1 I I -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Thorpe Bulmer

Figure 3.3 continued.

83 0

-50 625 BC 1690 BC , -100 — 5050 BC cE.) fa. -150 7135 BC 9505 BC A) -200

-250

-300 I I I I I I I I -I I I -10000-9000 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 B.C. Calibrated date A.D.

Age-depth curve for Tinkler's Sike

0 -50- -100- -150 255 BC ,.....,-200 — 230 BC § -250-- .s -300 — 3595 BC 3245 BC e' -350 — -400 — -450 —_ / 4842 BC 4830 BC -500 7 5565 BC • -550 -_- 5640 BC -600 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Valley Bog

Figure 3.3 continued.

84

0 - -50 - - -- 1380 BC -100 2490 BC 1- 150 - 4640 BC -200 — Et, /410-41. 4055 BC -250 - 6990 BC a 5110 BC -300 - 9665 BC 6955 BC -350 -400 I I I- 11111111 -10000-9000 -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for Weelhead Moss

0 4390 BC 3573 BC 3723 BC -50 - •• 4855 BC 5095 BC

t -150 -

A) -200 -

-250 -

-300 I I I I I I I I I -8000 -7000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 Calibrated date B.C. A.D.

Age-depth curve for West Hartlepool 19

Figure 3.3 continued.

85 Tables and Figures for

Chapter 4

The archaeological data set Table 4.1 Radiocarbon dates for Mesolithic archaeological sites in the north-east and surrounding regions.

N.B. Each radiocarbon date has been calibrated using the Calib3 program (Stuiver and Reimer: 1993). The 'calibrated mid-point', the mid-point of the date range produced by calibration, is given. Where more than one date range is produced by calibration, the mid-point with the highest probability is used.

Name of site Radiocarbon date BP Calibrated Notes ? = laboratory unknown midpoint BC/AD

Filpoke Beacon ? 8760 ± 140 7772 cal. BC Earliest known Late Mesolithic type lithic assemblage.

Monk Moors and BM-1216, 6752 ± 156 5642 cal. BC Mesolithic occupation site with Williamson's Moss, hearths and other features on Eskmeals, Cumbria postglacial raised shoreline, with associated Late Mesolithic lithics. Radiocarbon 24 (1982)

Selmer Carr, Vale of BM-2350, 9790 ± 180 9188 cal. BC Wild horse mandible from Pickering, North Yorkshire mesolithic site in peat deposits. Radiocarbon 29 (1987) CAR-195, 9480 ± 110 8655 cal. BC Birch branch. CAR-196, 9100 ± 100 8153 cal. BC Faunal remains. Radiocarbon 27 (1985) BM-1841, 8620 ± 80 7698 cal. BC Bos primigenius bone Radiocarbon 24 (1982)

Star Carr, Vale of Q-14, 9557 ± 210 8669 cal. BC Bos prirnigenius bone Pickering, North Yorkshire Radiocarbon 1(1959) p.69

87 Table 4.2 Radiocarbon dates for Neolithic archaeological sites in the north-east and surrounding regions.

Name of site Radiocarbon date BP Calibrated Notes midpoint BC/AD , Canis Wold, Bishop BM-1167, 4803 ± 71 3540 cal. BC Neolithic platform burial with Witton, Yorkshire. BM-1170, 4933 ± 64 3740 cal. BC Towthorpe Ware pottery. Radiocarbon 24 (1982) p.152

East Heslerton, Mahon, HAR-7029, 4920 ± 90 3731 cal. BC Charcoal from long barrow North Yorkshire HAR-7030, 5020 ± 70 3811 cal. BC belonging to Yorkshire Long HAR-7031, 5020 ± 110 3791 cal. BC Barrow Group. HAR-7032, 4640 ± 70 3366 cal. BC Radiocarbon 32 (1990) p.180-181 Kemp Howe, Cowlarn, HAR-8778, 4870 ± 90 3642 cal. BC Mortuary enclosure. Yorks. HAR-8779, 4330 100 2978 cal. BC Mortuary enclosure Radiocarbon 33 (1991) p.106

Langdale Pikes, Cumbria BM-676, 4474 ± 52 3136 cal. BC Group IV Neolithic stone axe working site. Radiocarbon 18 (1976) p.25 BM-281, 4680 ± 135 3370 cal. BC Radiocarbon 11 (1969) p.288

Meldon Bridge, Radiocarbon dates not five dates Contexts with later Neolithic Peebleshire, Borders, given in publication. ranging from Peterborough Ware. Scotland 2236 - 2132 cal. (Ferrell 1990) BC.

Milfield North, BM-1650, 3740 ± 50 2130 cal. BC Pits with Grooved Ware pottery. Northumberland BM-1652, 3770 ± 50 2322 cal. BC Radiocarbon 24 (1982) BM-1653, 3610 ± 80 1966 cal. BC

Raisthorpe Manor, HAR-8783, 5070 ± 60 3845 cal. BC Long barrow Thixendale, North Radiocarbon 33 (1991) p.106 Yorkshire

Seamer Moor, Vale of HAR-8785, 5260 ± 100 4099 cal. BC Final deposition of barrow mound. Pickering, Yorks. HAR-8786, 4990 ±90 3803 cal. BC Grave pit in long barrow. Radiocarbon 33 (1991)p.106

Street House Farm, Loftus, BM-1966, 4720 ± 60 3499 cal. BC Neolithic mortuary structure. Cleveland BM-1967, 4620±60 3359 cal. BC Radiocarbon 25 (1983) BM-1968, 4690 ± 60 3489 cal. BC BM-1969, 4720 ± 50 3499 cal. BC BM-2011, 4630 ± 80 3363 cal. BC BM-2012, 4610 ± 80 3334 cal. BC BM-2013, 4510 ± 90 3208 cal. BC BM-2014, 4630 ± 70 3362 cal. BC BM-2060, 4500 1 130 3250 cal. BC

Thirlings, Northumberland HAR-1450, 4270 1 100 2917 ca/. BC Late Neolithic pit with pottery and saddle quem. Radiocarbon 30 (1988) HAR-1451, 4080 ± 130 2562 cal. BC Pit with later Neolithic Peterborough Ware. HAR-877, 5230 ± 150 4027 cal. BC Pit with earlier Neolithic Grimston ware. Miket (1976)

88 Whitton Hill, Radiocarbon dates not 1850 cal. BC Cremation burial at hengiform Northumberland given in publication, monument accompanied by later Neolithic Peterborough Ware. Ferrell (1990) Miket (1985) . I

89 Table 4.3 Radiocarbon dates for Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age period archaeological sites in the north-east and surrounding regions.

Name of site Radiocarbon date BP Calibrated Notes midpoint BC/AD , Bracken Rigg, Durham HAR 2414, 3180 ± 60 1451 cal. BC Open settlement

Callis Wold, Bishop BM-1168, 3794 ± 70 2220 cal. BC Beaker burial. Witton, Yorkshire BM-1169, 3677 68 2077 cal. BC Radiocarbon 24 (1982) p.152

Cot Nab, Kirkby HAR-8516, 3530 1 1894 cal. BC Early Bronze Age burial Underdale, North Yorkshire 140

Crawley Edge, Stanhope, HAR-3323, 3350 ± 90 Cairn from cairnfield on Crawley Weardale, Co. Durham HAR-3322, 3400 ± 80 Edge, associated with Collared Urn and tubular jet beads.

Dubby Sike, Upper HAR-2414, 3180 1 60 1451 cal. BC Posthole from circular house Teesdale, Co. Durham associated with Middle Bronze Age artefacts. Coggins and Fairless (1984)

Ewanrig,g, Cumbria HAR-9460, 2970 ± 60 1192 cal. BC Charcoal from earliest feature from the site, Radiocarbon 34 (1992), p.47-76

Gnipe Howe, Whitby, HAR-8773, 3440 ± 90 1740 cal. BC Urn burial North Yorkshire HAR-8774, 3910 ± 2424 cal. BC Earlier cremation cist associated 120 1786 cal. BC with Food Vessel pottery HAR-8787, 3500 ± 90 Radiocarbon 33 (1991)p. 106

Green Knowe, Borders ?, 2934 ± 45 1129 cal. BC Charcoal, platform 2, later house ?, 3155 ± 105 1399 cal. BC Charcoal, platform 2, later house ?, 2975 ± 36 1176 cal. BC Charcoal, platform 2, earlier house ?, 3045 ± 130 1124 cal. BC Charcoal, platform 2, earlier house ?, 2922 ± 87 1190 cal. BC Charcoal, platform 2, initial phase ?, 2998 ± 124 908 cal. BC Charcoal, platform 2, initial phase ?, 2731 ± 75 Charcoal, platform 8

Hallshill, Elsdon, HAR-8183, 2960 ± 60 1187 cal. BC Antecedes timber building. Northumberland HAR-8184, 3130 ±60 1370 cal. BC " " CC " CC 5, CC HAR-4800, 2780 ± 80 963 cal. BC From same building. HAR-8185, 2710 ± 70 894 cal. BC Bronze Age pit prior to construction of timber building. Radiocarbon 32 (1990) p.192 van der Veen (1992)

90 Heslerton Parish, Vale of HAR-6631, 3510 ± 80 1827 cal. BC Human bone from Beaker burial Pickering, Yorkshire HAR-8241, 3510 ± 40 1812 cal. BC Radiocarbon 34 (1992) p. 916- HAR-8325, 3640 ±40 2009 cal. BC 927 HAR-8326, 3440 ± 40 1753 cal. BC

HAR-8413, 3440 ± 60 1712 cal. BC Human bone from burial. HAR-8414, 2980 ± 80 1171 cal. BC Radiocarbon 33 (1991) p.94 HAR-8415, 3470 ± 60 1776 cal. BC HAR-8416, 4010 ± 80 2576 cal. BC HAR-8417, 2780 ± 80 963 cal. BC

HAR-6630, 4060 ± 80 2619 cal. BC Primary burial. HAR-6690, 3840 ±40 2298 cal. BC Radiocarbon 30 (1988)

HAR-8414, 2980 ± 80 1171 cal. BC Infant burial in EBA barrow. HAR-8417, 2780 1 80 963 cal. BC Domestic rubbish pit Radiocarbon 3 (1991), 87-113.

