The Irish Contribution to Americas Independence

Home , Fagan (saint), Garvey, John Welsh (actor), Samuel Meredith

THE IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO A M E R I C A ’ S I N D E P E N D E N C E

The Irish Co nt rib ut io n t o

’ Am e rica s Inde pe nde nce

THOMA S HOB B S MAGINNISS, JR .

P UB LISHED B Y DOIRE PUBLISHING COMPANY

P H IL A D E LP H I A 19 13 1 1 THE IRE B LISHING Co . Copyright, 9 3, by DO PU , Philadelphia,

PRESS OF WM F . FEL . L CO . PREFACE

It becomes nations as well as individuals not to think of them s lves mor h Sel e i hl than th ou ht but to think sob rl . e g y ey g , e y f exaggerat ion de tracts from their characte r without adding to their power; but a greater and more dangerous fault is an habitual de eciation of their real resources and a consequent ” want o se geh ance — DKI f lj . GO N .

NE of the faults chargeable against the Irish

people , and particularly Americans of Irish de f scent , is that they are ignorant o the achieve m of I i 18 ents their race n the past . ITh s probably due to the fact that the people of Ireland have for generations been taught to believe that everything respectable has come

from England and that the English are a superior race . m Indeed , an attempt has been made to i pres s the same on f theory the minds o Americans , and perhaps the most

- pernicious falsehood promulgated by pro English writers , who exert a subtle inﬂuence in spreading the gospel of “ ” - Anglo Saxon superiority, is that America owes her

liberty, her benevolent government , and even her pros “ ” “ — pe rity t o her English forefathers and Anglo Saxon n bloo d . The truth is that the impartial history of Irela d ’ of i o of is the story England s shame , wh le the hist ry Amer ' ica oﬁers abundant W W u f the ﬁrst part o this work I have m i; the American people derive their

- character more from the Celt than from the Anglo Saxon , but the book is designed primarily to offer evidence to [ 3 ]

6621 64 PREFACE substantiate the claim that more than one - third the ofﬁ cers and a large proportion of the soldiers of the Conti nent al army in the American Revolution were of Irish or birth parentage , and that the Irish were an important o o element in American c l nial history . As the Irish were driven from their own country by a system of persecution much more severe than that of which r the Pu itans complained , it is necessary to include in a work of this character some facts of Irish history which account for the large volume of emigration to America in i colon al times . I am a representative of the very class in Ireland , which , in an effort t o be truthful , I am com pelled to condemn for their treatment of the main body of the Irish people . My ancestors in the male and female lines for many generations have been members of the

Episcopal (or Anglican) church . My grandfather was a n clergyman of that church in Ireland , a d his father was mayor of the city of Londonderry at a time when it was

- perhaps the most anti Irish city in Ireland . Had I been

no born and bred in Ireland , I should probably have had opportunity and less inclination to learn the real facts of ’ her history ; but ﬁfteen years study of Irish genealogies and family histories has provided me with an intimate knowledge of the causes that are the root of Irish hostility t o English rule , which , after all , were the basic causes of the American Revolution .

- B I I s R . THOMAS HO B S MAG NN s , J

D m 19 1 HILADELPHIA ece ber 1 2. P , , INTRODUCTION

F the peasantry of Weste rn England at the beginning

of c - S I the seventeenth entury were Anglo axons , then the ﬁrst settlers of New England in America were

l - n r also Ang o Saxo s , since the Pilg ims and Puritans were i chieﬂy farmers , small tradesmen , and mechan cs from the f western counties o f England . The descendants o these “ ﬁrst settlers ” in New England became the landed m o f aristocracy, and the ajority them were to be found n w h o n amo g the Loyalists , o f rmed a considerable portio o f the population of America (especially Massachusetts) o f during the Revolution . But m st o the people through — out all the Colonies those who were devoted to the — patriot cause were by no means English nor Anglo o of our Sax n , and American love liberty , republican form o f m ur al of e i o govern ent , and o ide s justic are d rectly p

f - - o posed t o the character o the so called Anglo Sax ns , a fact that is evident to any one familiar with the history of wh f that race , o has studied the history o the English For u people with any degree of analysis . several cent ries after the Norman conquest of England the common

- f r people , essentially Anglo Saxon , were notable o their s v hi ni er ility, w le the landed proprietors and gover ng class of o h o were Norman st ck , w o c ntributed to the English c f for haracter the spirit o arrogance , selfishness , and lust territorial expansion for which England has chiefly been f d noted . It is certain that the spirit o independence an [ 5 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE libe rality shown by the men who founded America finds n f o comparison in the servility o the Saxon , nor in the selfishness and imperiousness of the Norman . ‘ Th e school histories inform us that t he set t lers of the s American colonies were English , Welsh , German , Dutch ,

Swedes , and French Huguenots . The Irish are mentioned l n on y in con ection with the potato famine in Ireland, which caused hundreds of thousands of persons of that nation to emigrate to the Unit ed States in the middle of the last century ; but a careful analysis of American colonial records and immigration statistics will serve to convince one that more than half the people of the United States , o bef re the nation was sixty years old , had Celtic blood in i ns . r the r vei The I ish , Scotch , and Welsh belong to the

hi . b Celtic race , w le recent researches y a learned society ﬁ in ance lead to the conclusion that the French , too (whom our histories admit were an important part of our

ni . colo al and revolutionary population) , are a Celtic race n f o o Thus , even if the E glis h population o the c l nial pe riod did outnumber the Irish (which could not be true in the of t n m light s atistics) , it surely did not out u ber the Irish , s Wel h , Scotch , French , Swedes , and Dutch , who assuredly

- were not Anglo Saxon . But because of the preponderance of what appear to be n l E g ish names in colonial military and political history , the average reader may question the truth of the claim that the Irish came to the colonies in such large numbers , that a large proportion of the revolutionary army were of m o of men that race, and that Irish en occupied positi ns prominence in early American history . Senator Lodge tries t o show the superiority of men of English origin by i class fying the names in a dictionary of biography, and [ 6 ] INTRODUCTION naturally he concludes that the majority of great men are “ ” Anglo- Saxon because the maj ority of the names appear i To to be of English orig n . arrive at his conclusion he probably clas siﬁed as Irish only those men whose names “ ” begin with Me or or names obviously Irish . f As a matter o fact , before the period of the Irish revival , u f e which began in the last cent ry , the use o the preﬁx s had been almost universally discontinued by Irish families , especially those who were within the pale of English patronage and favor , while members of the laboring and servant clas s were frequently led t o assume the English f l o and Scotch names o their masters . The Eng ish g vern ment exerted every effort to destroy all vestige of Irish f e nationality , and this ef ort ext nded even t o an attempt to m r i eradicate ancient Irish na es , a pu pose wh ch is clearly l t i f E 1465 : i lus rated in the follow ng statut e o dward IV,

At the request of the Commons it is ordeyned and established that every Irishman that dwells betwixt or n of M et h amo g Englishmen in the County Dublin , y , Uriell and Kildare (the whole extent then of the English n oe ne l s ] domi ion) shall g like to o Eng i h man in apparel , 3 and shaving 0 the beard above the mouth , and shall him n f n take an E glish surname o o e town , as Sutton , T rm r Chester, y , Skyrne , Corke , Kinsale ; o color , as hi or or s or W te , Black , Brown ; art , cience , as Smith r ﬂi Carpenter ; o o ce , as Cooke , Butler, and that he and his offspring shall use this name under pe yne of fo rfeiting t o of his goods yearly till the premises be done , be levied ’ warre two times by the year t o the King s s, according t o the discretion of the lieutenant of the King or his “ Deputy .

But like the Penal Laws , which might have reduced any

’ “ ” ns s of of n 1 585 . Spe er View the State Irela d, [ 7 ] IRISH CONT RIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

other race t o barbarism or caused them to change their l o f re igi n for the sake o security, the law against the use of

Irish names was in the main a failure , and m ore Irish names were changed in the effo rt to curry governmental

favor than to escape the penalty which the law imposed . In addition to those families who changed their names

hi in us n s w le still Ireland , tho a d changed the form of their n m of a es after their arrival in America , while many the h n in abitants of Ireland were of E glish , Scotch , and Nor and man origin , thus bore names characteristic of those n ations .

In tabulating his st atist ics Senator Lodge would prob; ably have classiﬁed Sir William Johnson , Colonial Gov ernor of New York , as English , yet Sir William John ’ son s real name was McShane (which is Anglicized John ’ “ ” n so ) . Reference to the 1 912 edition of Burke s Peerage discloses the fact that Sir William Johnson was the son of

o hns n Christ pher Jo o , of County Meath , Ireland , who was l M c h ane of s the son of Wi liam S , son Thomas Mc hane , son ’ of John O Neill.

On the same principle Robert Treat Paine , signer of the

n of o e Declaratio Independence , w uld have b en classed as ’ ’ n i 72 727 O Hart s E gl sh , yet on reference t o Vol . I , pp . 6, , ” ’ 1 1 di Neill . 64 Irish Pe grees , we ﬁnd that Tiege O , b , had a son Robert , who changed his name to Paine and emi grated to America, and was the ancestor of Ro bert Treat

. T son Paine This iege also had a son , Henry , whose , Art ’ O Neill , changed his name to Payne , and had a son Thomas , who emigrated to America .

The genealogy of the Kane family , the members of which occupy a prominent position in law, business , and

o o of s ciety, sh ws that the ﬁrst member the family in [ 8 ] INTRODUCTION

’ Kane h America was John O , w o came to New York in ’ 1 2 m r f 75 and dropped the O . He was a me b e o the family f ’ o Caihan f . O , o Derry Thomas Butler would without doubt be classed as Eng f lish , yet two distinct famili es of Butlers , both o whom a attained prominence , came from Ireland t o Americ and were members of a family that had been in Ireland several centuries and had fought many times against ’ “ o s British ppression . Mathew American Armoury and ” Blue Book shows that a Thomas Butler was born in r 1 4 1 2 i I eland in 67 and se ttled in Maine in 69 , wh le

m as o 1 7 in another Tho Butler , b rn in Dublin 20, settled 1 4 o Pa. Lancast er C unty , , 7 8. Of the family of the latter ,

ou ﬁ e t f r were of cers in the Revolutionary army, the eld s advancing to the rank of Maj or General . n wh i t e Alexa der Falls , o served in the F rs Colonial R gi m o n as ent of New Y rk, would o doubt be classed English , M F ll i yet he was the son of Alexan der c a , wh ch is proof ’ “ o fhis Celtic origin (Mathews Armoury and Blue

Innumerable instances like the above might be cited , but it is an easy matter t o trace the transition of names of from an Irish t o an English form . The descendants ’ ’ men who were named O Bry an are now Bryant ; O Toolos have be come Tut hills ; McNees in New Hampshire “ became Nay in the second generation ; McCorm ac has ’ become Camac ; O Shaughnessys have changed to Chaun

ce o VanR n . ys, and Ryan has even assumed a Dutch f rm , y

r n n m Meade might be mistaken fo an E glish a e , but it ’ so was fo rmerly O Meagh . Neilson is not Irish as Mac ’ Hart i . O Neil , but it means precisely the same th ng is ’ l oo Irish , but drop the O and it is Eng ish . M re looks ’ of O Mores Scotch or English , yet many descendants the [ 9 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

of Ireland bear the former name . It is obvious , there a i s fore , that claim to Engl sh origin mu t rest upon a n n l hi stronger fou dation than an E g ish name , and, w le o nd thousands of Sc tch , Irish , German , French , a Welsh names have assumed an English form , we have been unable t o discover an English or American family that has assumed an Irish name .

[ 10 ] THE ANGLO - SA$ ON AND THE IRISH

INCE her separation from England America has been S a country of opportunity for all men . Americans are known as a generous , witty, and democratic t people , and for these characteris ics they are indebted t o more to the Celtic blood in them than the narrow ,

of - n intolerant , harsh character the early Anglo Saxo f Puritans . To arrive at an intelligent estimate o the justness of this claim it is only necessary t o consider the points of difference in the character of the Anglo - Saxons as a whole and the Irish , as it is by an analysis of the vicis sit udes and achievements of a people that we may arrive at a true estimate of their contribution t o the national character . The most marked difference between the English (Anglo Saxons and Norman) and the Celts is that the former were noted for their achievements in plundering and op n pressing the weak and their land covetous ess , while the i l n latter were devoted t o scholarsh p , re igio , and the de fense of the principles of liberty . This is best illustrated by a consideration of the elemental characteristics of the l o on n tribes or races that formed the Eng ish nati n , the o e hand , and the struggle against Oppression carried on by o the Irish pe ple for many centuries , on the other hand . The island of Britain was anciently inh abited by a f Celtic race , which was succeeded in the course o time by [ 1 1 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

of i n tribes of Angles , Saxons , and Jutes , Teuton c origi , who came , not like the conquerors of the continental n provinces , as disciples of a civilizatio which they revered , but simply as destroyers of a civilization of which they

k . n new nothing It was a destroyi g conquest , which swept away the former inhabitants and their whole politi It cal system . was especially a heathen conquest , which utterly rooted up Christianity from a land where it must $ n o already have take deep ro t . These tribes formed the

English nation , which , by the ninth century, had become “ c l r r ivi ized and apparently Ch istianized , when Ch istian

England was now attacked by the heathen Danes , as Christian Britain had been attacked by the heathen

English . These Danes were not a people altogether foreign to the English ; they were of a kindred race and and spoke a kindred tongue . T The Danes plundered ravaged various parts of the country ; they made many settlements , in which they held the English inhabitants in bondage ; and ﬁnally a Dane was crowned king in 1013 . n 1 42 n The Danes ruled the English u til 0 , when a Saxo king was crowned through the efforts of both Danes and

English .

Thus , when William the Conqueror came to England , he found there a nation made up of the descendants of i heathen tribes , each of wh ch had come to Britain bent n o upon plunder and extermi ati n , and the people were “ ” — - of called Anglo Saxons . The quality the Anglo Saxon spirit of independence may be judged by the fact that within ﬁve years William had conquered the entire nation ,

“ ” m n n o r nn n n o . . . E gla d, Pr f E A Free a , E cycl pedia B ita ica , 2 pp . 66, 7 .

2 7 . i Ibid. , p . 8 12 1 THE ANGLO- SA$ ON AND THE IRISH

1086 on and in , Salisbury Plain , received the sworn alle ’ ian ce of n g every lord , every lord s free vassal or tenant , a d t every landholder , o the number of abo ut and by far the greater part of the land was taken from Anglo Saxon owners and granted to No rman followers of Wil

. s e of not liam Thi conqu st Britain was , as some write rs l l wou d have us believe , a mere ama gamation of t wo

e of . branch s a kindred race On the contrary, it was a

c complete conquest , which enri hed the conquerors and t o reduced poverty and virtual slavery the conquered .

The condition of the Anglo- Saxons one hundred years after the landing of the Normans is truly portrayed in Sir ’ “ ” l c h l ow : Wa ter S ott s Ivan oe , as fo l s

A circumstance which greatly tended t o enhance the ' tyranny of the nobility and the suﬂe rings of the inferior clas ses arose from the consequences of the Conquest by n Duke William of Normandy . Four ge erations had not sufﬁced t o blend the hostile blood of the No rmans and

- r t o o m n Anglo Saxons , o unite by c m on la guage and mutual w one of interests t o hostile races , which still felt the ela of tion triumph , while the other groaned under all the

circumstances of defeat . The power had been completely placed in the hands of the Norman nobility by the event of of e our the battle Hastings , and it had been us d , as

. o histo ries assure us , with no moderate hand The wh le race of Saxon princes and nobles had been extirpated o r wi no nor disinherited , th few or exceptions ; were the numbers great who possessed land in the country of their o of o or of f o fathers , even as pr prietors the sec nd , yet in eri r

classes . The royal policy had been t o weaken , by every ns r of c u mea , legal or illegal , the strength of a pa t the p p lation which was j ustly considered as nourishing the most ” inveterate antipathy to their victor .

