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Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°2, 136-141 136 DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.215

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT AND BEHAVIOURAL PSYCHOLOGY

Bokai Yang1, Zhenhua Shao2*

Abstract The design of industrial products is affected by the behavioural psychology of both and consumers. This paper attempts to identify the relationship between industrial and behavioural psychology. The industrial product design was evaluated both based on the theory of behavioural psychology, and through actual application of behavioural psychology in the design. For the theoretical analysis, the elements of industrial product design were analysed, before setting up an evaluation system for the design. For the actual application, the behavioural psychology was applied to the design of mobile phone screen, and the effects were evaluated through eye movement test. The results show that the design of industrial products mainly focuses on product modelling, functional analysis, structural solution determination, product materials, process selection and large-scale production; the behavioural psychology of designers and consumers has an in-depth impact throughout the design process; the elements of behavioural psychology that affect the design include feeling, perception, judgment decision, and reaction execution, attention, long-term memory and short-term memory. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of behavioural psychology in industrial product design. Key words: Industrial Product Design, Behavioural Psychology, Process Selection, Judgment Decision. Received: 18-05-19 | Accepted: 12-08-19

INTRODUCTION 2019). Industrial product is designed for consumers. When selecting products, the The design of industrial products is the consumers are paying more attention to the scientific and empirical analysis of human between themselves and the physiological representations, and the use of information and machinery to produce the product itself. The design of industrial products has to interact with the psychology and functionally innovative and effective products, physiology of consumers (Yilmaz & Seifert, 2011; ensuring the consistency of functions between similar products, and directly compensating for Catulli & Reed, 2017). An excellent industrial the needs of the public (Oswald & Hough, 2008). product design requires designers to deeply study the psychological, physiological, emotional From the perspective of behavioural psychology, and thinking factors of consumers, i.e., the industrial product design often ignores the human body's differences, leading to the lack of behavioural psychology of consumers runs through the whole process of industrial product a fundamental humanistic spirit (Ding & Bai, design (Shailendra, Khan, & Gandhi, 2015).

In the development history of psychology, 1College of art, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, behavioural psychology is different from other 363000, China. 2China Digital Fujian IoT Laboratory of Intelligent Production (Minjiang University) Fuzhou 350108, disciplines in that it does not explore people's China. various responses by their surface phenomena, E-Mail: [email protected] but by the relationship between the objective things and human behaviour information (Atakan, Bagozzi, & Yoon 2014; Lu, Feng, Zheng

REVISTA ARGENTINA 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°2, 136-141 DE CLÍNICA PSICOLÓGICA

BAOKAI YANG, ZHENHUA SHAO 137 et al., 2016). The study of behavioural things. In a narrow sense, it refers to the psychology cannot leave people's humanistic people’s reaction to the digested information environment, psychological activities and (Shafaghat, Keyvanfar, Ferwati et al., 2015). For behaviours, and the behaviours exhibited by the industrial product as a kind of object, people people are related to the various activities that need to evaluate its design through their sensory they engage in (Bonnardel, 2012). The organs which sequentially obtains the psychology, physiology, thinking, memory and information transmitted by the product to the feelings involved in the industrial product design human brain, and then encodes into the human process are all important factors in behavioural brain. Visual and tactile senses are the most psychology. Using human behavioural important receptors in the design of industrial psychology, the study of information processing products (Rogers & Fisk, 2010). Behavioural should focus on the 's cognitive process psychology is equivalent to the effector of the of human psychological behaviour (Hurks & human body, showing the behaviour and Petra, 2013). This paper explores the evaluation after processing the information relationship between industrial product design transmitted by the receptor, that is, behavioural and behavioural psychology from the unique psychology can be characterized by people's perspective of behavioural psychology using the attitudes (Cole, 2017). combination of theory and practice. The Figure 1 shows the relevant research and research findings provide a theoretical basis for analysis of behavioural psychology, including the the application of behavioural psychology in behavioural representation of natural industrial product design. phenomena and the behavioural performance of social development. The behavioural performance of social development involves the THE DEVELOPMENT AND THEORETICAL BASIS conceptual reasoning of human beings and OF BEHAVIOURAL PSYCHOLOGY conceptual reasoning of society. Table 1 lists the basic principle of behavioural psychology. Its With the continuous advancement of the basic principles include visibility, good society, the psychology has developed more conceptual model, good correspondence and intensively and extensively, but ultimately it is a complex system of studying the human (Cheng, predictability: visibility mainly refers to knowing the state of product design by means of vision Lau, Ma et al., 2016). Behavioural psychology is and touch, as well as the actions to be taken; the characterized by selectivity, integrity, etiquette and permanence. People's behavioural correspondence mainly refers to the correspondence between behaviour and results, characteristics of things show the ability to operations and effects, status and products. acquire and learn information about objective

