Metrology with Trapped Atoms on a Chip Using Non-Degenerate and Degenerate Quantum Gases Vincent Dugrain
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The Iberoamerican Contribution To
RevMexAA (Serie de Conferencias), 25, 21{23 (2006) THE IBEROAMERICAN CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL TIME KEEPING E. F. Arias1,2 RESUMEN Las escalas internacionales de tiempo, Tiempo At´omico Internacional (TAI) y Tiempo Universal Coordinado (UTC), son elaboradas en el Bureau Internacional des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), gracias a la contribuci´on de 57 laboratorios de tiempo nacionales que mantienen controles locales de UTC. La contribuci´on iberoamericana al c´alculo de TAI ha aumentado en los ultimos´ anos.~ Diez laboratorios en las Am´ericas y uno en Espana~ contribuyen a la estabilidad de TAI con el aporte de datos de relojes at´omicos industriales; una fuente de cesio mantenida en uno de ellos contribuye a mejorar la exactitud de TAI. Este art´ıculo resume las caracter´ısticas de las escalas de tiempo de referencia y describe la contribuci´on de los laboratorios iberoamericanos. ABSTRACT The international time scales, International Atomic Time (TAI) and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), are elaborated at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), thanks to the contribution of 57 national time laboratories that maintain local realizations of UTC. The Iberoamerican contribution to TAI has increased in the last years. Ten laboratories in America and one in Spain participate to the calculation of TAI , increasing its stability with the data of industrial atomic clocks and improving its accuracy with frequency measurements of a caesium source developed and maintained at one laboratory. This paper summarizes the characteristics of the reference time scales and describes the contributions of the Iberoamerican time laboratories to them. Key Words: TIME | REFERENCE SYSTEMS 1. -
Acols Acoft Ds 2009
ACOLS ACOFT DS 2009 29th November – 3rd December 2009 The University of Adelaide, South Australia Book of Abstracts Typeset by: Causal Productions Pty Ltd www.causalproductions.com [email protected] Table of Contents Plenary Elder Hall, 08:45 – 10:30 Monday 101 The Power of Light — The Fiber Laser Revolution .....................................................20 David Richardson, University of Southampton, UK 102 Single Molecule Laser Spectroscopy — From Probes to Polymers ....................................20 Kenneth P. Ghiggino, Toby D.M. Bell, University of Melbourne, Australia 1A ACOLS: Xray & XUV N102, 11:10 – 12:30 Monday 103 Crystal Growth to Fully Digital Systems — A New Enabling Technology for Imaging X-Rays and Gammas ...................................................................................................20 Ralph B. James, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA 104 Core-Electron Localization Effects in a Diatomic Molecule Interacting with Intense Ultrashort-Pulse XUV Radiation: Quantum-Dynamic Simulations . ........................................20 Olena Ponomarenko, Harry Morris Quiney, University of Melbourne, Australia 105 High Harmonic Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation from Diatomic Molecules ............20 K.B. Dinh, Peter Hannaford, L.V. Dao, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia 1B ACOLS: Metamaterials G03, 11:10 – 12:30 Monday 106 Functional Metamaterials and Nonlinear Plasmonics . ................................................20 Ilya V. Shadrivov, Australian National University, -
IEEE Standard Definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology—Random Instabilities
IEEE Standard Definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology—Random Instabilities IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 27 Sponsored by the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 27 on Time and Frequency TM IEEE 1139 3 Park Avenue IEEE Std 1139™-2008 New York, NY 10016-5997, USA (Revision of IEEE Std 1139-1999) 27 February 2009 Authorized licensed use limited to: Johns Hopkins University. Downloaded on March 07,2019 at 15:29:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Authorized licensed use limited to: Johns Hopkins University. Downloaded on March 07,2019 at 15:29:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. IEEE Std 1139™-2008 (Revision of IEEE Std 1139-1999) IEEE Standard Definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology—Random Instabilities Sponsor IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 27 on Time and Frequency Approved 26 September 2008 IEEE-SA Standards Board Authorized licensed use limited to: Johns Hopkins University. Downloaded on March 07,2019 at 15:29:34 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Abstract: Methods of describing random instabilities of importance to frequency and time metrology are covered. Quantities covered include frequency, amplitude, and phase instabilities; spectral densities of frequency, amplitude, and phase fluctuations; and time-domain deviations of frequency fluctuations. In addition, recommendations are made for the reporting of measurements of frequency, amplitude, and phase instabilities, especially in regard to the recording of experimental parameters, experimental conditions, and calculation techniques. Keywords: AM noise, amplitude instability, FM noise, frequency domain, frequency instability, frequency metrology, frequency modulation, noise, phase instability, phase modulation, phase noise, PM noise, time domain, time metrology • The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. -