Lookout Plantation, ?, 3410 ± 80 1705 cal. BC Open settlement. Northumberland ?, 3370 ± 80 1663 cal. BC ?, 3230 ± 110 1484 cal. BC ?, 3090 ± 30 1339 cal. BC

Millfield North, Wooler, BM-/ 149, 3774 ± 39 21 74 cal. BC Ditch fill of henge monument Northumberland BM-1150, 3801 ± 62 2244 cal. BC associated with Beaker artefacts and Food Vessel pottery. Sample associated with Early HAR-1199, 3750 ± 80 2187 cal. BC i Bronze Age Food Vessel. Radiocarbon 21 (1979) p.346

Ruchlaw Mains, East GU-1356, 3720 ± 80 2140 cal. BC Human bone from Beaker burial. Lothian, Scotland Radiocarbon 34 (1992) p. 916- 927

Simy Folds, Upper ?, 3200 ± 100 1451 cal. BC Early phase of bronze age Teesdale settlement at Simy Folds. (Coggins: 1985)

Street House Farm, Loftus, BM-2007, 3220 ± 45 1501 cal. BC Layer between Bronze Age cairn Cleveland BM-2008, 2485 ± 45 598 cal. BC and neolithic mound. BM-2009, 3360 1 50 1631 cal. BC Radiocarbon 25 (1983) BM-2010, 3170 ± 45 1418 cal. BC

Street House Wossit, BM-2566, 3740 ± 60 2133 cal. BC Cremations in Collared Urns Loftus, Cleveland BM-2567, 3700 ± 50 2066 cal. BC preceding construction of palisade enclosure. - Radiocarbon 33 (1991)

Thwing, Paddock Hill, HAR-1398, 2900 ± 70 1099 cal. BC Charcoal beneath timber revetted Yorkshire Wolds, North rampart. Yorkshire OxA-2542, 2920 ± 100 1120 cal. BC Charcoal from timbers in trough. OxA-2687, 2770 ± 70 957 cal. BC ., (selected dates from a range of similar dates from this site).

West Heslerton, Vale of HAR-6631, 3510 ± 80 1827 cal. BC Human bone from Beaker burial. Pickering, Yorkshire Radiocarbon 34 (1992) p. 916- 927

91 , Wetwang Slack, Vale of HAR-4426, 3900 ± 2328 cal. BC Human bone from Beaker burial. Pickering, Yorkshire. 100 Radiocarbon 34 (1992) p. 916- 927

Whitton Hill, BM-2203, 4820 ± 80 3573 cal. BC Charcoal from earliest phase. Northumberland BM-2204, 2860 ± 90 1056 cal. BC Rest of samples from cremations, BM-2205, 3610 ± 45 1953 cal. BC burials and ditches in prehistoric BM-2206, 3740 ± 50 2130 cal. BC earthworks. BM-2264, 2880 310 1118 cal. BC Radiocarbon 27 (1985), p.508- BM-2265, 3680 ± 80 2034 cal. BC 524. BM-2266, 3660 ± 50 2033 cal. BC BM-2267, 2770 ± 170 908 cal. BC

92 Table 4.4 Radiocarbon dates for Iron Age and Roman period archaeological sites in the north-east and surrounding regions.

Name of site Radiocarbon date BP Calibrated Notes midpoint BC/AD - Ampleforth Moor, BM-368, 2487 1 90 600 cal. BC Both samples beneath barrows North Yorks BM-369, 2532 ± 90 615 cal. BC with coarse ware.

Belling Law, HAR 1393, 1670 ± 70 cal. AD 390 Stone house. Northumberland HAR 1394, 2110 ± 80 150 cal. BC Timber house from palisade enclosure.

Brough Law, 1-5315, 2195 ±90 200 cal. BC Beneath rampart of hillfort. Northumberland

Broxmouth, Borders GU-1069, 1740 ± 70 cal. AD 284 Animal bone in midden in derelict stone house. GU-1504, 1980 1 85 cal. AD 26 Animal bone above Period VII road GU-1506, 2005 1 60 cal. BC 17 Animal bone above Period VII road GU-1497, 2005 1 60 cal. BC 17 Animal bone in midden in derelict stone house. GU-1499, 2030 ± 60 33 cal. BC Animal bone in midden in derelict stone house. GU-1206, 2045 1 105 108 cal. BC Charcoal from stone house. GU-1498, 2050 1 100 80 cal. BC Animal bone in midden in derelict stone house. GU-1503, 2095 1 70 119 cal. BC Animal bone above Period VII road GU-1226, 2145 1 70 185 cal. BC Charcoal from Period VI/WI GU-1070, 2180 ±60 215 cal. BC ' Animal bone Period VI/VII GU-1199, 2105 1 50 167 cal. BC Charcoal from gate post GU-1144, 2200 1 65 221 cal. BC Bone from Period VI/VII burial GU-1225, 2250 / 50 288 cal. BC Charcoal, Period VI GU-1197, 2320 ± 60 356 cal. BC Charcoal in ditch of Period VI GU-1361, 2335 1 65 477 cal. BC Animal bone from trench fill GU-1501, 2365 1 80 485 cal. BC Animal bone, overlying Period IV GU-1358, 2375 ± 60 . 513 cal. BC Animal bone, Period II GU-1359, 2380 1 55 565 cal. BC Animal bone, Period III GU-1201, 2470 1 65 596 cal. BC Charcoal, Period III GU-1202, 2520 ± 55 605 cal. BC Charcoal from timber GU-1205, 2570 ± 60 670 cal. BC Animal bone, overlying Period III

Castle Hill, Alinondbury, HAR-83, 2410 ± 110 500 cal. BC Iron age defences. West Yorkshire HAR-84, 2470 ± 130 523 cal. BC Bivallate fort. 1-4542, 2505 1 100 607 cal. BC Uppermost ramparts Radiocarbon 14 (1972), p132 , Catterick, North Yorkshire HAR-5275, 1870 / 70 cal. AD 170 Human bone. HAR-574a, 1900 1 80 cal. AD 187 - Pm-Roman burial, Radiocarbon • 30 (1988), p.319-340

GrN-15707, 2280 1 50 299 cal. BC All samples from_chaff and Chester House, GrN-15708, 2360 ± 60- 505 cal. BC charcoal analysed-by van der Veen Northumberland. OxA-1743, 2030 ± 70 ' 34 cal. BC (1992). GrN-15709, 2530 ± 80 - 612 cal. BC

93 Dalton Parlours, West HAR-6714, 1780 1 80 cal. AD 251 Human bone from burial Yorkshire HAR-6716, 2090 ± 80 143 cal. BC Animal bone from enclosure ditch.

Dod Law West, GrN-15674, 2235 ± 35 289 cal. BC All samples from chaff and Northumberland GrN-1 5675, 2215 ± 35 277 cal. BC charcoal analysed by van der Veen GrN-15676, 2095 ± 30 110 cal. BC (1992). OxA-1734, 1960 ± 70 cal. AD 64 0th-1735, 1970 ±70 cal. AD 55 GrN-15677, 2265 ± 35 297 cal. BC OxA-1736, 1910 ± 80 cal. AD 187

Dubby Sike, Durham HAR-6552, 2170 ± 100 171 cal. BC Charcoal from beneath ring cairn. HAR-6557, 1830 ± 100 cal. AD 227 Under paving of west house group. Radiocarbon 30 (1988), p.297- HAR-6500, 2040 t 70 38 cal. BC 317 HAR-6551, 2110 t 90 151 cal. BC Pit in kerb cairn. Under paving of east house group. Coggins and Gidney (1988)

The Dunion, Roxburgh, GU-2176, 2120 ± 110 138 cal. BC Pit Borders GU-2175, 2120 ± 50 177 cal. BC Hollow beside rampart GU-2174, 2090 ± 150 81 cal. BC Occupation layer GU-2172, 2080 ± 50 71 cal. BC Drainage ditch GU-2178, 2000 ± 55 cal. AD 26 1 Quern pit GU-2171, 1970 t 80 cal. AD 34 Floor GU-2173, 1910 ± 150 cal. AD 43 Drainage gulley

Eildon Hill North, Borders GU-2190, 2760 t 50 907 cal. BC Wood from pre-rampart phase GU-2370, 2870 t 50 1051 cal. BC Wood from pre-rampart phase GU-2198, 2620 ± 60 725 cal. BC House Platform 3 GU-2197, 2680 t 130 773 cal. BC Pit under rampart GU-2372, 1780 t 50 cal. AD 264 House Platform 2 GU-2196, 1820 ± 60 cal. AD 228 House Platform 2 GU-2373, 2600 t 50 cal. AD 488 House Platform 1, episode 1 GU-2193, 2650 t 60 752 cal. BC House Platform 1, episode 1 GU-2195, 2750 ± 50 863 cal. BC House Platform 1, episode 1 GU-2191, 1760 ± 50 cal. AD 275 House Platform 1, episode 2 GU-2371, 2000 ± 130 20 cal. BC House Platform 1, episode 2 GU-2192, 2200 1 60 224 cal. BC House Platform 1, episode 2

Forcegarth Pasture North, HAR-864, 1810 t 70 cal. AD 238 Charcoal from floor of central Upper Teesdale, Co. house, Radiocarbon 21 (1979), Durham p.358-383

Forcegarth Pasture South, HAR-1447, 1740 ± 90 cal. AD 310 Charcoal from timber house, Upper Teesdale, Co. Radiocarbon 21 (1979), p.358- Durham 383

Hartbum, Northumberland 1-6300, 1985 ± 175 cal. AD 14 Waterlogged twigs from bottom of ditch. 1-6301, 1885 ± 90 cal. AD 213 Charcoal associated with destruction of stone house.

Heslerton, North Yorkshire HAR-6517, 2280 ± 80 318 cal. BC Human bone from burial Radiocarbon 30 (1988), 297-317

Huckhoe, Northumberland GaK-1388, 2460 ± 40 588 cal. BC Burnt wood from double palisade of curvilinear enclosure.

Ingram Hill, 1-5316, 2170 ± 90 189 cal. BC Charcoal possibly post-dating Northumberland palisaded enclosure.

94 Kennel Hall Knowe, HAR-1943, 2050 ± 90 111 cal. BC Charcoal post-dating first phase of Northumberland palisaded enclosure. HAR-1937, 1950 ± 70 cal. AD 72 Charcoal from beneath stone house HAR-1941, 1920 ± 110 cal. AD 104 Charcoal from house. HAR-1938, 1710 ± 160 cal. AD 344 Carbonised wood from fill of trench of third phase of enclosure. , Ledston, West Yorkshire HAR-2805, 2080 ± 100 124 cal. BC Bone from base of storage pit. HAR-2825, 2270 ± 70 491 cal. BC Charcoal from burial in post hole.

