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Organic Solid State Lasers for Sensing Applications

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Organic Solid State Lasers for Sensing Applications Organic Solid State Lasers for Sensing Applications Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor-Ingenieurs von der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl.-Phys. Thomas Woggon geb. in Berlin Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 7. Juli 2011 Hauptreferent: Prof. Dr. U. Lemmer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. V. Saile i Journal Publications 1. C. Eschenbaum, T. Woggon and U. Lemmer, High speed fabrication of toroi- dal micro-ring resonators by two photon direct laser writing, Nonlinear Pho- tonics, OSA Technical Digest (CD), NThB8, (2010) 2. T. Woggon, S. Klinkhammer and U. Lemmer, Compact spectroscopy system based on tunable organic semiconductor lasers, Appl. Phys. B. 99(1), 47–51 (2010) 3. S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, C. Vannahme, U. Geyer, S. Valouch, T. Mappes and U. Lemmer, Optical spectroscopy with organic semiconductor lasers,(Best Student Paper), Proc. SPIE 7722-53 (2010) 4. M. Stroisch, T. Woggon, C. Teiwes-Morin, S. Klinkhammer, K. Forberich, A. Gombert, M. Gerken and U. Lemmer, Intermediate high index layer for laser mode tuning in organic semiconductor lasers, Opt. Express 18(6), 5890–5895 (2010) 5. S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, U. Geyer, C. Vannahme, S. Dehm, T. Mappes and U. Lemmer, A continuously tunable low-threshold organic semiconduc- tor distributed feedback laser fabricated by rotating shadow mask evaporation, Appl. Phys. B. 97(4), 787-791 (2009) 6. T. Mappes, C. Vannahme, S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, M. Schelb, S. Lenhert, J. Mohr and U. Lemmer, Polymer biophotonic lab-on-a-chip devices with integrated organic semiconductor lasers, Proc. SPIE 7418-9 (2009) 7. M. Stroisch, C. Teiwes-Morin, T. Woggon, M. Gerken, U. Lemmer, K. For- berich and A. Gombert Photonic stopband tuning of organic semiconductor distributed feedback lasers by oblique angle deposition of an intermediate high index layer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 021112 (2009) 8. T. Woggon, T. Kleiner, M. Punke and U. Lemmer, Nanostructuring of organic-inorganic hybrid materials for distributed feedback laser resonators by two photon polymerization,Opt.Express17(4), 2500–2507 (2009) 9. M. Punke, T. Woggon,M.Stroisch,B.Ebenhoch,U.Geyer,C.Karnutsch, M. Gerken, U. Lemmer, M. Bruendel, J. Wang and T. Weimann, Organic semiconductor lasers as integrated light sources for optical sensor systems, Proc. SPIE 6659-8 (2007) 10. M. Stroisch, T. Woggon, U. Lemmer, G. Bastian, G. Violakis and S. Pis- sadakis, Organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser fabricated by direct laser interference ablation,Opt.Express15, 3968, (2007) Patent applications 1. T. Woggon, S. Klinkhammer, S. Valouch, J. Bach and U. Lemmer, Tunable laser light source based on variable optical pulse excitation and method for operating same, US2011043801 (A1), EP2287980 (A1) (2009). ii Book chapters 1. T. Woggon, M. Punke, M. Stroisch, M. Bruendel, M. Schelb, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, J. Mohr and U. Lemmer, Organic Semiconductor Lasers as In- tegrated Light Sources for Optical Sensors in: Organic Electronics in Sensors and Biotechnology, 265-298, Mcgraw-Hill, ISBN-10: 0071596755, (2009) Awa r d s 1. VISOLAS: the tunable organic laser, 1st Prize, "Best Innovation by an Indi- vidual Researcher", European Photonics Innovation Village, SPIE Photonics Europe, Brussels, Belgium, April 12-16, (2010) Conferences 1. S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, X. Liu, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes and U. Lemmer, Plastic Lasers for Optical Spectroscopy, 1st Winter School of Organic Electronics, Heidelberg, Germany, December 9-12, (2010) 2. S. Klinkhammer, C. Vannahme, T. Woggon,T.MappesandU.Lemmer,Or- ganic semiconductor lasers for sensing applications, Polydays, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, October 3-5, (2010) 3. S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes and U. Lemmer, Op- tical spectroscopy with organic semiconductor lasers, SPIE Photonics Europe 7722: Organic Photonics, Brussels, Belgium, April 12-16, (2010) 4. C. Eschenbaum, T. Woggon and U. Lemmer, High speed fabrication of to- roidal micro-ring resonators by two photon direct laser writing, OSA Topical Meeting: Nonlinear Photonics, Karlsruhe, Germany, June 21-24, (2010) 5. C. Vannahme, S. Klinkhammer, A. Kolew, T. Woggon,T.Mappes,U.Lem- mer and J. Mohr, Hot embossing of micro- and nanostructures for the integra- tion of organic semiconductor lasers and deep UV induced waveguides towards a lab-on-chip system,35th International Conference on Micro Nano Engineer- ing (MNE), Ghent, Belgium, September 28 - Oktober 1, (2009) 6. S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, U. Geyer, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes and U. Lemmer, Rotating