’ “ M ontgomery s History of England . I13 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

For two hundred years after the Conquest the Anglo

Saxons wore the collar of the Norman . Their complete subjection t o Norman rule eventually secured for them a m n easure of independe ce , for they became useful t o the ’ barons in the latters conﬂict s with the crown and in their r l wars for plunder . Most assu ed y the motto , Give us ” or o liberty give us death , c uld not have had its origin

- in Anglo Saxon ﬁdelity t o the principles of libe rty . For

of n l s o centuries the masses the E g i h pe ple were contented , because they were willing to serve their masters ; they were willing to pay the taxes necessary to maintain an aris t ocrac y , whose titles to large landed estate s were founded mainly on the superior force used to obtain them ; and to provide the soldiery necessary to carry on those wars of conquest that have brought to the kingdom so much of ’ the treasure that was the foundation of Britain s power . ’ n n n wi Indeed , E gland s great ess as a world power begi s th her conquest of India before the American Revolution , o when the wealth fr m India , at ﬁrst mere plunder , began o E t pour into ngland , and the revenue from that country amounted to from to pounds a year m in specie , besides the co merce from the East which n $ poured into E glish harbors . It is clear to the average st udent of history that the — Anglo Saxons were not notable as a brave people ; that n the Normans , while brave , were adve turers , and that love of plunder was the predominating characteristic of f both races . And as we contemplate the present st ate o on the British nati , and the liberties enjoyed by its mem E bers , we are apt to forget that ngland , in the sixteenth “ n o and seve teenth centuries , had her blo dy commissions ,

’ “ ” n Fisher s True Story of the Revolutio . [ 14 1

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

the Irish people of the middle ages were unexcelled by any s other nation . Edmund Spen er, the celebrated English “ i h ad poet, said , It is certa n that Ireland hath the use of ” lon or En be e land. letters very anciently, and g f g Not only of n did they have the use letters lo g before England , but

they actually taught the Saxons the use of letters . The Saxon nobility and gentry resorted to Ireland for edu i cation n the seventh and eighth centuries , and were received at the famous university of Armagh and main

t ained free of charge, supplied with books , and taught with

out fee or reward . Lord Lyttleton , Sir Jam es Ware — , Edmund Spenser, and the Venerable Bede, Anglo Saxon nis i historian , fur h ample testimony regard ng the superior learning and cultur e of the Irish over the inhabitants of Britain before the Norman conquest ; but few Englishmen know that one of the founders of the great University of was E Oxford an Irishman , Johannes Scotus rigena, and s that Alfred , King of the Northumbrian Saxon , received his education in Ireland the latter part of the seventh i ns century . Wh le the Saxo , Danes , and Normans (all belonging t o the race of Northmen) were pursuing their f n regular vocation o ravagi g , murdering , and plundering f r the people o other nations in western Eu ope , the Irish were engaged in the nobler occupation of spreading r Ch istianity and learning throughout the world . For the truth of this statement we have the testimony of not E only nglish historians of earlier times , but historians of other countries . Mosheim , Protestant ecclesiastical his “ : torian of Germany, said That the Irish were lovers of learning and distinguished themselves in those times of l r ignorance beyond a l other Eu opean nations , traveling through the most distant lands with a view to improve and [ 1 6 ] THE ANGLO—SA$ ON AND THE IRISH

m com unicate their knowledge , is a fact with which I have n lo g been acquainted , as we see them in the most authentic records of antiquity di scharging with the highest reputa in tion and applause the functions of doctors France , ” Moreri n Germany, and Italy . , a disti guished French in in 1795 man , his Dictionary, published , under Ireland , “ said : Ireland has given the most distinguished professors m of t o the most fa ous universities Europe , as Claudius Alb uinus i in Clements t o Paris , to Pav a Italy , Johannes

Scotus Erigena t o Oxford in England . The English

s h c r Saxons received from the Iri h their c ara ters o letters , and with them the arts and sciences that have ﬂourished s as since among the e people , Sir James Ware proves , in ﬁ eat ise i 13 his on the Ir sh Writers , Book I , chapter , where may be seen an account of the celebrated academies and public schools which were maintained in Ireland in the

n e seventh , eighth , ni th , and tenth ages , which were r sorte d An loS axons to , particularly by the g , the French , and

ancient Britons , who were all received there with greater hospitality than in any other country of the Christian

world . Irish woolen fabrics were celebrated on the continent as early as the eighth century ; the skill of Irish art metal t workers was notable in the six h century , and the Tara “ n ul Brooch , belonging to the eighth ce tury , is a wonderf ” f specimen of exquisit e delicacy . The artistic merit o the illuminated manuscripts of the seventh and tenth f o no centuries is a matter o comm n knowledge , while a

l St . aimi table church , cal ed C n , with richly carved doors , 1 ﬁf was built on an island in Lough Derg in 007, ty years before Edward the Confessor (a Norman by education and

inclination) laid the foundation of Westminster Abbey . [ 1 7 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

The Irish conception of an enduring state or nation was seven centuries ahead of the times . The law with them f ” was the law o the people , and the Irish clan system was essentially a pure democracy ; in fact it went so far as to “ r include the initiative and recall , fo each tribe was supreme within its own borders ; it elected its own chief ” and could depose him if he acted agains t the laws . The head king was the representative of the whole national n life , but his power rested o the tradition of the people and o the consent of the clans . He could imp se no‘new law, and might demand no service outside the law . It is therefore easy to understand why the Irish never would submit to the Norman feudal system , and why they so readily adapt themselves to the principles of demo cracy as exempliﬁed by the government of the United States . But from a race of scholars in the eleventh century the Irish had developed through necessity into a race of n n ﬁghters by the thirtee th ce tury, and whereas the

Anglo - Saxons and the Normans carried on wars of op pression and plunder, the Irish have been distinguished n for their warfare against oppression , ot only with regard t o their national and political existence , but in those practical affairs that concern the masses of the people . The reason for this change in the characte r of the Irish nation is clear to any one familiar with the practices em ployed by the English government in their effort to con quer and despoil the people of Ireland , and as it was these practices which drove the Irish people to America in o w of c lonial times, we shall no proceed to a consideration the causes that engendered in Irishmen that distrust of

British promises which they brought to America . f “ Alice St op ord Green in Irish Nationality . WH THE R SH CA E TO A ER CA Y I I M M I

HERE is no people on earth that has been so

c viliﬁed , deceived , and perse uted as the Irish , f of ﬁrst , on the pretext o the advancement civili z t ion n a ; next , u der the clo ak of religion , and lastly , under the pretext of the common weal ; and the underlying

h s motive as always been plunder . Whether the Iri h were ff loyal , peaceable , or righteous made little di erence if they “ ” did not st and and deliver t o the horde of English ad ” n s ve turers who came t o rob them . Engli h civilization in Ireland began with the grantn by Henry II of the o County Meath acres to Hugh de Lacy , a N rman wh m n o baron , o immediately com e ced t o make g od his n f r n claim by the sword . From that time o , o several ce tu n n t u for ries , the E glish carried o a war o sec re the land and

political as cendency . The Irish fought t o retain what had bee n theirs for a thousand years before the coming of the

Normans . wh o of Henry II , o ﬁrst proclaimed himself L rd Ire ” s 1 of land , ent his son John in 1 85 t o receive the homage

n his the Irish Chieftains . Immediately o arrival at Water “ ford the leading Irishmen oi the neighborhood wh o had

t n s hi herto been loyal t o the E gli h and had lived peaceably , ’ cam e t o welcome the king s son as their lord and t o give ’ m n t him the kiss of peace . But John s Nor an reti ue trea ed

them with derision , some even rudely pulling their long [ 1 9 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

beards in ridicule of the alien fashion . This irresponsible h f ad . in levity its natural e fect The Irishmen , deeply o censed , bet ok themselves and their families to Donnell ’ O Brien him h , and disclosed to and t o Dermot M cCart y , ’ and even to Rory O C onnor the treatment they had n received , adding that the ki g 8 son was a mere stripling o n n m n surrounded and c u selled by stripli gs hi self, a d that from such a source there was no prospect for Irishm en of m n good govern ent or even of security . I ﬂuenced by these reports these three chief ki ngs of the south and west of wh o Ireland , , we are told , were prepared t o wait upon John and offer him their submission as they had previously

on ff n d e to Henry , were induced to take a di ere t course . i in Lay ng aside for the moment their interm able quarrels , which had hitherto given opportunity to the advance of

o f reigners , they formed a league together , and unani mously determined to defend with their lives their an cient liberties . This example was followed by the other native

C a s hieft in , who all held aloof from J ohn and his giddy court . “ A proud and sensitive people never willingly submits t o of the rule a master , however mighty, who despises h them . But of course t is rude plucking of the beards was only a symbol of that want of consideration for the native

Irish which exhibited itself in more harmful ways . Con tinning with the causes of the failure of the expedition , ‘ b re i Gerald C am ns s says : Contrary to our promises , we — took away the lands of our own Irishmen those who from the ﬁrst coming of Fit zst eph en and the Earl had faithfully — stood by us and gave them t o our newcomers . These Irishm en then went over to the enemy and became spies i all o and guides for them instead of for us , hav ng the m re [ 90 1 WHY THE IRISH CAME TO AMERICA power to injure us because of their former familiarity with ’ our ways. “ i The custody of the marit me towns and castles , with w wh the adj acent lands and tributes , as given to men o, instead of using the revenue for the public good and the n detrime t of the enemy, squandered it in excessive eating

. o w n t f and drinking Then , th ugh the country as o hal w subdued , both the civil and military command as given i f wh i on nt o the hands o carpet knights , o were more ntent i wh spoiling good citizens than in attack ng foemen , o , f reversing the politic maxim o the an cient Romans , oppressed those who had submitted while leaving the

. So w r enemy unscathed that nothing as done, eithe by ’ i u n n r mak ng inc rsio s i to the enemy s country , o by the f r erection o numerous castles throughout the land , o by ‘ ’ n clearing the bad passes through the woods , to bri g f about a more settled stat e of things . The bands o mer e s cenari were kept within the seaport towns , and , imitat in g their captains , gave themselves up t o wine and ” women. i Many of the early arrivals were assimilated by the o i s in Irish and ad pted the r custo m , dress , and laws ; fact , “ ” they became more Irish than the Irish themselves ; and for three hundred years Eng lish inﬂuence was conﬁn ed t o i the Pale , which compr sed the territo ry within a radius f i f n in o 30 m les o Dublin . This ce ter was a hotbed of

as . was trigue , tre on , and deception Common honesty so m n is no on rare a o g the English rulers , it wonder that, f E ff f the death o arl Cli ord , the English President o

“ ” n n o m n o a n n Irela d U der the N r a s, G dd rd He ry Orpe , late l 1 1 1 l o n o 9 v . . . Sch lar Tri ity C lege, , o ii, p 96, etc

1 . TIbid q p. 06 [ 21 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

in 1598 f Connaught, , the Irish o Connaught were not ’ — pleased at Clifford s death h e had never told them a

Naturally, the Irish people looked upon the n i E gl sh as a nation of robbers , bribers , and deceivers , because so many of those who failed to satisfy their o n ambiti n in Engla d came to Ireland , a country rich in

r and o . natural resou ces , fertile land , of honorable traditi ns Her early misery was not due so much to English laws as to the action of the parasites who hoped to feed on the i . r o m sery they created As the Protestant A chbish p , King , “ 16 f r wrote in 97, The Governors of Ireland o their own interest have kept it in a state of war these ﬁve hundred years , and will if not prevented keep it so to the end of n the world . A gover or comes over here hungry and poo r , m f r with nu erous dependents to be provided o , and how should he provide for them but by bringing as many under

o f rfeitures as he can , as they have done all along and so ” they will do so still . The fundamental cause of the struggle between the Irish and English from the coming of the Normans to that of William of Orange was for possession of the land . By various grants from the Crown to English adventurers

n and so- a d court favorites , by called plantations , Irish gentlemen were removed from their heritages and obliged own e to accept the merest shreds of their soil , to b come laborers for those whom they viewed as highwaymen , or m t o to ﬂy into the woods and ountains , there await the opportunity and the call of a leader to recover their

l n of o o property . The awfu sce es misery, the en rmous blo d n t of shed , and the sacriﬁce of the general i teres s Ireland

l un- as a nation are traceable to the un awful , Christian , “ ” Four Masters .

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

l by the power of an a ien government , at the expense of o the former, and who c mmitted such acts as might incite

Irishmen to further rebellion , in the hope of securing the n remaini g remnants of the land left to them . The Plantation of Ulster culminated in the Rebellion of

1 641 o , which marks the last great struggle of the lder Irish families for the recovery of the land and their ancient liberties . Other features developed which attracted to the cause of the Irish the descendants of English settlers in all the provinces . The Rebellion was ﬁnally crushed by Cromwell , assisted by those in Ireland who represented n r o E glish interests . F om the stan dpoint of th se interests

Cromwell did his work only too well . His object was ni extermination , and when he had ﬁ shed , Ireland had been laid waste , the population had been reduced to about

(of whom about were English and Scotch) , l o and the helpless Catho ic Irish gentry, with their foll wers and tenants , had either been transplanted to the barren s and bog lands , had migrated to foreign land , or were so broken as to be no further menace to the English and

Scotch planters who took their places . To ﬁnance the army which Cromwell used to crush the l Rebel ion bonds , each representing so many acres of land

t o n . be co ﬁscated , were sold in England In addition to hi ’ the forfeited lands disposed of in t s way, Cromwell s soldiers were allotted sections of the land according to military rank . In this way practically the whole of Ulster and portions of other provinces not already conﬁscated were repeopled . But the ancient Irish were by no means o exterminated , as the majority of Irish laborers were all wed to stay and work under the new settlers, and in a military ’ i colony, women are scarce, hence Cromwell s sold ers [ 24 ] WHY THE IRISH CAME TO AMERICA

To own o married natives . use their w rds , they saw the “ daughters of Moab that they were fair . Furthermore , recovery from defeat or misfortune is essentially an Irish n who characteristic , a d many of those had been trans

planted gradually worked their way back , though under o and altered circumstances , and the laborers left s ns grand sons who became merchant s and professional men of a

future generation . ’ One effect of Cromwell s conquest that concerns us particularly is that it marks the beginning of the ﬁrst noticeable migration of the Irish people t o the American wh t o co lonies . In addition to those o voluntarily came o the New World to escape the misery in Ireland , Cr mwell cause d about 9000 (some say many more) women and children t o be sent to the colonies and t o the West Indies

i ff of as slaves , wh le men among the disa ected the population are estimated t o have enlisted in the armies f r n nd s o F a ce a other European countries , and tran mitted their Irish blood to the population of other countries that

helped in the peopling of America . f r Apart from the natural struggle o the land , the Irish people had other causes for detesting a government and its representatives who not only deprived them of their

property , but attempted to reduce them t o a condition o f o barbarism , moral depravity , ign rance , and slavery .

s om n in e — o The trait we c me d the Irish peopl their hum r , o path s , versatility, ﬁdelity t o principles , and devotion t o i — f trad tions are inherent and a part o their character . The ignorance of some and the lawlessness of other members of the race are the direct result of English ex ample and laws made for the governance of the Irish “ ”

n n o a n . Irela d , E cycl pedi Britan ica [ 95 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

f people . The diversity o interests between those that n n t on and represented E glish i teres s on the e hand , the ri on o o I sh people the ther , acc unts in great measure for the fact i onal strife down to the period of the great mi grat ion to the United States at the beginni ng of the eigh t eent h . n century Added to this was religious persecutio ,

n - - which spared either Celtic Irish nor Anglo Irish , Catholic , t r n f Presby erian , no a y others who did not con orm to the state religion ; and st ill later legislation which affected the n of not n whole natio , or such the people as were large la d holders and government employees . We have already

he o o of o o in . cited t pini n the Pr testant Archbish p , K g At

o m Molown ab ut the same ti e , the Catholic Bishop , y , “ wrote to Bishop Tyrrel as follows Nor is there any n o r o of E glish , Cath lic o ther , what quality or degree o for t o s ever alive , that will stick to sacriﬁce all Ireland of o save the least inte rest his own in England , and w uld as willingly see all Ireland over inhabited by English of whatsoever religion as by the It was Henry II who st rengthened the power of the Pope in Ireland ; it was Henry VIII who received from the ” Pope the title of Defender of the Faith for his perse cut ion of Protestants before he desired to divorce his wife ; and it was his daughter by his second marriage wh o ﬁrst began the persecution of the Irish and Anglo- Irish who had not acknowledged Henry as Head of the Church . In

' ﬂ ir England the religion of the people was a political a a .

o o o During the period of the Re f rmati n , the pe ple changed o n n os who their f rm of religio with a change of ki gs , and th e refused to worship according to the then existing religion ’ l e was were persecuted . Thus , in E izab th s reign barbarity “ ”

8 m of mes . o on in n . 7 The Rev luti Irela d, p , ti e Ja II [ 96 ] WHY THE IRISH CAME TO AMERICA no n o o t only practised o R man Cath lics , but extended t o such Protestants as did not conform t o the ritual of the w Church of England . In 1575 t o Dutch Baptists of Lo n . don were burned alive at the stake , and at one time “ ” Elizabeth had 300 heads of heretics exposed over the entrance to London Bridge and the Tower and Temple

Bar . The Reformation did not affect Ireland as it did other o n o o c u tries , because the s cial c nditions in that country d f di not of er the opport unity, because their religion had been a part of the national life of the people for a thousand o o n years bef re the Ref rmation , and instead of an i ﬂuence

o w fr m ithin , an attempt was made by an alien government t o coerce the clergy t o acknowledge the supremacy of the t English sovereign , rather than o change the material form and substance of their worship . With a change of rulers in n n i t o f E gla d , Irish bishops were requ red con orm on e i pain of death . The pri sts and la ty were ordered to conform or suffer persecution . Apart from the principles

n o n i volved , the missionaries sent fr m E gland t o reform the Church in Ireland were of a type unlikely t o secure f either the conﬁdence or respect o the people . In the “ words of a Protestant historian : To preach what he

do n thought true when he could it safely , to testify agai st toleration , and in the meantime to make a fortune , was ’ too often the sum and substance of an Anglican prelate s work in This was also the attitude ofthe entire

n s E gli h laity in Ireland . Growing out of the attempt t o promote the Prote stant i r f rel gion , or rather the Chu ch o England , in Ireland , penal laws were enacted from time to time in the reigns ” Ir n n o ela d, E cycl pedia Britannica . [ 27 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

f o E e . lizab th , James I , William and Mary , and Anne Th ese laws provided that :

o l 1 . N Catho ic might te ach school or any child but his s n own , or e d children abroad to be educated . o 2. Mixed marriages were f rbidden between persons and i i of property , ch ldren m ght forcibly be

brought up Protestants .

