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Anadolu Bozkir Bitkilerinin Fonksiyonel Karakter Örüntüleri

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Anadolu Bozkir Bitkilerinin Fonksiyonel Karakter Örüntüleri ANADOLU BOZKIR BİTKİLERİNİN FONKSİYONEL KARAKTER ÖRÜNTÜLERİ FUNCTIONAL TRAIT PATTERNS OF PLANTS OF ANATOLIAN STEPPES CANSU ÜLGEN DOÇ. DR. ÇAĞATAY TAVŞANOĞLU Tez Danışmanı Hacettepe Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim-Öğretim ve Sınav Yönetmeliğinin Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı için Öngördüğü YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ olarak hazırlanmıştır. 2019 Zerde’ye ve sevgili anneme… ÖZET ANADOLU BOZKIR BİTKİLERİNİN FONKSİYONEL KARAKTER ÖRÜNTÜLERİ Cansu ÜLGEN Yüksek Lisans, Biyoloji (Ekoloji) Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Çağatay TAVŞANOĞLU Haziran 2019, ix+198 sayfa Bozkırlar, Anadolu’nun büyük bir kısmında yayılış gösteren, genellikle kuraklığa uyarlanmış, kısa boylu çok yıllık bitkilerin yetiştiği bir vejetasyondur. Anadolu Bozkırlarının bulunduğu coğrafya, İran-Anadolu biyoçeşitlilik sıcak bölgesi ile çakışmaktadır ve sahip olduğu topografik ve iklimsel çeşitlilik nedeniyle büyük bir tür çeşitliliğine ve endemizme sahiptir. Son yıllarda vejetasyon çalışmalarında sıklıkla kullanılan fonksiyonel karakter yaklaşımı ekolojik ve evrimsel biyolojik araştırmalarda ve ekosistemlerin dinamiklerinin anlaşılmasında bilim insanlarına önemli kolaylıklar sağlamaktadır. Ekolojik araştırmalarda fonksiyonel karakter yaklaşımının kullanılmaya başlanması ile bitki fonksiyonel karakterlerini içeren veri tabanlarına olan ihtiyaç artmıştır. Literatürde Anadolu Bozkırı bitkilerinin fonksiyonel karakter örüntüleri ile ilgili önemli bir boşluk bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bu boşluğu gidermek ve gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara kaynaklık etmesi için Davis’in Türkiye ve Doğu Ege Adaları Florası adlı kitabından yararlanarak Anadolu bozkır bitkilerinin fonksiyonel karakter bilgilerini içeren bir veri tabanı oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Flora kitabından elde edilen boy, büyüme formu, dikenlilik, meyve tipi, yaprak şekli ve alanı gibi bitkilerin yaşam öyküleri hakkında bilgi verebilecek karakterler derlenmiş ve 75 familya, 584 cins ve 3198 taksona ait fonksiyonel karakter kaydı içeren bir veri tabanı oluşturulmuştur. Veri tabanı kullanılarak yapılan analizler sonucunda bozkırda yetişen bitki türlerinin ortalama 59 cm boyunda, genellikle çok yıllık otsu büyüme formunda, klonlanabilen, kuru meyve tipine sahip, çoğunlukla sarı ve beyaz renkli çiçekleri olan bitkilerden oluştuğu görülmüştür. i Bozkır bitkilerinin karakter yapılarının şekillenmesinde etkili olan otlatma gibi müdahalelere karşı çok sayıda bitkinin diken yapıları geliştirdikleri görülmüştür. Yapılan bu çalışma ile bozkır bitkilerinin fonksiyonel karakter yapısı eldeki veriler ışığında ortaya konmuştur. Veri tabanının geliştirilmesi ile daha kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılabilir. Bu açıdan Anadolu bozkırlarının araştırılması için yeni bir bakış açısı ortaya konmuş ve literatürdeki boşluklar giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Anadolu Bozkırları, bitki fonksiyonel karakterleri, karakter veri tabanı, yaprak alanı, boy, çiçek rengi, dikenlilik. ii ABSTRACT FUNCTIONAL TRAIT PATTERNS OF PLANTS OF ANATOLIAN STEPPES Cansu ÜLGEN Master of Science, Department of Biology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çağatay TAVŞANOĞLU June 2019, ix+198 pages The steppe is a vegetation type growing throughout the most of Anatolia, consisted of perennial plants with low height and adapted to drought,. The geographical area where Anatolian steppes are found overlaps with the Iran-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot and has a great species diversity and endemism drğven by its topographic and climatic diversity. Functional trait approach, which is frequently used in vegetation studies in recent years, provides important facilities for scientists in ecological and evolutionary biology researches and in our understanding the dynamics of ecosystems. Threfore, there is a need for functional trait databases, and there is an important gap in the literature regarding the functional trait patterns of Anatolian steppe plants. In this study, to fill this gap and to be a source for future studies, it is aimed to construct a database containing functional trait patterns of the Anatolian steppe vegetation by using the Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands by Davis. Traits that can give information about the life stories of plants such as height, growth form, spinescence, fruit type, leaf shape and leaf area were compiled from the Flora book, and finally a database containing functional trait records belonging to 75 families, 584 genera and 3198 taxa was created. As a result of the analyzes made using the database, steppe plants were