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Chapter I. Solar and Lunar Eclipses 6 1.1 1 ANCIENT RIDDLES OF SOLAR ECLIPSES. Asymmetric Astronomy Second Edition By IGOR N. TAGANOV and VILLE-V.E. SAARI Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg 2016 2 Taganov, Igor N., Saari, Ville-V.E. Ancient Riddles of Solar Eclipses. Asymmetric Astronomy. Second Edition – Saint Petersburg: TIN, 2016. – 110 p., 53 ill. Electronic Edition ISBN 978-5-902632-28-3 © Taganov, Igor N.; Saari, Ville-V.E. 2016 The book examines some of the mysteries of ancient astronomical treatises, for example, known since the Middle Ages the “Wednesday paradox”, and the history of the emergence and spread in the East of the belief that the eclipses of the Sun and the Moon, as well as all the Universe geometry are defined by a single sacred number 108. The calendar cycles of solar eclipses, considered in the book, confirming the old assumption of Indian and Chinese astronomers in 6-8 centuries, show that the probability of a total solar eclipse is larger in the spring and summer months, and the probability of annular eclipse, on the contrary, is larger in the autumn and winter months. Analysis of ancient chronicles of solar and lunar eclipses discovers evidence of gradual deceleration of time, which is confirmed by modern astronomical observations of the orbital movement of the Earth, the Moon, Mercury and Venus. The cosmological deceleration of time is a consequence of the irreversibility of “physical” time, which leads to the fact that all the characteristic time intervals are shorter in the past than in the future. In theoretical cosmology, the use of the concept of decelerating physical time allows to represent the key cosmological parameters of the observable Universe in the form of simple functions of the fundamental physical constants. In the book the astronomical observations that demonstrate various forms of cosmological deceleration of time in deep space, in the solar system and on the Earth are discussed. Keywords: eclipse, planet orbit, time, time dilation, cosmology discusses PACS: 95.90.+v, 96.20.-n, 96.30.Dz, 96.30.Ea, 98.80.-k Other editions: Таганов И.Н., Саари В.-В.Е. Древние загадки солнечных затмений. Асимметричная астрономия. Санкт- Петербург: ТИН, 2014. ISBN 978-5-902632-14-6. Taganov, Igor N., Saari, Ville-V.E. Ancient Riddles of Solar Eclipses. Asymmetric Astronomy. – Saint Petersburg: TIN, 2014. ISBN 978-5-902632-15-3. Kindl Edition (English) ASIN: B012T2FL83. http://www.amazon.com/books Ancient Riddles of Solar Eclipses: Asymmetric Astronomy [Print Replica] Kindle Edition. By Igor Taganov (Author), Ville Saari (Author) International Interdisciplinary Research Project the “Time Pace”: https://www.timepace.net and www.spiraltime.org ISBN 978-5-902632-28-3 Electronic Edition 3 PREFACE Modern astronomers have received from their predecessors the priceless heritage – a detailed description of solar and lunar eclipses observed in the previous epochs. In the late 17th century, this data allowed discovering the acceleration of the Moon, and in the 19th century, the old chronicles permitted to estimate the tidal deceleration of the Earth’s rotation. Nowadays, astronomical chronicles help investigate secular changes of the Earth and Moon orbits. However, the ancient astronomical manuscripts in addition to dispassionate eclipse chronicles contain unusual riddles which are sometimes difficult to interpret scientifically. Astronomers still can not offer any ideas to explain known since the middle Ages “Wednesday paradox” – in Europe, the probability of a solar eclipse on Wednesday almost two times more than, for example, on a Tuesday or Thursday. The book also analyzes the history of the emergence and spread in the East of the belief that eclipses of the Sun and the Moon, as well as all the geometry of the Universe, are defined by a single sacred number 108. The authors qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed the assumption of Indian and Chinese astronomers made in 6-8 centuries that total solar eclipses occur more frequently in the summer months and in the southern regions of the Earth. The calendar cycles of solar eclipses studied in the book show that the probability of a total solar eclipse is larger in the spring and summer months, and the probability of an annular eclipse, on the contrary, is larger in the autumn and winter months. The analyzis of ancient chronicles of solar and lunar eclipses reveals the evidence of gradual deceleration of time, and the observational evidence of this new cosmological phenomenon is discovered in astronomical observations of orbital motion of the Earth, the Moon, Mercury and Venus. Cosmological deceleration of time is a consequence of the irreversibility of the “physical” time, which is registered by our watches, and manifests itself in many “asymmetric” astronomical observations. The use of the “present” standard of time interval leads to linear decrease of the physical and Newtonian intervals ratio in the past