3 . o no A Catholic c uld t act as guardian , and all wards in chancery were brought up as Prot

est ant s. The son of a Catholic lan ded proprietor might “ ”— — n i . e . by conformi g , turning apostate make his father simply a tenant and secure his own

inheritance .

5 . A Catholic could not take a longer lease than 31

- ir f years at two th ds o a rack rent .

6. If a Catholic inherited property he could be ousted “ by the next Protest ant heir unless he conformed i n with n six mo ths .

7 . o i No Cath lic m ght have arms in his possession , and justices were empowered to search houses of

Catholics for arms .

8. l If a Catho ic owned a good horse , any Protestant

might claim it on t endering 5 pounds .

9 . mi n r No Catholic could be ad tted to the bar , o

could b e hold a commission in the Army .

“ l u Natura ly, these laws put a premi m on hypocrisy, and many conformed only to preserve their property or to

n c . E e able them to take ofﬁ e Of the Penal Code , dmund “ ai : l Burke s d A complete system , fu l of coherence and o n o — a c nsistency, well digest ed a d comp sed in all parts i o f mach ne wise and elaborate contrivance , and as well o ﬁtted for the oppression , impoverishment and degradati n o f u of a pe ple , and the debasement in them o human nat re [ 93 ] WHY THE IRISH CAME TO AMERICA

f e n of itsel , as ever proceeded from the p rverted i genuity ” man . The wonder is that there were any Catholics left f r f r in Ireland , o the Penal Laws were ef ective wholly o w partially for a period of three hundred years . It as not o c t o ni until 1795 that Cath li s were admitted Tri ty College , no the only university permitted in Ireland , and t until 1829 were they permitted to vote for Catholics ; yet such is the Irish devotion t o principle and their love of liberty f wo that at the beginning o the eighteenth century, t thirds of the Iris h people were Catholics $ f Dean Swift , while pastor o Laracor, was visited by a h n as friend from England w o , surprised at the forlor pect n of the landscape arou d the rectory , asked the cele “ ” b rated old $ divine , Where are your Irish nobility Swift replied ' You will have to search for them ” not r : amongst the hovels of the poor . This was sati e ol s it was literal fact . Many of the Cath ic Iri h nobility ’ “ Vi issi were reduced t o absolute destitution, as Burke s c ” h was one tudes of Irish Families amply proves . T ere remarkable illustration of the completeness of the trans formation well known in Cork City for many years in the ni a begin ng of the nineteenth century . The represent tive

of r s the oldest baronetcy in I eland , Sir Theophilu Moore , his — and lady, lived in Cork Bridewell the baronet jingling the keys every day as Bridewell keeper ; and the u n lady r n ing around in the morning among the hucksters , i e buying bread , m lk , and vegetables from the huckst rs who on rented stalls the Coal Quay, the spot whereon the ancient Bridewell stood . Religion was used in Ireland as a cloak for the ad an e of all v c ment worldly and political power . As the land was l he d by the immigrants from England and Scotland , [ 29 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

o Pr testants naturally became the ruling class . Their position was made more secure by vilifying the ancient n m Irish whose la ds they had taken , and it beca e the ” as o t o f hi n keep the mere Irish down . While the m n Catholics still had so e stre gth , the Penal Laws were ’ enforced to reduce them to pauperism . After Cromwell s “ conquest the Presbyterians rose into power , and as soon as they felt their strength , asked t o have the army under

Presbyt e rian inﬂuence . They refused to take apprentices not n n t o that would cove a t to go their meetings , and when o a maj rity in municipal corporations , they excluded all

no o . t of their persuasi n On the return of Charles II , they

of o 1 lost some their p wer , and 6 ministers in Ulster were ejected from their churches and Anglican curates appointed

on f in their places . With the c quest o William of Orange “ n they again regained stre gth , but under Queen Anne — (1 702 1714) the Presbyterians again lost almost every advantage that had been gained and became by the Test

Act of 1 705 vi rtually outlaws . Their marriages were declared invalid and their chapels were closed . They could not maintain schoo ls nor hold ofﬁce above that of petty ” const able . Their right to worship was not legally recog nize d l 171 9 o 1704 1 778 in til , but fr m to , they were $ capacitated for all public othee .

Persecution peopled America, and in the case of the

Puritans , Pilgrims , and Quakers this meant religious perse cution by a Protest ant government . But the Irish l s of l people ﬂed from Ireland , not on y becau e re igious o persecuti n , but because they suffered from every form of oppression that selﬁsh interests could devise . In Ireland the government was opposed t o everyt hing Irish . Cath “ ” - n s on rs . B olto , Sco tch Iri h Pi ee [ 30 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

While England was at war with the colonies , Irish men at home were quietly workin g to secure a measure of ’ independence for themselves . England s Extremity is ’ ” n ou m Ireland s Opportunity, and when E gland f nd it eces sary to withdraw several thousand soldiers from Ireland for use in America, the Irish Volunteers were organized , “ oste nsibly for the defense of Ireland against foreign in f 143 . 1 1 2 vasion On February 5, 78 , representatives o corps Of volunteers of the Province of Ulster met at n 21 o o i Dunganno and adopted res lutions , am ng wh ch were the following :

e ed i of R solv , That a citizen , by learn ng the use arms ,

doe s not abandon any of his civil rights .

f f m n t That a claim O any body O e , other han the n mm o f Ki g, Lords , and Co ns o Ireland , to make i m o laws to bind this k ngdo , is unconstituti nal ,

al n . illeg , and a grieva ce o n That the ports of this c untry are , by right , Ope no to all foreign countries , t at war with the n or King ; and that any burthen thereupo , n o obstructio thereto , save nly by the parlia n f me t O Ireland , is unconstitutional , illegal , and

a grievance . That the independence Of judges is equally essen tial to the impartial administration of justice in n n a s Ireland , as in E gla d ; and th t the refu al or delay of this right to Ireland makes a dis di on tinction where there should be no stincti , may excite jealousy where perfect uni on l l unconst it u shou d prevail ; and is , in itse f,

t ional and a grievance . That we hold the right Of private judgment in matters of religion to be equally sacred in

others as in ourselves . That as men, and as [ 32 ] WHY THE IRISH CAME TO AMERICA

m as r ro Irish en , Ch istians and as P testants , ‘ we rej oice in the relaxation Of the penal laws against our Roman Catholic fellow- subjects ; and that we conceive the meas ure t o be fraught with the happiest consequences t o the union and prosperity of the inhabitants of

Ireland .

who Among the signers Of the foregoing resolutions , n were appoi ted a committee t o represent the corps , were the fo llowing

Mervyn Archdall John Harvey William Irvine Robert Campbell Robert McClint ock Jose h Pollock John Ferguson W dell Cunningham John M ontgomery Francis Evans Charles Leslie John Co pe Francis Lucas James Dawson Thomas M orris Jones James Atcheson James Hamilto n Daniel Eccles Andrew Thompson Thomas Dixon Alexander Stewart David Bell James Patterso n John Co ulston Francis Dobbs Robert Black Charles Dufﬁn William Crawford

These reso lutions have somewhat the ring Of the Dec larat i n Of f o Independence . They were passed by men o the Province of Ulster (whose descendants in America now call themselves Scotch and it will be noticed that the names are not at all unlike names prevalent in Colonial America and would not distinguish the bearers thereo f as Irish; yet these men were as much Irish as the present members of the Sons of the Revolution are

Americans . f r 1 The Volunteers o I eland soon numbered nearly 00,

000 men in all the provinces , more than half be ing in the [ 33 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

southern provinces . As a result of their strength and n activity, Ireland secured her legislative independence i 1 783 January , , and from that time to 1798 there was not a nation on the habitable globe which had “ advanced in ul manufac c tivation and commerce , in agriculture and i ” tures with the same rapid ty, in the same period as Ire $ land .

i o Had th s pr sperity come ﬁfty years earlier , it would have checked the tide Of emigration t o America and per

haps have changed the whole history of the latter country . The Volunteers had in mind the establishment of a demo i cratic parliament , and they probably would have obta ned absolute independence had not the American Revolution i Of term nated when it did . With the increase prosperity and the growin g strength of the pe ople the English gov e rnment , after its recovery from the American war , set about ﬁnally to take away even that measure of inde pe ndence which England in her extremity had been com elled n 1 7 8 Ral p to grant t o Ireland . Writi g in 9 , Sir ph n n Of Abercromby, who had been appoi ted comma der the “ Wi i in o forces Ireland the year previ us , declared that th n l these twelve months every crime , every cruelty that cou d be committed by Cossacks or Calmucks has been trans ” “ acted here ; that houses had been burned , men murdered , ” others half hanged . Abercromby, himself a humane 1 798 man , could not countenance these tortures , and in e l he was recalled . A month later the R be lion of the n a United Irishme , whose le ders were , with few exceptions , Re was s u . Protestant , broke o t When this bellion crushed in the Irish Parliament was packed with placemen , and 1 800 the Act of Union did away with the Parliament and

n s him in 1798. Lord Clare, i a pamphlet publi hed by l34 l WHY THE IRISH CAME TO AMERICA

a o al n . o who Ireland lost her n ti n ide tity L rd Cornwallis , “ S rvised l : as lord lieutenant , tipe the detai s , wrote Nothing but the conviction that an Union is absolutely necessary for the safety of the British empire could make me endure — I the shocking tas k which is imposed on me . despise and r n hate myself every hour fo engagi g in such dirty work . How I long t o kick those whom my public duty obliges ” me t o court $ The methods employed to bring about the Union and to crush Opposition are strikingly illustrated by the following facts :

One hundr ed and sixt y- t wo members out of a total Of

303 o e i . 1 1 in Parliament v t d for the Un on Of these , 6 f i s n were placemen , some o them Engl sh t aﬂ ge erals with n out o e foot of land in Ireland . The expe nditure for the military force maintained in Ireland from 1797 to 1801 amounted t o over f f r over o which was spent o the year 1800. The following received the amounts set Opposite their names for their patronage in supplying placemen for the Parliament :

Lord besides a peerage o l L rd Be videre . Sir Hercules Langrishe

Seven milli on ﬁve hundr ed thousand dollars were dist ri b “ buted among the mem ers Of Parliament , as compensa ” o f r n ti n o their losses incide t t o the Union , and many were i t o t r . ra sed the peerage , elevated o the bench , o pensioned o wh n Reyn lds , o kept the gover ment informed of the di of procee ngs the United Irishmen , an organization of f 179 patriots , leaders o the Rebellion Of 8, received a pen of 4 f r — sion $ 600 a year o thirty seven years , in gratuities , and a foreign consulship . [ 36 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

The above is intended merely to illustrate the lavish f expenditure o money by the British Government , a prae tice carried on for several hundred years to destroy Irish ’ o independence . The pe ple s money was used for the pur o pose, and the f llowing note on Ireland in 1716, found among the papers of Archbishop King , shows how this money was Obtained and the suffering it caused the Irish “ n people . Upon the whole I do not see how Irela d can on the present foot pay greater taxes than it does without starving the inhabitants and leaving them entirely without meat or clothes . They have already given their bread , their ﬂesh , their butter , their shoes, their stockings , their r r nd beds , their fu nitu e a houses to pay their landlords and I cannot see how an more can be ot rom them taxes . y g f , exce t we take awa their otatoes and buttermilk or sla p y p , y them and sell their

mm n n MS. on o . . o o ss o o s o Sec d Rep rt, G B R yal C i i Hi t rical , 2 2 n 1 4 . 56 5 Londo , 87 , pp , 7.

[ 36 ] THE IRISH RACE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

0 other race possessed more vitality and as simi lative powers than the ancient Irish people ; and the settlers from England and Scotland (except possibly those among the Official class) became in a very f short space o time unmistakably Irish . Most Of the Norman s and Eng lish that came t o Ireland in the thir t ee nt h and fourteenth centuries soon adopted Irish customs “ s was ne f and dress . The poet Spe n er o o the band of ad i e of venturers , who , with m xed motiv s Of love excitement , ” an d f patriotism , piety , hopes o forfeited estates went t o Ireland in the sixt eenth century to aid in the suppression Of a rebellion led by the Earl Of Desmond , and he advocated the destruction of the race by a process Of systematic st arva n wn tio , yet his o grandson was expelled from house and prop m “ ” ’ ert y by Cro well as an Irish Papist . James the First s of 1 Scotch and English settlement Ulster took place in 603, ’ Cromwell s confiscation and plantation of nearly the whole ’ of 1652 Wi l i rural Ireland occurred in , and l iam the Th rd s of i in 1691 confiscation more than a m llion acres was made .

Scotch and English farmers , soldiers , tradesmen and a few gentry immigrated into Ireland and settled on the con or af ﬁscated land , yet f ty years ter the Puritans settled in Irelan d it was reported that many Of the children of ’ n Cromwell s soldiers could ot speak a word of English, and [ 37 l IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

in 1 690 hundreds Of the descendants Of Puritan settlers f r i were ﬁghting o the Cathol c Kin g James II . Seven f f years a ter the battle O the Boyne, when William defeated ’ King James , many of William s soldiers had be come $ Catholics . 1 9 Wolfe Tone , leader of the Rebellion Of 7 8, was the grandson Of an Englishman and an Episcopalian ; Thomas ’ - - Addis Emmett , great great grandson of one of Cromwell s

soldiers , was banished from Ireland for his participation

in the sam e Rebellion and emigrated to America . His n 1 brother , Robert , was ha ged in 803 as leader of the Re

Kinl - n of 1803 . Mc e rea rand f bellion Francis y , g t u cle O e the American Pr sident , was hanged as an Irish rebel in

1 98. s l f 7 These are not isolated case , but are typica O thousands Of instances where men of English and Scotch nam e were j ust as Irish in sentiment and action as the ’ L hli ’ ll Bri ns Mc u ns hans . O e , a g , Murphys , and O C a ag It will be Observed in the Dungannon Resolutions of the Ulster Volunteers that the members refer to themselves

m - as Irish en , not as Scots or Scotch Irish , yet of the 28

f one i n names o members given , only is d sti ctively an Irish “ ” - name . The term Scotch Irish is purely an American n nk inve tion , used by an unthi ing class of descendants Of Irish immigrants who imagine it is more respectable t o be

- r . f Scotch Irish than pu e Irish As a matter o fact, it would be hard to ﬁnd an Irish family that has not some r wh Norman , English , o Scotch blood , and if those o pride themselves on being the direct descendants of Scotch and t English settlers were familiar with Irish his ory , it might occur to them that the majority Of English and Scotch in Irelan d were settlers who usurpe d the property Of the “ ”

f o n n. The Legacy o Past Years, L rd Du rave [ 38 1

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

Of Ulster had greater advantages and were freer from nﬂ English i uence than the people in the South , the south i ern prov nces , with the ports of Dublin , Waterford , Cork , o and Limerick , being m re accessible and more attractive to English settlers . But by the eighteenth century the descendants of Scotch and English settlers had in most instances become Irish in fact as well as by birth , and in this work we include as n Irish all who came from Irela d . Of late years the “ ” Scotch - Irish have been receiving due credit for their

o n Of m c ntribution to the settleme t and prosperity A erica, but in another chapter we shall show that these so - called ” Scotch - Irish had good old - fashioned Irish names an when they arrived in America, at y rate .

[ 40 ] THE IRISH COLONIAL IMMIGRATION

Even the Protestant exiles from Ulster went to America as ‘ ’ s cut and i ne P atrick . To shun r e on es Sons of St . pe i d g d ru n the En li h ment rotestants and Cat hol cs i by g s govern , P i had one and thei mone th i arms the ur o the wrath g , r y, e r , j y f ir , Irishmen wer were spe nt in organizing the Ameri can war . e r Their ind ation at m v oun l ever battle . i n every eet ing , e e y c ci , y g was a white me of revolt that consumed everyfea r and vacilla t a bore own ion ou it . That n e bitte r ex emmce r lo g , de p, p d the te m ers nd sent ou men traine in su rin to poriz , a t d ffe g ” — “ tri um . ALI PF EEN in s ph over adversity OE STO ORD GR , Iri h ” 1 1 79 8 . on . 0 Nati ality, pp ,

E have seen that three causes operated t o drive

the Irish people t o the American colonies , namely :

Fi st: i r Wars Of extermination , carried on by the Engl sh t o f secure the land O the ancient proprietors . Second: e i R ligious persecution , hav ng for its real Object the advancement Of the political power of the Anglican party .