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Arxiv:1709.00790V3 [Physics.Atom-Ph] 23 Nov 2017 Initial Loading Stage of the Trap
Two-dimensional magneto-optical trap as a source for cold strontium atoms Ingo Nosske,1, 2 Luc Couturier,1, 2 Fachao Hu,1, 2 Canzhu Tan,1, 2 Chang Qiao,1, 2 Jan Blume,1, 2, 3 Y. H. Jiang,4, ∗ Peng Chen,1, 2, y and Matthias Weidem¨uller1, 2, 3, z 1Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China 2CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China 3Physikalisches Institut, Universit¨atHeidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 4Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China (Dated: November 27, 2017) We report on the realization of a transversely loaded two-dimensional magneto-optical trap serving as a source for cold strontium atoms. We analyze the dependence of the source's properties on various parameters, in particular the intensity of a pushing beam accelerating the atoms out of the source. An atomic flux exceeding 109 atoms=s at a rather moderate oven temperature of 500 ◦C is achieved. The longitudinal velocity of the atomic beam can be tuned over several tens of m/s by adjusting the power of the pushing laser beam. The beam divergence is around 60 mrad, determined by the transverse velocity distribution of the cold atoms. The slow atom source is used to load a three- dimensional magneto-optical trap realizing loading rates up to 109 atoms=s without indication of saturation of the loading rate for increasing oven temperature. -
Mutual Benefits of Timekeeping and Positioning
Tavella and Petit Satell Navig (2020) 1:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-020-00012-0 Satellite Navigation https://satellite-navigation.springeropen.com/ REVIEW Open Access Precise time scales and navigation systems: mutual benefts of timekeeping and positioning Patrizia Tavella* and Gérard Petit Abstract The relationship and the mutual benefts of timekeeping and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are reviewed, showing how each feld has been enriched and will continue to progress, based on the progress of the other feld. The role of GNSSs in the calculation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), as well as the capacity of GNSSs to provide UTC time dissemination services are described, leading now to a time transfer accuracy of the order of 1–2 ns. In addi- tion, the fundamental role of atomic clocks in the GNSS positioning is illustrated. The paper presents a review of the current use of GNSS in the international timekeeping system, as well as illustrating the role of GNSS in disseminating time, and use the time and frequency metrology as fundamentals in the navigation service. Keywords: Atomic clock, Time scale, Time measurement, Navigation, Timekeeping, UTC Introduction information. Tis is accomplished by a precise connec- Navigation and timekeeping have always been strongly tion between the GNSS control centre and some of the related. Te current GNSSs are based on a strict time- national laboratories that participate to UTC and realize keeping system and the core measure, the pseudo-range, their real-time local approximation of UTC. is actually a time measurement. To this aim, very good Tese features are reviewed in this paper ofering an clocks are installed on board GNSS satellites, as well as in overview of the mutual advantages between navigation the ground stations and control centres. -
Two-Element Zeeman Slower for Rubidium and Lithium
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 81, 043424 (2010) Two-element Zeeman slower for rubidium and lithium G. Edward Marti,1 Ryan Olf,1 Enrico Vogt,1,* Anton Ottl,¨ 1 and Dan M. Stamper-Kurn1,2 1Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 2Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (Received 8 February 2010; published 29 April 2010) We demonstrate a two-element oven and Zeeman slower that produce simultaneous and overlapped slow beams of rubidium and lithium. The slower uses a three-stage design with a long, low-acceleration middle stage for decelerating rubidium situated between two short, high-acceleration stages for aggressive deceleration of lithium. This design is appropriate for producing high fluxes of atoms with a large mass ratio in a simple, robust setup. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.81.043424 PACS number(s): 37.10.De, 37.20.+j I. INTRODUCTION single apparatus that produces simultaneous high-brightness beams of two atomic elements with a large mass ratio. This In recent years, experiments that produce quantum gases paper demonstrates our success at producing continuous and comprised of multiple atomic elements have enabled a wide overlapped slow beams of rubidium (87Rb) and lithium (7Li) range of new investigations. In some cases, the gaseous mixture using a specially designed Zeeman slower and two-element is used as a technical means to perform improved studies of oven. a single-element gas, for example allowing for sympathetic evaporative cooling of an atomic element with unfavorable collisional properties [1–4] or by allowing one element to II. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION act as a collocated detector for a second quantum gas (a We summarize the operating principle and some design thermometer in Refs. -
