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The Social and Environmental Impacts of Mining Activities on Indigenious Communities

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The Social and Environmental Impacts of Mining Activities on Indigenious Communities THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING ACTIVITIES ON INDIGENIOUS COMMUNITIES THE CASE OF NEWMONT GOLD (Gh) LIMITED (KENYASI) IN GHANA JONES OPOKU-WARE This Master Thesis is carried out as a part of the education at the University of Agder and is therefore approved as a part of this education. However, this does not imply that the University answers for the methods that are used or the conclusions that are drawn. Master Thesis in Development Management University of Agder, 2010 Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences Centre for Development Studies Masters Thesis. Master Thesis The Social and Environmental Impacts of Mining Activities on Indigenous Communities- The case of Newmont Gold (Gh) Limited (Kenyasi) in Ghana By Jones Opoku-Ware The master thesis is carried out as a part of the education at the University of Agder and is therefore approved as such. However, this does not imply that the University answers for the methods that are used or the conclusions that are drawn. Supervisor: Christian Webersik The University of Agder, Kristiansand May 2010 Masters Thesis. Master Thesis in Development Management Centre for Development Studies Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway The Social and Environmental Impacts of Mining activities on Indigenous Communities- The case of Newmont Gold (Gh) Limited (Kenyasi) in Ghana Jones Opoku-Ware i Abstract The study explores and assesses mining and its impacts on communities within which mining activities takes place. The focus has been on a mining community in Ghana called Kenyasi where mining is vigorously carried out by an American mining giant, Newmont Mining Corporation. The study investigates the real and latent impacts of mining activities on the community in the light of the numerous promises and prospects that mining is said to provide for communities. Mining for many decades served as an important component of countries‟ revenue source especially for developing countries that have been endowed with the mineral wealth. If properly managed, countries can grow their economies with proceeds from mining activities in the form of royalties and foreign exchange earnings for the export of mineral related products. Such benefits from the mining sector have in most cases been used as justification and a social license for exploration and exploitation of minerals in most communities. Nonetheless, in as much as the mining sector have contributed and continually contributes to the economies of mineral endowed countries, one cannot lose sight of the fact that the very nature of mining itself in terms of the lifecycle of mining from discovery to closure seriously impacts on the lives of the communities in which it is undertaken. From the prospecting stages through the construction of mining infrastructure and the actual mining itself carries diverse impacts on communities that can very devastating on the one hand and developmental on the other hand. Usually the impacts are environmental and social in nature and it is these impacts, real or imagined that this study sought to unravel. The environmental and social impacts can to a larger extent change the dynamics of community living and can make the lives of its residents better or worse. The way these impacts are managed by the communities and the mining company involved can either further worsen or make lives rather better for the community and its residents. This calls for drastic attention being paid to issues of Corporate Social Responsibility where mining companies make great efforts in honouring its social obligations to the communities of operation. One way has been the development of Alternative Livelihood Strategies or Coping Mechanisms by mining companies with the view to cushioning people from the adverse impacts of their mining activities as it is done in Kenyasi by Newmont Mining Company and even the community residents themselves. Although most mining companies have carried out these strategies with good intent, it has been realized that mostly, the strategies fail because they lack what has come to be known as Community Participation. The study has paid particular attention to this issue of Community Participation and how its application to the various impact management strategies devised by Newmont in particular as a corporate entity has helped in managing the social and environmental impacts of mining in Kenyasi. ii Masters Thesis. Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to the Almighty God for his grace and mercies granted me throughout my studies. The following people also deserve my gratitude and appreciations. First, thanks to my supervisor, Christian Webersik (Associate Professor), for his guidance, encouragement, helpful suggestions, comments and advice throughout my work on this thesis. Appreciation to all my professors, lecturers and tutors especially to Professor Arne Olav Øyhus, Professor Maung Kyaw Sein who left in the course of the studies for further academic work, Åke Sven Bjørke, Professor Oddvar Hollup, Brian Lucas, Jeannett Wilberg Schibbye, Øystein Sæbø, Jan Erik Grindheim, Greg Breetzke, Kristine Evensen Reinfjord, Bredan Barrett, Camilla Michelsen and Dyveke Rogan for their invaluable academic tutoring and modeling that has brought me thus far. Appreciation also goes to my classmates from Norway, Ghana, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, Uganda and Bolivia especially to Dianah Nampijja (Uganda), Kelvin Mutatina Njunwa (Tanzania), Sanjeewani Mummullage Nanayakkarra (Sri Lanka), Borghild Berge (Norway), Ragnar Kotner (Norway) and Edward Jada (Norway) and all the rest for your constructive sharing and exchange of ideas and knowledge during the face to face sessions and also in the virtual rooms. To you all, I say, I am grateful! Special appreciation goes to my parents, Mr. Opoku Emmanuel and especially my mum Miss Cecilia Berko for being there for me in time of need and also for her love and care throughout my education. My siblings are also not left out , Sister Joyce Antwiwaa, Osei- Poku Frederick, Foster Opoku-Gyan and then my niece Judith Akua Ahenewaa for their love and encouragement when things got difficult. Gratitude to my former lecturers at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology(KNUST) especially Dr. Francess Azumah and Miss Harriet Takyi for their academic guidance throughout my studies. Thanks to you Mr. Henry Mensah, now a lecturer at KNUST and Mr. Awudu Moro and Victoria Mensah all graduates of University of Agder for their academic advice and encouragement and coaching especially in writing my thesis. Thanks also goes to all the people I interviewed in my study area of Kenyasi especially to Wofa Kojo who was also my personal assistant during my field work and data collection process, the community women, men and the small scale miners (Galamsay) I interviewed. I thank you all for your help and cooperation. Mention is also made of the Communication Department of Newmont for all the information and brochures given me that helped me in my data gathering process especially to the employee from Newmont (name withheld) who volunteered to be interviewed. Thank you and I say, Bravo! Finally, I thank all my friends both past and now for their encouragement throughout my studies especially through phones, emails and Facebook and other social networks. I love you all. I would not disappoint you friends! iii Masters Thesis. Declaration by candidate I hereby declare that the thesis: The Social and Environmental Impacts of Mining Activities on Indigenous Communities- The case of Newmont Gold (Gh) Limited (Kenyasi) in Ghana has not been submitted to any other universities than the University of Agder for any type of academic degree. 25th May, 2010 _________________________ _________________________ Jones Opoku-Ware Date iv Masters Thesis. Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii Declaration by candidate ............................................................................................... iv List of figures............................................................................................................... viii List of tables .................................................................................................................. ix Abbreviations and acronyms .......................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1: Introduction ...................................................... 1 1.1. Background .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Research Objective and Research Questions ........................................................... 2 1.2.1. Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 2 1.2.2. Research Questions.......................................................................................... 3 1.3. Background of study area ........................................................................................ 4 1.3.1. Newmont Gold (Gh) Limited Ahafo project site and the Kenyasi Community.. ................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Methodology in brief ..............................................................................................
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