Thi d: o r Ec nomic an d industrial oppression , which ff i of icu a ected fam lies all religious persuasions , and part larl n n c wh o n y the i habita ts Of the Provin e Of Ulster , , u der l it hert o o h in favorable c nditions , ad built up thriving

éust ries .

It is evident that the ﬁrst to leave Ireland were the Older Irish peopleb t h e men who had fought the incoming ad ff venturers in the e ort t o retain their property . These [ 41 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE were followed by others who ﬂed t o escape the Penal Laws and other forms Of Oppression to which the Irish and

- n Anglo Irish Catholics were subject ; the Presbyteria s , who were persecuted by the Anglican Church party ; and , s l f n la tly, al classes O Irish men a d women who wanted to work , but were prevented from enjoying the fruits of their labor by unjust legislation enacted upon the demand of l se ﬁsh British business interests to depress Irish industries . The destruction Of the wool trade is estimated to have ruined over forty thousand families in all parts of Ireland , while the destruction Of the linen trade , together with other forms of oppression , reduced the population of Ulster alone by half a million people before the beginning of the American Revolution . The actual loss in the population Of Ireland from 1672 1 t o 695, according to the statistics of Sir William Petty, was over while the loss from 1712 t o 1785 is estimated to have been over The exiles went into every country in Europe In the service of France alone over Irish soldiers are estimated t o have 4 n died from 1691 to 17 5. There was not a country amo g the powers , and not an occupation , in which Irishmen n e adrnirals were not to be fou d as gen rals , , statesmen ,

n n - scholars , physicians , e gi eers , business men , and labor o ers . As for the American col nies , Irish men, women , i 1650 and childr en began com ng before , while in the eigh t n h in o ee t century they came th usands , from North and

South , East and West , Catholics , Protestants, gentry, r nobility, and peasantry, bea ing English names , Irish i n names , Scotch names, or any conven e t name that would free them from English malice . There can be no question regarding the attitude of these exiles from Ireland . They [ 42 1 THE IRISH COLONIAL IMMIGRATION had suffered untold misery ; they had bee n persecuted to the verge of despair ; and they came with a burning sense of the se lﬁshness and deceit which characterized English — . n rule in Ireland The proof Of their comi g , that they

- n came in alarming numbers , and that they did ot alto n gether escape E glish persecution , is found in conte mpo r f rary records . No did they come only to a few o the l colonies , but to all , and that they inﬂuenced the po itical , i o f . econ mic , and religious life o the colonies is certa n “ ”

h . In Races and Immigrants in America , Jo n R C om “ s n f i m w mon , speaki g o the Irish m igration , says, This as by far the largest contribution of any race to the population of America during the eighteenth century . Writing in 1789 e of i ai , Rams y, the historian North Carol na , s d : “ The Colonies which now form the Unit ed States may be

as . considered Europe transplanted Ireland , England , l Scotland , France , Germany, Ho land , Switzerland , Sweden ,

u is o i i f e Poland , and Italy f rn hed the r g nal stock o the pr s

and are ene all su osed to have com ent population , g r y pp F t trib uted to it in the orde r named. or the las seventy or eighty years no nation had cont ributed so much to the popu ” lati on o Ameri a as I eland. f c r On the other hand , Sena “ r in f to Lodge , his Story o the Re volution , says that “ the people of Massachusetts were Of almost pure English n f blood , with a small infusio o Huguenots and a slight

f - mingling , chieﬂy in New Hampshire , o Scotch Irish ” from Londonderry . The latter statement shows either

gross ignorance or is a delibe rate fabrication . While it

in Ne w is true the colonists that arrived England , from the landing of the Mayﬂower passeng ers in 1620 to the rise of 1 Cromwell in 648, were almost wholly yeomanry from

England , the latt er circumstance reduced the necessity [ 43 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE for Puritan emigration to the same extent that it increas ed the necessity for Irish emigration ; and while numbers Of the Puritans returned t o England to receive the beneﬁts of i n the rise of the r party i to power, Irishmen left Ireland

. an to escape Puritan persecution In y case, a large num ber of Iri sh gentlemen came t o New England (by way of England in some cases) among the persons that are estimated to have arrived during the period of the great Puritan exodus ; but the ﬁr st noticeable inﬂux of i 1652 Irish people nto New England began in , when by ’ m 40 n Cro well s orders , 0 Irish children were se t to the

n o i colo ies t o be sold as slaves . Fr m that time on the sh p r ment of Irish men, women , and child en to New England was common practice . Many of them were political n i priso ers , whose chief crime had been the ownersh p of property ; hundreds were kidnapped with the connivance of governm ent officials ; and many came Of their own volition . That they came in sufficient numbers as to caus e alarm is evident from a manuscript report of a committee appointed by the Colony of Massachusetts to n l consider certai proposals for the pub ic benefit , dated

o 2 1 54 of o o n l n Oct ber 9, 6 , which the f ll wi g, with spel i g revised , is a copy :

n s This Court , consideri g the cruel and malignant pirit that has from time to time been manifest in the Irish s s nation again t the Engli h nation , does hereby declare the m en m n r h n prohibition Of any Irish , wo e o c ildren bei g brought into this j urisdiction on the penalty of ﬁfty pound l t o n f ster ing each i habitant that shall buy O any merchant , s o shipmaster , or other agent , any such per on or pers ns ’ n so transported , which ﬁ e shall be by the county s mar n i f ou shall , o conv ction O some mag istrate or c rt , levied , and be to the use of the informer one- third and t wo- thirds [ 44 ] THE IRISH COLONIAL IMMIGRATION

in t o the county . This act t o be force six months after l pub ication of this order .

(Signed) Dan Gook en .

Thomas Savage .

Roger Clap .

Richard Russell .

Fran cis Norton .

l It would appear that similar laws existed ear ier , as in 1 650 applications were made by several individuals for the ’ ‘ remission of fines imposed for the oflense . The enact ment of this law is sufficient proof that the number of n arrivals from Ireland must have bee large , as a few hundred women an d children would not have given rise t o grave fears . It is more than probable that many proud f “ New England families o today , bearing English names , are descended from so me of these poor Irish serv f ants , many o whom were of bette r blood than the most

s arrogant Puritans , but their old Irish names were in mo t n a n not i stances repl ced by E glish ones , and having the

u o opport nity to practise any other religi n , became Puri

. l tans themselves But servants , politica prisoners , and kidnapped children were not the only classes of Irish people that came to New England early in her history .

We ﬁnd , for example , that Captain Daniel Patrick (other

s wi e Gilpatrick) and Robert Fe ak e , bearers of Irish names , W W w were the ﬁrst hite settlers in hat is now Green ich , n 1639 o Con , ; J hn Burrage Martin , born in England , son al n as of a County G way ge tleman , came to M sachusetts in 1637 ; Captain Robert Keayne or Kane (name Of Irish n n 163 u origi ) came from Lo don to Boston in 5, and fo nded n f the Ancie t and Honorable Artillery C o . , o Boston ;

N and v l . 22 r n r . otes Que ies Magazine, o . v, seve th se ies, p 6 [ 45 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

Ri o o 1 chard Wilkins , a householder in B st n, 689, was n formerly a bookseller in Limerick , Ireland , a d the an cesto r f m o O John Hancock , who ca e from the C unty Down . ’ We learn further, from the chapter on King Philip s War , 167 h “ ” i 5, in t e Pilgrim Republic by Goodw n , and this war was far more grievous to New England than the Revolu n — n diff tio , that during this war E gland was an in erent “ l aid i spectato r , and that the on y wh ch ever came t o the ” colonies from any source was a subscription for £ 1000

i n . ra sed in Dubli , Ireland It is clear that Irish or Celtic blood early mingled in the u i 1 New England pop lation , wh ch , in 700, was estimated t o f have been some part o whi ch , in additi on t o the nn Irish , was made up of Normans from the Cha el Islands ,

and . ul Welsh , Scotch Granting , however , that the pop a ” s in 1 tion was almost wholly Engli h 700, it certainly in i ni was not 1775 . With the beg n ng of the eighteenth century the Irish began comi ng to New Eng land in vast

ss num bers . It would be impo ible to estimate the number

o n of s of persons that came fr m Irela d , or the number ship from that country which landed colonists at New England

r n e n ports , as the arrivals du i g the eighte nth ce tury were n n f not so much a eve t as the lan ding o the Pilgrims , how ever much they may have inﬂuenced future events of importance to the colonies . But from the Boston News Letter we learn that 53 ships from Ireland landed colonists 2 at Bosto n in the years from 1 714 to 17 0. In the Records

f n f o O the Bost on Selectme , Report o the Rec rd Commis sioners 1 6 t o 1742 o w : , 73 , we ﬁnd the f llo ing items Cap tain Geo rge Bond gave a bond for £ 1000 for 37 perso ns imported from Ireland ; Capt . Gibbs and Mr . Ramsey, £2 bond Of £ 1000 and Mr . Waldo 00 for persons imported [ 46 ]

IRISH CONTRIB UTION TO AMERICA’ S IND EPENDENCE

The author of the above erroneously refers t o the “ ” - i . Wi colon sts as Scotch Irish th few exceptions , the families Of these colonist s had lived in Ireland for at leas t

three generations , and a large number bore Irish names . In any case they left Ireland because of the persecution

and unj ust laws under which they lived while there .

That they were Celtic and not Anglo- Saxon is evident from the following names which appear on a petition ad dressed to Governor Shute in 1718 by some of the colo nist s from Londonderry who desired to locate in New Hampshire

Neal McNeall James Kenedy James M oore John McKeen McG o r McKeen Alex . ‘ore R be t Mceill n r Alex . A d ew Patrick John M orrison James McFee McLa len Rich . ugh James M orrison An drew McFadden John Cochr an James McKerre ll William Cochran Andrew Fleming amel h/I errell Patrick Orr gergos Kecn dy Daniel Orr m r McBrid James Gil o e Alex . e k Ar ch . McCoo Edward MoKene Samuel McGivern Samuel McMun George McAlest er Thomas McLaughle n Lawrence McLaughlen H Ncille oyle Will cAlb e n Benj amin Boyle John McC an

The settlement of New Hampshire by colonists from the North Of Ireland has received suﬂicient mention in American history to be well known ; but the Irish of Lou

d nderr . H . o y , N , constituted only an insigniﬁcant propor tion of the Irish colonists who came t o other parts of New l i Eng and and t o the other colonies . Ir sh people from all [ 48 1 THE IRISH COLONIAL IMhIIGRATION parts Of Ireland settled in the city Of Boston and in other n parts of New England , from the coast of Mai e to Lake 1 1 Champlain . In 7 8 the town Of Worcester, Mass , 2 consisted of 58 dwellings and 00 inhabitants . The Rev . E r i i dward Fitzgerald , a P esbyterian m n ster, with 50 n o doubled families from Irela d , settled in W rcester and n n the population . The tow Of Co cord was founded by

n s n emigra t from Irela d , as were several other towns in m s nn and s . Massachusett , Co ecticut , New Ha p hire One Of the original settlers of Worcester was James McClel

e Of McClelland land , anc stor General Samuel , General Mc lelland Geo . B . C , and Of the former Mayor Of New

York City . of s Among the settlers Pelham , Mas , were the follow ing colonists from Ireland :

James Clark Duncan McFarland John Clark John McInt yre Ro bert Ferrell Ro bert McLe m Ro bert Forbush Daniel McMains Patrick Gregory James McPherso n John Hamilto n John M oore John Lecore John Murray M arte r Wm . cC o R bert Patrick Thomas McClanat h an Edward Savage John McClanat han William Sloan

All the above names are as pre valent in Ireland as in e in I S cotland . The Savages wer reland as early as the n fourteenth ce tury , and the Edward Savage above men t ioned was the grandfather Of the celebrat ed portrait painter who lived in Philadelphia an d painted a portrait of Washin gto n . Among the coloni al settlers in the region now called Vermont were families with the following distinctively : M Irish names Burke, Barrett , Kennedy, cCoy , Hogan , [ 49 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

i McConnell Dunn , Lark n, , Moore, Garvey, Goff, Carey,

M rr . cCa a, Duane The Duanes owned acres of f land , and the ﬁrst member o the family in America was

o Anth ny Duane , who was born in the County G alway ,

Ireland . Other settlers in Vermont from Ireland were of l Archibald Stark , father Genera John Stark ; Matthew

Lyon , from the County Wicklow, who by his eloquence swung the Green Mountain Boys of Vermont into line ai enni early in the Revolution ; Capt n Mag s, who com manded the New Hampshire Militia and is given credit for turning the fortunes of the day in the attack on Long 1 Point, Lake George , March , 757, French and Indian War ; and many other Irishmen whose sons and grandsons became famous in American History . The city of Boston contained a large Irish population “ in coloni al days and they were by no means all Scotch ” f Irish from Londonderry . The Records o the Boston Selectmen already referred to contain the names of per sons to whom licenses as City Porters were issued in the 1 12 year 1738. There are 6 names in the list and Of these : Wh aland McMillion are as follows John , Robert , Patrick ’ f Brien Gof e , Paul Bryan , Thomas O , Patrick Bourke , M Ed John Keefe , Jeremiah accart y , Timothy Harney,

l Ph l nd . ward Kel y, Thomas e a , James Collins The same records contain many items of the following character

John McGuire appeared and stated he had in his ni ff house , Da el Gri ith , Mariner , John Welch , Mariner, u James M rfey , Mariner and Joyner, Cornelius Fling , ” Victualer .

McLucas . Sarah , given charity John Maccanis (McGinis) wife and four children 9 arrived from Ireland June , [ 50 ] THE IRISH COLONIAL IMMIGRATION

o M ckm e r i d u who J hn a as t , w fe an fo r children , arrived m 1 22 fro Ireland June 7 . “ l Dennis Sul ivant and wife , lately came from South n r an Caroli a , is going t o return t o Ireland o Engl d in about ” ﬁve weeks .

In 1733 an Irish Church was shown upon the map of the 1 ’ city ; in 737, on St . Patrick s Day , the Charitable Irish Society Of Boston was o rganized ; the Boston Tea Party m et D an at an inn kept by a man named John ugg , and the ' ’ .tea was thrown into the harbor Off Gmﬂin s Wharf ; and P atrick Carr was one Of the men killed by the British o s ldiers in the Boston Massacre .

The Irish Presbyterians formed extensive settlements , a s a body, in New Hampshire and in the settled portions of l Massachuse tts . The Irish Catho ics , however , so ught i refuge as individuals in the remoter regions of the prov nce . i f The territory of Maine , for example , wh le a part o the e w t a Massachus tts Bay Colony, as o a l rge extent free from — the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts government so “ much so that G overnor Winthrop complained : They f i d ran a dif erent course from us , both in the r ministry an i i r h in the r civ l administration , fo they ad lately made Acoment ious (a pOor village) a corporation and had made n l a tailor their mayor , and had entertained o e Hul , an c i f r ex ommun cated person , and very conte ntious, o their

Thus , in the characte r of the people of Maine , e we see the b ginning of American democracy . They had little of the intolerant , overbe aring spirit Of the Puritan , and they had the audacity to elect as mayor a man who i worked for his living . The Ir sh settled exte nsively in

n . n Mai e The town Of Berwick, o e Of the earliest settle “ ” - Bolton, Scotch Irish Pioneers . [ 51 l IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO ANIERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

ments , was probably named in honor Of the Duke Of Ber one wick , Of the commanders of the Irish forces in the 1 1 Revolution of 69 . Among the Irish who lived in the

o r town was Owen Sullivan , b rn in Limerick , Ireland , du ing of 1691 the siege , who was the father of John Sullivan , member of the Continental Congress in 1774 and a Briga dier General of the C ontinental Army in 1775 at the age

- n of thirty three ; of James Sulliva , Member of the Provin cial on 1 o C gress of Massachusetts 775 , j udge of the Superi r 1776 o Massach u Court , Att rney General , Governor of o of n setts , and f under the tow Of Limerick, Maine , whose o n m son , John Langd n Sullivan , born 1777, i vented a stea

- for 4 tow boat which he received a patent in 181 , in prefer t o o n ence R bert Fulto , who applied for one at the same $ time . ’ n Another Irish settler in Mai ne was Maurice O Brie ,

o on Of of born in Cork , wh se ﬁve s s , on hearing the battle

Lexington , with a few volunteers captured a British o n in hi 1 1 1 775—the rs armed sch o er Mac as Bay, May , ﬁ t naval victory and the ﬁrst blow struck on water in the war for inde enden o as p ce . The leader of this expediti n w Jere ’ ’ O Brien in 1 740 miah , who was born Scarboro , , and was n in An afterwards a captai the Massachusetts Navy . ’ Of B rien 1758 other member the family, Richard O , born , i n commanded a privateer n the Revolutio , and was an in 1 1 Officer on the brig Jefferson 78 , when he was captured by the Dey of Algiers and enslaved for many

’ n m n Appleto s A erica Biography . ’ 1 Harper s Cyclopedia of American History .