Murton High Crags, HAR-6201, 2960 ± 80 1161 cal. BC All samples from chaff and Northumberland HAR-6202, 2130 ± 80 161 cal. BC charcoal analysed by van der Veen HAR-6200, 2060 ± 100 114 cal. BC (1992). GrN-15672, 3160 ± 50 1414 cal. BC OxA-1740, 1910 ± 70 cal. AD 177 OxA-1741, 1960 ± 70 cal. AD 64 OxA-1742, 2000 ± 70 16 cal. BC

North Belton Farm, GU-2718, 1880 ± 50 cal. AD 167 Burial 1 Dunbar, Borders GU-1530, 1530 ± 180 cal. AD 505 Burial 2 The site is an iron age cist.

Rock Castle, Gatherley GrN-15668, 2940 ± 90 1151 cal. BC All samples from chaff and Moor, North Yorkshire OxA-1738, 2020 ± 70 30 cal. BC charcoal analysed by van der Veen OxA-1739, 2000 ± 70 16 cal. BC (1992). GrN-15669, 2480 ± 60 598 cal. BC GrN-15670, 2420 ± 50 578 cal. BC GrN-15671, 2575 ± 35 685 cal. BC OxA-1737, 1970 ± 70 cal. AD 55 OxA-2132, 1920 ± 70 cal. AD 147

Roxby, North Yorkshire BM-2207AR, 2180 ± 271 cal. BC Charcoal from post hole with 180 associated iron age pottery.

South Shields, Tyne and ?, 2175 ± 55 213 cal. BC Charred wheat samples from iron Wear ?, 2280 ± 65 294 cal. BC age roundhouse and exterior burnt ?, 2170 ± 55 212 cal. BC area, underlying Roman fort ?, 2215 ± 55 249 cal. BC (Hodgson, Archaeology North 8, p.30-34)

Standrop Rigg, HAR-3399, 2360 ± 70 484 cal. BC Unenclosed settlement. Northumberland HAR-3538, 3000 ± 80 1206 cal. BC HAR-3981, 2300 ± 70 350 cal. BC

Stanwick, North Yorkshire GrN-15664, 2320 ± 35 333 cal. BC Charcoal, wheat and barley chaff GrN-15665, 1990 ± 60 cal. AD 10 and grain, and peat in ditches. GrN-15666, 1990 ± 20 cal. AD 85 GrN-15667, 1995 ± 35 cal. AD 17 OxA-3377, 2060 ± 65 60 cal. BC OxA-3378, 2080 ± 65 138 cal. BC OxA-3379, 2090 ± 70 143 cal. BC OxA-3380, 2050 ± 65 43 cal. BC OxA-3381, 2140 ± 65 184 cal. BC OxA-3382, 1720 ± 60 cal. AD 295 GX-15595, 1935 ± 90 cal. AD 84 GX-15594, 1320 ± 90 cal. AD 768

Thirlings, Northumberland HAR-6240, 2060 ± 150 40 cal. BC From post hole of building foundation Radiocarbon 30 (1988), p.297- 317.

95 Thomborough Scar, GrN-12607, 1655 ±40 cal. AD 399 van der Veen (1992). Northumberland GrN-12608, 1750 ± 40 cal. AD 314 GrN-15679, 2060 ± 35 73 cal. BC OxA-2130, 1630 ± 70 cal. AD 427 GrN-15678, 2530 ± 35 660 cal. BC OxA-2131, 1690 ± 70 cal. AD 381 - , Thorpe Thewles, Cleveland GrN-15659, 2200 ± 50 242 cal. BC Charcoal, chaff and grain from OxA-1731,2305 ± 70 353 cal. BC Phases 1-IV of the site. GrN-15658, 2205 ± 35 271 cal. BC OxA-1732, 2190 ± 70 215 cal. BC OxA-1733, 2040 ± 70 38 cal. BC GrN-15660, 2130 ± 60 180 cal. BC GrN-15661, 2720 ± 80 903 cal. BC GrN-15662, 2410 ± 80 526 cal. BC GrN-15663, 2300 ± 35 305 cal. BC TL date 485 BC Phase II rectangular enclosure TL date 135 BC Phase III open nucleated site

96 Table 4.5 Number of entries in each category of archaeological evidence in the total archaeological database.

Category No. Percentage of total entries

Artefacts lithics 705 21.1% metalwork 178 5.3% pottery 42 1.2% querns 59 1.8% Total artefacts 984 29.4% Sites burials 358 10.7% landscape 242 7.2% features industrial 12 0.4% military 236 7.1% monuments 70 2.1% religious 10 0.2% rock art 107 3.2% settlement 1285 38.4% other sites 42 1.3% Total sites 2362 70.6% Total entries 3346 100

97 Table 4.6 Number of entries of each category and type for the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in the archaeological database.

Period Category Type No. Percentage of sites in each period

Mesolithic Lithics Lithic finds and scatters 302 100% Mesolithic entries 302 100%

Neolithic Lithics Lithic finds and scatters 41 9.2% Leaf arrowhead 24 5.4% Oblique arrowhead 1 0.2% Transverse arrowhead 7 1.5% Stone axe 213 47.8% Battle-axe 11 2.5% Mace-head 6 1.3% Axe-hammer 33 7.4% Total lithics 336 75.3% Pottery Grimston Ware 3 0.7% Grooved Ware 2 0.4% Peterborough Ware 4 0.9% Other (unspecified) 7 1.6% Total pottery 16 3.6% Burial Burial 24 5.4% Monuments lienge 13 2.9% Standing stone(s) 32 7.2% Stone circle 25 5.6% Total monuments 70 15.7% Neolithic entries 446 100%

98 Table 4.7 Number of entries of each category and type for the early Bronze Age period in the archaeological database.

Period Category Type No. Percentage of sites ilT each period

EBA Lithics Lithic fmds and scatters 5 0.5% Barbed and tanged 51 5.4% arrowhead

Projectile point 1 0.1% Axe 4 0.4% Total lithics 61 6.5% Metalwork Dagger 1 0.1% Flanged axe 2 0.2% Flat axe 19 2% Halberd 1 0.1% Mould for flat axe 2 0.2% Tanged spearhead 1 0.1% Total metalwork 26 2.8% Pottery Beaker 5 0.5% Bucket Urn 3 0.3% Collared Urn 5 0.5% Food Vessel 3 0.3% Other urn 3 0.3% Other pottery 1 0.1% Total pottery 20 2.1% Burial Burial 310 32.9% Landscape Cairnfield 119 12.6% feature Field system 123 13% Total landscape features 242 25.7% Rock Art Cup (and ring)marked 107 11.3% stones

Settlement Open settlement 176 18.7% Total EBA entries 942 100%

99 Table 4.8 Number of entries of each category and type for the middle Bronze Age period in the archaeological database.

Period Category Type No. Percentage of sites in each period

MBA Lithics Leaf arrowhead 6 0.7% Total lithics 6 0.7% Metalwork Axe 17 2.1% Flanged axe 4 0.5% Gold 2 0.2% Hoard 7 0.9% Palstave 5 0.6% Rapier 8 1% Shield 2 0.2% Spearhead 13 1.6% Other metalwork 3 0.4% Total metalwork 61 7.5% Pottery Bucket Urn 3 0.4% Collared Urn 5 0.6% Food Vessel 3 0.4% Other urn 3 0.4% Other pottery 1 0.1% Total pottery 15 1.9% Burial Burial 310 38.3% Landscape Cairnfield 119 14.7% feature Field system 123 15.2% Total landscape features 242 29.9% Settlement Open settlement 176 21.7% Total MBA entries 810 100%

100 Table 4.9 Number of entries of each category and type for the late Bronze Age period in the archaeological database.

, Period Category Type No. Percentage of sites in each period

LBA Metalwork Celt 1 0.1% Flanged axe 2 0.2% Gold 6 0.6% Hoard 20 2.1% Knife 3 0.3% Rapier 2 0.2% Socketed axe 31 3.2% Spearhead 19 2% Sword 7 0.7% Total metalwork 91 9.4% Pottery Pottery 1 0.1% Querns Saddle querns 11 1.1% Landscape Field system 123 12.7% feature

Settlement Curvilinear settlement 563 58.3% Open settlement 176 18.2% Total settlement 739 76.5% Total LBA entries 965 100%

101 Table 4.10 Number of entries of each category and type for the Iron Age period in the archaeological database.

Period Category Type No. Percentage of sites in each period

Iron Age Settlement Curvilinear 563 44.8% Enclosed 44 3.5% Open 2 0.2% Rectilinear 477 37.9% Total settlement 1086 86.3% Landscape Field system 123 9.8% feature

Burial Burial 5 0.4% Pottery Pottery 6 0.5% Querns Saddle querns 11 0.9% Beehive querns 27 2.1% Total querns 38 3.0% Total Iron Age entries 1258 100%

102 Table 4.11 Number of entries of each category and type for the Roman period in the archaeological database.

Period Category Type No. Percentage of sites in each period

Roman Settlement Enclosed 44 4.2% Open 2 0.19% Rectilinear 477 46.0%% Total settlement 546 52.7% Military camps 49 4.7% forts 23 2.2% fortlets 7 0.7% milecastles 47 4.5% signal towers 5 0.5% turrets 96 9.3% bath houses 9 0.9% temples 10 1% Total military 236 22.7% Burial Burials 19 1.8% Industrial Industrial sites 11 1.1% Other Roman road sections 16 1.5% Milestones 7 0.7% Bridges 10 1% Querns Querns 48 4.6% Total Roman entries 1036 100%

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Key: *

1 --I Destroyed Distribution of land ' land destroyed by urbanisation. extractive industries and forestry.

105 Figure 4.3

ea

Key:

Mesolithic • Lithic scatter or single find. Distribution of archaeological evidence for settlement and land-use.

106 Figure 4.4

Key: A Stone/ flint axe Flint find/ scatter Neolithic • Flint arrowhead

• Pottery Distribution of O Burial archaeological evidence for O Stone circle/ henge settlement and land-use.