shadow mask evaporation and its use for continuously tun- able low-threshold organic semiconductor distributed feedback lasers,10th Eu- ropean Conference on Molecular Electronics (ECME), Copenhagen, Denmark, September 9-12, (2009) 7. S. Klinkhammer, T. Woggon, U. Geyer, C. Vannahme, T. Mappes, S. Dehm and U. Lemmer, A Continuously Tunable Low-threshold Organic Semicon- ductor Distributed Feedback Laser, Mini-Symposium on Organic Lasers and Hybrid Optical Structures, Grasmere, June 22-25, (2009) 8. T. Woggon, Organic Lasers for Laser Induced Fluorescence Measurements for Life Sciences, Seminar Course: Research Topics in Optics and Photonics, Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics, November 5, (2008) Invited talk iii 9. T. Woggon, Potential Usage of Organic Electro-Optic Components in Bio- molecular Analysis, Agilent Technologies University Relations Research Fair, Waldbronn, Germany, September 19, (2007) Invited talk 10. C. Gärtner, C. Karnutsch, J. Brückner, T. Woggon,S.Uebe,N.Christand U. Lemmer, Numerical study of annihilation processes, excited state absorption and field quenching for various organic laser diode design concepts,9th Euro- pean Conference on Molecular Electronics (ECME), Metz, France, September 5-8, (2007) (Poster presentation) 11. M. Punke, T. Woggon, M. Stroisch, C. Karnutsch, S. Mozer, U. Lemmer, M. Bruendel, D.G. Rabus and T. Weimann, All-organic waveguide coupled solid- state distributed feedback laser, CLEO/Europe-IQEC 2007, CH-2-4, Munich, Germany, June, 17-22, (2007) 12. T. Woggon,M.Punke,M.Stroisch,B.Ebenhoch,U.Geyer,C.Karnutsch, M. Gerken, U. Lemmer, M. Bruendel, J. Wang and T. Weimann, Organic semiconductor lasers as integrated light sources for optical sensor systems, SPIE Optics+Photonics 6659, San Diego, CA, USA, August 26-30, (2007) 13. M. Punke, M. Stroisch, T. Woggon,A.Pütz,M.P.Heinrich,M.Gerken,U. Lemmer, M. Bruendel, D.G. Rabus, J. Wang and T. Weimann, Fabrication and characterization of organic solid-state lasers using imprint technologies, IEEE / LEOS Summer Topicals 2007, Portland, OR, USA, July 23-25, (2007) 14. T. Woggon, M. Punke, M. Stroisch, M. Gerken, U. Lemmer, M. Bruen- del, D.G. Rabus, J. Wang and T. Weimann, Integrated organic semiconductor lasers for lab-on-a-chip applications, NanoBio-Europe 2007, Münster, Ger- many, June 13-15, (2007) (Poster presentation) Supervised work 1. Karl Lüll, Modifikation eines Blu-ray Pickups zum Anregen eines organischen Halbleiterlasers, Bachelor thesis, 2010 2. Carsten Eschenbaum, Herstellung mikrooptischer Bauelemente mittels 3D- Laserlithographie, Master thesis, 2009 3. Tobias Kappler, Ankopplung einer organischen Photodiode an ein mikrooptis- ches System, Studienarbeit, 2009 4. Thomas Kleiner, Einsatz der direkten Laserlithographie zur Realisierung op- tischer Mikro- und Nanostrukturen für die Biosensorik, Diplomarbeit, 2007 iv CONTENTS v Contents Zusammenfassung 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Fundamentals 7 2.1 Optics ................................... 8 2.1.1 Snell’s law and total internal reflection ............. 8 2.1.2 Optical waveguides ........................ 10 2.1.3 Geometric etendue and resolution limits ............ 13 2.1.4 Optical resolution limits ..................... 14 2.2 Organic semiconductor lasers ...................... 17 2.2.1 Stimulated emission and the LASER principle ......... 17 2.2.2 Distributed feedback resonators for organic lasers ....... 20 2.2.3 Absorption and emission of light in organic materials ..... 24 2.2.4 Energy transfer systems ..................... 27 2.2.5 Optical excitation of organic semiconductor lasers ....... 28 2.2.6 Identifying laser operation .................... 30 2.2.7 Wavelength-tuning of organic DFB lasers ............ 31 3 Materials and processing technologies 35 3.1 Materials ................................. 36 3.1.1 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) .............. 36 3.1.2 Cyclic olefin copolymer Topas® ................. 37 3.1.3 Permanent epoxy negative photoresist SU-8 2000 ....... 38 3.1.4 Organically modified ceramic Ormocomp ............ 38 3.1.5 The composite molecular system Alq3:DCM .......... 39 3.2 Processing technologies .......................... 42 3.2.1 Photolithography ......................... 42 3.2.2 Laser interference lithography .................. 42 3.2.3 3D direct laser writing ...................... 43 3.2.4 Thin film deposition ....................... 45 3.2.5 Hot embossing and UV nanoimprint lithography ........ 46 4 Rapid prototyping of laser resonators and microoptical systems 49 4.1 Rapid prototyping of sub-micron structures ............... 50 4.1.1 Basic optical setup of a 3D-DLW system ............ 50 4.1.2 Fabrication speed considerations ................. 51 vi CONTENTS 4.1.3 Measuring the position of the resin-glass interface ....... 52 4.1.4 Functional materials ....................... 54 4.2 Rapid prototyping of DFB laser resonators ............... 57 4.2.1 Voxel-line stacking method for DFB resonator gratings .... 57 4.2.2 Fabrication
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