[ 52 ] THE IRISH IN PENNSYLVANIA

HE extent Of the Irish colonial population in America is perhaps best illustrated in the history Of their set t lement and activity in the provi nce of Pennsylva f o his ro nia . Penn received his grant o the pr vince and p o priet ary charter from King James II . His father wned an m estate in Cork , Ireland , where the e inent Quaker spent much of his time as manager of the estate before coming t o t o America . He manned a vessel that brought him Amer ica mostly with men that b e secured in the city of Cork . His was secretary , James Lo gan , born in Lisburn , County

l o - who Antrim , and Thomas H o me , his Survey r General ,

o f . laid ut the city o Philadelphia , was born in Waterford “ in t o for Accord g a recent authority, the actual treaty the of a h lands the present Phil delp ia and adj acent county, out t o 1 the Susquehanna, was made in the year 685 by m f n Tho as Holme , as president o the Council in the abse ce Of William Penn who had gone t o William ’ wh w ne l Welsh , o as o Of Penn s counci lors , negotiated a treaty with the Indians of northweste rn New York in 1 683 f , and he represe nted the Governor o Pennsylvania in o n of neg tiatio s with Governor Dongan , New York , in ’ 1684 to i , relative Penn s quarrel w th Lo rd Baltimore . The Irish Quakers wh o came to Pennsylvania formed so “ large a proportion of the colonists that the Irish Quaker

’ “ n Appleto s American Biographies . l 53 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

Immigration to Pennsylvania is the subject of a volume of more than 500 pages . In 1700 Pennsylvania and Delaware together had a population of about While the inhabitants of u Pennsylvania were chieﬂy Q akers at that time , a large number of Irish Catholics and Protestants must have settled in the Province in the seventeenth century , for n ff Pe n O ered freedom of worship t o all settlers , and b e cause Of his well - known toleration for Catholics he was “ ” himself sometimes accused of being a Papist . In 1729 ri of of an I sh lady some means , with a number her tenantry from Ireland , settled near what is now Nicetown , Phila delphia , and est ablished a Ro man Catholic chapel on her $ m estate . About the same ti e the Irish were coming t o Philadelphia in such large numbers as t o alarm the Quaker d l an Eng ish inh abitants , for in a statement t o the Council in 1 729 the Deputy Governor of the Province said :

It looks as if Ireland is to send all its inh abitants i s h ther , for la t week not less than six ships arrived , and every day two or three arrive also . The common fear is that if they thus continue t o come , they will make them selves masters Of the

That the English inhabitants Of the city had cause for alarm at their rapidly diminishing majority is indicated in the following table of the immigrants arriving in Pennsyl 1 l vania during the year ending December , 729 : Eng ish 2 4 l n 243 and Welsh , 67; Scotch , 3; German Pa ati es , ; I h ris , In 1 728 there arrived at New Castle , 4 Delaware , 500 persons , most Of whom came from Ire

’ “ f Ibid . Watson s Annals O Philadelphia . 1 ’ “ 1 Gordon s History of Pennsylvania . [ 54 1

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

Patrick Caffry and E sther Rice Ri n Bur chard Cahill a d Eliz . rege John Callahan and Eliz Sweet o n n and Wimfre d s h n J h Callaha Ga c ur Edward Callahan and Mary Rice n n s Roger Ca e a d Eliz . Wel h Rose Cane and Adam Little nn n l n Ja et Cannon a d Geo . Ca ah o e Joseph Cannon and Rachel Ge t hram Margaret Carey and John McMick en Jane Carnaghan and Josias Brown n Van Abraham Care] a d Kath . Pelt Richard Carrel and Grace Williams nn n ins A e Carroll a d Geo . Hawk Daniel Carty and Margaret Lavender Miles Carty and Joan Dickey Darby Carty and Hannah Richardson Thomas Carty and A nne Haimer Jane Cary and George Brown John Cleary and Jane C ollins Katherine C oghran and Francis Willson Charles Coile and Anne Price Mary Magdalena Colerain and Chri stian Taylor Jacob C oney and Barbara Van Clink enb augh Mary C oney and Joseph Walton Darby C onnelly and Jane Price John Conner and Mary Rambo William C onner and Mary Quill Michael Connoll and Anne Clingman John C onnor an Mary Foreman John C onway and Sus anna B oun d William C onway and Mary McAnally Daniel Daily and Mary Hill Eleanor Daily and Andrew McBroom Joanna Daily and John Murphy Katherine Daily and Duncan Campbell Mary Daily and Robert Fleming Thomas Daily and Mary Harden Daniel Donavin and Anne Wood n Peter Donavin a d Eliz . Wright

John Donelan and Eliz . Parker John Dorkart y and Susanna Seinchy Jane Drogheda and Thomas Jones n and s Warkins Katheri e Drogheda Richard n and Daven Kath . Eagi Patrick y James Farrel and Jane Heath John Farel and Honour Farel William Farrell and Mary Barroe [ 56 ] THE IRISH IN PENNSYLVANIA

Mary Flanekin and Edward Swinney Samuel Fole and Mary Sinkler James Kerre and Dinah VanKirk James Laughlin and Jane Jones Re becca Mackinaire and Pete r Jackson John Mack a and Martha Floyd Mary Ma nrry and James Kelle idahaﬂy and William alk e r Honour Malennyyand Michael Fleming Edward Maloneyand A es Hider Jane McC ane and Hu Gunning Mary McC annin and amuel Low Margaret McCarty and Thomas Holm es Jane McCle naghan and Job Guthrey Agness McC le nan and Jo hn Grifﬁth Isabel McC loghlin and Abram Russel Martha McConnell and James Little Patrick McC ormick and Blanch Hughes Mary McGeorge and George Lewis Margaret McGown and Joseph Frazier Susanna McKe lan and James Steward Eliz abeth McKane and Joseph Kerr Sarah McKenny and Walter Bryson Jane McMurran and John Forsyth Michael McDonald and Brid e t Kerr Margaret Meals and Daniel ismond Jane Mulleg an and John Wayne Mary Mullin and William Hart John Murp and Joanna Dail Katherine h y and John cPack ’ Eleanor O B anhand Ro bert Baker ’ Katherine O ryan and Edward Winter ’ John O Bryant and Mary Duk eminer ’ Anne O Burn and Thomas Holland Peter Ok ely and Mary Asson

Joseph Oregh and Cath . Kirk Mary Pendergrass and James Frazier Eleanor Reiley and Henry Early Charles Reily and Isabel Eas ly Joshua Reily and Rebecca Do le Timothy Sulliman and Rose aters Mary Sullivan and John Fle Dennis Sullivan and Elizabeth sldwell Bartholomew Welsh and M Kirk Eliz abeth Welsh and Roger ane Mary Welsh and Abraham Layb rook Rebecca Welsh and John Lockhart IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

On the above list , in addition to the names given , the 3 6 n 5 name Dunn occurs times , Fitzgerald times , Flemi g , ll 1 1 3 1 1 Ke ey , Kilpatrick , Martin , and there ar e 95 “ ” ni names begin ng with Me . 10 The marriage lists of Old Swedes Church , 1 750 to 18 , ai cont n a very much larger proportion of Irish names . 486 “ M ” There are names beginning with e , as well as o f every other f rm of Irish names , o which the following is an indication

Mary Branag en and William Erskin Michael Branin and Barbara Evans Patrick Brawley and Sarah Thompson Patrick Brian and Margaret Smith Timothy Brian and Isabella Dickinson Roger Brogen and Elizabeth Warren Sarah Brogen and Lewis M oliere Patrick Cacharin and Gracey McNeal Mary Carrigan and Charles D omonick Ann Cart ey and Patrick Dowen Patrick C ash aday and Catharine Baldwin Hugh Cassaday and Rachel Richards Ann Cassel and Dennis Leary James Golgun and M Flannagan Catherine Condon and ichael Murphy Patrick Condren and Mart Lat terson Dennis C onneley and Mary Kilk enney Neal Connolly and Mary Macumtire Margaret C onnoway and Thomas H aley Patrick C onrey and Nancy Early Biddy Devine and John B oggs Patrick D oran and Jane Long ri Pat ck Fares and Elec . Garvey Elizabeth Fairies and James Cochran Bri n gith Fege and Chris. Fitzgerald Patrick Gallenogh and Susanna Brown Patrick Glyn and M Christie m nd Patrick Ke psey a liz . Davis ’ John LO an and Jane O Connor Patrick oghan and Margaret Docherty

[ 58 ] THE IRISH IN PENNSYLVANIA

On the same list the names following occur the number of times shown

B Bary, 1 5

Brai y, Brady, 9 n Branno , 6 r 1 Bu k, Burke, 9 4 Burn, Burnes, 1 n aha Cahil , Cahill n C n Cai , a e, 7 n Callagha , Callahan, Callan, 7 n n C an o a d Canon, 6 l] Carre , Caril , Carill, Carol , 6

Carney, 10 22—2 s and 2 s Carr, Michael Patrick n u C assrd , C avenaugh , Cavener, Cave o gh

Conne y, 4 nnar nn nno 19 Co , Connard Co er, Co r, nn n l nn 1 Co el , Co e l, Connelly, Co erly, 0 n Co way, 3 n on rri an rrill o n o n n Corra , Corrid , Co Co , C ughli , C urt ey , Curi 2 2 l Dem se 5 nni Daugherty Daley e ane p y , , De s De er 2 D lon 2 Do Dohart 2 De ll o 1 y , , il , , cherty” y , , , D ile, Doyle , 5 D ii n Donoh w n 4 onavari Doneva , Donovan, 5, Do ohue , o , Do ohoo , n Dorla , ornan Dougan o 21 Don n D ugharty , li , Dyer, Dwire, Dyar, Dyer n E an ns Ega , ag n 2 $ Farra , am e , 5 , Ferrell ’, d$12 i 3 Fitzgeral , F tzpatrick, l h n nn n F a am ert , Flanigan, Flanik e , Fla iga , lann g goaé l g es illas 2 Gallagher, 3, Gal y, G py, m lm i Gil ar, Gi er, G ore , 8 Grifl n n e Griffi , 5 Ha anh Ha ert g y , Hagerty, sg y ns n s5 Hani han n nn s Hage , Haley, Ha ey, g , Ha ley, He e ey ns 5 n 6 H gi , , Hoga , ig 2 Kn Karri an n n 3 n 1 1 n , a e g , Kava agh , Kea , , Kee , , Kea e 23 Keley, Kelley, Kelly, Kenneda nn 10 nn 2 y Ke edy, , Ke ey, ' L rt y, afle y, 3 ad n 7 M de , 3 Ma uire Mah on Mahon Mahne Maguire , , q , , e , Pat i : Mahne n yimoth 1yIahone n on y, Patrick Maho ey, y y, A th y fiaciony l n Ma o ey , 4, Mooney, Morat y, M oriaty l 1 2 Mu lan, 6, M orphy, Morphey , M orphy, Murphey, 6 [ 59 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

’ ’ Neal O Neil 1 8 mes Neal , Neal O , , ti ’ ’ O Br an b ra ne Brian n n Ib r on 17 m s y y , O , Obria , Obrie , y , ti e ’ conno 5 O r, ’ ’ ’ ’ O D el D an nil O Dear Odonnell O Donnel ani , O , , y , ’ ’ ’ O Ha ert O Hara O Harra g , Ohara, ’ O Lar nie n n y , , O or, Ora e Ti mothy Organ nn n nl n Qui , Qui , Qui i l i l Ri 7 n 9 Reigh ey, Re ley, Rei y, ley, , Rya , n w n Swee ey, S i ey Sullevan li n 8 Swa ne n , Sul va , y y , Swea ey 7 s 1 6 s h n 3 Welch, , Wel h, , Wal h, W ela ,

The Marriages of Christ Church (Episcopal) at the same

o n 2 M e and 29 peri d co tain 33 names , beginning with “ ’ 4 37 beginning with O 1 Bryan and Bryant , Kelly and 1 12 10 n 10 Kelley, 7 Kennedy, Ryan , Sulliva , and Welsh , together with manv other names of evident Irish origin . Persons bearing such names as appear in the foregoing lists were unquestionably Of Irish birth or extraction ; but f i a hi there were thousands o men in Ph l delp a , who , while nd n n of Irish birth or descent a e thusiastic Irishme , bore names that would not be classed as Irish by the average m Of reader . This is best illustrated in the me bership the i Friendly Sons of St . Patrick , a Society organized in Ph la hi 17 1 71 . delphia March , 7 Active members p was conﬁned r on t he o t o men of Irish bi t h or extracti , and S ciety was evidently the successor of the Hibernian Club , which was 4 17 1 781 holding meetings as early as 17 9 . On March , , the active members of the Friendly Sons were as follow :

Th omas Barclay John Murra George Campbe ll John Donal on William West Matthew Meas e James Caldwell

. n n h D H . Co g George Davis John Bare gy George Henry John Nixon [ 60 ] THE IRISH IN PENNSYLVANIA

Samuel Caldwell Commodore John Barry John Brown James Crawford John Mitchell Ge orge Mead e Sharp Delaney Thomas Fit z imm ons l n Andrew Caldwell Co . Joh Shee

n n li m es . Ge n . A tho y Wayne Wil a W t, Jr Blair McClenach an James M eas e John Dunlap Tench Francis esb it t John Meas e Alex . N George Hughes John Patton im n n Gen . r Joh Mitchell , Jr . Eph a Blai e n s o ns on Ge n . Stephen M oylan Fra ci J h t ll m n Randle Mitchell Ge n . Wi ia Irvi e i John Boyle C ol. R chard Butler John Patterson Ro bert Gray James M oylan Jose ph Wilson

Every one Of the gentlemen above named w as either born in Ireland or was des cended from a man born in Ireland ; and they were not what is now commonly called “ - . e o Scotch Irish . Gen St phen M ylan was born in l r n of Co unty Cork , was a Catho ic and the ﬁ st preside t the Of Society ; George Meade was a son Robert Meade , an

i an . m Irish Catholic refugee from L merick , Irel d The na e ’ Me h 18 o o n is derived from O ag , and pr perties w ed by persons of the name Meade were conﬁscated by Cromwell ’ and are mentioned in his book of forfeitures . (Se e Bache s

o 2 and Life of Gen . George G rdon Meade , pag e , the Life w of Richard Meade . ) Col. Richard Butler as born in the ’ lk Ki enne . Parish Of St . Bride s Dublin , and his father in y

While Butler is not an Irish name , the family had been in

f r al Ireland o sever centuries , and played an important part in the rebellions against English rule in Ireland . h d one The First City Troo p of P ila elphia , now of the

i o in most exclusive mil tary organizati ns the country , was 4 f organized November 177 , as the Light Horse o the City

- of Philadelphia . Of the twenty eight men who comprised [ 61 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

on t the Troop the da e of its organization , ten were born in of f Ireland and were members the Friendly Sons o St .

