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Chapter 6 Forest Communities & Cprs in the Hill Region
Chapter 6 Forest Communities & CPRs in the Hill Region 6.1 Introduction The region to be studied lies within the Eastern Himalaya which is a biodiversity hotspot little explored as yet by Government scientific agencies like the Botanical Survey of India [BSI] and the Zoological Survey of India [ZSI]. This makes it an important conservation zone, with an approximate area of 15000 sq. km. of forests having already been committed to designated Protected Areas. However imposition of statutory control over regional forests has been accompanied by large scale diversion of forest lands to plantations, agriculture and urban settlement. Economic development has also been accompanied by high levels of immigration which have brought forests in the region under extreme pressure, threatening their very survival. Study of the status of property rights and the patterns of use of CPRs, woodfuels and other forest resources is thus expected to throw light on the interdependence of human communities, economic development and natural resources in a region of the Himalaya where significant forests still survive. By documenting forest access and CPR-use by the communities that live on the very edge of subsistence at the forest fringe~ we make an attempt to meaningfully contribute towards the operationalisation of sustainable development through the means of self-governing social control systems. The present chapter and the next are based on the case-studies undertaken in the two northern districts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri in West Bengal respectively. 6.1.1 Geographical Description and Position of the Darjeeling district. Darjeeling is a small district that lies between 26°31' and 27°13' North latitude and between 87° 59' and 88° 53' East longitude in the extreme north of the state of West Bengal in India. -
SALMA SULTANA 9425 Castle Pines Dr • Austin, Texas 78717• 512 413 1226• [email protected]
SALMA SULTANA 9425 Castle Pines Dr • Austin, Texas 78717• 512 413 1226• [email protected] EDUCATION 2008 Ph.D, Geography, Jadavpur University, India 2003 M.Phil, Remote Sensing & GIS, University of North Bengal, India 2001 M.Sc, Geography, University of Burdwan, India 1999 B.Sc, Geography (Honors), University of Burdwan, India PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS 2013 - 2017 Research Fellow, University of Texas, Austin 2010 2013 Assistant Professor, Aliah University, India - 2010 - 2010 Assistant Professor, Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith, India 2009 - 2010 Lecturer, Netaji Institute for Asian Studies, India 2007 - 2009 Research Associate, Netaji Institute for Asian Studies, India RESEARCH INTEREST Application of Remote Sensing & Geographical Information System, Environmental Issues in Geography and Sustainable Development, Interaction between People and Physical Environment, Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change. SPECIALIZED TRAINING ON REMOTE SENSING & GIS - “Remote Sensing Technology And its Applications including Image Processing, Pattern Recognition & GIS” from NRSA, Dept. of Space, Govt. of India, HYDERABAD.2003 - “Digital Mapping And Geographical Information System” NATMO, National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO), Govt. of India, Kolkata.2002 - “Remote Sensing And Geographical Information System” from National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO), Govt. of India, Kolkata.2001 - “Application of Aerial Photography in Thematic Mapping” from National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO), Govt. of India, Kolkata.2000 - “GEOMEDIA PROFESSIONAL” ROLTA INDIA Limited, Mumbai, India. - 21st Century GISADV EDU Easy GIS with image Analysis & Terrain Modeling from Twenty first century Solutions, Kolkata RESEARCH PROJECT CARRIED OUT/RESEARCH INTEREST 1. May, 2009 - April, 2010 “Sacred Groves and Biodiversity Conservation – Birbhum,West Bengal” West Bengal Higher Education Department Joint Project Co- ordinator (Netaji Institute for Asian Studies.) 2. -
21 Appendix.Pdf