found to have usually perennial herbaceous growth form, with an average height of 59 cm, clonability, dry fruit type, mostly yellow or white flowers. It has been seen that many steppe plants have spines against disturbances such as grazing, which are effective in shaping the trait structure of plants. With this study, the functional trait structure of steppe plants has been revealed in the light of the available data. Further development of iii the database will allow more comprehensive studies to be carried out. In this respect, a new perspective has been put forward to investigate the Anatolian steppes and the gaps in the literature have been tried to be eliminated. Keywords: Anatolian steppes, plant functional traits, trait database, leaf area, height, flower color, spinescence. iv TEŞEKKÜR Kendisiyle çalışabilmenin büyük bir ayrıcalık olduğunu düşündüğüm değerli tez danışmanım Doç. Dr. Çağatay TAVŞANOĞLU’na bilgi birikiminden ve tecrübelerinden yararlanma fırsatı tanıdığı, her zaman yol gösterici, destekleyici olduğu ve sabrı için çok teşekkür ederim. Değerli görüş ve önerileri için tez jürimde yer alan Prof. Dr. Cemal Can BİLGİN, Prof. Dr. Ahmet Emre YAPRAK ve Doç. Dr. Barış ÖZÜDOĞRU’ya, Parazit bitki grupları ile ilgili değerli katkıları için Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Golshan ZARE’ye, Verilerin derlenmesindeki katkılarından dolayı Zeynep Ladin COŞGUN, İrem GÜLER, Nartjan ÖZDEN, Mehmet Göktuğ ÖZTÜRK ve Besir ZENELİ’ye, Yüksek lisansım süresince desteklerini eksik etmeyen başta Gökhan ERGAN, İsmail BEKAR ve İrem TÜYSÜZ olmak üzere tüm eski ve yeni YETA üyelerine, Verdikleri ilham ve gösterdikleri yol için kıymetli öğretmenlerim Beyhan İÇLİ ve Nilgün GÜÇLÜ’ye, Canım arkadaşlarım Sim ÜSTÜNER, Nurbahar USTA BAYKAL, Ecenur ATASAYAR, Sevilay KARAGÜL, Arif DEMİR, Hilal Deniz ESER, Ali Kemal KIRÇAKÇI, Zeynel Can ÖNAL, Cihan Anıl BENLİ ve Sezay ONBAŞI’ya, Ailemize katıldığından beri neşe kaynağımız olan, tezimi tamamlamamı dört gözle bekleyen biricik kedim Zerde’ye, Maddi manevi desteklerini asla esirgemeyen aileme, özellikle tez yazım sürecim boyunca her zaman yanımda olan sevgili anneme çok teşekkür ederim. v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ........................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ iii TEŞEKKÜR ............................................................................................................. v İÇİNDEKİLER ......................................................................................................... vi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................. viii ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ .............................................................................................. ix 1. GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Ilıman Çayırlar, Avrasya Stepleri ve Anadolu Bozkırları ............................... 1 1.2. Fonksiyonel Karakter Yaklaşımı ................................................................... 5 1.3. Veri Tabanında Yer Verilen Karakterler ....................................................... 8 1.4. Çalışmanın Amacı ...................................................................................... 12 2. YÖNTEM .......................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Çalışma Alanı ve Habitatlar ........................................................................ 13 2.2. Fonksiyonel Bitki Karakterleri ..................................................................... 14 2.3. Veri kaynağı olarak Türkiye ve Doğu Ege Adaları Florası (1965) ve P.H. Davis ................................................................................................................. 17 2.4. Veri Tabanının Oluşturulması..................................................................... 18 2.4.1. Büyüme formu...................................................................................... 19 2.4.2. Bitki boyu ............................................................................................. 20 2.4.3. Klon oluşturabilme yeteneği ................................................................. 20 2.4.4. Çiçek Rengi ve Deseni ......................................................................... 20 2.4.5. Yaprak Fenolojisi ................................................................................. 21 2.4.6. Meyve Tipi ........................................................................................... 21 2.4.7. Tohum büyüklüğü ................................................................................ 22 2.4.8. Besin ilişkileri ....................................................................................... 22 2.4.9. Dikenlilik ............................................................................................... 22 2.4.10. Yaprakların konumu ..........................................................................
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