Patrick , namely ; James and John Mease , John Boyle , o J hn Mitchell , George Campbell , Samuel Campbell , r Samuel and Andrew Caldwell , George Fulle t on , John

and McClenachan . i Dunlap , Blair Of the remain ng m r. eighteen members , Willia West , J , was the son Of an

Irishman , and it is probable others were Of Irish birth or n d desce t , but the eleven alrea y mentioned were membe rs Of the Friendly Sons and their nationality is therefore

- known . Among the eighty eight men who were members

f r o the Troop during the period of the Revolution, thi ty were members Of the Friendly Sons and represented o nly a small proportion Of the men of Irish blood who would have been likely to join such a troop . a i Many other names , well known in Phil delph a society , were hom e by colonial immigrants from Ireland . Thomas Lea came from Dublin before 1 757 and his son was one of the twelve founders of the Hibernian Society ; George Fullerton was born in Ireland and joined the Friendly

Sons in 1771 ; John Frazer was born in County Monaghan , 1 an Ireland , came to Philadelphia in 735, d was the father P f f of Gen . e rsi or Frazer o the Revolution and the great

Pe r if r grandfather of Dr . s o Frazer, the well known phy

ici s an ; William West , ancestor of the West family Of l Philadelphia, was born in S igo, Ireland . On the other an d of im hand , the designer builder many of the most portant buildings in Philadelphia during and after the “ Of Re volutionary period , a man marked ability as an architect and at that time thought to be the best in this

ol country, was an Irish Cath ic named Nicholas Fagan , who was born in Dublin and came t o Philadelphia in b oy [ 62 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

E liraim Blane James Mulligan Cpaxles BO le Sinnott James Br den Jacob Sinnott Andrew Byarly Susannah Sinnott Philip B arly Th omas Welsh William ﬁryan Bridget Winsor John Coleman Patrick Feagan Patrick C unningham Thomas McCollum John Dail George McSwine Sarah D y John and Phili Sinnott William Downy Margaret and Rebecca Boyle Patrick McCarthy Margaret Cogh ran Neil McCollum Susan Daily Hugh McSwine Mary McSwine Susannah McSwine

In addition to the foregoing, there were George Carr ,

Alli r n c lur John Finley, William Mc st e , Joh M C e , John McKe e , who were undoubtedly Irishmen with Scotch inl names . John F ey was known to have been born in the f ’ “ ” North o Ireland , and Burke s Landed Gentry shows that a Robert Finlay fought for Queen Mary and on her defeat ﬂed to Ireland in 1568. Unquestionably, a number

f h - o the other in abitants , bearing English sounding names , f 1 1 were also Irish . In the census o Fort Pitt for 76 — house- owners only occur the following Irish names addi t ional t o those already given :

Thomas Carney Dennis McLaughlin Cassady Richard McMahan John Craven Joseph McMurray George Croghan Patrick McQuaid Denms Droghart y John Neal Dennis Hall Christo her Negley Hugh Henry John elch

Dennis ll his There is no mistaking Ha , but if name had l been John Hall, he wou d have been omitted from the list , even though he might have been of Irish birth . [ 64 ] THE IRISH IN PENNSYLVANIA

1750 The lists of Taxpayers in Dauphin County, , printed in the Historical Sketch of Dauphin County, include the following Irish

Derry Township Paxton Township James McKee Robert Du an Patrick Down James Mc ht s WMcC a Charle Neely illiam ley Andrew M orrison George Gillas py Mc a John Kerr Alex . C y David McNair Patrick Gillespy Michael H oury Thomas McArt hur John Welsh Robert Curry Hugh Ha es John Neal John Mc ord John Dougherty David McCord John Dail Leo nard Devine William alb ona John McC ulloch Thomas McCormick Charles Conway Andrew Cochran A ndrew M oore William Kirkpatrick Thomas Mackey Peter Fleming Robert McClure Kenned Kanix lure John M ueen Rich . cC Kinne Niel Mc lister H . Mc y Neal Dougherty Thomas Dugan Thomas Logan Timot h McKnigh t r lr John McAlli ste H . Mc o Jo hn McClelland Timothy S w A ndrew Rowan Matthew Jordan John Kerr John Welsh Duncan McDonnell John McKnight M l n Mr . cC a Patrick Kinney Patrick Kelly William Hayes John Cochran John McColloch

Hanover Township m s McCrei t M wen Ja e gh Mr . cCo Thomas Mc uire Thomas Mcclure John McC or William Barnet McCl M l Wm . enahan Francis cC ure David M cClenahan Michael Neal Daniel Shaw John McCormick John McC avit t James Finney James McCavit t John McNealey IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

James McConnell John Kansey Charles McClure James McCorey John McClure Dennis Kerril Patrick Gracey John Sloan Michael Wallace A ndrew McKeeh an James Sloan Patrick Brown Walter McFarland Antony McElrath Barnet McNight Adam McNee ley Hugh McGo wen John McClure Edward McMurray Patrick Bowen Jacob McCormick

In the above list , it is probable Patrick Brown and

Patrick Bowen were Irish , but if their names had been ul and James , they wo d not have been included thus two

Irishmen would have been missed, as many others are n when an attempt is made to select them by name . O e ’ can always b e sure of a man s o rigin if he has an Irish name , but one with an English name might be Irish , Scotch ,

German , Swedish , or Russian .

The following men with Irish names received licenses in the State Of Pennsylvania as Indian traders between 1720 and 1758:

n 1 730 o s Co . Patrick B yd, La ca ter , n Womi 1 758 r Law e ce Burke, y m s r m o 0 o n n 1 750 Tho a Bu ke, e pl ye J h Marti , 1 4 nn s C o . 7 9 George Co ell, Che ter ,

nn . 1 Charles C o er Chester Co , 730 D n 1747 Peter C orbet , o egal , m r or o 1 747 Ja es C awley Cr wley, n 1 744 George Crogha , n r n o om n 1749 Bar aby Cu ra , Ohi C pa y, m ri n 1 734 Ti othy Fitzpat ck , Alleghe y, m ns mo n 1 728 Ti othy Higgi , Sha ki , s n 1 753 Barnabas Hughe , D o egal hn n en 1732—34 Jo Kelly , Do egal, Alleg y , n nn o 1754 Joh Ke edy, a L wry Trader, nn h n 1 734 Edward Ke y, Alleg e y, Pickawillan 1 750 Ralph Kilgore, y, [ 66 ] THE IRISH IN PENNSYLVANIA

’ Al ride r McGint 1 7 rn s n m n f r n y, 33, fu i hed i for atio o Eva s igg‘s ’ o n McGuire one f J h , o Was hington s guides in 1753 m s McLau hli 1 7 2 Ja e g n, 5 M La 4 c hlin . 1 9 Neal , Chester Co , 7 s g/gic l hae s C o . 42 Charle Mc , Che ter , 17 m s Co . 1 750 Sa uel Mealy, Che ter , om s o a Th a M r n, Allegheny, O o n 1 7 2 wen Nich lso , 5 O’ N n eal o . 1 Tere ce , Chester C , 730 n 1 Garret Pre de ass , 735 o n nn he n 1748 J h Qui , Al eg y , m n 1 2 Ti othy Re ardon Vena go , 75 nn s l an Don 1747 De i Sul iv egal , T n 17 Michael aafe , tow , 53

Whinne es e Co . 1 749 Patrick y , h t r ,

In addition t o the above list , the following names appear n O the list of Traders , but were not included because the t o names might be claimed be of other than Irish origin , yet are just as prevalent in Ireland as in Scotland or else where

m Ja es Butler, 1 747

Thomas Butler, 1747 o n son n 1 53 J h Car , Alleghe y, 7 i — Ph lip Coleman, 1745 47 o n s om s mon us nno s C r eliu C egy , Trader a g the S queha ck , o n D ell 1 J h oug , 748 ' mes Dunmn Alle eri 1 734 t o 54 Ja g , gh y, o nn n D ne ll l 1 30 R bert Du i g , o g 7 o n n 1 744 J h Fi ley, r mo n 1729 Edwa d Hart , Sha ki , m s Mc t er 1 743 Ja e Allis , n B ’ 2 A drew Mc ryer Lowre s Trader, 1 75 4 o n Mc lur h . 1 3 J h C e , C ester o , 7

r . 1 A chibald McGee , Chester Co , 730 o n McIlvaine 1 743 J h , K n n n n o Mc ee 1 744 . in a d Th mas , , Capt Fre ch I dia War m McKni t 1743 Ja es gh , 1 m McM rdi r . 751 Ja es o e , Cheste Co , o n in o 1 750 J h Mart , Ohi Trader, 1 Thomas Meaner, 747 M 1 Peter e yer, 748 [ 67 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

m — o o s and m ns Done al 1 718 46. Peter, R bert, Th a Willia Wilki , g , m Smitli of one omin n w as o n in Sa uel , D gal , a pr e t trader, b r the North Of Ireland ne f Lasarus Lowrey, Co . , o o the largest traders in the te wh ose sons so s m om o of Sta , ﬁve , were al trader , ca e fr the N rth Ireland

i l n Mc l Kni h The Butlers , F n ey, Du nings , C ure , Mc g t ,

Mc e e . . Martin , G , etc , are known to have come from Ireland i George Croghan , in the ﬁrst l st , came from Dublin in 1 41 7 , and was probably the best known trader in the “ country ; A complete history Of his life and activities would be a history of the Indians and Indian trade Of s n Penn ylva ia , Ohio , Kentucky and Indiana from 1746 to

29 25 1 48 On March and May , 7 , commissions were issued by the Governor of Pennsylvania to the following ofﬁcers chosen for that part of Lancast er County lying between the River Sus quehanna and the lines of the prov ince :

B ’ mm C t oneifiiob ert m Maj or William Maxwell ’ ns n Captai , Richard O Cai James C James McTeer James Galbreath Adam Reed John McKown John Galbreath David McClure Thomas McKee Andr Lieuts . ed Findlay James Dyssart John McCormick Charles McGill ‘ For further information relating t o Indian Traders ” i n ss . W lder e Trail, by Hanna [ 68 ] THE IRISH IN PENNSYLVANIA

Ensigns James Fi nney John DO herty William eMull John Lesan George Brannan

- n Of the above twenty o e names , 10 are distinctively of n Irish , while the remai ing number , William Maxwell , Mc ill Gal Andrew Findlay, Charles G , James and John Mc lure breath , David C , and Thomas McKe e came from the North of Ireland . The predominance of Irish names in the lists of colonial taxpayers , traders , soldiers , officers , etc . , as illustrated by uﬂicien f t w the foregoing , is s t evidence o o facts , namely : that the Irish were numerous in Pennsylvania before the

e o o so- R v lution , and they were not alt gether the called “ ” - Scotch Irish , as they bore real Irish names . As it was a common practice among Irish families t o change or modify of their names t o a Scotch or English form , many men Irish origin were necessarily omitted from the

[ 09 1

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

r e u M rk l Hold en , Sw eney, M rphy , cC o e , Kennedy, Mc

Cown , etc . In the lists of marriage licenses issued by the secretary of 1 4 the province previous to 78 , which has been printed f in small type in double column , there are eleven pages o “ ” ni r i names begin ng with Mc , th ee pages of names beg n ’ ning with the capital O , and hundreds of other distinct ivel McD nn ell 24 l 22 y Irish names , as o , ; Wa sh , ; Murphy, 21 1 1 1 1 1 ; Kelly, 6; Ryan , 7; Kennedy , 5 ; Sullivan , ; 24 4 i . Collin , ; and Moore , 8 t mes i f Sir W lliam Johnson , Colonial Governor o New York , m had as his lawyer a an named Kelly , his physician was a f n med Daly, his secretary La ferty, his superintendent Of em l ee properties Flood , and among other p oy were Byrne, M h D cCart M c nald o . y , Colter , Doran, o , and C nnor In a petition to the Governor of New York dated . 16 e : January , 95, occur the following Irish nam s Connor,

l McLean McDerm t t Ki more , , o , Whalen , Dennis, Mc

ann In r . Arthur , C ay , Murphy, Mc t y e But perhaps the most interesting records ar e those Of the marriages performed in the Dutch Reformed Church 1 1 1 f of New York betwee n 639 and 80 , between persons o i i Irish b rth . These records contain numerous entries l ke the following

o l om r n to ss VanH eck m Ge rge Wa ker, fr I ela d, Mi , Septe ber

m m n a n s 18 Willia D ouleu , fro Irela d , to Cath ri e Stride , April ,

1 701 . f n s os l . in n In . n o o De y C tu a , B Irela d , Elizabeth Re del , wid w

n o n in n . Barney Hamilto , b r Irela d ’ o n O Br n M r ar Flin h o o n in n n J h ya to a g y g , b th b r Irela d, Ju e

n o n and nn Bo ] n 6 1 757 . Marti C i Ha ah y , Ja uary , l 72 l THE IRISH IN OTHER PROVINCES

Hani n to Win . s t o n in n n 3 o a y Haye , b h b r Irela d, Ja uary , izt

Ma rit Dall om r r on m 22 g y, fr I eland , to Pat ick Dall , Dece ber , l 7g4

f The records are full o such names as Boil , Coil , Rein , u cManus Rian , Ryen , Ryn , Ry e (for Ryan) , M , Mc

M M n ss Mull d Macknult . Manness , c o e , Mc an , , Megee , etc , and it is easy t o trace the transition Of Irish names like t r McManus t o Ryan o the Dutch Ryn o Van Ryn , and M M n s n c o e s M ess . and o , etc

A large number of Irish Quakers settled in New Jersey , but a still larger number of Irish of other denomi nations n n came to that colo y just before the Revolutio , and the lists of New Jersey officers and soldiers of the Revo lut ionary War contain an abundance of Irish names . By reason of the fact that Catholic Churches were scarce and practice Of the Catholic religion prohibited , many Irish Catholics or their children drifted away from the

o of Church . The following excerpts from the bi graphy ’ Richard Collins , printed in Heston s Annals Of Eyren ” Haven and Atlantic City, illustrate a typical case :

In 1 6 n 7 5, o e year be fore the organization Of the State n Medical Society, Richard C olli s , a native of Ireland , settled in that part of old Gloucester whi ch afterwards n became Atla tic County . Dr . Collins was the ﬁrst n i physician reside t n the county . He was a Roman l Catho ic , but settling among Quakers , he eventually adopted their mode of speech and dress . Speaking of o i . ‘ his three s ns by his second marr age , he once said ne one I have raised one Methodist , o Quaker, and Uni i ’ versal st . He died a Methodist in [ 73 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

It is commonly known that M aryland had a large Irish l Catholic popu ation early in its history , and it was the only one of the colonies that sent a Catholic to the Conti l — neuta Congress Charles Carroll , the signer, grandson of

s an Irish colonist . The shipment of Irish political pri oners and persons kidnapped in Ireland to Virginia and other Southern colonies was carried on extensively dur ing the latter part of the seventeenth and early in the eighteenth ’ l 27 1703 century . Campbell s News Letter , Boston , Apri , , “ i i contains the following signiﬁcant item : Ph ladelph a ,

1 h wri r April 3t , they t t that on Saturday last a rived a

Gentleman from Maryland brings the following news, That 40 Sayle of West C ount rey Men were arrived in

Maryland and Virginia about 7 weeks passage . two men of warr Conveyed them from Corke in Ireland . n About 1683 a large number of immigra ts from Ireland , inﬂuenced by Sir Richard Kyrle (Governor in 1684) who was himself a Dublin Irishman , settled in South Carolina . ’ 1 re wh o In 700, James Moore , descendant of Roger O Mo , h 1 of ad emigrated from Ireland in 665, was governor the an l colony, d Patrick Calhoun, born in Donega , father Of

- E 1 . Vice President J . . Calhoun, settled there in 735 In

o of fact , the history of the entire South is largely the st ry the Irish immigrants and their descendants . In Virginia u hlins McD well the Colemans , Ryans, Dohertys , McLo g , o , es n ni Shays, Joyc , Conways , a d Dalys were colo al settlers ; in Carolina were the Burkes , Rutledges , Moores , Lynches , ack ns f Calhouns , Caldwells, and J so (ancestors o President in Kn x Andrew Jackson) ; Georgia were o es, Dooleys, Mc

Callas , Clarkes , Butlers , and Pollocks (ancestors Of Gover

n r l . o Po k) , who came from Ireland That these early settlers were not altogether the so [ 74 ] THE IRISH IN OTHER PROVINCES

called Scotch - Irish is clearly evident from the following distinctively Irish names which appear in the lists of ’ soldiers of Colonel G eorge Washington s Regiment Of 1 4 Virginia Militia , appearing in a report made July 9, 75 , j us t after the battle of Great Meadows :

David Welsh John Rodgers John Carro ll Edward Cahill Robert McKoy Philip Come rley A nthony Kennedy George McSwine William Deveny Robert Murphy James Welch John Me Int e ' Joseph Coste rto n Patrick Mc ck Henry Neill Daniel Malat te John Bryan James McCormick Mc r t h oun m s Dunah h Michael G a , w ded Tho a oug o n o n McGuire Michael Reily , w u ded J h D r h o n o n o n Patrick u p y , w u ded J h C i Mc ulro o n s nn Robert C y, w u ded Charle Du n McClaran o Da iel , killed Patrick Gall way h om s n on n om s nr T a La gd , Sergea t Th a He i Dennis Kenton Angus McDonal Michael Scully James Tyrrel David Gorman John Given Dominick M oran Nathaniel Barret Michael McGannon Thomas Burk Patrick Coyle Ti mothy Conway John Burk Barnaby McKan Cornelius Henley John Gallah our Wm McInt r William Carries illia y e Terrence Swinney Hugh McKay Lieutenant Savage James Dailey John McCulley John McQuire

How many of the so ldiers bearing other than Irish names were of Irish birth or extraction it would be im r possible t o guess , but And ew Lewis , a captain in one Of the companies (a general in the Revolution) , was born in

Donegal.