410 Standing stone(s)

107 Figure 4.5

Key: A Lithics • Metalwork Early Bronze Age • Pottery O Open settlement Distribution of Eli 13urial archaeological evidence for O Field system settlement and land-use. • Cairnfield/ cairn 108 Figure 4.6

Key: A Lithies • Metalwork Middle Bronze Age • Pottery O Open settlement Distribution of El Burial archaeological evidence for 0 Field system settlement and land-use. • Caimlield/ eaim

109 Figure 4.7

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110 ▪

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Key: V Querns

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o Signal tower Roman Period

o Camp

• Fort/ fort let Distribution of archaeological evidence for • Milecastle settlement and land-use.

• TIIITCI Road 112 Tables and Figures for

Chapter 5

Methods I: Palynological approaches for identifying land- use

Table 5.1 List of cores with recorded cereal pollen, level of taxonomic detail identified to, and dates interpolated for levels over the last 500 years with recorded cereal pollen (given as calibrated midpoint dates AD)

Core name: Dates of occurrence: Level of identification:

Bishop Middleham AD 1498 Cerealia-type

Black Lough AD 1636, 1783-1845 Cerealia-type

Bollihope Bog AD 1700, 1757, 1797-1831, Cerealia-type 1865, 1899-1933.

Broad Moss AD 1690-1735, 1916-1938 Cerealia-type

Camp Hill Moss AD 1547, 1840-1950 Cerealia, Avena, Hordeum, Secale, Triticum.

Coom Rigg A AD 1572 Cerealia-type

Coom Rigg B AD 1680 Cerealia-type

Cowpen Marsh most recent occurrence 2265 Cerealia-type BC

Cronlcley Pastures AD 1610-1950 Cerealia-type

Cross Fell East most recent occurrence 304 BC Cerealia-type

Cross Fell South most recent occurrence AD 195 Cerealia-type

Cross Fell Summit most recent occurrence AD Cerealia-type 1029

Cross Fell West AD 1563 Cerealia-type

Din Moss most recent occurrence 1828 Cerealia-type BC

Edlingham AD 1625-1917 Cerealia-type

Ewe Crag A AD 1560-1950 Cerealia, Avena, Hordeum, Secale, Triticum

Fellend Moss AD 1538, 1697, 1886-1942 Cerealia, Avena, Hordeum, Secale, Triticum

114 Core name: Dates of occurrence: Level of identification:

Fortherley Wood AD 1902 Cerealia-type

Fox Earth Gill most recent occurrence AD Cerealia-type 1171

Hallowell Moss AD 1491-1934 Cerealia-type

Hartlepool Bay 4 most recent occurrence AD 328 Cerealia-type

Hartlepool Bay 6 most recent occurrence 391 BC Cerealia-type

Howden Moss most recent occurrence AD Cerealia-type 1339 .

Hutton Henry most recent occurrence 471 BC Cerealia-type

Kildale Hall A most recent occurrence 5140 Cerealia-type BC

Lamb Shield most recent occurrence AD Cerealia-type 1266

Mickle Fell AD 1499-1950 Cerealia-type

Midgeholme Mire AD 1578-1671, 1857 Cerealia-type

Mire Holes AD 1672 Cerealia-type

Mordon Carr AD 1950 Cerealia-type

Mow Law A AD 1762-1790, 1808-1817, Cerealia, Avena/Triticum, 1854, 1881, 1899. Hordeum, Secale.

Mow Law B most recent occurrence AD Cerealia, Avena/Triticum, 1120 Hordeum, Secale.

Muclde Moss AD 1551-1896 Cerealia-type

Neasham Fen most recent occurrence 843 BC Cerealia-type

Pow Hill most recent occurrence AD 841 Cerealia-type

115 Core name: Dates of occurrence: Level of identification:

Quarry Knowe AD 1688, 1722-1740, 1775- Cerealia, Avena/Triticum, 1780, 1803, 1820, 1837-1860, Hordeum, Secale. 1886, 1923.

Quick Moss AD 1716 Cerealia-type

Scaleby Moss A most recent occurrence 1362 Cerealia-type BC

Seamer Carr AD 1462 Cerealia, Avena, Hordeum , Secale, Triticum.

Steng Moss AD 1576, 1825 Cerealia-type

Steward Shield Meadow AD 1573-1706, 1773-1795, Cerealia-type 1861-1905, 1950.

Swindon Hill AD 1508-1610, 1635, 1673- Cerealia, Avena/Triticum,

Teeshead most recent occurrence AD 342 Cerealia-type

The Dod AD 1640-1672, 1786-1917 Cerealia-type

The Lough AD 1497-1620 Cerealia-type

Thorpe Bulmer AD 1526-1823 Cerealia-type

Tranmire Slack AD 1671-1950 Cerealia, Avena sativa,

Trickley Wood AD 1562-1756 Cereatia-type

Valley Bog most recent occurrence AD 783 Cerealia-type

Vindolanda 1 most recent occurrence AD 125 Cerealia-type

Weelhead Moss 1 most recent occurrence 220 BC Cerealia-type

Weelhead Moss dated site most recent occurrence 450 BC Cerealia-type

West Hartlepool 19 most recent occurrence 3594 Cerealia-type

West House AD 1496-1950 Cerealia, Avena, Hordeum,

Yetholm Loch AD 1500-1918 Cerealia, Avena/Triticum

116 Table 5.2 Values for Cerealia-type pollen in recent levels of pollen cores (averaged over the last 500 years) from north-east England and the agricultural land potential of land around each core site

Site: Cerealia-type pollen agricultural land (% tdlp) potential Bishop Middleham 0.2 Grade 4

Black Lough 0.13 Grade 5

Bollihope Bog 0.27 Grade 5

Broad Moss 0.57 Grade 5

Camp Hill Moss 0.22 Grade 5

Coom Rigg A 0.22 Grade 5

Coom Rigg B 0.22 Grade 5

Cronldey Pastures 0.07 Grade 4

Cross Fell West 0.65 Grade 5

Dutton Moss A 0.26 Grade 4

Edlingham 1.95 Grade 3

Ewe Crag 0.48 Grade 5

Fellend Moss 0.24 Grade 4

Hallowell Moss 0.67 Grade 3

Long Crag 0.09 Grade 5

Miclde Fell 0.53 Grade 5

Midgeholme Moss 0.35 Grade 4

Mire Holes . 0.19 Grade 5

Mordon Carr 2.15 Grade 4

Mow Law A 0.00 Grade 5

Muckle Moss 0.67 Grade 5

117 Site: Cerealia-type pollen agricultural land (% tdlp) potential Quarry Knowe 0.18 Grade 5

Quick Moss 0.03 Grade 5

Steward Shield 0.23 Grade 4

The Dod 0.31 Grade 5

The Lough 3.34 Grade 3

Thorpe Bulmer 1.21 Grade 3

Tranmire Slack 1.31 Grade 5

Trickley Wood 1.73 Grade 4

West House 0.20 Grade 5

Yetholm Loch 0.9 Grade 3

118 Table 5.3 Arable:pastoral and agricultural:arable indices

Publication Pastoral indicator types Arable indicator types

Steckhan (1961), Plantago lanceolata Plantago lanceolatd+ Cerealia Lange (1975)

Kramm (1978) non-cultivated Gramineae + Cerealia non-cultivated Gramineae.

Turner (1964) Plantago Plantago + Compositae + Cerealia + Cruciferae + Artemisia + Chenopodiaceae.

Roberts, Turner & Plantago lanceolata + Artemisia + Plantago lanceolata + Artemisia Ward (1973) Rumex + Ranunculaceae. + Rumex + Ranunculaceae + Cerealia + Chenopodiaceae + Cruciferae + Vicia + Polygonum

+ Centa urea cyanus A- Knautia * Trifolium + Centaurium.

Donaldson & Turner Plantago lanceolata + Rumex Plantago tanceolata 4 Rumex (1977) acetoseacetosella-type + acetosa/acetosella-type + Ranunculus spp. + Compositae- Ranunculus spp. + Compositae- Bellis-type. Bellis-type + Cerealia-type + Compositae-excluding-Be//is-type + Cruciferae + Polygonum spp. + Trifolium spp..

Brown (1977) Plantago lanceolata + Plantago Plantago lanceolata + Plantago major/media + Rumex acetosella + major/media + Rumex acetosella Rumex acetosa. + Rumex acetosa +Cornpositae Liguliflorae + Compositae Tubuliflorae + Cruciferae + Caryophyllaceae + Rumex/Oxyria-type.

Riezebos & Gramineae + Leguminosae + Gramineae + Leguminosae + Slotboom (1978) Plantago lanceolata. Plantago lanceolata + Cerealia + Fagopyrum + Linum + Rumex + Artemisia + Centaurea.

Arable indicator types Agricultural indicator types Fenton-Thomas Chenopodiaceae + Cruciferae + Ranunculus + Plantago (1992) Compositae Liguliflorae + lanceolata + Rumex+ Compositae Tubuliflorae + Artemisia Chenopodiaceae + Cruciferae + + Plantago major + Compositae Liguliflorae + Centaurea + Cerealia + Cannabis Compositae Tubuliflorae + Artemisia + Plantago major + Centaurea + Cerealia + Cannabis

119 Table 5.4 Number of pollen sites with arable scores from any index in each Agricultural Land Classification Grade.

Agricultural Land Number of cores Number of cores Percentage of Classification with levels dated with arable scores arable sites of to the last 500 for any index total sites in each years Grade

Grade 3 11 8 72% Grade 4 8 3 37% Grade 5 29 4 14% total 48 15

120 Table 5.5 List of pollen cores with levels dated to the last 500 years, with arable scores from any index.

Agricultural Pollen core name Indices with arable Notes Land scores Classification Grade Grade 3 Alceld Steads Brown, Turner Cranberry Bog Brown, Turner Din Moss Turner Edlingham Brown, Donaldson & Turner, Roberts et al., Turner Hartlepool Bay 6 Turner Urban and coastal site Thorpe Bulmer Turner Grade 2 land to north of site West House Brown, Donaldson & Turner, Turner Yetholm Loch Turner Grade 4 Bishop Middleham Brown, Donaldson & Turner, Turner Cronkley Pastures Donaldson & Turner Mordon Carr Brown, Donaldson & Site area surrounded by Turner, Roberts et al., Grade 3 land. Steckhan, Lange. Grade 5 Coom Rigg A Brown, Turner Linton Loch A Brown, Donaldson & Grade 4 and 3 land Turner, Turner close by. Lake site with large pollen catchement area. Mickle Fell Turner Muckle Moss Brown, Donaldson & Grade 4,3 and 2 land Turner nearby to south, in Tyne corridor.

