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Study of an Al(Iii) Complex with the Plant Dye Brazilein from Ceasalpinia Sappan Linn Al(Iii) Complex with Brazilein from Ceasalpinia Sappan Linn

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Study of an Al(Iii) Complex with the Plant Dye Brazilein from Ceasalpinia Sappan Linn Al(Iii) Complex with Brazilein from Ceasalpinia Sappan Linn STUDY OF AN AL(III) COMPLEX WITH THE PLANT DYE BRAZILEIN FROM CEASALPINIA SAPPAN LINN AL(III) COMPLEX WITH BRAZILEIN FROM CEASALPINIA SAPPAN LINN Kamonchanok Wongsooksin1, Saowanee Rattanaphani1*, Malee Tangsathit- kulchai1, Vichitr Rattanaphani1, and John Barnard Bremner2 Received: Nov 8, 2007; Revised: Mar 18, 2008; Accepted: Mar 19, 2008 Abstract The structure of the complex formed between Al(III) (alum) and brazilein in aqueous solution was investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy. The molar ratio method and Job’s method of continuous variation were applied to ascertain the stoichiometric composition of the complex in aqueous solution. A 1:2 complex was indicated by both methods. A structure for Al(brazilein)2 was proposed and the calculated heat of formation of this complex, obtained by the semiempirical PM3 method, indicated that the proposed complex was a reasonable one energetically. Keywords: brazilein, spectrophotometry, complexation, alum Introduction The red homoisoflavonoids, brazilin (6aS-cis) readily converted to brazilein by exposure to (7,11b-dihydrobenz[b]indeno[1,2-d]pyran-3, atmospheric oxygen and light. In Thailand, the 6a,9,10,(6H)-tetrol) (Figure 1(a)) and brazilein aqueous extracts from the wood of C. sappan (6aS-(6a,7-dihydro-3,6a,10-trihydroxy-benz[b] are generally used for the dyeing of silk, especially indeno[1,2-d]pyran-9(6H)-one) (Figure 1(b)), in the Northeast (Moeyes, 1993). The extracted are components of the heartwood of the tree dyes, which are mainly composed of brazilin Ceasalpinia sappan Linn. (family Leguminosae) and brazilein, give a beautiful red or pink colour (Ferreira et al., 2004). Homoisoflavonoids exhibit to silk. However, this natural dye has poor a flavonoid-like structure and can be classified fastness properties, and in order to try and as a sub-group of flavonoids. Flavonoids are a overcome this metal ion-based mordants are group of polyphenolic compounds that are widely used (Lemmens and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, 1992; distributed in plants and are used as pigments Yan et al., 2005). One such mordant generally (DomŒnech-Carbó et al., 2005). Brazilin is used by villagers in Northeast Thailand is alum, 1 School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, 30000, E-mail: [email protected], Tel.: +66 44 224254, Fax: +66 44 224185 2 School of chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. * Corresponding author Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. 15(2):159-165 160 An Al(III) Complex with the Plant Dye Brazilein From Ceasalpinia sappan Linn which provides a source of Al(III) ions. for the Al(III)-based complex. Alum (KAl(SO4)2×12H2O) is widely used as a mordant for dyeing keratin fibres with Materials and Method polyphenolic dyes to improve the fastness prop- erties. The ability of metal ions to form very stable Materials metal-dye complexes may be used to produce Brazilein was prepared by oxidation of dyed protein fibres with superior fastness prop- brazilin using iodine (Engels et al., 1908) and erties, especially towards washing and light brazilin was separated from the crude aqueous (Christie, 2001). extract from the heartwood of C. sappan. The Studies on the interaction between the heartwood of C. sappan was obtained from crude dye extracted from C. sappan and various Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand; a metallic ions, together with potential structures herbarium specimen No. KW001 (SUT) of the of the complex between the dye and Al(III) have plant is lodged in the chemistry laboratory, been described (Kanazawa, 1991). However, the Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon stoichiometry of the complex formed between Ratchasima. Alum, chloroform, ethanol, methanol, Al(III) ions from alum with pure brazilein has not dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetone and iodine been determined. As part of our studies aimed were obtained from Merck and UNICHROM. at a better molecular understanding of mordant- Solvents were A.R. grade. natural dye interactions, we prepared pure Analytical Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) brazilein by separate oxidation of extracted and Column Chromatography brazilin and then investigated the stoichiometric composition of the complex formed between Analytical (TLC) was performed using brazilein and alum in aqueous solution with and aluminium backed sheets of Merck Silica Gel 60 without pH control. The molar ratio method was F254 containing a fluorescent indicator, using a used for the spectrophotometric determination UV lamp (254 nm) to identify compounds on the of the complex composition and Job’s method plate. Column chromatography was performed was applied to confirm the results obtained with using Merck Kiesel Gel 60 F254 (230 - 400 mesh) the molar