Strontium Laser Cooling and Trapping Apparatus
Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Doppler Cooling 3 2.1 Scattering Force . 3 2.2 Optical Molasses . 5 2.3 Doppler Cooling Limit . 6 2.4 Strontium Level Structure . 6 3 Apparatus Design 9 3.1 Vacuum Chamber Overview . 9 3.2 Strontium Oven Nozzle . 10 3.3 2D-Collimator . 11 3.4 Zeeman Slower . 12 3.5 Magneto-Optical Trap . 15 3.6 Magnetic Trap . 18 4 461nm Diode Laser System 21 4.1 Optical Layout . 21 4.2 Frequency Locking Scheme . 24 5 Measurements 27 5.1 Atom Number . 27 5.2 Magnetic Trap Atom Loss . 28 5.3 Zeeman Slower Optimization . 31 5.4 MOT Optimization . 32 5.5 Loading Rate . 35 5.6 Temperature . 37 5.7 Conclusion . 38 i ii CONTENTS Appendices 39 A Vacuum Viewport AR Coatings 41 B Machine Drawings 43 C Oven Nozzle Assembly 53 D Obtaining Ultra-High Vacuum 55 List of Figures 2.1 Relevant energy levels for Doppler-cooling on broad strontium transition. 3 2.2 Photon scattering rate as a function of total detuning at different values of intensity. 4 2.3 Damping coefficient as a function of laser detuning at different intensities in 3-D. 5 2.4 Energy level spectrum of strontium. Decay rates are shown in addition to the wavelengths of the trapping and repumping beams. 7 3.1 Listed are the various vacuum chamber components of the apparatus: the oven nozzle (cyan), 2D-Collimator (red), differential pumping tube (green), Zeeman Slower (orange), MOT cham- ber (blue), anti-Helmholtz coils (pink), ion pumps (purple), non-evaporable getter (dark green). -
Designing Zeeman Slower for Strontium Atoms – Towards Optical Atomic Clock
Optica Applicata, Vol. XL, No. 3, 2010 Designing Zeeman slower for strontium atoms – towards optical atomic clock * MARCIN BOBER , JERZY ZACHOROWSKI, WOJCIECH GAWLIK Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 39-059 Kraków, Poland *Corresponding author: [email protected] We report on design and construction of a Zeeman slower for strontium atoms, which will be used in an optical atomic clock experiment. The paper describes briefly required specifications of the device, possible solutions, and concentrates on the chosen design. The magnetic field produced by the built Zeeman slower has been measured and compared with the simulations. The system consisting of an oven and Zeeman slower is designed to produce an atomic beam of 10–12 s–1 flux and final velocity of ~30 m/s. Keywords: Zeeman slower, strontium, atomic clock. 1. Introduction Strontium atoms, as other alkali earth metals with two electrons in s electron shell, are very interesting because of their J = 0 ground state. This specific electron structure is the reason for the recent experiments with ultra-cold samples of strontium atoms. 1 The doubly forbidden transition between the singlet ground state S0 and the triplet 3 excited P0 makes strontium atom an excellent candidate for modern optical atomic clocks [1, 2]. Cold strontium atoms can be also used in quantum computations [3], simulations of many-body phenomena [4], and other metrology applications [5]. Recently, Bose–Einstein condensation was achieved in 84Sr isotope [6, 7]. 2. Cooling and trapping atoms Experiments with ultra-cold strontium, like an optical atomic clock, require atoms trapped optically in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) [8]. -
Time Metrology in Galileo.Pdf
Time Metrology in the Galileo Navigation System The Experience of the Italian National Metrology Institute I.Sesia, G.Signorile, G.Cerretto, E.Cantoni, P.Tavella A.Cernigliaro, A.Samperi Optics Division, INRiM, Turin, Italy DASS Division, aizoOn, Turin, Italy [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Timekeeping is crucial in Global Navigation system, the research on new clock technologies, calibrations, Satellite Systems (GNSS), being the positioning accuracy directly evaluation of uncertainty, and dissemination of accurate time. related to a time measurement. As a consequence, the typical expertise of time metrology laboratories is necessary in many This paper presents the experience of the Italian National different aspects of a navigation system. This paper presents the Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM) time laboratory in experience of INRIM in the development of the Galileo the Galileo experimental and validation phases. navigation system from the earlier studies till the very recent In Orbit Validation phase showing how the time metrology practice II. THE GALILEO EXPERIENCE has been useful in the understanding of time aspects of INRiM has been involved in the Galileo system since 1999 navigation and showing as well how the navigation service and participated to different phases of the project. perspective has stimulated new ideas and better understanding of time measures. The first experimental phase was the Galileo System Test Bed Version 1 (GSTB V1) in 2002 in which INRiM participated, Keywords—time metrology; atomic clocks; steering; time together with the British NPL and the German PTB scales; GNSS timing; timekeeping; space clocks; system noise laboratories, to generate the experimental Galileo System Time, the reference time scale of the system, obtained from the I. -