and, on the contrary, this ratio linearly increases in the future. Therefore, interpretation of the observations, using the laws of Newton and Kepler with uniform Newtonian time, has led to the emergence of “asymmetric” astronomy in which a retrospective analysis of the motion of celestial bodies does not correspond to observations. The cosmological deceleration of time explains well many observed astronomical phenomena – strange acceleration of the Earth’s rotation, anomalous accelerations of the Moon and planets, as well as systematic discrepancy of isotopic ages of rock samples from the Earth and the Moon. Expressive manifestation of the cosmological deceleration of time is a recently discovered apparent acceleration of the Universe space expansion. In theoretical cosmology, the use of the concept of decelerating physical time allows to represent the key cosmological parameters of the observable Universe in the form of simple functions of the fundamental physical constants. This electronic edition of our monograph, which we present to readers, develops the ideas firstly published in our articles and books: Taganov, Igor N. Irreversible-Time Physics. – Saint Petersburg: TIN, 2013. ISBN 978-5-902632-12-2. Таганов И.Н. Физика необратимого времени. Санкт-Петербург: ТИН, 2014. ISBN 978-5-902632-16-0. Taganov, Igor N., Saari, Ville-V.E. Ancient Riddles of Solar Eclipses. Asymmetric Astronomy. – Saint Petersburg: TIN, 2014. ISBN 978-5-902632-15-3. Таганов И.Н., Саари В.-В.Е. Древние загадки солнечных затмений. Асимметричная астрономия. Санкт-Петербург: ТИН, 2014. ISBN 978-5-902632-14-6. During preparation of this “Second Edition” of our book we have made the necessary corrections and clarifications. Besides in the “Second Edition” we included the new section: “2.4. Description of a movement with decelerating time”. 4 Readers who became interested in developing of the physics of irreversible time, can visit the regularly updated websites: The Interdisciplinary Research Project “Time Pace”: www.timepace.net and www.spiraltime.org We thank all those colleagues who have commented on our earlier books and articles and we are grateful to Yu.I. Babenko, Yu.V. Baryshev, A.P. Gagarin, A.L. Gromov, F. Hoyle, J. Masreliez, G. Paturel, A. Sandage, A.G. Shlienov, A.A. Tron, D.A. Varshalovich and A.N. Zemtsov for fruitful discussions, constructive criticism and insightful comments. Saint Petersburg, 2016 Igor N. Taganov and Ville-V.E. Saari CONTENTS PREFACE 4 Chapter I. Solar and lunar eclipses 6 1.1. Metaphysics of solar eclipses 16 1.2. The calendar cycles of solar eclipses 38 Chapter II. Cosmological deceleration of time 45 2.1. The art of measuring time 45 2.2. Nonlinear time scales 55 2.3. Cosmological deceleration of physical time 61 2.4. Description of a movement with decelerating time 78 2.5. Cosmological deceleration of time at the Earth and in Solar system. 82 The apparent secular acceleration of the Earth’s rotation 82 Cosmological corrections for the observed accelerations of the Earth and Moon 85 Accelerations of the Mercury and Venus 90 The Pioneer Anomaly mystery 93 Kinetics of the radioactive isotope decays in non-static Universe 96 Registration of the cosmological deceleration of time in laboratories 101 The illusion of Universe’s “accelerating” expansion 103 Literature 105 Physical constants and parameters 107 APPENDIX 108 5 CHAPTER I. Solar and lunar eclipses To describe the two main types of solar eclipses in modern astronomy the old Latin terms – umbra, antumbra and penumbra are still used (Fig. 1.1). A “partial eclipse” (c. 35 %) occurs when the Sun and Moon are not exactly in line and the Moon only partially obscures the Sun. The term “central eclipse” (c. 65 %) is often used as a generic term for eclipses when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line. The strict definition of a central eclipse is an eclipse, during which the central line of the Moon’s umbra touches the Earth’s surface. However, extremely rare the part of the Moon’s umbra intersects with Earth, producing an annular or total eclipse, but not its central line. Such event is called a “non-central” total or annular eclipse. Fig. 1.1. Main types of solar eclipses The central solar eclipses are subdivided into three main groups: a “total eclipse” (c. 27 %) occurs when the dark silhouette of the Moon completely obscures the Sun; an “annular eclipse” (c. 33 %) occurs when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line, but the apparent size of the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun; a “hybrid eclipse” or annular/total eclipse (c. 5 %) at certain sites on the Earth’s surface appears as a total eclipse, whereas at other sites it looks as annular. There are more annular solar eclipses than total because on average the Moon moves too far from the Earth to cover the Sun completely. Fig. 1.2. “Diamond rosary” (1) and “Diamond ring” (2) during total sun eclipse on November 25, 2011 [http://www.spacetribe.com/].
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