[ 75 ]

THE IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMER ICA ’ S MATERIAL PROGRESS

HERE can be no doubt that the colonial immigration f s o from Ireland was large . Several volumes o t ries of a most romantic char acter might be written t o f o portray the rise o these Irish immigrants , exiles fr m the

f s f o country o their birth becau e o intolerable c nditions , ni ba shed because of their devoti on t o principle , kidnapped f and and sold into slavery because o their helplessness , starving because they were robbed of their sustenance ,

ﬁnding their opportunity in another world , an unde veloped wilderness where the very air and vastness of the country instilled in their hearts the feeling that here at s n : la t was liberty . As former Preside t Roosevelt has said “ The Irish people have proved themselves a masterful — race of rugged characte r a race the qualities of whose womanhood have become proverbial , while its men have f o the elemental , the indispe nsable virtues o w rking hard ” in times of peace and ﬁghting hard in time of war . What a sad commentary on British rule in Ireland that Irishmen need only leave their own land to become leaders in every

r t of i occupation , o at leas t o develop habits ndustry and “ ” - l . m n se f reliance In his Annals ofPhiladelphia , in co me t “ in on : o g the Irish immigration , Watson says In s me cases the severity Of the British laws pushed Off young men of [ 77 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

o ff n go d abilities for very small O e ces , who made very capa n ble clerks , storekeepers , etc . , amo g us . I have knowl of on us n edge two or three am g , even withi my memory , who rose t o riches and credit here and have left ﬁn e One man families . great before my time had been sold in n Maryla d as an Offender in Ireland . While serving his m n n master as a com o serva t , he showed much ability, n for an o u expectedly, in managing him imp rtant lawsuit , for which he instantly gave him free . He then came t o i Philadelph a and amassed a great fo rtune in landed estate , ” m n now of great value a o g his heirs . The same author says that Lord Altham came t o Philadelphia from Ireland 1728 n n in and served out his i de ture as James Annesley , m with a far er . The type Of men that Ireland lost and America gained i f through the sever ty O British laws referred to by Watson , “ is illustrated by the following brief bi ographies Of Irish ” rebels wh o came t o America early in her history :

Robert Adrian , born in Carrickfergus, Ireland , took part

n 179 o n in the Irish revolutio of 8, was w unded in an e gage

and t o m one ment later escaped A erica, where he became of the foremost mathematicians Of the early part of the n ninetee th century . He was Professor of Mathematics and at Rutgers College , at Columbia College , the Uni n versity Of Pe nsylvania . Matthew Carey had to flee from Ireland because of n m inflammatory articles agai st the govern ent . Wh ile in n n for Paris he met Fra kli , who employed him to write the n patriotic cause in America . Later he retur ed to Ireland and became a power in politics , was arrested for libel , 1 4 t o . 78 imprisoned , and on his release came America In he began the Pennsylvania Herald, the first newspaper [ 78 ]

IRISH CONT RIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

in 1784 P The ﬁrst daily newspaper America , , the ennsyl ” e of vania Packet (predec ssor the North American) , i n u l l l was ed ted and printed by Joh D n ap , of Phi ade u 1 4 phia, born in Strabane , Co nty Tyrone , 7 7, came

to America in early youth . m First A erican writer on Political Economy, Matthew n Carey, was born in Armagh , Irela d , 1761 . First steam engine built in United States by Christ opher

1 738 . Colles , born in Ireland , , cam e to America , 1 765 Was also the ﬁrst to suggest canals and improve c n ments to onnect Lake O tario with the Hudson , and a system of pipes to supply New York city with water

from out side .

First steamboat built and o perated by Robert Fulton ,

whose father came from Kilkenny, Ireland .

First grain- cutter manufactured and invented by Robert M rmick f Mc ormick cCo , son o Robert C and Mary h l McC esney Hall , daughter of Patrick Ha l , both of

Irish descent . First practical reaping machine manufactured by Cyrus l Mc k f Mc rmick . Ha l Cormic , son o Robert Co In “ 1859 Beverly Johnson said : The McCormick reaper has already contributed an annual income t o the

whole country of at least .

First cut nails invented and made by James Cochran ,

m i . whose father came fro Colera ne , Ireland o First to intr duce cotton manufacture , Patrick Tracey

Jackson , in partnership with Francis C . Lowell .

First t o introduce linen manufacture into New England ,

the Irish colonists of 1718. First piano manufactured in the United States by Thomas Crehore Crehore w as , descendant of Teague , who said to have been kidnapped in Ireland and brought 1 650 ’ to Massachusetts , between 1640 and (Cullen s “ Irish in r n First chocolate in America manufactured by John Ha ma , l who came t o Boston from Ireland in 1764 (Ha t igan) . [ 80 ] THE IRISH IN OTHER PROVINCES

First college in the world to admit women on equal terms n with me , and which received colored students

n - o w twe ty eight years before emancipati n , as Oberlin e of i ol College . First pr sident th s c lege , Asa Mahon , whose ancestor came to New England from Ireland “ ”

. o l vo . ( National Cyclop American Bi graphy, ii , 1 p . 46 ) First literary institution higher than a common school h of t he i wit in the bounds Presbyterian Church , wh ch is regarded as the germ from whi ch sprang Princeton l t ons of College and severa lesser ins ituti learning , “ ”

Lo . was the g College , founded at Neshaminy , Pa , who in 1728, by Gilbert Tennant , was born in Ireland 1 o t in 673, educated at Trinity C llege , and se tled at ’ Neshaminy in 1726 (Appleton s First Presbyterian Church in New England founded at

o . H . e Mac re or who Lond nderry , N , by Jam s G gg ,

r 1 677 . was born in I eland ,

First Presbyt eri an Church in B altimore , Md . , established

r s . by Pat ick Alli on , a native of Ireland

First Republican Methodist Church , afterwards the n u o n n Christia Ch rch , in North Car li a and Virgi ia , ’ w K ll h o w as 1 . founded by James O e y , born in 735 of o First Ro man Catholic Bishop America , J hn Carroll ,

grandson of an Irishman . o in Fi rst Methodist Episcopal Bish p America , William

n in 1757. McKe dre e , born Virginia,

It was not alone in the settled portions of the Atlan tic colonies that the Irish became leaders in public enter

o prise . The immigrants fr m Ireland were the advance guard of civilization in the vast wilderness of the Wes t . m in Alexander Macomb , who came fro Belfast youth , became one of the largest fur merchants in the west , with headquarters in Detroit , and was associated with John

Jacob Astor and Elias Kane . His fortune was such that [ 81 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE in 1 791 he bought of the State of New York acres of land on the St . Lawrence River , including all of the Thousand Islands that belonged to New York . The ﬁrst white child born in the Western Reserve was $ the grands on of a Dublin woman , and the history of io n Oh , Kentucky , and I diana is closely interwoven with

f o the activities o Ge rge Croghan from Dublin , the Mc

Gradys , from County Mayo , the Robinsons and Robert ’ ’ ar s l sons , from the North of Ireland , the O H a , the O Fa McD n u . o o h lons , and many others of Irish name John g , who at his death in 1850 left the bulk of his fortune of nearly to the cities of New Orleans and Balti more to found free schools , who liberat ed all his slaves and shipped many to Africa, was the son of an Irish immi grant who served in the Colonial Wars and the Re volu ’ ’ o Fallon tion . J hn O , who established the O Fallon Polyt echnic Institute (now the scientiﬁc department of ‘

St . Louis University) , gave liberally to Washington l University, built a dispensary and medical co lege , and altogether spent over for benevolent purposes ’ in St . Louis , was the son of Dr . James O Fallon, who immigrated t o North Carolina in 1774 and served in the t “ Revolution . The man who wro e the poem , The ” hi Bivouac of the Dead , verses of w ch are carved over l ’ H the entrances to all nationa cemeteries , Theodore O ara, ’ Hara was the son of Kane O , an Irish political exile who settled in Kentucky .

son of m n om son os was f The Willia Tappa Th p , wh e father o ’ “ Irish descent and mother a native of Dubli n (Appleton s American

[ 82 ] THE GROWTH OF REL G OUS I I FREEDOM IN AMERICA

HE Charter of Liberties and Privileges granted t 1 683 o the province of New York in the year , nearly a century before the adoption of the Decia of n i of ration Indepe dence , is a landmark in the h story : popular government in America . It provided that

Every freeholder within this province and freeman in any corporation shall have his fr ee choice and vote in of the election the representatives , without any manner of c r m onstraint o i position , and in all elections the ma orit of j y voices shall carry it . “ No aid m b e nevo , tax , tollage , assess ent , custom , loan , r lence , o imposition whatsoever shall be laid , assessed , ’ imposed or levied on any of his Majest y s subjects within r n n of this province , o their estates , upo any ma ner color r o no o prete nse but by the act and consent of the G ver r , o of C uncil , and representatives the people in General ” s As embly met and assembled .

The man who granted this charter was not an Anglo ” o Sax n , but a Roman Catholic Irishman named Thomas

o wh o Dongan , born in Castletown , C unty Kildare , was

Governor of New York from 1682 t o 1688 . Had all the English Governors in all the provinces of America been equally liber al in their government , the Revolution would not have o ccurred . w The religious freedom which Americans no enjoy , [ 83 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

and which began with the close of the Revolution , presents a strong contrast to the spirit which prevailed in Massa ch usett s under Puritan domination . The New England

Puritans , who supposedly came to America to escape persecution , were themselves bitterly intolerant toward

all other sects . Their burning of heretics , their per se cution al of Quakers , Baptists , and others of more liber o views , whom they dr ve from the province , are matters with which students of history are well acquainted . The extent to which their narrowness prevailed is perhaps l best illustrated in the fol owing law , promulgated by the Massachusetts Puritans in 1670

For preventing disorders arising in several places within this j urisdiction by reason of some still observing such festivals as were superstitiously kept in other coun tries , to the great dishonour of God and offence to others It is therefore ordered by this Court and the authority thereof, that whosoever shall be found observing any n such day as Christmas or the like , either by forbeari g n labor , feasting , or any other way upon such accou t as for aforesaid , every such person so offending shall pay ” every such offence ﬁve shillings as a ﬁne to the country .

Americans have cause to be thankful that Puritanism n an collapsed , a d for the further fact that the politici s i to within the Angl can Church , wh o used the Church on further their own interests , did not secure the hold “ young America that they had on Ireland . It is inter esting t o observe that the Quakers and the Catholics , men standing at the Opposite poles of theology , set the s an highest examples of tolerance . Quaker Penn ylv ia

o s enforced absolute liberty of c n cience , and Quakers in all the provinces worked for religious harmony and free [ 84 ] GROWTH OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN AMERICA

om . o n d Catholic Maryland , as long as its g ver ment ai i of rem ned in Cathol c hands , and under the guidance o the wise and liberal proprietary , Lord Baltim re , pursued the same po licy and attracted members of sect s perse ” cut ed in New England . But when the Puritans gained control of the Assembly in Maryland in 1654 they im 1689 mediately passed an act ag ainst popery , while in , th e Church of Eng land was established by law and the

Penal Laws were applied to the Catholics of Maryland . n f After the death of William Pe , with the rise o the ni im Anglican Church party in Pennsylva a, intolerance mediately became the order . It is clear that war on popery was the ruling pas sion of the Puritans and a certain element in the Established w Church . In the former this as due to a narrow spirit , “ l ” l n . which was du l , u amiable , and unintel igent In the latter it was fostered by pure selﬁshn ess and that greed of spiritual and worldly power which h as always been m the ruling element in British character . The chief co plaint against the Church of Rome was its activity in f r secular affairs , yet the Church o England ca ried this very principle t o an excess in Ireland which no other church has tried t o equal, and this at a time when the f world had emerged from the dark ages o ignorance , superstition , Knights Templars , and Crusaders . At the period when the Irish began coming to America r n in la ge numbers , early in the eighteenth ce tury , they found the restrictions against Catholics as severe as in

Ireland . In every colony except Pennsylvania (Mary land being then subject t o the Church of England) Ro man ‘ s in rs m o of om l on on Childe , The Fra ew rk H e Ru e, L d , 1 91 1Er k e [ 85 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AM RICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

Catholics were debarred from civil rights or were sub $ in je ct e d to severe penalties . This accounts large measure for the fact that so large a proportion of the Irish immi ad i n i i grants , inste o fou d ng distinct colon es themselves on o all the Atlantic seab ard , scattered through the prov inces , settled in the remote parts of some provinces , or n pushed o t o the frontiers , where they were comparatively re free from British persecution . Thus, in Maine , a f mote district o the Massachusetts Bay Colony , numbers ’ — B ri n of Irish Catholics Sullivans , O e s, Murphys , Burkes , — un and Ryans settled , while thousands fo d refuge in the wi f n n ldernesses o western New York , Pen sylva ia , Virginia , and the C arolinas .

Thousands of Catholic Irish , brought to the Colonies in youth , were reared as Protestants ; others , ﬁnding the o struggle against persecution too hard , became Pr testants for the sake of the advantages denied t o Catholics ; while others became Protestants through intermarriage . This is clearly illustrated in the marriage records of Protestant

r . chu ches in Philadelphia, previously referred to Wh at proportion of the Irish population of the colonies at the beginning of the Revolution was Catholic it would

ne be impossible for any o to say, because the practice of that religion openly was proscribed and chur ches did not i legally exist . Even in Philadelph a , where hundreds of men of some prominence were membe rs of the Catholic f ri faith , the Governor o the Council , Pat ck Gordon , at a 1 4 “ meeting held July 25, 73 , informed the Board that he was under no small concern t o hear a house lately built in Walnut Street in this city had been set apart for com the exercise of the Roman Catholic religion , and is

’ “ ”

1 44 . nin s s o of n s . Chan g Hi t ry the U ited State , p [ 86 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S IND EPENDENCE

followers of a Christian church . Before the Revolution

not l had ended Catholics were on y tolerated , but eight of the colonies whi ch formed the United States incorpor ated in their constitutions the great principle of religious n equality . The ema cipation of the Catholics in America r 1 4 n began as ea ly as 77 , when Eng la d , in order to strengthen her own hands against the Colonies by se cur ing the loyalty of the people of C an ada and the Catholics ' of f h n l England , relieved them of the pressure o t e Pe a

. o n n n vi Laws The C nti e tal Co gress , ha ng in its army a m large number of Catholics , and at the same ti e seeking aid n a the of a Catholi c natio , France , was forced to a simil r policy, and Catholics were thereafter cultivated by both sides to the struggle . To such an extent h ad o fﬁcial and public sentiment regarding Catholics changed with the breaking of the n n 1 91 ties that bou d the Colonies to E gland that in 7 , on the visit of the Roman Catholic Bishop Carroll to Boston , he was invited t o the annual dinner of the Ancient and n i Ho orable Art llery C ompany ; about the same time , President Washington made a contribution to the build ing fund of the Church of St . Augustine , Philadelphia ; in 1 99 n 7 , Preside t John Adams headed the list of contrib utors t o the building fun d of a Catholic Church for the city of Boston ; while Bishop Carroll was unanimously

o selected by C ngress t o deliver a panegyric on Washington , 22 1 February , 800. Thus the soldiers of the Revolution secured for America e not only political fre dom , but religious tolerance and al and equality, and the univers equality liberty extended to Catholics were , without doubt , due t o the part played by Irish Catholics in the Revolution . [ 88 ] THE R SH D THE WAR FOR I I AN INDEPENDENCE

ff o N her e ort t o subdue the American col nists , England

spent sterling and some lives . u of Had she been successf l , the history Ireland would i have been repeated in America . Wash ngton , Hancock ,

Frankhn Adams , , and other leaders would have been “ ” “ hanged as rebels , and America would have become a l of re volu great boiling volcano , a political hel rebellion , o s n a e s ti n , ve ge nce , assassinations , and whol sale execution , with here and there a province or a section winning its independence for a time t o go under at the next turn in l the political game . The British Par iament meantime would be kept busy through the centuries passing those land acts , reform acts , and crimes acts which , in the case of i ut for Ireland , have been stead ly turned o nearly seven u h ndred years . In a word , it is extremely doubtful whether England could have controlled America any more proﬁt “ ably than she has controlled Ireland . While the Irish were unable to throw 06 the British yoke in Ireland , they contributed their strength t o the of o n n cause the c lonists , and , bei g the best ﬁghting me in the world and the most eloquent orators in the cause of f liberty, those o them who bore arms in the patri ot army were a match for the British soldiers sent t o suppress the “ ” f r m n n n o n l. . 553 . The Struggle A erica I depe de ce, vo ii, p [ 89 l IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

rebels , while the Irish orators aroused the temporizers among the colonists , and by their eloquence kept alive of i n l the spirit patriotism wh ch ﬁ al y led to success . Their experience with the broken promises of the British govern i ment , the r intimate knowledge of the methods employed — by that government to serve her purpose in Ireland this knowledge , combined with a brief respite from the depri vations s ff and mi ery they su ered in Ireland , gave added strength to their det ermination to destroy every vestige of English tyrann y in the new world to which they had come t o escape that tyranny . The leaders of the patriot party in the Colonies early realized the importance of securing the moral and r practical support of the Irish people fo their cause . The Irish had for centuries been ﬁghting England’ s bat tles , as there was no other occupation open t o them , and many were compelled t o serve in the army to keep from n w as starving . Their reputation as excelle t soldiers kn own

u of throughout the world . H ndreds of thousands exiles h ad n gone into the service of Fra ce , Spain , Austria , Ger many, and even Russia . The Irish Brigade in the service of France preserved it s Irish identity and carried the flag of Ireland into every battle in which it participated from 1 1 1 f 69 t o 794, and every year thousands o young men n were recruited in Ireland for the Brigade . Spai main t ained four distinctively Irish regiments for many years .

l - Two Irishmen had become ﬁe d marshals in Russia , an Irish lord and an Irish soldier had become marshals of ’ r O Donnells Taafes F ance , while Maguires , Lacys , , , and ’ ’ D nnell Reill Nugents were Austrian generals ; and O o , O y , ’ ’ ’ N ill Hara O Mah on O e , O , and y were famous Spanish generals . [ 90 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR IND EPENDENCE

With a view t o securing some of this talent in the cause i f ﬁ ankl n s 1771 . o the Colonies , vi ited Ireland in He met Irishmen in Paris and encouraged Irish revolutionary ‘ leaders in their plans to secure Irish independence . 1 On May 10, 775, the Second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia and sent an address t o the people of n Ireland , in which they enlarged o the wrongs committed

against Ireland , in whose rich pastures many hungry parasites have fed and grown strong t o labor in its de

' ﬂ r f struction , and they o e ed the whole region o America as a safe asylum for the Irish people ff This was fo llowed f by a letter from Franklin t o the people o Ireland , in which he argued the justice of the Am erican cause and

pleaded for the suppo rt of Ireland .