ratio method. The results are reported silica gel, with all solvent mixtures quoted as in this paper, together with a proposed structure volume ratios. (a) (b) Figure 1. Chemical structure of (a) brazilin and (b) brazilein Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 15 No. 2; April - June 2008 161 1H- and 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance conformers were then optimized using semi- (NMR) Spectra empirical PM3 calculations. All nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Separation of Brazilin from Crude Extract of spectroscopy was performed on a Varian Unity C. sappan 500 MHz spectrometer. Proton NMR (1H-NMR) 13 The dried heartwood (200 g) of C. sappan spectra and carbon NMR ( C-NMR) spectra was chopped into small pieces, and extracted with were acquired at 500 and 125 MHz respectively. boiling distilled water (2 L) for 1 h. The aqueous Spectra for brazilin was recorded in acetone extract was removed by filtration and was first (CD3COCD3) with 0.05% tetramethylsilane (TMS) concentrated using a vacuum rotary evaporator and for brazilein was recorded in dimethyl and then freeze-dried in a vacuum freeze-dryer. sulfoxide (CD3SOCD3), obtained from Cambridge The crude extract (500 mg) was then dissolved Isotope Laboratories Inc., unless otherwise in methanol and pre-adsorbed on silica gel. stated. TMS (0.00 ppm) was used as the internal Column chromatography on silica gel using standard. CHCl3-MeOH (15:1 to 7:1) as eluant gave brazilin Mass Spectrometry (MS) as a crystalline reddish solid (100 mg; 20% based on the crude extract) (Kim et al., 1997; Oliveira Electron Impact (EI+) low-resolution mass et al., 2002). LRMS (EI) : m/z 286 [M+], LRMS spectrometry was performed on a Shimadzu (ES) : m/z 285 [MH+ for brazilein], HRMS (EI) : QP-5000 MAT-44 quadrupole spectrometer 286.0839, Calc for C H O , 286.0841, mp. : 127 - using the direct insertion technique. High 16 14 5 resolution EI MS (for M+) were run using a 131°C (Lit. 145 - 149°C, Kim et al., 1997), : -3 VG Autospec spectrometer operating at 70 eV +69.8 (c 2.65 × 10 , DMSO). and a source temperature of 250°C with PFK Oxidation of Brazilin to Brazilein reference, and high resolution (ES) MS (for MH+) Brazilin (100 mg) was dissolved in the mini- with a Micromass Qtof 2 mass spectrometer mum quantity of warm ethanol (ca 0.5 mL), mixed using a cone voltage of 30 V and polyethylene with hot distilled water (8 mL), and the clear glycol (PEG) as an internal reference. Electrospray solution then cooled to 60 - 70°C. A solution mass spectrometry was performed on a Thermo (1.6 mL) of iodine (33.8 g of iodine in 42.5 mL of Finnigan LTQ quadrupole ion trap (QIT) instru- ethanol) was added, and the mixture allowed to ment equipped with an electrospray ionization remain overnight at room temperature. The (ESI) source. brazilein precipitated as a dark coloured powder. Melting Points The precipitate was collected by filtration, Melting points were determined on a washed with cold distilled water and then warm Reichert melting point apparatus. Temperatures ethanol, and finally dried at room temperature to are expressed in degrees Celsius (°C) and are afford brazilein as a deep reddish-black solid (42 + uncorrected. mg; 42%). LRMS (EI) : m/z 284 [M ], LRMS (ES) : m/z 285 [MH+], HRMS (EI) : 284.0678, Calc Optical Rotation for C16H12O5, 284.0685, mp. : 249 - 253°C (dec.) Optical rotations were determined on a (Lit. 260 - 265°C (dec.), Kim et al., 1997), : Jasco digital polarimeter DIP-370. -1,125.5 (c 2.90 × 10-3, DMSO). Computational Modeling The Composition of the Complex Computer modeling was performed on The molar ratio method and Job’s method a Silicon Graphics Fuel processor using PC were used to determine the composition of the Spartan Pro (Wavefunction, Irvine, Ca). Lowest Al(III) complex in solution by spectrophoto- energy conformers were determined by molecu- metric means. For the molar ratio method, the lar modeling using MMFF94 force fields. The brazilein stock solution (2.5 × 10-4 M) was equilibrium geometries of the lowest energy prepared successively in methanol. Alum 162 An Al(III) Complex with the Plant Dye Brazilein From Ceasalpinia sappan Linn solutions were prepared in distilled water. A and 541 nm (DMSO). The melting point was 249 concentration of 5.0 × 10-5 M of brazilein in - 253°C (dec.) (Lit. 260 - 265°C (dec.), Kim et al., water was diluted from the stock solution and 1997) and the specific optical rotation value was kept constant while the alum concentration was -1,126 (c 2.90 × 10-3, DMSO). The 1H- and varied from 0 to 2.0 × 10-4 M. In order to verify 13C-NMR spectroscopic data and HMBC the results of the molar ratio method, the complex correlations confirmed the structure and were stoichiometry was also determined by Job’s in good agreement with the literature data (Kim method. A series of solutions were prepared by et al., 1997). keeping constant the total concentration of UV-Visible Spectra of Dye in Aqueous Solution brazilein and alum, but their proportions were and at pH 4.5 continuously varied by using the different volumes of brazilein (5.0 × 10-5 M) and alum (5.0 The UV-Vis spectrum of brazilein in × 10-5 M) solutions.
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