121

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126 ▪• •

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127 Land-use category

A B C D E Calluna Grazed Blanket Wet Fen-meadow/ Moorland Calluna Mire Mire Flushes Moorland Taxon: Gramineae Calluna Empetrum Ericaeae Bryophytes • Cyperaceae Equisetum Sphagnum Menyanthes

Potamogeton ,1Mn =MN! =MI Caryophyllaceae Centaurea Compositae Lig.

Compositae Tub. MII=m• nn• Cruciferae Fihpendula Geraniaceae Helianthemum Labiatae

Leguminosae 1n=1. n•• Linum Plantago lanceolata Plantago major/media

Polygonum •nn nnn Potentilla Primulaceae Ranunculaceae nn•n• nn••n Rosaceae Rubiaceae

Rumex – Succisa Umbelliferae Violaceae

Table 5.7 Suggested pollen rain for selected plant communities found across north-east England. The table is based upon vegetation survey data in Table 5.6. Taxonomic level used is that commonly used by pollen workers. Abundance of each pollen taxon is estimated using information about pollen productivity, dispersal and preservation of each type, on a scale of 1-5, indicated by line thickness. 128 Land-use category

F G II I J Damp Acidic Cattle Traditionally' Limestone Road verge Grassland Grazed Managed Pasture Pasture Hay meadow Taxon: Gramineae Calluna Empetrum Eridaeae Bryophytes Cyperaceae Equisetum Sphagnum Menyanthes Potamogeton Caryophyllaceae Centaurea _ _ Compositae Lig. — — — — Compositae Tub. — — _ — Cruciferae Filipendula Geraniaceae — — Helianthemum Labiatae Leguminosae — — Linum Plantago lanceolata — — Plantago majimed. Polygonum — — Potentilla Primulaceae — — — Ranunculaceae _ Rosaceae Rubiaceae _ Rumex — — Scrophulariaceae Succisa Umbelliferae Violaceae

129 Land-use category

K L M N Railway Cart Trampled Barley Ballast/ Tracks Farm Stubble Rubble Gateway Taxon: Gramineae Calluna Empetrum Ericaeae Bryophytes Cyperaceae Equisetum Sphagnum Menyanthes Potamoge ton Caryophyllaceae Centaurea Compositae Lig. — — – — — – Compositae Tub. Cruciferae Filipendula Geraniaceae Helianthemum Labiatae Leguminosae Linum Plantago lanceolata Plantago maj./med

Polygonum – Potentilla Prirnulaceae Ranunculaceae — — – Rosaceae Rubiaceae Rumex Scrophulariaceae Succisa Umbelliferae Violaceae

130 Figure 5.1

Key:

I I 0-0.2% Cerealia - type 0.2 - 0.4 %

circa 1500 - present day - " - 0.4 - 0.6%

0.6 - 0.8 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a

> 0.8 °A. percentage of total dry land pollen.

131 Figure 5.2

40

10 •40 52 • •10 618 54° 360 46 •14 2760 26 68 1-) • fibs.

•12

26 16

•17 .35 17 •13 .20 •8 •20 •2 *26 13 .21 2.2 • 41/ 40 30 4,10 .20 37 6 2 eV 27 .37 43-31)-

.9

Key: r--1 0-20% Gram ineae 20 -40%

40 -60% circa 1500 - present day

60 -80% N.B. Pollen values expressed as a 80 - 100% percentage of total dry land pollen.

132 Figure 5.3

• • 0.1 0.2 •

1,2\r'i\s,z4) 0.5

Key:

0_ 0.2 % L I Artemisia 0.2 - 0.4 %

0.4 - 0.6 % circa 1500 - present day

0.6 - 0.8 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a 1111 >0.8% percentage of total dry land pollen. Figure 5.4

Key: * 0 - 0.2% Caryophyllaceae 0.2 - 0.4 % circa 1500 - present day 0.4 - 0.6 %

IN 0.6 - 0.8 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a IN > 0.8 % percentage of total dry land pollen.

134 Figure 5.5

Key: LJ 0_ 0.02 % Centaurea 0.02 - 0.04 %

0.04 - 0.06 % circa 1500 - present day

0.06 - 0.08 %

N.B. Pollen values expressed as a > 0.08 % percentage of total dry land pollen.

135 Figure 5.6

• 0 1 _ 63-• • • 0.1 0.3 • „ 0.1 OA •0.1

0.05 0.05 • • 0.3

Key: r 0-0.2% Chenopodiaceae 0.2 - 0.4 %

0.4 - 0.6 % circa 1500 - present day

0.6 - 0.8 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a > 0.8 % percentage of total dry land pollen.

136 Figure 5.7

Key: * 0 - 20 % Corn positae 20 - 40 %

40 -60 % circa 1500 - present day

IN 60 - 80 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a NI 80 - 100 % percentage of total dry land pollen.

137 Figure 5.8

Key: * 0-0.2% Cruciferae 0.2 - 0.4 %

0.4 - 0.6 % circa 1500 - present day

ow 0.6 - 0.8 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a IN >0.8% percentage of total dry land pollen.

138

I Figure 5.9

Key: * 0-0.2% Leguminosae 0.2 - 0.4 % 1500 - present day 0.4 - 0.6 % circa

0.6 - 0.8 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a • > 0.8 % percentage of total dry land pollen. 139 Figure 5.10

Key:

[— I 0-1% Plantago 1-2%

circa 1500 - present day 2-31%

3-4% N.B. Pollen values expressed as a >4% percentage of total dry land pollen. 140 Figure 5.11

Key: 0-0.02% Polygonum 0.02 - 0.04 %

ri] 0.04 - 0.06 % circa 1500 - present day

0.06 - 0.08 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a > 0.08 % percentage of total dry land pollen.

141 Figure 5.12

Key: * 0-0.2% Ranunculaceae 0.2 - 0.4 %

0.4 - 0.6 % circa 1500 - present day

nu 0.6 - 0.8 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a • >0.8% percentage of total dry land pollen. 142 Figure 5.13

Key:

0-0.3% Rumex 0.3 - 0.6 % 1500 - present day 0.6 - 0.9 % circa

0.9 - 1.2 % N.B. Pollen values expressed as a • > 1.2 % percentage of total dry land pollen. 143

Akeld Steads — • A I III I I Bishop Middleham — 411A1 A 1 1 Black Lough — 1 A • *I • i Bollihope Bog — Al1 • 171 A TVA Broad Moss — I I I • I! AL V-1) 1 Camp Hill Moss — 1 • MCA , Coom Rigg A — Illn 1 MI li ,n, E Coom Rigg B — 1 1 4. ii E ' .L Steckhan & Lange Cranberry Bog — • I A III ., EV 1 0 Cronkley Pastures — I I • OA I i A I Kramm Cross Fell South 1 I 1 • Cross Fell West 1 • A M Dead Crook 1 — 1 0 • my 1 Turner Dead Crook 3 — i I I I. is Din Moss — 01 1 Roberts et aL Dufton Moss A 1 • MA Edlingham — MI AL/ ) 1 Ewe Crag — i 0 5 • A70 Donaldson &Tamer Fellend Moss — 1 •CIOALv 1 • Fortherley Moss — 1 I Fox Earth Gill — I I I • A MI Brown I Hallowell Moss — I I OM LA 1 Hartlepool Bay 6 — 1 • IDY Riezebos & Slotboom Hutton Henry AS I III A V I I 1 I I

20 40 60 80 100 Arable:Pastoral %

Fig. 5.14 Comparison of scores for different arable:pastoral indices. Scores are calculated for cores with levels dated to the last 500 years from north-east England. Note that "arable" scores are low (< 50%) and "pastoral" scores are high (> 50%).

144 Lamb Shield — 1 MI Z 1 Linton Loch A • IA 1 A V Long Crag 100 a I vl Mickle Fell Midgeholme Mire — Mire Holes 1 Mordon Carr 411RIE A o Mow Law A Muclde Moss Steckhan & Lange 0 Quarry Knowe —

Quick Moss — Rramm Scaleby Moss — • Site W Sourhope — Turner Steng Moss — Steward Shield — Roberta et aL Swindon Hill — The Dod —

The Lough — Donaldson & Turner Thorpe Bulmer — • Tinkler's Sike — Tranmire Slack — Brown

Trickley Wood — 41111 U'A V

West House — • lift 7D 1 Riezebos & Slotboom Yetholm Loch — • V 0 I 1 I i I

0 20 40 60 80 100 Arable:Pastoral %

Fig. 5.14 Continued from previous page.

145

Akeld Steads — A 11 Bishop Middleham Ai Black Lough — A Bollihope Bog — A Broad Moss — A Camp Hill Moss — A Coom Rigg A — A Coom Rigg B — A Cranberry Moss — A Cronldey Pastures — A Cross Fell South —t Cross Fell West — A Dead Crook 1 A Dead Crook 3 — A Din Moss — A Dufton Moss A — A Edlingham — A Ewe Crag — A Fellend Moss — A Fortherley Moss —A Fox Earth Gill — A Hallowell Moss — A Hartlepool Bay 6 — A Hutton Henry — A, Lamb Shield — A 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 Agricultural:Arable %

Fig. 5.15 Comparison of scores for Fenton-Thomas' (1992) agricultural:arable index. Scores are calculated for cores with levels dated to the last 500 years from north-east England. Note that unlike for arable:pastoral index scores, "arable" scores are high (> 50%) whilst non-arable, "agricultural" scores are low (< 50%).

146 Linton Loch A — A Long Crag — A Mickle Fell — A Midgeholme Moss — A Mire Holes — I A Mordon Carr — A Mow Law A — A Muclde Moss — A Quarry Knowe — A Quick Moss — A Scaleby Moss — A Site W — A Sourhope — A Steng Moss — A Steward Shield Meadow — I A Swindon Hill — A The Dod — A The Lough — A Thorpe Buhner — A Tinkler's Sike — A Trimmire Slack — A Tricldey Wood — A West House — A Yetholm Loch — A 0 20 40 60 80 100 Agricultural:Arable %

Fig. 5.15 Continued from previous page.