Figure 1. Relevant research and analysis of behavioural psychology

Numbers, time, , categories and conservations, etc. Cognitive representation of natural phenomena Thinking, perception, communication, memory and learning, etc.

Recognize Development yourself of behavioral Conceptual reasoning psychology of man Recognize Others Cognitive performance of social development Interpersonal relationship

Conceptual reasoning Social of society customs

Moral code

REVISTA ARGENTINA 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°2, 136-141 DE CLÍNICA PSICOLÓGICA

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT DESIGN AND BEHAVIOURAL PSYCHOLOGY 138

Table 1. Basic principles of behavioural psychology design

Basic principle Connotation Visibility Users can visually know the state of the system or product and the behaviour they should take Good conceptual Industrial product designers provide users with a good conceptual model, which has consistency model of operation and results, and can produce a consistent system image Good A definite correspondence can be established between behaviour and results, operations and correspondence results, the state of the system, and what is seen. Predictability Consumers can predict the outcome of their actions

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT Figure 2. Influencing factors of industrial BASED ON BEHAVIOURAL PSYCHOLOGY product design Analysis of industrial product design elements 14.44% The comprehensiveness and extensiveness of 13.33% 10% Colour industrial product design requires the designers Shape 8.89% Media to master much knowledge of process Advertisement Style technology, design performance techniques and 13.33% Material quality Pack psychology. The design process of industrial 6.67% Skin texture products must also involve the texture, process, 15.56% functional structure, emotion and culture of the 17.78% products. The design will cause changes in (a) Visual image of industrial product design people's behavioural psychology. Consumers are 16.85% no longer only concerned about the appearance 19.1% 12.36% Cognitive recognition of products when making decision-making Innovativeness behaviours, but prefer their own psychological Health safety Environmental public welfare and physiological satisfaction. In addition, the Target population design of industrial products should focus on 10.11% Compatibility 20.22% product modelling, functional analysis, 21.35% structural solution determination, product (b) Social image of industrial product design materials, process selection and large-scale production, which are also the main design 16.67% elements. A complete industrial product design 20% process includes four steps: design preparation, 14.44% Tactile sense Visual sense preliminary design, detail design, and design Comfort degree Auditory sense implementation. Starting with the target user of Olfactory sense 7.78% Temperature and humidity the product, the product design process follows 18.89% the behavioural psychology design concept, 22.22% aiming to improve people's quality of life and (c) Physiological feeling factors of industrial emphasize the interdependence between product design people, products, environment and society.

