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New Materials and Device Architectures for Organic Solid-State Lasers Hadi Rabbani-Haghighi

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New materials and device architectures for organic solid-state lasers Hadi Rabbani-Haghighi To cite this version: Hadi Rabbani-Haghighi. New materials and device architectures for organic solid-state lasers. Optics [physics.optics]. Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2011. English. tel-00643467 HAL Id: tel-00643467 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00643467 Submitted on 22 Nov 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 13 INSTITUT GALILÉE LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS THÈSE présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 13 Discipline : Physique par Hadi Rabbani-Haghighi Nouveaux matériaux et architectures de dispositifs pour les lasers organiques à l’état solide Soutenue le 26 octobre 2011 devant le jury composé de : M. Alain Siove, LPL, Université PARIS 13 Directeur de thèse Mme Isabelle Ledoux-Rak, LPQM, ENS Cachan Rapportrice M. Patrick Georges, LCF, Institut d’Optique Graduate School Rapporteur Mme Sophie Bouchoule, Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures M. Jean-Jacques Simon, IM2NP, Université Paul Cézanne Aix –Marseille III Mme Elena Ishow, CEISAM, Université de Nantes M. Frédéric du Burck, LPL, Université PARIS 13 M. Sébastien Chénais, LPL, Université PARIS 13 To my beloved family and the important persons in my life ii Acknowledgements The current dissertation is the result of a three-year work that has been realized in the organic photonics and nanostructures group, part out of eight groups at Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), university of Paris 13. Certainly, this thesis would not have been possible unless the assistance of many people who stood by my side at different stages and supported me at all moments in various ways during three years of the exciting work. I am whole-heartedly indebted to them. I start by the head of the laboratory; Mr. Charles Desfrançois for giving me the opportunity to realize my research work at the best possible condition under his direction. Merci beaucoup! Words fail me to express my gratitude to my thesis director, Alain Siove and my two great mentors, Sébastien Chénais and Sébastien Forget. During the course of this work they made available their support in a number of ways and have become a role model for my future career. Thank you so much Alain! Not only because of what you thought me in chemistry of organic compounds but also for being so compassionate to me in different occasions. I never forget your kindness, especially in the last days for helping me with the shopping and carrying of the foods and drinks for the thesis defense reception. The two Sébastiens with their distinctive and persistent efforts in doing research and experiments featured the notion of an authentic scientific person to me. They introduced me to the fascinating world of organic photonics and gave me valuable insights into the domain of lasers. All that I know in this field is because of these persons and for this reason I keenly appreciate what they did for me. Collective and individual acknowledgements are conveyed to my thesis reading committee members. I am so grateful to my thesis referees Mr. Patrick Georges and Ms. Isabelle Ledoux-Rak for accepting this role and reading the thesis manuscript with great care, interest and patience. It was an extreme honor for me to have them as well as other members of the jury, Ms. Sophie Bouchoule, Mr. Jean-Jaques Simon, Ms. Elena Ishow iii and Mr. Frédéric du Burck as my thesis board of examiners. I owe a further gratitude to Ms. Ishow for providing me with the novel organic compound for laser characterization. She is an exemplary and kind-hearted person whom I never forget for her favors to me. I would like to thank Thierry Billeton from the optics workshop for preparing me the silica substrates and for his valuable advice and guidance about the substrate cleaning procedure. I equally thank Albert Kaladjian and Brahim Kasmi from the mechanics workshop who kindly prepared me the required mechanical pieces within the shortest possible delay. I am grateful to Fabrice Wiotte and Julien De Lapeyre De Bellair from the electronics workshop for design and fabrication of the signal peak detector circuit which became a crucial tool for laser emission lifetime measurement. My gratitude also goes to Jeanne Solard and Nathalie Fabre for making it possible to use the clean room facilities whenever it was needed. I would like to acknowledge the administration of the LPL, Martine Alsters, Solen Guezennec for all their help and support. I also thank Sabine Barbut, the past member of the administration who helped me so much during the first days and months of my arrival to the laboratory. I am so thankful to Nordine Diffalah, Manal Yewakim and Xin zhang; the students who spent the period of their Master thesis internship at LPL and significantly contributed to the advancement of the realized experiments. It was an honor for me to know Marie-Calude Castex and Dominique Adès whom I really enjoyed and benefited from discussions during the period of my presence in the laboratory. It’s a pleasure to thank from Mélanie Lebental at ENS Cachan for the fruitful and scientific discussions. I would like to thank my friends in the organic photonics and nanostructures group, Quentin Ripault, Anthony Coens, François Gourdon, Getachew Ayenew and Tatiana Leang for their friendship and making me joyful moments in and outside of the laboratory iv environment. I equally thank from Iryna Gozhyc at ENS Cachan. I wish them all a prosperous continuation with their Ph.D. studies. I would like to thank all the members of the Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers for creating a very pleasant, comfortable and friendly atmosphere and making the laboratory as my second home. Merci à tous et à toutes ! I would like to show my special gratitude to a group of my best friends, starting with Roshanak Ashrafnejad who was the very first Iranian whom I met short after moving to the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris (CIUP) in September 2008. This acquaintance was a key to meet several others: Mohammad Ghorbani, Maryam Jabbari, Amir Karimi, Amir Besharati and Mohammad-Ali Jenabian. Being at this convivial and vibrant place for two years and having the chance to meet these people forged me unforgettable moments which will stay with me during my entire life. I wish them all success in their studies and every other aspect of their lives and I am very eager to see them again wherever/whenever possible. Lastly, I cannot forget my dear family. If it was not their unflagging support and encouragement, today I would not be at this stage. To thank them, I would like to say some words in Persian: رو درم ط# ز" ت و ن ھاره از ردان و ارم. v Table of contents INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF ORGANIC SOLID-STATE DYE LASERS .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Overview of organic solid-state dye lasers ............................................................................................... 3 Optically-pumped solid-state dye lasers ....................................................................................................... 3 “Indirect electrical pumping” approach ....................................................................................................... 7 Thesis organization ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTO-INDUCED LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTION IN ORGANIC MATERIALS ............................................................... 11 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.1 Perrin-Jablonski diagram ............................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2 Intramolecular deactivation pathways in electronically-excited molecules ................................... 13 1.1.2.1 Radiative decays ................................................................................................................ 13 1.1.2.2 Non-radiative decays ......................................................................................................... 14 1.1.3 Excited-state bimolecular interactions ......................................................................................... 16 1.1.3.1 Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) ........................................................................... 16 1.1.3.2 Annihilation (quenching) ................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Generalities on light absorption and amplification ........................................................................ 18 1.2.1 Light absorption in a medium
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