147 Figure 5.16

Key: * Turner's (1964) <50% 1 arable:pastoral index

circa 1500 - present day > 50%

148 Figure 5.17

Key: * Donaldson and

1 < 50% Turner's (1977) arable:pastoral index

>50% circa 1500 - present day

149 Figure 5.18

59 19 . .90 :73 • 42 5 87 90 • 79 08 94•: • • 36 100

•82

53

• 84 34 • 73 • 96 .43 86 • .59 • 90 77° 6 100 • 3 10046 9( 85 • 96 91.87 .43 7 I- 54 • 75 •20 9

• 88 72

Key:

Brown's (1977) < 50 % arable:pastoral index

circa 1500 - present day > 50 % N.B. Scores indicate arable pollen as a percentage of arable plus pastoral pollen 150 Figure 5.19

Key:

Roberts et. al. (1983) <50% arable: pastoral index

circa 1500 - present day

> 50%

151 Figure 5.20

37

7 51 • 37 • •35 23 • n 47• 13,19 io 10 eir

36 73°.

• 22

56 • * 57 6 14 • • 64

Key: * Fenton-Thomas' (1992) <50% agricultural:arable index

>50% circa 1500 - present day

152

Dry A 200 . Barley field stubble (N) Calluna moor (A)

150 - Trampled gateway (M) Grazed moorland (B) Cart track (L) Railway ballast (K) Grassland (G)

Axis 2 100 - Cattle grazed pasture (H)

Limestone pasture (J) • • Fen-meadow (E) Blanket mire (C) 50 - Hay meadow (I) .

Damp road verge (F) Wet mire (D) V 0 I Wet 0 50 100 150 200 250 • Axis 1 Base-rich, Base-poor, calcareous. Acidic.

Fig. 5.21 DECORANA plot of scores for estimated pollen rain of the 14 land-use types in Table 5.7

200 - A N

150 - M B L G • . - K • • • Axis 2 to0 — • H o• • 0 . • • •S.V.••"O. •• a • I J • •• • •• • E i• • • • C 50 - S.

D

50 100 150 200 250 Axis 1

Fig. 5.22 The same DECORANA plot as Fig. 5.21, with the scores for the pollen cores added.

153 Tables and Figures for

Chapter 6

Methods II: Combined pollen and archaeological approaches for reconstructing settlement and land- use Table 6.1 Catchment area size for each pollen site modified for each period. (Key at end of table)

Pollen Site Name: modern day M N BA/ETA IA RB

Akeld Steads E L L EEE Arngill Head Brocks R E ER R R Bellow Moss R E ER RR Bishop Middleham E LL EEE Black Band R EE R RR Black Hill R E ER R R Black Lough R E ER R R Black Rigg R E ER R R Blackshiel Bog E E EBBE Bollihope Bog E LLL L E Burnhope Burn E EEEEE Camp Hill Moss E EEEEE Cold Fell R E E R RR Coom Rigg R EE R RR Cowpen Marsh R R R R R R Cranberry Bog E EEEEE Cronkley Fell R E ER R R Cronldey Pastures E EEEEE Crook Burn R EEEEE Cuthbert's Hill R E ER RR Dead Crook R EEEEE Dubby Moss R E E R RR Dufton Moss R E ER RR Edlingham E L LLL E Embleton's Bog E LLLL E Fellend Moss E L LL LE Fortherley Moss E LLL L E Fox Earth Gill E EEEEE Furness Moss R E ER R R Goosetarn Beck R EE R R R Graham's Moss R EE R R R Great Eggleshope Beck R E ER R R Greenmines R EE R R R Green Swang R E ERR R Hallowell Moss E LL LL E Harthope Moss R E E R R R Harthope Quarry R. E ER R R Hartlepool Bay 4 & 6 R R R RR R Hartlepool Slake R R RRRR Hedleyhope R E ER R R Herdship Fell R E ER RR High Banks Moss R E ER RR

155 Table 6.1 continued.

Pollen Site Name: catchment type M N BA/EIA IA RB

Hisehope Burn R E ER R R Howden Moss R E ER R R Hutton Henry E LL EEE James' Hill R E E R RR John's Burn R E ER RR Kennel Hall Knowe L L LL L L Kilhope Law R E ER R R Knock Ridge R E ER RR Knoutberry R E ER R R Lamb Shield E LL LLE Lilburn Steads E LLL L E Long Crag R RR R RR Longlee Moor E L L L LE Long Moss R E ER R R Low Stublick R E ER RR Melmerby Fell R E ER R R Mickle Fell R RRR R R Milburn Forest R E ER RR Mire Holes R E ER R R Mordon Carr E L L L LE Moss Mire North/South R E ER RR Mown Meadows R E ER R R Muckle Moss R E ER R R Neasham Fen E LLL LL Pawlaw Pike R E ER RR Pity Me E EEEEE Pow Hill E LLLLE Quickcleugh R E ER R R Quick Moss R E ER R R Sally Grain R E ER R R Scraith Head R E ER R R Seven Hills E LLLLE Shaking Moss R R R R R R Shivery Hill R E ER RR Shot Moss R E ER R R Sikehead R E ER R R Silverband R EE R RR Site W R EER R R South Cornsay E LL L L E Stanley Moss E LLL LE Staple Moss R E ER RR Steng Moss R E ER R R

156 Table 6.1 continued.

Pollen Site Name: catchment type M N BA/EIA IA RB

Steward Shield Meadow E LL LEE The Lough R RR RR R Thornhope Burn R E ER R R Thorpe Bulmer E LL LL E Tinlder's Sike R F. E R R R Trickley Wood L EEEEE Vindolanda L LL L LL Waldridge R EER R R Wanister Bog E LLL L E Weelfoot Moss R E E RRR Weelhead Moss R E ER R R West Hartlepool 3 R R R R R R West Hartlepool 19 R R R R R R White House R E ER RR Whitfield Lough R RR R R R Woldgill Burn R E ER R R Wolfscleugh R E ERR R Wolsingham Park Moor R E ER R R Woodland R E ER RR Wooler Water R R R RR R

Periods:

Mesolithic Neolithic BA/EIA Bronze Age and Earliest Iron Age IA Iron Age RB Roman period

Catchment sizes:

Local (under a hundred metres radius) Extra-local (under a few hundred metres radius) Regional (over a few hundred metres radius)

.157 Table 6.2 Total number of archaeological sites in pollen catchment in each period (For key to column headings see end of table).

Pollen Site Name: (all periods)M N EB MB LB/EIA IA RB

Akeld Steads 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Arngill Head Brocks 35 5 4 9 8 10 2 3 Bellow Moss 7 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 Bishop Middleham 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Black Band 23 5 4 7 4 6 0 1 Black Hill 30 5 8 9 4 7 0 1 Black Lough 24 0 5 7 0 9 0 2 Black Rigg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blackshiel Bog 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Bollihope Bog 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Burnhope Burn 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Camp Hill Moss 15 1 5 6 2 2 0 0 Cold Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coom Rigg 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cowpen Marsh 4 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 Cranberry Bog 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Cronlcley Fell 112 15 14 27 23 27 10 22 Cronldey Pastures 4 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 Crook Burn 6 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 Cuthbert's Hill 11 0 0 3 4 5 0 0 Dead Crook 26 6 6 7 4 7 0 0 Dubby Moss 22 8 6 5 4 3 0 0 Dutton Moss 101 13 11 27 22 23 8 23 Edlingham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Embleton's Bog 6 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 Fellend Moss 54 0 1 4 3 0 0 49 Fortherley Moss 4 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 Fox Earth Gill 89 13 12 18 17 20 7 21 Furness Moss 9 2 3 0 0 1 0 1 Goosetarn Beck 26 7 8 8 0 1 1 1 Graham's Moss 7 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 Great Eggleshope Beck 26 4 5 7 3 7 0 0 Greenmines 17 4 3 5 2 5 0 0 Green Swang 14 8 3 2 0 0 0 0 Hallowell Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harthope Moss 27 4 8 9 6 1 4 5 Harthope Quarry 15 3 4 4 4 0 3 3 Hartlepool Bay 4 & 6 20 6 7 1 0 1 2 3 Hartlepool Slake 45 25 7 2 2 1 3 2 Hedleyhope 11 0 4 4 0 0 2 3 Herdship Fell 10 4 4 1 0 1 0 0 High Banks Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

158 Table 6.3 continued.

Pollen Site Name: (all periods) M N EB MB LB/EIA IA RB

Hisehope Bum 21 0 1 18 12 0 2 2 Howden Moss 105 13 8 29 24 28 8 22 Hutton Henry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 James' Hill 22 5 3 7 7 1 4 4 John's Bum 5 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 Kennel Hall Knowe 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 Kilhope Law 8 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 Knock Ridge 12 7 0 0 0 5 0 0 Knoutberry 9 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 Lamb Shield 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Lilburn Steads 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 Long Crag 47 5 5 10 9 14 1 10 Longlee Moor 4 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 Long Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Low Stublick 4 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 Melmerby Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mickle Fell 14 4 3 4 2 3 0 0 Milburn Forest 14 8 0 0 0 6 0 0 Mire Holes 88 13 9 19 17 20 8 22 Mordon Carr 14 5 1 0 0 4 4 4 Moss Mire N/S 18 8 3 3 0 1 1 2 Mown Meadows 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Muckle Moss 63 0 8 2 3 3 2 49 Neasham Fen 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Pawlaw Pike 20 5 1 4 5 5 0 1 Pity Me 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pow Hill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quickcleugh 6 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 Quick Moss 19 8 5 4 0 0 1 1 Sally Grain 6 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 Scraith Head 8 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 Seven Hills 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Shaking Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shivery Hill 9 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 Shot Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sikehead 20 0 1 17 13 1 1 1 Silverband 17 7 0 1 0 9 0 0 Site W 35 5 9 10 4 7 2 4 South Cornsay 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Stanley Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Staple Moss 17 3 3 5 1 3 1 3 Steng Moss 21 0 2 10 5 2 6 6 Steward Shield 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