14.29% Constructing the evaluation system model of 19.05% 11.9% industrial product design Convenience Comfort degree There are various types of influencing factors Safety that are interconnected during the design of Interactive quality industrial products. In the evaluating process of 10.71% Satisfaction degree 21.43% Interest the industrial product design, it is important to determine the key factors affecting the design. 22.62% The construction of the evaluation system model (d) Psychological feeling factors of industrial for industrial product design process needs to product design comply with the principles of comprehensiveness, quantification, and factors of industrial product design. Figure 2(a) enforceability. Figure 2 shows the influencing shows the visual image factors, mainly including

REVISTA ARGENTINA 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°2, 136-141 DE CLÍNICA PSICOLÓGICA

BAOKAI YANG, ZHENHUA SHAO 139 the colour and shape; Figure 2(b) shows the regarded as the elements in behavioural social image of industrial product design, psychology. including the key factors such as cognitive recognition, innovativeness, and safety; Figure 2 Figure 4. Model of behaviour information (c) shows the physiological sensory factor such processing system as tactile and visual sense; Figure 2 (d) shows the psychological feeling factor, and the key factors Short-term Notice include convenience , comfort and safety. sensory storage

Sense Judgmental Reaction Reaction APPLICATION RESEARCH OF BEHAVIOURAL Information perception decision execution stimulation PSYCHOLOGY IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT DESIGN Long term Short-term Actual application of behavioural memory memory psychology in industrial product design Feedback Figure 3. Usability design principles of behavioral psychology Empirical research There are many types of industrial products ranging from nanometre to tonnage. This paper Combine product delivery with user's takes the design of mobile phone screen as an internal information example to study the application of behavioural Simplify the operation information psychology in industrial product design. Using of the product as much as possible eye movement test as an evaluation index of Usability design Matching relationship and visibility behavioural psychology, 10 consumers were principles of behavioral between products and users psychology selected for test. Figure 5 shows the difference between the performance model and the The factors of humanity and nature psychological model. The product is designed Fault tolerance and processed for the actual used of the consumer. The performance model is the specific When designers design products or designed product, while the psychological model consumers choose industrial products, they will is the behavioural process produced during the first recognize the products, or experience using process of the consumer. Figure 6 shows products in terms of emotions, psychology and the experimental flow of behavioural psychology physiology. Behavioural psychology and product (eye movement experiment). In order to explore are combined to design the the behavioural psychology of consumers on product in line with people's psychological and mobile screen products, the whole experimental physiological needs. With the increasingly process was divided into four stages, including mature development of behavioural psychology, the preparatory stage, the explanation stage, designers have focused more on consumers’ and the experimental stage, and data collection behaviour cognition, and perceived the stage of experiment. Figure 7 shows the importance of behavioural psychology concepts experiment results of behavioural psychology. in industrial product design. Figure 3 shows the Figure 7(a) shows the results of gaze time. The usability design principles of behavioural overall variance analysis of gaze time indicates psychology. The design principles include the that there is a significant difference between the combination of industrial product design and average gaze time and the maximum gaze time, user intrinsic information, simplifying the namely behavioural psychology has a great operation information of product design as much influence on industrial product design; Fig. 7(b) as possible, and emphasizing on the matching shows the results of scanning time. The results relationship and visibility between products and of gaze time and scanning time show the same users. Figure 4 shows the behavioural change law, and the average scanning time and information processing system model. In the the maximum scanning time also demonstrate whole function of behavioural psychology, significant differences. feeling, perception, judgment decision, and reaction execution, attention, long-term memory and short-term memory can all be

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Figure 5. Differences between performance model and psychological model

Implementation Representation Mental model model models

Figure 6. Experimental procedure of behavioural psychology (eye movement experiment)

Adaptive Eye movement End of environment calibration experiment Preparatory stage Explanation phase Experimental Experimental data of experiment of experiment stage collation stage

Figure 7. An analysis of the experimental perspective of behavioural psychology include results of behavioural psychology visibility, good conceptual model, good correspondence and predictability, etc.; the correspondence mainly refers to the relationship 9000 14000 Average staring time/ms 3000 between behaviour and result, operation and Maximum staring time/ms 13000 8000 Minimum staring time/ms effect, state and product; 12000 2500 (2) The construction of industrial product 7000