Chapter I. Solar and Lunar Eclipses 6 1.1
1 ANCIENT RIDDLES OF SOLAR ECLIPSES. Asymmetric Astronomy Second Edition By IGOR N. TAGANOV and VILLE-V.E. SAARI Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg 2016 2 Taganov, Igor N., Saari, Ville-V.E. Ancient Riddles of Solar Eclipses. Asymmetric Astronomy. Second Edition – Saint Petersburg: TIN, 2016. – 110 p., 53 ill. Electronic Edition ISBN 978-5-902632-28-3 © Taganov, Igor N.; Saari, Ville-V.E. 2016 The book examines some of the mysteries of ancient astronomical treatises, for example, known since the Middle Ages the “Wednesday paradox”, and the history of the emergence and spread in the East of the belief that the eclipses of the Sun and the Moon, as well as all the Universe geometry are defined by a single sacred number 108. The calendar cycles of solar eclipses, considered in the book, confirming the old assumption of Indian and Chinese astronomers in 6-8 centuries, show that the probability of a total solar eclipse is larger in the spring and summer months, and the probability of annular eclipse, on the contrary, is larger in the autumn and winter months. Analysis of ancient chronicles of solar and lunar eclipses discovers evidence of gradual deceleration of time, which is confirmed by modern astronomical observations of the orbital movement of the Earth, the Moon, Mercury and Venus. The cosmological deceleration of time is a consequence of the irreversibility of “physical” time, which leads to the fact that all the characteristic time intervals are shorter in the past than in the future. In theoretical cosmology, the use of the concept of decelerating physical time allows to represent the key cosmological parameters of the observable Universe in the form of simple functions of the fundamental physical constants. -
IAU) and Time
The relationships between The International Astronomical Union (IAU) and time Nicole Capitaine IAU Representative in the CCU Time and astronomy: a few historical aspects Measurements of time before the adoption of atomic time - The time based on the Earth’s rotation was considered as being uniform until 1935. - Up to the middle of the 20th century it was determined by astronomical observations (sidereal time converted to mean solar time, then to Universal time). When polar motion within the Earth and irregularities of Earth’s rotation have been known (secular and seasonal variations), the astronomers: 1) defined and realized several forms of UT to correct the observed UT0, for polar motion (UT1) and for seasonal variations (UT2); 2) adopted a new time scale, the Ephemeris time, ET, based on the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun instead of on Earth’s rotation, for celestial dynamics, 3) proposed, in 1952, the second defined as a fraction of the tropical year of 1900. Definition of the second based on astronomy (before the 13th CGPM 1967-1968) definition - Before 1960: 1st definition of the second The unit of time, the second, was defined as the fraction 1/86 400 of the mean solar day. The exact definition of "mean solar day" was left to astronomers (cf. SI Brochure). - 1960-1967: 2d definition of the second The 11th CGPM (1960) adopted the definition given by the IAU based on the tropical year 1900: The second is the fraction 1/31 556 925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0 at 12 hours ephemeris time. -
Laser Cooling and Trapping and Application to Superfluid Hydrodynamics of Bose Gases Lecture 1: Light Forces
Atom-light interaction Light forces Dressed state picture Laser cooling and trapping and application to superfluid hydrodynamics of Bose gases Lecture 1: Light forces H´el`enePerrin Laboratoire de physique des lasers, CNRS-Universit´eParis 13, Sorbonne Paris Cit´e Coherent quantum dynamics H´el`ene Perrin Laser cooling and trapping Atom-light interaction Light forces Dressed state picture Outline of the course Lecture 1: Light forces Lecture 2: Laser cooling and trapping Lecture 3: [tentative] Superfluid hydrodynamics of a Bose gas in a harmonic (or bubble) trap H´el`ene Perrin Laser cooling and trapping Atom-light interaction Light forces Dressed state picture Outline of the course Lecture 1: Light forces Lecture 2: Laser cooling and trapping Lecture 3: [tentative] Superfluid hydrodynamics of a Bose gas in a harmonic (or bubble) trap H´el`ene Perrin Laser cooling and trapping Atom-light interaction Light forces Dressed state picture Introduction A little bit of history First evidence of the mechanical effect of light on a sodium beam in 1933 by Otto Frisch Doppler cooling first suggested in 1975 by H¨ansch(Nobel 2005) and Schawlow (N. 1981) for neutral atoms and independently by Wineland (N. 2012) and Dehmelt (N. 1989) for ions Zeeman slower demonstrated in 1982 by Phillips (N. 1997) and Metcalf First optical molasses in 1985 by Chu (N. 1997) et al. First dipole trap in 1986 by Ashkin (N. 2018) and Chu Explanation of sub-Doppler cooling in 1989 by Dalibard and Cohen-Tannoudji (N. 1997) Sub-recoil laser cooling in the 90's (VSCPT, Raman cooling) Bose-Einstein condensation reached in 1995 by Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle (all N.