159 Table 6.3 continued.

Pollen Site Name: all periods M N EB MB LB/EIA IA RB

The Lough 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Thornhope Burn 18 2 10 4 6 0 0 0 Thorpe Bulmer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tinkler's Silce 39 5 10 9 5 10 3 5 Trickley Wood 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Vindolanda 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Waldridge 23 2 3 2 1 5 7 9 Wanister Bog 30 6 2 5 4 3 11 12 Weelfoot Moss 30 5 9 7 3 5 2 4 Weelliead Moss 28 6 8 7 4 7 0 0 West Hartlepool 3 18 6 6 1 4 1 1 2 West Hartlepool 19 21 5 7 1 0 1 3 3 White House 26 7 8 8 0 1 1 1 Whitfield Lough 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woldgill Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wolfscleugh 14 5 5 2 0 0 1 1 Wolsingham Park 6 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 Woodland 7 2 0 1 0 0 4 4 Wooler Water 159 0 11 80 24 62 6 6

Key to column headings:

M Mesolithic

N Neolithic

EB Early Bronze Age

MB Middle Bronze Age

LB/EIA Late Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age

IA Iron Age

RB Roman period

160 Table 6.3 Number of each type of Mesolithic and Neolithic archaeological site in each pollen catchment area.

Pollen Site Name: Mesolithic Neolithic

lithics lithics stone monument burial pottery axe

Akeld Steads 0 0 1 1 0 0 Arngill Head Brocks 5 0 4 0 0 0 Bellow Moss 2 1 2 0 0 0 Bishop Middleham 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black Band 5 0 4 0 0 0 Black Hill 5 0 8 0 0 0 Black Lough 0 1 5 0 0 0 Black Rigg 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blackshiel Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bollihope Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burnhope Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Camp Hill Moss 1 1 5 0 0 0 Cold Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coom Rigg 0 0 0 1 0 0 Cowpen Marsh 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cranberry Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cronldey Fell 15 0 13 0 1 0 Cronldey Pastures 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crook Burn 4 0 0 0 0 0 Cuthbert's Hill 0 2 0 0 0 0 Dead Crook 6 0 6 0 0 0 Dubby Moss 8 0 6 0 0 0 Dufton Moss 13 0 11 0 0 0 Edlingham 0 0 0 0 0 0 Embleton's Bog 0 0 1 0 0 1 Fellend Moss 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fortherley Moss 0 1 1 0 0 0 Fox Earth Gill 13 0 11 0 1 0 Furness Moss 2 2 2 0 0 1 Go o setarn Beck 7 0 6 2 0 0 Graham's Moss 2 1 2 0 0 0 Great Eggleshope 4 3 4 1 0 0 Greenmines 4 0 3 0 0 0 Green Swang 8 1 3 0 0 0 Hallowell Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harthope Moss 4 0 7 0 1 0 Harthope Quarry 3 0 2 1 1 0 Hartlepool Bay 4 & 6 6 1 4 0 2 1

161 Table 6.3 continued.

Pollen Site Name: Mesolithic Neolithic

lithics lithics stone monument burial pottery axe

Hartlepool Slake 25 4 5 0 2 0 Hedleyhope 0 0 4 0 0 0 Herdship Fell 4 0 4 0 0 0 High Banks Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hisehope Burn 0 0 1 0 0 0 Howden Moss 13 0 7 0 1 0 Hutton Henry 0 0 0 0 0 0 James' Hill 5 1 2 1 0 0 John's Burn 4 0 0 0 0 0 Kennel Hall ICnowe 0 1 1 0 0 0 Kilhope Law 5 1 1 0 0 0 Knock Ridge 7 0 0 0 0 0 Knoutberry 6 1 1 0 0 0 Lamb Shield 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lilburn Steads 0 0 0 0 0 0 Long Crag 5 0 5 0 0 0 Longlee Moor 2 0 0 0 0 0 Long Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Low Stublick 0 0 1 0 0 0 Melmerby Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mickle Fell 4 0 3 0 0 0 Milburn Forest 8 0 0 0 0 0 Mire Holes 13 0 8 0 1 0 Mordon Carr 5 0 1 0 0 0 Moss Mire North/South 8 0 3 0 0 0 Mown Meadows 0 0 0 0 0 0 Muckle Moss 0 0 3 5 0 0 Neasham Fen 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pawlaw Pike 5 2 1 0 0 0 Pity Me 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pow Hill 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quickcleugh 2 1 1 0 0 0 Quick Moss 8 1 4 0 1 0 Sally Grain 5 0 0 0 0 0 Scraith Head 6 0 0 0 0 0 Seven Hills 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shaking Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shivery Hill 6 1 1 0 0 0 Shot Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0

162 Table 6.3 continued.

Pollen Site Name: Mesolithic Neolithic

Ethics Ethics stone monument burial potty axe

Sikehead 0 o 1 0 0 0 Silverband 7 0 0 0 0 0 Site W 5 0 9 0 0 0 South Cornsay 0 0 1 0 0 0 Stanley Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Staple Moss 3 0 3 0 0 0 Steng Moss 0 0 2 0 0 0 Steward Shield Meadow 0 0 0 0 0 0 The Lough 0 0 1. 0 0 la Thornhope Burn 2 0 10 0 0 0 Thorpe Bulmer 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tinlder's Sike 5 0 10 0 0 0 Trickley Wood 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vindolanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 Waldridge 2 0 3 0 0 0 Wanister Bog 6 1 2 0 0 0 Weelfoot Moss 5 0 9 0 0 0 Weelhead Moss 6 0 8 0 0 0 West Hartlepool 3 6 1 4 0 1 1 West Hartlepool 19 5 1 4 0 2 1 White House 7 0 6 2 0 0 Whitfield Lough 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woldgill Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wolfscleugh 5 1 5 0 0 0 Wolsingham Park Moor 0 0 4 0 0 0 Woodland 2 0 0 0 0 0 Wo o ler Water 0 0 7 4 0 0

163 Table 6.4 Number of each type of Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age archaeological site in each pollen catchment area.

Pollen Site Name: EBA/MI3A LBA/EIA pottery metalwork lithics pottery metalwork settlement

Akeld Steads 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arngill Head Brocks 0 2 1 1 0 9 Bellow Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bishop Middleham 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black Band 0 0 0 0 0 6 Black Hill 0 0 0 0 0 7 Black Lough 0 0 0 0 2 7 Black Rigg 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blackshiel Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bollihope Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burnhope Burn 0 0 0 0 0 1 Camp Hill Moss 0 0 0 0 0 2 Cold Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coom Rigg 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cowpen Marsh 0 1 0 0 2 0 Cranberry Bog 0 0 0 0 0 1 Cronkley Fell 0 2 2 1 0 26 Cronldey Pastures 0 0 0 0 0 2 Crook Burn 0 0 0 0 0 1 Cuthbert's Hill 0 0 1 0 0 5 Dead Crook 0 0 0 0 0 7 Dubby Moss 0 0 0 0 0 3 Dufton Moss 0 1 1 1 0 22 Edlingham 0 0 0 0 0 0 Embleton's Bog 0 0 0 0 1 2 Fellend Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fortherley Moss 0 0 0 0 1 0 Fox Earth Gill 0 2 1 1 0 19 Furness Moss 0 0 0 0 1 0 Goosetarn Beck 0 0 0 0 0 1 Graham's Moss 0 0 0 0 1 0 Great Eggleshope Beck 0 0 0 0 1 5 Greenmines 0 0 0 0 0 5 Green Swang 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hallowell Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harthope Moss 0 0 0 0 0 1 Harthope Quarry 0 1 0 0 0 0 Hartlepool Bay 4 & 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 Hartlepool Slake 0 0 1 1 0 0 Hedleyhope 0 0 0 0 0 0

164 Table 6.4 continued.

Pollen Site Name: EBA/MBA LBA/EIA , pottery metalwork lithics pottery metalwork settlement

Herdship Fell 0 0 0 0 0 1 High Banks Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hisehope Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Howden Moss 0 2 1 1 0 27 Hutton Henry 0 0 0 0 0 0 James' Hill 0 0 1 0 0 1 John's Burn 0 0 0 0 0 1 Kennel Hall Knowe 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kilhope Law 0 0 0 0 0 0 Knock Ridge 0 0 0 0 0 5 ICnoutberry 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lamb Shield 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lilburn Steads 0 0 0 0 0 2 Long Crag 0 2 1 1 0 13 Longlee Moor 0 0 0 0 0 0 Long Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Low Stublick 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melmerby Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mickle Fell 0 0 0 0 0 3 Milburn Forest 0 0 0 0 0 6 Mire Holes 0 2 1 1 0 19 Mordon Carr 0 0 0 0 2 2 Moss Mire North/South 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mown Meadows 0 0 0 0 0 0 Muckle Moss 0 1 0 0 0 3 Neasham Fen 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pawlaw Pike 0 1 1 0 0 5 Pity Me 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pow Hill 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quickcleugh 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quick Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sally Grain 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scraith Head 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seven Hills 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shaking Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shivery Hill 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shot Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sikehead 0 0 0 0 0 1 Silverband 0 0 0 0 0 9 Site W 0 0 0 0 0 7 South Cornsay 0 0 0 0 0 0

165 Table 6.4 continued.

Pollen Site Name: EBA/MBA LBA/EIA pottery metalwork Ethics pottery metalwork settlement Stanley Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Staple Moss 0 0 0 0 0 3 Steng Moss 0 1 0 0 0 1 Steward Shield 0 0 0 0 0 0 The Lough 0 0 0 0 1 0 Thornhope Burn 0 2 0 0 0 0 Thorpe Bulmer 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tinkler's Sike 0 0 0 1 0 9 Trickley Wood 0 0 0 0 0 2 Vindolanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 Waldridge 0 1 0 0 0 5 Wanister Bog 0 1 0 0 1 2 Weelfoot Moss 0 0 0 0 0 5 Weelhead Moss 0 0 0 0 0 7 West Hartlepool 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 West Hartlepool 19 0 0 0 1 0 0 White House 0 0 0 0 0 1 Whitfield Lough 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woldgill Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wolfscleugh 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wolsingham Park Moor 0 1 0 0 0 0 Woodland 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wooler Water 0 0 0 0 0 61

