The End of an Era Social History and Operations of LORAN-C United
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LORAN-C Legacy: The End of an Era Social History and Operations of LORAN-C United States Coast Guard Prepared by: Leonard R. Voellinger, Principal Investigator Terri L. Asendorf, Architectural Historian Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. With: Jonathan Butzke Francine Lastufka-Taylor Talking Circle Media April 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was carried out through the efforts of many people. Foremost, Mark. S. Ridgway, Alaskan LORAN-C Closure Program Manager, was responsible for managing the complex logistics and aggressive schedule to complete Section 106 documentation while closing remote stations, even when constrained by unforgiving weather. Robert Glascott, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Project Manager, oversaw contracting and facilitated a joint team of government employees and contractors to achieve base closure without compromising safety or the environment. Michael Dombkowski, Environmental Manager and Wray Smith, Project Manager for mothballing the LORAN-C Stations, provided direct oversight and coordination with the U.S. Coast Guard. Aaron Wilson with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers worked with the Alaska State Historic Preservation Officer, Judith Bittner, to write the Programmatic Agreement and provided direct technical oversight and accountability to the researchers. Aaron was a significant player in the development and execution of these investigations, and losing him near the completion of the manuscript left an emotional void in the team that can never be completely filled. Most importantly, the study team would like to acknowledge those stalwart individuals who staffed the U.S. Coast Guard's LORAN stations from the 1940s until the program's termination in 2010, especially the personnel on the LORAN stations Attu and Shoal Cove, and a few other bases that consented to being interviewed for this study. Their resolute dedication to mission is an inspiration to all Americans. Jon McVay led the Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. team as the Project Manager for mothballing the LORAN Stations. He provided oversight and constant supervision to ensure the project was completed on time and within budget. Logistics, coordination with the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and report editing were provided by Phyllys Callina of Jacobs. Terri Asendorf is Jacobs’ architectural historian specializing in historic preservation. She conducted much of the historical research and several of the telephone interviews, and wrote the historical background sections of the report. Casey Martin, AIA, provided oversight in documenting engineering and architectural features on the LORAN stations. Additionally, Francine Lastufka-Taylor and Jonathan Butzke of Talking Circle Media assisted with interviews, video-recording them to be used both for this document and the impending video documentary. The Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. principal investigator was Leonard R. Voellinger. Mr. Voellinger is an anthropologist, as well as a military veteran who served on a semi-isolated base in Vietnam, and therefore could relate to the Coastguardsmen, at least through empathy. He designed and oversaw the ethnographic fieldwork, and is the primary author of the report. I:\ERS-UR\TO34-USCG-Facility Layaway_Demo\COMMON\SECTION 106\Monograph\Final\LORAN Monograph Final.doc i AKERS-UR-05F534 FINAL 4/14/2015 ABSTRACT Since WWII the U.S. Coast Guard has operated and maintained a ground-based long-range navigation system known as "LORAN,” that broadcasts signals from fixed points allowing receivers to triangulate precise locations. By the 1950s, the system proliferated and became a primary tool for marine and air navigation with over 170 stations worldwide. System improvements made in the late 1950s, designated “LORAN-C,” gradually replaced the WWII-era technology and were fully in use by 1980. By the late twentieth century, global positioning systems (GPS) had rendered the LORAN-C system obsolete. The Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2010 terminated funding for the LORAN-C program as of 4 January 2010 and ordered a decommissioning of U.S. bases. Recognizing the national and state significance of LORAN to the history of navigation, the Alaska State Historic Preservation Officer (Judith Bittner), the U.S. Coast Guard (Captain Mark S. Carmel) and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (John Fowler) entered into a Programmatic Agreement to document the Alaska- based LORAN-C stations at Attu, St. Paul, Narrow Cape (Kodiak), Tok, Shoal Cove and Port Clarence. Documentation stipulated in the Programmatic Agreement included the documentation of engineering systems and historic buildings at representative stations to meet Historic American Engineering Record or Historic American Building Survey standards, the curation of artifacts associated with U.S. Coast Guard LORAN-C operations, and preparation of a monograph and video documentary detailing the history and operations of LORAN-C stations. This document represents the “monograph” required by the Programmatic Agreement. The historical documentation methods included ethnographic research, participant observation, interviews, and archival research to capture the essence of life at a LORAN station. Interviews were performed with current U.S. Coast Guard members on LORAN stations Attu and Shoal Cove and by telephone with LORAN station veterans from the 1950s through the early 2000s. Other research included reviewing archival documents at libraries, the National Archives, and the State Historic Preservation Officer’s office in Anchorage. Onsite research was conducted during the final week of operation at LORAN Station Attu, which was paired with Russian stations and was the most remote U.S. LORAN station, and at LORAN Station Shoal Cove, which was located within weekly commuting distance from Ketchikan, Alaska. LORAN Station Shoal Cove had ceased transmission, and personnel were packing for their next duty stations. Although LORAN Station Attu was still transmitting the LORAN signal, personnel were packing for their impending departures. At the stations, the researchers observed a committed and dedicated staff that recognized the importance of maintaining their signal and focused on keeping their transmission on-line and in tolerance. In order to keep that signal transmitting, a support network extended from the base galley, to the generator room, to the airfield or boat dock, to the Base Support Unit in Kodiak. Morale on isolated and even semi-isolated LORAN stations was dependent upon leadership, living conditions, and keeping occupied. The latter resulted in individual efforts I:\ERS-UR\TO34-USCG-Facility Layaway_Demo\COMMON\SECTION 106\Monograph\Final\LORAN Monograph Final.doc ii AKERS-UR-05F534 FINAL 4/14/2015 toward personal improvement or career advancement and a significant effort of planning, and then executing plans. Although the earliest LORAN personnel endured primitive conditions with less than reliable support, the personal computer and the internet, as well as the U.S. Coast Guard’s support of the “morale” program, significantly softened the hardships of isolated duty. Still, hiking, exploring, hunting, and fishing are as important in the twenty-first century as they were to the personnel stationed on LORAN stations in the mid-twentieth century. Finally, researchers witnessed an emotional closure ceremony of LORAN Station Attu, the last LORAN transmittal from the last LORAN Station, at the far end of the earth—a bookend for a program that saved billions of dollars in property and countless lives by assisting aviators and mariners in reaching their final destinations for more than six decades. I:\ERS-UR\TO34-USCG-Facility Layaway_Demo\COMMON\SECTION 106\Monograph\Final\LORAN Monograph Final.doc iii AKERS-UR-05F534 FINAL 4/14/2015 (intentionally blank) I:\ERS-UR\TO34-USCG-Facility Layaway_Demo\COMMON\SECTION 106\Monograph\Final\LORAN Monograph Final.doc iv AKERS-UR-05F534 FINAL 4/14/2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... ii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. ix COAST GUARD ACRONYMS .................................................................................................x 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 SECTION 106 MITIGATION ...............................................................................1-1 1.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND IDENTIFIED GAPS ..........................................1-3 1.3 USCG CHARACTER (SEMPER PARATUS) .....................................................1-5 1.4 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................1-6 2.0 HISTORY ...................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND LORAN-A .......................................................2-1 2.2 LORAN-C ..............................................................................................................2-2 2.3 LORAN-A TO C CONVERSION .........................................................................2-3 3.0 LORAN WORLD WIDE ..............................................................................................