+ APPEND X-I A INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AREA: DARJEELING HILL AREAS 1.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARY There are four subdivisions in the area of the Darjeeling district. Of which one of the subdivision falls under plain area (Siliguri have been excluded, from the study. The rest of the three subdivisions viz. Darjeeling, Kurseong and Kalimpong form the universe of the study. These three subdivisions comprises of following eight blocks namely Pulbazar-Darjeeling, Sukhia-Jorebunglow, and Rangli Rangliot in Darjeeling subdivision, Mirik and Kurseong in Kurseong Subdivision and Kalimpong-I, Kalimpong-II and Gorubathan in Kalimpong subdivision. Siliguri has been excluded because it has separate entity and that it falls out of Hill development Programmed. Beside with the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 1986 there has been much bifurcation of developmental programme. The hill area of the Darjeeling covers an area of 2417.25 Sq.Km. It accounts for 2.72% ofthe total area ofthe state of West Bengal. The Hill area lies between 26° 3 t' and 27°13' north latitude and between 87°59' and 88° 33 '. East longitude .. It is bounded by Sikkim in the North, Bhutan on the East, Nepal on the West, Dist of Jalpaiguri and Siliguri subdivision in the South 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DARJEELING The history of Darjeeling hill areas begins with the acquisition of the hilly tract, measuring 138 sq. miles comprising areas from Pankhabari to Badamtam, for setting up health resorts by British for its employees from the Raja ofSikkim in 1835. The District acquired the present dimension in 1866 as a result of wars with Sikkim and Bhutan between the period 1850 and 1866 Origin of Name: The name Darjeeling is a corruption of Dorji, the precious stone or ecclesiastical sceptre, which is emblematic ofthe thunderbolt ofSekhra (Indra) and a 'ling' to denote Place. -
District Census Handbook Darjeeling, Part X-C, Series-22, West Bengal
CENSUS 1971 SERIES 22 WEST BENGAL DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK DARJEELING PART x-c. DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, WEST BENGAL Price: (Inland) Rs. 20.00 Paise; (Foreign) £ 2.33 or 7 $ 20 cents. PUBLISHED BY THE CONTROLLER, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, WEST BENGAL AND PRINTED BY ART ENGRAVERS, 2B. GARCHA 1sT LANE, CALCUTTA-700019 1980 ( ii i ) DARJEELING AT A GLANCE Area 3,075.0 Sq. Km. Number of Subdivisions 4 Number of Police Stations 13 Number of Towns: Total 4 Municipal 4 Non-Municipal .. Number of mauzas 590 Number of inhabited mauzas 007 Population: Total 781,777 Rural 601,565 Urban 180,212 Proportion of urban population to total population 23.05% Sex Ratio 882 Density of population 254 Sq. Km. Growth of population ('~1~71). "' 25.16% ;.... ~" ..... Literacy (excluding age-'cir_aup 0-4) : Total 38.48% Males 48.24% Females 27.24% Number of Workers 282,442 Percentage of Workers to Total Population 36.13% Employment pattern of workers : Number of Percentage to total Category of Work«s persons Workers ( 1 ) ( 2) (3) (i) Cultivators 86,054 30.47 (ii) Agricultural Labourers 25,783 9.13 (iii) Other Workers 170,605 60.40 v 1971 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS GOVERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL PUBLICATIONS Series 22: West Bengal-Part IX-A-Administrative Atlas-Published Series 22: West Bengal-Part X-A & Band X-C 34 Volumes of District Census Handbooks lPart X-A & B) (Part X-C) (Part X-A & B) (Part X-C) Darjeeling Published Present Volume Howrah Published In Press Jalpaiguri Published In Press Calcutta Published In Press Cooch Behar Published In Press Hooghly Published -
11 Employment Status and Human Development of Tea Plantation
NRPPD Discussion Paper 11 EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OF TEA PLANTATION WORKERS IN WEST BENGAL Namrata Thapa 2012 EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OF TEA PLANTATION WORKERS IN WEST BENGAL Namrata Thapa 2012 4 ABSTRACT The tea plantation sector has been considered to be a major source of livelihood and employment for the population of the regional economies. Structural changes in this sector have led to the emergence of labour categories such as permanent estate workers, casual estate workers and self employed small tea growers. Several studies have attempted to understand the human development status of the plantation workers, without much regard to these existent categories. The paper has tried to understand the human development status, in terms of education, health and basic amenities, of the plantation workers classified as permanent, casual and self employed workers. The study uses a combination of secondary evidence on the employment pattern of the workers engaged in the estates, complemented by micro level data