11000 design process evaluation system model needs

2000 6000 10000 to comply with the principles of 9000 5000 1500 comprehensiveness, quantification and 8000 enforceability. In industrial product design, the 4000 1000 7000 key factors of physiological feeling include 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 tactile and visual sense, and the key factors of Stimulus object (a) Analysis of the results of gaze time psychological experience include convenience, comfort and safety; 9000 15000 (3) In the whole working process of Average scan time/ms Maximum scang time/ms 14000 3000 behavioural psychology, feeling, perception, 8000 Minimum scan time/ms 13000 judgment decision, and reaction execution, 2500 7000 12000 attention, long-term memory and short-term

11000

2000 memory can all be regarded as the elements in 6000 10000 behavioural psychology. Empirical studies have

5000 9000 1500 shown that behavioural psychology has a great 8000 impact on industrial product design. 4000 1000 7000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Stimulus object (b) Analysis of scanning time result Acknowledgement

This paper is supported by Key Scientific and CONCLUSIONS Technological Projects of Zhangzhou City (2018ZDJ03010004), in part by the Government This paper aims to explore the relationship Guiding Regional Science and Technology between industrial product design and Development under Grand 2019L3009, in part by behavioural psychology from the unique Scientific and Technological Projects of Fuzhou City perspective of behavioural psychology using the (grant number 2019-G-49), in part by scientific combination of theory and practice. The specific research project of Xiamen City(grant number conclusions are as follows: 3502Z20179033), in part by the Scientific Research (1) The basic design principles from the

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Items of MJU [grant number MJY18003], in part by 811-823. key science and technology projects in Zhangzhou Hurks, & Petra, P. M. (2013). Administering design City(grant number 2018ZDJ03010004); in part by fluency tests in school-aged children: analyses of The Young Teacher Education and Research Projects design productivity over time, clustering, and in Fujian Province (grant number JAS160334). switching. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(7), 1131-1149. Kumar, S., Khan, I. A., & Gandhi, O. P. (2015). A REFERENCES theoretical framework for extraction and quantification of psychological attributes in Atakan, S. S., Bagozzi, R. P., & Yoon, C. (2014). Consumer participation in the design and design for maintainability: a team-inspired realization stages of production: how self- approach. Research in Design, 26(4), 289-308. production shapes consumer evaluations and Lu, R. J., Feng, Y. X., Zheng, H., & Tan, J. R. (2016). A relationships to products. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 31(4), 395-408. product design based on and Bonnardel, N. (2012). Designing future products: theory ☆. Procedia Cirp, what difficulties do designers encounter and 53(Complete), 125-129. how can their creative process be supported. Oswald, F. L., & Hough, L. M. (2008). Personality Work, 41(6), 5296-5303. testing and industrial-organizational psychology: Catulli, M., & Reed, N. (2017). A personal construct a productive exchange and some future psychology-based investigation into a product directions. Industrial and Organizational service system for renting pushchairs to Psychology, 1(3), 323-332. consumers. Business Strategy and the Rogers, W. A., & Fisk, A. D. (2010). Toward a Environment, 26(5), 656-671. psychological science of advanced technology Cheng, A. S. K., Lau, L. O. C., Ma, Y. N. H., Ngai, R. H., design for older adults. The Journals of & Fong, S. S. L. (2016). Impact of cognitive and Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and psychological symptoms on work productivity Social Sciences, 65B(6), 645-653. and quality of life among breast cancer survivors Shafaghat, A., Keyvanfar, A., Ferwati, M. S., & in hong kong. Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Alizadeh, T. (2015). Enhancing staff’s satisfaction Therapy, 28, 15-23. with comfort toward productivity by sustainable Cole, M. (2017). Idiocultural design as a tool of open plan office design. Sustainable Cities & cultural psychology. Perspectives on Society, 19, 151-164. Psychological Science, 12(5), 772-781. Yilmaz, S., & Seifert, C. M. (2011). Creativity through Ding, M., & Bai, Z. (2019). Product color emotional design heuristics: a case study of expert product design adaptive to product shape feature design. , 32(4), 384-415. variation. Color Research & Application, 44(5),

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