Microbial Eukaryotic Diversity and Distribution in A
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH Microbial eukaryotic diversity and distribution in a river plume and cyclonic eddy-influenced ecosystem in the South China Sea Wenxue Wu1,2,3, Lei Wang1,2, Yu Liao1,2 & Bangqin Huang1,2 1Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 2State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 3Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Keywords Abstract 18S rDNA, mesoscale process, microbial eukaryote, South China Sea. To evaluate microbial eukaryotic diversity and distribution in mesoscale pro- cesses, we investigated 18S rDNA diversity in a river plume and cyclonic eddy- Correspondence influenced ecosystem in the southwestern South China Sea (SCS). Restriction Bangqin Huang, College of the Environment fragment length polymorphism analysis was carried out using multiple primer and Ecology, Xiamen University, South sets. Relative to a wide range of previous similar studies, we observed a signifi- Xiang’an Road, Xiamen 361102, China. cantly higher proportion of sequences of pigmented taxa. Among the photosyn- Tel: +86 592 2187783; thetic groups, Haptophyta accounted for 27.7% of the sequenced clones, which Fax: +86 592 2180655; E-mail: [email protected] belonged primarily to Prymnesiophyceae. Unexpectedly, five operational taxo- nomic units of Cryptophyta were closely related to freshwater species. The Chlorophyta mostly fell within the Prasinophyceae, which was comprised of six Funding Information clades, including Clade III, which is detected in the SCS for the first time in This work was supported by the Natural this study. Among the photosynthetic stramenopiles, Chrysophyceae was the Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41330961 most diverse taxon, which included seven clades. The majority of 18S rDNA and 41176112), the Doctoral Fund of the sequences affiliated with the Dictyochophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, and Pelago- Ministry of Education of China (No. phyceae were closely related to those of pure cultures. The results of redun- 20130121110031) and the Special Fund of the State Oceanic Administration of the dancy analysis and the permutation Mantel test based on unweighted UniFrac People’s Republic of China (No. 530-03-02- distances, conducted for spatial analyses of the Haptophyta subclades suggested 02-03). that the Mekong River plume and cyclonic eddy play important roles in regu- lating microbial eukaryotic diversity and distribution in the southwestern SCS. Received: 21 March 2015; Revised: 9 July 2015; Accepted: 14 July 2015 MicrobiologyOpen 2015; 4(5): 826–840 doi: 10.1002/mbo3.282 Introduction lar have been widely demonstrated to enhance nutrient inputs to the surface ocean and increase new production Microbial eukaryotes, pivotal components of marine (Falkowski et al., 1991; Moran et al., 2001). However, ecosystems, are ubiquitous in the world ocean (de Vargas although numerous studies have been conducted to deter- et al., 2015). Mesoscale features, such as river plumes and mine particle flux in cyclonic eddies, and only a few cyclonic eddies, are widespread in the global ocean and focused on the phylogenetic diversity of planktonic organ- are critical components that enhance the efficiency of the isms. Baltar et al. (2010) investigated prokaryotic assem- biological pump (Oschlies and Garcßon, 1998; Chelton blage structure and activity in mesoscale eddies in the et al., 2011; Kang et al., 2013). Cyclonic eddies in particu- Canary Current system, revealing that these eddies had 826 ª 2015 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. W. Wu et al. Microbial Eukaryotes in Mesoscale Processes distinct community compositions. In the Sargasso Sea, a (Sea-Bird) were used to obtain in situ vertical profiles of distinguished phylogenetic difference in bacterioplankton temperature, salinity and fluorescence. Irradiances were has been clearly demonstrated by community profiling obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrora- according to relative abundances of pyrosequenced ampli- diometer (MODIS) observation and an empirical formula cons (Nelson et al., 2014). Despite their important (Morel, 1988). Mixed layer depth was defined as the first ecological roles (Massana, 2011; Caron et al., 2012), depth where the temperature was 0.2°C lower than that microbial eukaryotic diversity and distribution have been at surface (Steinhoff et al., 2010). rarely reported in the cyclonic eddy-influenced ecosystem. For molecular analyses, two samples were collected Among marine microbial eukaryotes, the pigmented from surface water and the deep chlorophyll maximum taxa are extremely diverse and are recognized as important (DCM) layer at each of the nine sampling stations. primary producers in open oceans (Li, 1994; Vaulot et al., Briefly, after being filtered through a 10-lm pore size 2008). However, the results of molecular surveys are com- mesh, 8–10-L seawater samples were prefiltered through monly dominated by heterotrophs when polymerase