collected from the tea plantations of the Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The findings suggest that the casual workers who had lower employment status had lower asset ownership position and hence lower standard of living indicating their lower human development. However, contrary to the notion of permanent workers in an organised industry being better off in terms of employment status, asset position and hence better standard of living; it was observed that despite their employment status being relatively better than the casual workers and small growers, their asset ownership position and hence living standard was relatively poorer than the small growers. -
Darjeeling 2020-21
DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN DARJEELING 2020-21 Government of West Bengal Office of District Magistrate, Darjeeling Department Of Disaster Management Tel/Fax No. : 0354-2255749 Email id.: [email protected] INDEX PAGE NOS. NOS. CONTENTS Emergency Control Numbers 1. CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 1-4 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1 1.2 AUTHORITY FOR DDMP 1 1.3 EVOLUTION OF DDMP 2 1.4 STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES 3 1.5 HOW TO USE DDMP 3 1.6 APPROVAL MECHANISM OF DDMP 4 1.7 REVIEW AND UPDATEN OD D.D.M.P 4 2. CHAPTER II – DISTRICT HAZARD RISK VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ASSESSMENT 5-27 (HRVCA) 2.1 DISTRICT PROFILE (GEOGRAPHICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND DEMOGRAPHIC) 5 a District Landuse/Landcover Map 7 b District Geological Map 8 c District Administrative Map 9 d District Mp of Transpot Lines 10 e District Map of Settlements 11 2.2 HAZARD PROFILE 12 2.3 (i) AREAS AFFECTED BY CALAMITY (2019) 13-15 Monsoon Calamity Assessment Report (2019) 16 2.3 (ii) AREAS AFFECTED BY CALAMITY (2018) 17-21 2.4 INVENTORY OF PAST DISASTERS 20-23 2.5 HVRCA ACROSS THE FOUR SUBDIVISIONS 26-27 3. CHAPTER III - INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 28-32 3.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY 28 3.2 FUNCTIONAL FLOW AND HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF AUTHORITIES AND COMMITTEES 29 3.3 POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF DDMA 29-31 3.4 STRENGTHENING DDMA 32 4. CHAPTER IV - PREVENTIVE MITIGATION MEASURES 33-34 4.1 PREVENTIVE MEASURES ADOPTED AT EACH BLOCK 33 4.2 DISTRICT LEVEL MITIGATION PROJECTS UNDER NATIONAL LEVEL 34 4.3 PREVENTIVE GUIDELINES OF N.D.M.A FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES – COVID-19 PANDEMIC 34 5. -
CHAPTER III Demographic Pattern in Darjeeling
CHAPTER III Demographic Pattern in Darjeeling • Growth of Population o Introduction o Growth of Population in Darjeeling • Composition of Population • Distribution of Population o Distlibution of Population According to Sex o Rural and Urban Distribution of Population o Malital Status • Conclusions CHAPTER ill Demographic Pattern in Darjeeling 3.1 Growth of Population 3.1.1 Introduction Populations have a birth rate, that is, the number of young produced per unit of population per unit of time and a death rate, that is, the number of deaths per unit of time and a growth rate. The major agent of population growth is births, and the major agent of population loss is deaths. When births exceed deaths, a population increases; and when deaths exceed additions to a population, it decreases. When births equal deaths in a given population, its size remains the same, and it is said to have zero population growth. The rate of population growth is the rate of natural increase combined with the effects of migration. Thus a high rate of natural increase can be offset by a large net out-migration, and a high level of net in-migration can counter a low.rate of natural increase. Generally speaking, however, these migration effects on population growth rates are far smaller than the effects of changes in fertility and mortality. An important and often misunderstood characteristic of human populations is the tendency of a highly fertile population that has been increasing rapidly in size to continue to do so for decades after the onset of even ~ substantial decline in fertility. -
Landslide Hazard in Darjeeling Himalayan Region and Its Management: a Study of Geographical Perspective
