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4.0 Ecology and Biodiversity AECOM Final Report Environment 4-1 4.0 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY 4.1 Introduction This chapter describes the ecological features on the route and in the immediate vicinity of the Bosphorus Third Bridge and Northern Marmara Motorway and identifies the potential effects that the scheme will have on ecological receptors in the area. Proposals for mitigation are described and the residual impacts of the Project are discussed. 4.2 Ecological Impact Assessment This chapter provides an assessment of the potential effects on sensitive ecological receptors of the Project. It identifies and assesses the potential construction and operational impacts of the development and formulates an appropriate mitigation strategy. In summary, the scope of this assessment is to: • Provide baseline ecological data on the proposed road alignment corridor; • Examine and analyse these data with regard to the proposed development; • Identify the significance of any potential direct/indirect impact on the ecology of the proposed development site and its immediate environs; and • Identify appropriate and effective means of mitigating the potential adverse impacts arising from the construction and operation of the proposed Bosporus Third Bridge and Northern Marmara Motorway and associated infrastructure. Impacts have been evaluated and assessed through using information derived from desk based studies and from site specific field surveys. Loss and/or fragmentation of habitats, focusing on potential impacts on important habitats and species has been considered within this assessment. 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Scope of Assessment This section summarizes the methods adopted for ecological desk study, habitat and protected species surveys. The general approach taken is a modified version of the guidelines published by the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (IEEM), July 2006. In addition, reference has also been made to the Turkish Environmental Legislation, Equator Principles (EP) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental Performance Standards. 4.3.2 Ecological Surveys Phase 1 Habitat Survey In order to determine the habitat characteristic of the total route of Third Bosphorus Bridge and Connected Motorways project two field surveys were conducted in 12-21 March 2013 and 14-20 April 2013 by an AECOM team composed of a wildlife ecologist, environmental scientist and botanist from AECOM. The Phase 1 Habitat Survey method was used to undertake the field surveys. This covered a survey corridor of 500m centered on the proposed route and was carried out following the method set out in the Handbook for Phase 1 Habitat Survey by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC 2010). Target notes were made Final ESIA 2 August 2013 AECOM Final Report Environment 4-2 to pinpoint features of interest, or locally occurring communities including particularly good habitats or where additional information was deemed necessary. In order to navigate the route, particular points were assigned along the daily route and these points were located using Google Earth and a hand held GPS. The survey buffer zone was determined as 250 metres on either side of each of these points. These points and the habitat types in these buffer zones were defined, noted and marked on the 1:25000 scale maps. The surveys started from the European side of the Bosphorus at the eastern most point in the vicinity of the bridge foundations at the edge of the strait. Construction activities were observed to have already started at these points and therefore it was not possible to determine what the habitat types had been at those points before works commenced, and therefore what habitats and plants had already been lost. The survey was then were conducted from east to west along the route on the European side. The survey was subsequently continued and completed on the Anatolian section. Aquatic and Marine Habitats The Project crosses or comes close to a number of watercourses, ponds and wetland, and where these were present within the 500m corridor, these were surveyed, habitats identified and any significant species noted. We were advised by ICA that no permanent works were proposed within the Bosphorus itself and that all structures would be positioned on the banks. However, it was noted that some temporary filling close to the shore had been undertaken, which will be removed once construction is complete. Therefore, no field surveys were planned or carried out in the aquatic environment although potential impacts on the marine environment are discussed in the ESIA. Other Species Surveys Due to significant time constraints, no other dedicated species surveys were conducted during the Phase 1 survey. However, incidental species sightings, including signs of species, such as footprints, droppings, burrows and other signs were noted where relevant. 4.3.3 Consultations Contact was made with the Forestry Department and useful information on the forests and woodland of Istanbul, and how they are currently managed was obtained. 4.3.4 Conditions of Survey and Survey Limitations There were certain limitations that applied to the surveys and to this assessment. The main issues were: • The first Phase 1 Habitat survey was undertaken quite early in the season, although the second survey was late enough to identify most common herbaceous species and early flowering species; • Access to some areas was restricted periodically due to, dense vegetation and/or heavy rain and the resulting mud affected safe access on some of the forest roads; • Some parts of the route pass through military zones and in one case we were not permitted to enter and survey within a site. However, it was possible to view this site from its perimeter in order to identify the habitats present; • Hand held GPS was used to aid in locating areas of interest. The accuracy of GPS varies depending on the terrain in which it is used. Under trees or in highly urbanized areas the accuracy of the GPS can be adversely affected. This effect was minimized through the use of paper field maps to complement GPS. Final ESIA 2 August 2013 AECOM Final Report Environment 4-3 4.3.5 Impact Assessment Methods The stages in the impact assessment are outlined below. In summary, the process involved: • Identification and evaluation of ecological receptors; • Consideration of the types of potential impacts on these receptors; • Description of the changes that these activities would have on receptors; and • Identification of the significance of the impact talking into account the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Evaluation of Ecological Receptors The assessment methodology is based on both experience gained by the consultants and guidance produced by such bodies as the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) and the (recently) Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (CIEEM). For a full assessment it is necessary to have some concept of the value of the habitats present within the Project area as well as its value in context of the ecological receptors that it supports. The value or potential value of an ecological resource or feature is determined within a defined geographical context as follows (refer to CIEEM Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment, 2006): • International; • Turkey; • Istanbul; • Local; and • Within zone of influence only. Designated sites and features are taken into account where relevant. There are several designations which are relevant to Bosphorus Third Bridge and Northern Marmara Motorway; these are discussed below. The biodiversity value of ecological resources and features is assessed on a range of criteria which take into account potential value, secondary or supporting value, social value and economic value. The CIEEM Guidelines advocate an approach to evaluation and impact assessment with less emphasis on conforming to tables such as 4-1 below and recommends an approach to valuation that involves teasing apart the different values that can be attached to the ecological receptors under consideration. The assessment has done this, therefore, whilst these tables offer a framework to rationalize evaluations in the first instance, professional judgment may vary from the criteria. Table 4-1 Resource Evaluation Criteria Value of Selection Criteria Resource Very high Habitats or species that are cited as interest features associated with an internationally (International) protected site, such as those designated under the Bern Convention, Ramsar Convention, etc. An internationally designated site or candidate site (Ramsar sites, SPA, pSPA, SAC, cSAC or SCI) or an area that it has determined meets the published criteria for such designations, irrespective of whether or not it has yet been notified (e.g. IBA and IPA). A viable area of a habitat listed in Annex I of the Habitats Directive or smaller areas of Final ESIA 2 August 2013 AECOM Final Report Environment 4-4 Value of Selection Criteria Resource such habitat which are essential to maintain the viability of a larger whole. Turkish Red data book species or listed as occurring in 15 or fewer 10 km squares in Turkey, or of uncertain conservation status or global conservation concern in the Turkey. A feature (e.g. habitat or population) which is either unique or sufficiently unusual to be considered as being one of the highest quality examples in an international/national context, such that the site is likely to be designated at an international level. A regularly occurring, nationally significant population/number of any internationally important species. A nationally designated site or a discrete area that meets the selection criteria for national designation irrespective of whether or not it has yet been notified. Habitats or species that are cited as interest features associated with a nationally designated site, such as a National Parks and Nature Parks. High (Turkey) A viable area of an identified priority habitat identified or smaller areas of such habitat, which are essential to maintain the viability of the whole. Any regularly occurring population of a nationally important species that is threatened or rare in the area. A regularly occurring, regionally significant population/number of any nationally important species.
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