chain 5-lm pore size polycarbonate filters (Millipore, Ireland). reaction (PCR)-based approaches are used (Dıez et al., Subsequently, the penetrated seawater samples were fil- 2001; Moon-van der Staay et al., 2001; Not et al., 2007; tered through GF/F filters (Whatman, USA). Samples Stoeck et al., 2009). Methodological bias was even were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, brought back observed using novel flow cytometry sorting approaches to the laboratory and stored at À80°C until analyses. (Marie et al., 2010), with the diversity of pigmented For pigment analyses, six samples were collected at var- microbial eukaryotes typically being dominated by several ious depths (surface, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 m). One of taxa, including the Prymnesiophyceae, Mamiellophyceae, the six selected layers was replaced by the DCM at each and Cryptophyceae, in sorted samples. The utility of station based on real-time hydrological and fluorescence molecular methods (e.g., 18S rDNA clone library construc- profiles obtained from CTD sensors. Seawater samples of tion and next-generation sequencing) is considered to be 4–16 L were directly filtered onto GF/F filters at a pres- severely limited due to the use of universal primers to sure of lower than 150 mm Hg. Samples were immedi- address photosynthetic microbial eukaryotic diversity. ately frozen in liquid nitrogen on board and protected From August to September 2007, a cyclonic eddy in from light. Filters were then stored at À80°C in the labo- the southwestern South China Sea (SCS) was well ratory until further processing. depicted (Hu et al., 2011), and its ecological characteris- Nutrient samples and pigment samples were collected tics were discussed (Chen et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2011). together. Seawater samples were filtered through 0.45-lm Chen et al. (2010) reported the biogeochemical effects pore size acetate-fiber filters, and they were analyzed associated with the Mekong River plume in this area. within 24 h on board. Here, we further characterize the genetic diversity of microbial eukaryotes in these mesoscale process-influ- DNA extraction, cloning, and sequencing enced environments. We performed 18S rDNA cloning and sequencing associated with restriction fragment Filters were thawed at room temperature, and DNA was length polymorphisms (RFLPs), revealing an abundance extracted according to Countway et al. (2005) using the of sequences affiliated with pigmented taxa in these phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) mesoscale-influenced ecosystems for the first time. Fur- method. PCR and cloning were performed in two steps. thermore, using redundancy analysis (RDA) and the First, four universal eukaryotic primer sets (Table 1 and permutation Mantel test, we analyzed the effects of Fig. S1) were selected to amplify the near-full-length 18S mesoscale processes on the regulation of diversity and dis- rDNA fragments of the DNA mixture containing the 18 tribution of the major pigmented group Haptophyta. This samples. PCR amplification was carried out using a Go-Taq study significantly expands upon the current knowledge Flexi DNA Polymerase Kit (Promega, USA). Thermal of microbial eukaryotic diversity and distribution in these cycling was performed with a thermocycler (Bio-Rad, Mex- mesoscale process-influenced environments. ico) using the following protocol: one cycle at 95°C for 5 min, 30 cycles at 94°C for 40 sec, 55°C for 40 sec, 72°C ° Materials and Methods for 1.5 min, and a final extension at 72 C for 10 min, followed by a hold at 4°C. For each of the four primer sets, three separate reactions were performed and the PCR Sample collection products were pooled for construction of the following Sampling was conducted at nine stations in the south- four clone libraries: WS071 (Euk328f+1498R), WS072 western SCS on board from September 2 through 8, 2007 (EukA+1498R), WS073 (82F+1498R), and WS074 (Fig. 1). CTD casts equipped with an SBE-911 instrument (Euk328f+Euk329r). Clone libraries were constructed using ª 2015 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 827 Microbial Eukaryotes in Mesoscale Processes W. Wu et al. Depth 25˚ (m) 14˚ 30 N 50 N 100 250 29.75 500 20˚ 750 13˚ Y90 Y93 Y96 29.5 na Sea 1000 1250 1500 Vietnam 29.25 South Chi 2000 12˚ Y10 Y13 15˚ 2500 Y16 3000 29 3500 4000 28.75 10˚ 4500 11˚ Y30 Y33 Y36 5000 5500 28.5 6000 Mekong River plume 6500 5˚ 10˚ Ocean data view 28.25 105˚ 110˚ 115˚ 120˚E 108˚ 109˚ 110˚ 111˚ 112˚ 113˚E Figure 1. Sampling locations in the southwestern South China Sea (Schlitzer, 2014). Dots on the map correspond to the sampled stations for molecular analyses and pigment measurements. The colored background depicts the real-time surface water temperatures (°C) at all stations investigated during the cruise in 2007. Table 1. List of primers used in this study. showed the highest diversity among the four primer sets. Direction Primer Sequence (50–30) Source Eighteen clone libraries were constructed following the above-mentioned procedures.