Landslide Hazard in Darjeeling Himalayan Region and Its Management: A Study of Geographical Perspective Madhusudan Karmakar Assistant professor, Maynaguri College ABSTRACT Landslide is a recurring natural phenomenon observed in mountainous terrain of Darjeeling Himalaya. It is the most pervasive of natural hazards that undermine the economic and cultural development of Darjeeling Himalaya. It brings a great loss of life and heavy damage to land and property. The main objective of the present study is to identify the causes of landslides, their impact and to suggest necessary measures to mitigate the hazard in the Darjeeling Himalaya. The findings of the present study reveals that it is neither possible to stop the landslides nor to completely eliminate their damages but it is possible to minimize the severity of the impact and the damage potential through several structural measures and settlement policy with strong public awareness. Keywords: Geo-environment aspects; critical areas; impacts; management INTRODUCTION Landslides are the most recurring natural hazard which severely affect safety and security of inhabitants and forbid the sustainable development of the hilly areas. Due to some geological factors, unprecedented growth of population during the last few decades in the Darjeeling hill areas of West Bengal in India the problem of landslide has been very acute. The objective of the present study is to highlight the nature of landslide of the Darjeeling hilly area and to present an overview of its mitigation measures. The present study first explores the geo-environmental aspects of the Darjeeling hilly area that encourage the landslides in the area. After mentioning the critical areas of landslides the study proceeds with a description of past and present landslide disaster scenario. -
Dissertation Submitted to the Sikkim University in Partial Fulfillment of the Award of the Degree Of
PLANTATION INDUSTRY OF DARJEELING REGION: A HISTORICAL STUDY Dissertation Submitted to the Sikkim University in Partial Fulfillment of the Award of The Degree of MASTERS OF PHILOSOPHY Submitted by SUSHMA RAI Supervised by Ms. SANGMU THENDUP Assistant Professor Department of History School of Social Sciences Sikkim University Sikkim 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the very outset, I feel proud to express my deep sense of gratitude to my Supervisor, Ms. Sangmu Thendup for her guidance in shaping my research imagination and constant help and inspiration in every step for preparation of my dissertation in spite of her busy schedule. She indeed, remained an unfailing source of strength, inspiration and guidance in completing my work. I am greatly obliged to my H.O.D Dr. V. Krishna Ananth and the rest of the faculty members of History Department, Sikkim University for their help and support, without which this work would have not been possible. I am thankful to the authorities and staff of Central Library of Sikkim University, Darjeeling District Library, Libraries at North Bengal University, Centre of Himalayan Studies (N.B.U), Southfield College, Salesian College, Darjeeling Government College, National Library, Kolkata and Asiatic Society, Kolkata for providing access to the rare books, Journals and articles for my present study. I would also like to thank the office staffs of Indian Tea association, Darjeeling Tea Association, Darjeeling Planters’ Club, Tea Board of India, Directorate of Cinchona and Other Medicinal Plants, Darjeeling Municipality and Kutchery, Darjeeling. This work would not have been possible without the help and support of my parents and my sister. -
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE SUNIL KUMAR DE Date of Birth: 28th December, 1965 Academic Qualifications: M.Sc. (C.U.), Ph.D. (C.U.) Present position: PROFESSOR Affiliation: Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, NEHU Campus, Umshing, Shillong - 793022, Meghalaya, India Phone numbers: (Off): +91 364 2723216; (Mobile): +91 9862009202 / +91 9402142496 E-mail: [email protected] /[email protected] / [email protected] Specializations: Applied and Environmental Geomorphology, GIS Areas of Interest: Landslide, Soil Erosion, Surface Hydrology and Fluvial Hazards Previous Affiliations: 1. Department of Geography and Disaster Management, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar- 799022, Tripura (03.04.2006 -27.06. 2013. Left as Reader) 2. Union Christian Training College, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal (21.04.2000-02.04. 