166 Table 6.5 Number of each type of Iron Age archaeological site in each pollen catchment area.

Pollen Site Name: metalwork pottery querns burial settlement

Akeld Steads 0 0 0 0 0 Arngill Head Brocks 0 0 1 0 1 Bellow Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Bishop Middleham 0 0 0 1 0 Black Band 0 0 0 0 0 Black Hill 0 0 0 0 0 Black Lough 0 0 0 0 0 Black Rigg 0 0 0 0 0 Blackshiel Bog 0 0 0 0 0 Bollihope Bog 0 0 0 0 0 Burnhope Burn 0 0 0 0 0 Camp Hill Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Cold Fell 0 0 0 0 0 Coom Rigg 0 0 0 0 0 Cowpen Marsh 0 0 0 0 0 Cranberry Bog 0 0 0 0 1 Cronldey Fell 0 1 2 0 7 Cronkley Pastures 0 0 0 0 0 Crook Burn 0 0 0 0 0 Cuthbert's Hill 0 0 0 0 0 Dead Crook 0 0 0 0 0 Dubby Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Dufton Moss 0 1 1 0 6 Edlingham 0 0 0 0 0 Embleton's Bog 0 0 0 0 0 Fellend Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Fortherley Moss 0 0 0 0 1 Fox Earth Gill 0 1 1 0 5 Furness Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Goosetarn Beck 0 0 1 0 0 Graham's Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Great Eggleshope Beck 0 0 0 0 0 Greenmines 0 0 0 0 0 Green Swang 0 0 0 0 0 Hallowell Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Harthope Moss 0 0 0 0 4 Harthope Quarry 0 0 0 0 3 Hartlepool Bay 4 & 6 0 1 0 0 1 Hartlepool Slake 0 2 0 1 0 Hedleyhope 0 0 0 0 2 Herdship Fell 0 0 0 0 0 High Banks Moss 0 0 0 0 0

167 Table 6.5 continued.

Pollen Site Name: metalwork pottery querns burial settlement

Hisehope Burn 0 0 0 0 2 Howden Moss 0 1 1 0 6 Hutton Henry 0 0 0 0 0 James' Hill 0 0 0 0 4 John's Burn 0 0 0 0 0 Kennel Hall Knowe 0 0 0 0 1 Kilhope Law 0 0 0 0 0 Knock Ridge 0 0 0 0 0 Knoutberry 0 0 0 0 0 Lamb Shield 0 0 0 0 0 Lilburn Steads 0 0 0 0 0 Long Crag 0 0 0 0 1 Longlee Moor 0 0 0 0 0 Long Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Low Stublick 0 0 0 0 1 Melmerby Fell 0 0 0 0 0 Miclde Fell 0 0 0 0 0 Milburn Forest 0 0 0 0 0 Mire Holes 0 1 1 0 6 Mordon Carr 0 0 0 0 4 Moss Mire North/South 0 0 1 0 0 Mown Meadows 0 0 0 0 0 Muckle Moss 0 0 0 0 2 Neasham Fen 0 0 0 0 2 Pawlaw Pike 0 0 0 0 0 Pity Me 0 0 0 0 0 Pow Hill 0 0 0 0 0 Quickcleugh 0 0 0 0 0 Quick Moss 0 0 0 0 1 Sally Grain 0 0 0 0 0 Scraith Head 0 0 0 0 0 Seven Hills 1 0 0 0 0 Shaking Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Shivery Hill 0 0 0 0 0 Shot Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Sikehead 0 0 0 0 1 Silverband 0 0 0 0 0 Site W 0 0 0 0 2 South Cornsay 0 0 0 0 0 Stanley Moss 0 0 0 0 0 Staple Moss 0 0 0 0 1 Steng Moss 0 0 0 0 6 Steward Shield Meadow 0 0 0 0 0

168 Table 6.5 continued.

Pollen Site Name: metalwork pottery querns burial settlement

The Lough 0 0 0 0 0 Thornhope Burn 0 0 0 0 0 Thorpe Bulmer 0 0 0 0 0 Tinkler's Sike 0 0 0 0 3 Trickley Wood 0 0 0 0 0 Vindolanda 0 0 0 0 0 Waldridge 0 0 1 0 6 Wanister Bog 0 0 0 0 11 Weelfoot Moss 0 0 0 0 2 Weelhead Moss 0 0 0 0 0 West Hartlepool 3 0 1 0 0 0 West Hartlepool 19 0 2 0 1 0 White House 0 0 1 0 0 Whitfield Lough 0 0 0 0 0 Woldgill Burn 0 0 0 0 0 Wolfscleugh 0 0 0 0 1 Wolsingham Park Moor 0 0 0 0 0 Woodland 0 0 0 0 4 Wooler Water 0 0 0 0 6

169 Table 6.6 Number of archaeological sites in pollen catchment area, Roman period.

Pollen Site Name: military roads industrial settlement querns metalwork

Alceld Steads 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arngill Head Brocks 0 0 0 0 1 1 Bellow Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bishop Middleham 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black Band 0 0 0 0 0 1 Black Hill 0 0 0 0 0 1 Black Lough 2 0 0 0 0 0 Black Rigg 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blackshiel Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bollihope Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burnhope Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Camp Hill Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cold Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coom Rigg 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cowpen Marsh 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cranberry Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cronldey Fell 0 0 1 0 12 2 Cronkley Pastures 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crook Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cuthbert's Hill 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dead Crook 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dubby Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dufton Moss 0 0 1 0 14 2 Edlingham 0 0 0 0 0 0 Embleton's Bog 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fellend Moss 41 3 0 2 0 0 Fortherley Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fox Earth Gill 0 0 1 0 13 2 Furness Moss 1 0 0 0 0 0 Goosetarn Beck 0 0 0 0 1 0 Graham's Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Great Eggleshope Beck 0 0 0 0 0 0 Greenmines 0 0 0 0 0 0 Green Swang 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hallowell Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harthope Moss 0 0 0 0 1 0 Harthope Quarry 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hartlepool Bay 4 & 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 Hartlepool Slake 0 0 0 0 2 0 Hedleyhope 0 0 0 1 0 0 Herdship Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 High Banks Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hisehope Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0

170 Table 6.6 continued.

Pollen Site Name: military roads industrial settlement querns metalwork

, Howden Moss 0 0 1 0 13 2 Hutton Henry 0 0 0 0 0 0 James' Hill 0 0 0 0 0 0 John's Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kennel Hall Knowe 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kilhope Law 0 0 0 0 0 0 Knock Ridge 0 0 0 0 0 0 Knoutberry 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lamb Shield 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lilburn Steads 0 0 0 0 0 0 Long Crag 0 0 0 0 8 1 Longlee Moor 0 0 0 0 0 0 Long Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Low Stublick 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melmerby Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mickle Fell 0 0 0 0 0 0 Milburn Forest 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mire Holes 0 0 1 0 13 2 Mordon Carr 0 0 0 0 0 0 Moss Mire North/South 0 0 0 0 2 0 Mown Meadows 0 0 0 0 0 0 Muclde Moss 32 5 4 1 0 0 Neasham Fen 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pawlaw Pike 0 0 1 0 0 0 Pity Me 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pow Hill 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quickcleugh 0 0 0 0 0 0 Quick Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sally Grain 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scraith Head 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seven Hills 0 0 0 1 0 0 Shaking Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shivery Hill 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shot Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sikehead 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silverband 0 0 0 0 0 0 Site W 0 0 0 0 1 1 South Cornsay 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stanley Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Staple Moss 0 0 0 0 1 1 Steng Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 Steward Shield Meadow 0 0 0 0 0 0 The Lough 0 0 0 0 0 0

171 Table 6.6 continued.

Pollen Site Name: military roads industrial settlement querns metalwork

Thornhope Burn 0 0 0 0 .0 0 Thorpe Bulmer 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tinkler's Sike 0 0 0 0 1 1 Trickley Wood 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vindolanda 1 0 0 0 0 0 Waldridge 0 0 0 0 3 0 Wanister Bog 0 0 1 0 0 0 Weelfoot Moss 0 0 0 0 1 1 Weelhead Moss 0 0 0 0 0 0 West Hartlepool 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 West Hartlepool 19 0 0 0 1 2 0 White House 0 0 0 0 1 0 Whitfield Lough 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woldgill Burn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wolfscleugh 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wolsingham Park Moor 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woodland 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wooler Water 0 0 0 0 0 0

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189 cn•- Tables and Figures for

Appendix A Continued on following page.

Pub!. No. Author 1 " 2 Worker No. Pub!. No Line No. " 3 PUBLCIT AUTHORS ADDRESS) Address Year WorkerNo. Title Worker No. Lines 1-9 Publ. No. Title Initials Last Name WORKERS First Name Phone No. Pub!. No. Pub!. N Site No. (— PUBLSITE Entity No. PUBLENT

Site No. Entity No. Site Name Nat. Grid. Ref Entity No. Easting Site No. Codename Northing Site No. Elevation SITELOC Entity Type ENTITY Entity Location Area of Site Local Veg. Loc. 1 Sampling Devic Loc. 2 Worker No. Loc. 3 Entity No. Loc. 4 Entity No. ra) Site No. SITEDESC ENT1T'Y&& Line No. Site Description Text Topography Geology Soils Surrounding Veg. Entity No. —(P_PREP&&) Line No. Text

Entity No. Core Top (cm) Core Bot(cm) ENTSIZE Core Length(cm

Fig. A 1 Structure of the North-east England Pollen Database. Worker No. ENTDATA) Ana4IDate The diagram shows the inter-relationships DataSource of the various tables, and their contents. DataForm Rectangles represent tables and labels attached to the tables are fields. Underlined field names are Primary Keys. Labels on lines linking tables are Foreign Keys.

191 To PUBLCIT Event No. Event name Event No. Description EVENT

t/1 Dated Event No Event No Pub!. No Event No. Entity No. CALEVEN+— 4UBLEVNT Sample No. Age (cal Yrs.BC/ Sample No.

Entity No. Sample No. Entity No. Depth (cm.) Sample No. —4 C14 1SYNEVENT)-- Age (BP) Dated Event No UpperSTD EntityNo.LineNo. Text LowerSTD I • Izt Pub!. No. (DATING&& Sample No. Entity No. Entity No. Entity No. AGEDEPTIJI (AGEBASIS —Sample No. Sample N epth (cm.) Age (cal,Yrs.BC/AIJf eN,24ge (cal. Yrs.BC/AD -( ENTITY )

EntiOr No. ( SAMPLE Sample No. Depth (cm.)

Lt4 Entity No Sample No. —{ COUNTS Taxon No. Count

Entity No. fi ,-- Taxon No. 7 Sediment No. 6.1 Numeric Code SEDIMENT Description TAXA 8-letter Code Depth Top (cm.) Higher Taxon Depth Bot (cm.) Taxon No. Taxon Name

Taxon No. GROUPS Fig. A 1 Continued. Group Name

192