2006. Left the College as Senior Lecturer) SECRETARY GENERAL of the INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEOMORPHOLOGISTS (IAG/AIG) (2013-2017) Website: www.geomorph.org PUBLICATIONS (year wise): 2015 Saptarshi Mitra, Bikash Das, Stabak Roy, Sunil Kumar De (2015): Transport network system in Namchi Town of South Sikkim: a geographical appraisal. Geo-Analyst , 5:2, 1-9 (ISSN 2249-2909) Subhajit Sen, Abhijit Santra, Debashis Debbarma, Saptarshi Mitra, Sunil Kumar De (2015): Morphology of Tilla-lunga topography in West Tripura District, Tripura, India. Annals of the National Association of Geographers, India, XXXV:2, 77-93 (ISSN- 0970-972X) L. Turconi, D. Tropeano, G. Savio, S. Kumar De, and P. J. Mason (2015): Landscape analysis for multi-hazard prevention in Orco and Soana valleys, North-Western Italy. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.., 15, 1–26, 2015 1 Subhajit Sen, Sushmita Paul, Saptarshi Mitra, Sunil Kumar De (2015): Assessment of Paleo-seismic condition and deformation of Quartz Tectonite rock in seismo- tectonically active zone, Atharomura Hill, Tripura, India. -
Chapter Vi Major Problems in the Basin
CHAPTER VI MAJOR PROBLEMS IN THE BASIN INTRODUCTION The study area is situated in the mountainous tracts of the Darjeeling Himalayas. The hill slopes are occupied by lush green stretches of tea gardens, terraced agricultural lands and isolated rural settlements. Due to rugged topography of the land, infertility of soil, remoteness of villages and many such related factors, the study area confronts different problems every now and then. All this problems are very critical and needs proper attention. The problems are mainly physical, institutional and socio-economic. 6.1. PHYSICAL PROBLEMS Physical problems deal with types and causes of soil erosion, landslides and the harm caused by their occurrences. 6.1.1. Types of Soil Erosion The removal of soil from the surface of the earth is known as soil erosion. Since the area receives heavy rainfall, the drops of rain hitting the ground and the water moving over the land both cause severe soil erosion. Deforestation leading to thin vegetation cover also enhances the speed and effectiveness of running water causing soil erosion. The different types of soil erosion are as follows: 6.1.1a. Splash Erosion: The most important cause of breakup of soil clods is the impact of fast falling rain drops in a severe storm, as they posses very considerable kinetic energy and momentum. The greater is the intensity of the storm, larger is the drops and faster they fall their velocity may even exceed that for free fall because of air turbulence in the storm. The falling rain drops accelerate until the frictional resistance of air is equal to the gravitational force and then continues to fall at that velocity, called the terminal velocity (Datta, 1986). -
CHAPTER I Introduction
CHAPTER I Introduction • Prologue • The Problem • The Profile of the Study Area • Objective of the Study • Significance and Expected Contribution • Research Hypotheses • Sample, Data Sources and Methodology • Limitations of the Study • Review of Literature • Brief Overview of the Chapters CHAPTER I Introduction 1.1 Prologue Almost 200 years ago, the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus put forward a theory of the relationship between population growth and economic development that still survives today. In his Essay on the Principle of Population Malthus postulated a universal tendency for the population of a country, unless checked by dwindling food supplies, to grow at a geometric rate, doubling every 30 to 40 years. The main reasons behind population growth have been fertility (birth), mortality (death) and migration. Throughout most of the two million years of human existence on earth, humanity's numbers have been few. When people first started to cultivate food through agriculture some 12000 years ago, the estimated world population was no more than 5 million. At the beginning of the Christian era nearly 2000 years ago, world population had grown to nearly 250 million. From A.D. 1 to the beginning of the industrial revolution around 1750 it increased twofold to 728 million people. During the next 200 years (1750-1950), an additional 1. 7 billion people were added to the earth's numbers. But in the next 35 years (1950 -1985) world population has almost doubled again, bringing the total figure at the beginning of 1985 to almost 4.9 billion. Turning from absolute numbers to percentage growth rates, for almost the whole of humankind's existence on earth until approximately 300 years ago, the human population grew at an annual rate not much greater than zero (i.e., 0.002% or 20 per million).