In Ireland , every man not bo und t o England by ties

s l - wi i in of e f interest was th America , wh le America every w w Irishman as a patriot . The seventeenth century ritings f M l ne oux in f o o y , a Dublin Irishman , defense o Irish lib

- f c ert y , became the text book o Ameri an freedom , 1 and B re while Burke and ar , Irishmen in the English Parliament , n s f i were inﬂuenci g English entiment in favor o the Colon es , f Matthew Lyons , Patrick Henry , and other orators o the Irish race were using their eloquence to convince Ameri

in s Frankhn me t who ﬂed om While Pari , Matthew Care had fr

Irelan d because of inﬂamm ato articles he published in 8.

u n and him em 0 ent . n to D bli paper, gave Later Carey retur ed ’ ” n and s l s o untee rs ou n and in 1 784 Irela d e tab i hed the J r al , w f r mm im n as tried o libel before the House of Co ons and w as riso ed . On his releas e he came to America and established the Pennsyl ” vania Herald and intereste d himself in forwardin education and in establishing the charitable institutions for whio Philadelphia is

fam ous (Appleton) . “ for m ri n In n nc n o 1 The St e A e ca depe de e, Syd ey Ge rge ﬁ sh er 1 , 908, v0 i, p . 330. “ The of n I Legacy Pas t Years, Lord Dunrave . [ 91 l IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

i cans of the desirability of separation . Th s required considerable eloquence , as it is well known that the majority of the New Englanders and many inhabitants of other colonies had no idea of separation when hostilities commenced . We have already seen that the immigration from Ire n r lan d had steadily i creased in volume , and du ing the years 1772 and 1773 it reached the enormous number of

. o persons , mostly men This immigrati n had an n n f in o important beari g o af airs the Colonies , and it sh uld be borne in mind that many of the immigrants were men

for of education and position , who came directly the $ purpose of bearing arms against England . The welcome they received is illustrated in the following statement of ux was the Marquis de Chastell , a Frenchman who in Am erica in 1782:

An Irishman , the instant he sets foot on American i i so acto an . soil , becomes p f an Americ This was un formly i the case during the whole of the late war . Wh le English men and Scotchmen were treated with jealousy and dis n o of an d trust , eve with the best recommendati ns zeal t of oo attachment o the cause , the native Ireland st d in

i . need of no other certificate than his d alect Indeed , their conduct in the late war amply justified their favor r able opinion , fo whilst the Irish emigrant was fighting f n the battles o America by sea and la d , the Irish merchants , principally of Charleston , Baltimore , and Philadelphia , labored with indefatigable zeal at all hazards to promote

m n m n n om om on A o g a y others were Richard M o tg ery, fr D egal , wh s in 1 773 r i - n s t o o ettled New York, , b igad er ge eral , the ﬁr t fall in o on n om Cl duff K n s o n the Rev luti ; Edward Ha d , fr y , i g C u ty , w n 4 n m r adi - n ho settled in Pe nsylvania, 177 , a d beca e b ig er ge eral ; m McHe nr w h m m n t o in 1 771 Ja es y , o ca e fro Irela d Philadelphia , w as Medical Director of the Army and became Secretary of War t o

n n n 1 . Washi gto , Ja uary, 796 [ 92 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

f e s the spirit o ent rprise , and increa e the wealth and

maintain the credit of the country . Their purses always ’ o o were opened , and their pers ns dev ted t o the country s on one s o cause , and more than imminent occa i n Congress i e of m itself , and the very ex st nce A erica probably , owed ” its preservation to the ﬁdelity and ﬁrmness of the Irish .

f 1 : In his History o Ireland , 809, Plowden said It is a fact beyond question that most of the early successes in America were immediate ly o wing t o the vigorous exertions and prowess of the Irish immigrants who bore ” “ s arms in that cause . The vigorou exertions and f n t prowess o the Irish were o confined t o arms , but f i extended to the deliberations o counc ls and the Congress , i the ra sing of money to feed and clothe the army , and advancing the credit of the new government . Irishmen “ ” i i were first in war , first in peace , and dur ng and m i in mediately follow ng the Revolution , first the hearts of

- wi their fellow Americans , as the follo ng address made by o as f Ge rge W hington Parke Custis , grandson o Martha as i 1 28 to W h ngto n , in 8 , in answer an appeal from Ire land for funds in aid of the ﬁght for Catholic emancipa tion , would indicate :

And why is this imposing appeal made t o our sympa thies$ It is an appeal from that very Ireland whose s in r generous son , alike the day of ou gloom and of our n glory, shared in our misfortunes and j oi ed in our success ; wh o , with undaunted courage breasted the storm which , ni once threate ng to overwhelm us , howled with fearful d n w wh an desolating fury through this o happy land ; o, wi as r ur th pirations deep and fervent fo o cause, whether f n under the walls o the Castle of Dubli , in the shock of ’ our e r i f liberty s battl s , o in the feeble expir ng accents o f famine and misery, amidst the horrors o the prison ships , [ 93 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

‘ ’ cried from their hearts , God Save America . Tell me not of the aid which we received from another European nation in the struggle for independence ; that aid was all n most , nay, esse tial to our ultimate success ; but

remember , years of the conﬂict had rolled away . Of the — — operatives in war I mean the soldier up to the coming f an o the French , Irel d had furnished in the ratio of one f hundred for one o any foreign nation whatever . “ Then honored be the old good service of the sons of

Erin , in the War of Independence . Let the shamrock be n n e twi ed with the laurels of the Revolution , and truth

and justice , guiding the pen of history, inscribe on the ’ ‘ tablets of America s remembrance Eternal Gratitude to ’ Irishmen .

We shall now proceed to illustrate in a practical way the part played by men of the Irish race in securing the

n n inc n independe ce of the Colo ies, by evidence that is o i l n t rovert b e . The Declaration of Independe ce, for ex

f . ample , is the basis o American independence No one knows the true origin of all the members of the Congress

that adopted it , and it has been the practice to claim English descent for every man of importance in American history unless his name leaves no doubt of other nation ality ; but the following facts are interesting

John Hancock , President of the Congress, was the des

en n . c da t of an immigrant from Ulster, Ireland s Charles Thompson , Secretary of Congre s , who made the

ﬁrst ﬁnished copy of the Declaration , was born in

Maghera, County Derry, Ireland . n f an of John Nixo , Member o the Pennsylv ia Council

Safety, who ﬁrst publicly read the Declaration , from

the steps of the State House in Philadelphia, July

f n . Case o Irela d Stated , Burke [ 94 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

American history records the fact that Robert Morris “ was of o l h the ﬁnancier the Rev lution , and tel s ow he later occupied a debt ors’ prison because of advances made to the Government ; but we never hear of Oliver Poll ock ,

s a native of Ireland , who settled in Carli le , Pa . , 1760, who from 1777 to 1783 made advances t o the province of n n o Virgi ia and the Co tinental g vernment , on the basis of wn his o credit , to the am ount of over of which amount had not been repaid to him at the time E of his death ; and dward Fox , a native of Dublin , who came to America in 1 775 was ruined by the large advances ’ o he made to Robert M rris and the latter s associates , a ’ decision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (2 Norris wi 1797 e n Reports , sho ng that in th se ge tlemen owed Edward Fox the sum of When the Continental army was in dire distress and Congress unable to raise the

s of f money to supply its need , a number gentlemen o “ Philadelphia conceived and put into operation the plan of the Bank of Penn sylvania for supplying the army with o provisions and clothing . Robert M rris headed the list of subscribers with a subscription of Blair Mc l h l C enac an, a native of Ireland , subscribed an equa l r amount , and the fol owing I ishmen subscribed the amounts set opposite their names :

es J . M . N bitt James Mease

John Dunlap n n r om o Joh Nixo , fathe fr Wexf rd

George Campbell . John Mease n ﬁrm of nn Joh Murray ( Bu er, Murray 6000 6: Co . ) [ 96 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

Benjamin Fuller 2000 George Meade C o (members Irish) 2000 n 2000 John Donaldso . 4000 1000 1000 1000 5500 John Mitchell 2000 Hibernian Joseph Carso n 4000 Thomas McKee n 2500

The above named - sub scribers were members of the

n . Friendly Sons of St . Patrick and the Hibernia Society n o They were all bo rn in Ireland , except John Nix o , wh se wh o o . s o father came fr m C unty Wexford Robert Morri ,

f h r of was a native o England , was an onora y member the

o Wlliam c Friendly S ns , as were also Bingham , Ri hard n l wh ad Peters , Samuel Meredith , and He ry Hil , o , in

t to . dition o the above , subscribed the bank f Thus , o the total amount subscribed to supply the army

was . subscribed by men who were f f members o the Friendly Sons o St . Patrick and the ‘ Hibernian So ciety .

When the C ontinental soldiers were half starved , half l w clothed , and their spirits so o that their commanders had al o f in m st despaired o hold g the army together , an Irish i was s t v d tty u ed o re ive their sinking spirits , as the e following lett r , written by Richard Peters , of Philadelphia, t o General Anthony Wayne , will show :

I heard an Irishman the other day sing a very foo lish of h s m ballad t ree or four verses , yet its i plicity struck me

The information regarding contributions of mone was obtained om o s f M e ndl nd Hi fr the rec rd o the y Sons of St . Patric a the be rnian f o o . S ciety, Philadelphia, edited by John H Campbell . [ 97 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERI CA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

and I have this rainy morning scribbled the enclosed . I w al have adopted , ith a few terations , the ﬁrst verse , and for except another line or two , am answerable for both the folly and length of the rest . I send it to you that y ou may give it t o some of your singing sergeants or corporals , as I wish the poor devil t o be introduced into the army under

- the protection of at least a non commissioned ofﬁcer . It o l g es to the tune of an Irish ilt , which I have often heard ﬁfer the s play . I am a great believer of ballads and believe that more can be achieved by a few occasional simple songs than by an hundred recommendations of

Congress , especially considering how few attend to or read ” them .

(Signed) RICHARD PETERS .

General Wayne replied that he h ad given the song to some “Singing

The ﬁrst armed attack on land against the British was the capture of the arms and ammunition at Portsmouth , n four months before the battle of Lexingto . The attack n was led by John Sullivan (afterward maj or ge eral) , the son of Owen Sullivan , a native of Limerick , Ireland . The ﬁrst decisive victory of the Revolution for the ’ American cause was won at Moore s Creek Bridge , near 1 o . . 17 6 500 Wilmingt n , N C , February , 7 , when Tories surrendered to the troops under command of Colonel

(afterward General) James Moore , descendant of Roger ’

M r 1641 . O o e , a leader of the Irish Rebellion of (Apple ton ’ s “ American The ﬁrst general ofﬁcer killed on the American side was h l General Richard Montgomery, w o fel leading the attack

l N 4 . f nns n v . o . 7 . 7 Register o Pe ylva ia, o iv, , p [ 98 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE 0

a - o John Nixon , Brig dier General , son of Richard Nix n ,

of County Wexford , Ireland .

- n n William Irvine , Brigadier Ge eral , born in Enniskille , m n C ounty Fer a agh , Ireland .

- l in l uff Edward Hand , Brigadier G enera , born C yd , ’

o n . King s C u ty , Ireland

- Richard Butler , Brigadier General, born in the parish ’ l f . n . o St Bride s , Dub i

- Walter Stewart , Brevet Brigadier General , born in Ire

1and.

n - and Stephe Moylan , Brevet Brigadier General , Chief l n . of Cava ry , born in C ork, Irela d

- James Cochran , Surgeon General , parents born in Ire

land .

We have already referred t o the Irishmen in the French nm n service . When the French Gover e t decided to send aid to the Colonies , among the ﬁrst troo ps sent were the

o r - Dill n , Be wick , Roche Fermoy, and Walsh regiments of

s f n the Irish Brigade , composed exclu ively o Irishme ; and among the French oﬂicers in the Continental Army whose “ names appear in the Historical Register of the Ofﬁcers of ” the Continental Army were the following wh o bore distinctively Irish names

’ D Ar n s n Jacques Philippe cy , Captain , died at Sava nah , o ’ D Arc of Patrick y , who was born in Galway, Ireland ,

o ré - - France and was app inted ma chal de champ in i ,

1770. ’

ai m n N ill n . Capt n Com anda t O e , wounded at Savan ah (He represented the ﬁfth generation of those wh o had s in m n erved the K g of France in the Dillon Regi e t ,

since the passage of Iri shmen into France . ) Ar u 1772 thur Dillon (Co nt de Dillon) , Colonel , March , , in

France . 100 l IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

D - l Barthelemy illon , Lieutenant Colonel , born in Ire and,

1729 . ’

d Hub art 17 . Denis Du Barry , Captain , 76 ’ l as O Dunn Count de Dune (name a so given ) , took part l ” in al engagements of the campaign .

D n i n . Isidore Lynch , Captain in illo Reg me t M n acdonnal f o . Captain , o seco d Dill n Regiment n e Captain Mullens , Lieute ant in the R giment de Berwick . n Lieute ant de la Roche Neg ley , wounded at Savannah . ’ n n O Farre ll of o m n Lieute a t , the Dill n Regi ent , wou ded

at Savann ah . ’

O M ran . Jacques o , Major , born in Ireland

r . Jacques Shee , Captain , bo n in Ireland T l 1 Georges aafe , Lieutenant , ki led at Savannah , 779, born

in Ireland . ’ ’ n Neill f f Ferdi and O , Captain o Lee s Battalion o Light

Dragoons , Pulaski Legion .

The very highest estimate of the patriotic portion of the

l o e w - r popu ation of the col ni s places it at t o thirds , o about f n o the white i habitants . A . R . Fisher , in his ” “ of : True History the American Revolution , says If l n there were rea ly e thusiastic patriots , they would surely have furnished more than the men which Washington usually had . Even in their direst need and by the greatest urging and compulsion of all the ff f d patriotic leaders by o ering bounties , gifts o land , an by

l . drafting, they cou d never get quite all told While the New Englanders were active in the protection of their own homes and in opposing the stamp tax and duties which affected their own pockets , they were rather lukewarm in their support of the principle that America f was to be absolutely free and independent o England, 101 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

and while the ﬁrst armed resistance t o British authority

f o 1775 occurred on New England soil , the siege o B ston , , was the last struggle between the Continental Army and ’ E n h n a nglish troops in New England , and Ki g P ilip s I di n “ War of 1 675 was far more grievous to New England than

All s the Revolution . the colonies furni hed a large “ ” f o number o militia , who were more or less h me guards , but most of the real ﬁghting was done by the Continental

Line , of which a large proportion were men of the Irish “ f race . One of the of ences charged upon the Irish , and amongst the many pretexts for refusing redress t o the of Catholics of Ireland , was that sixteen thousand them fought on the side of It would be diﬂicult t o give exact ﬁgures as to the number of Irish that fought f of on the side o America, for, apart from the natives Ire land wh o came to America in such large numbers before

of and duringthe Revolution , there were thousands native

n of . o America s who were Irish descent Furtherm re , if r there were I ish Catholics in the American army , there was an equal or greater number of Irish Presbyterians

l s and Episcopa ians . That the Iri h were loyal to the m n s A erica cause , and that they helped to establi h the new i nation are facts wh ch , while ignored in the school

o e wh histories , are supp rt d by the testimony of men o lived ” at a time when Anglophobia had not begun to affect the 1 1 thoughts of American writers . In December , 78 , Gen “ ” eral George Was hington was elected an adopted mem f ber of the Society o the Friendly Sons of St . Patrick , of Philadelphia , and in his letter of acceptance t o the

“

r s o r of os on . D ake, Hi t y B t From n ess m in 1 a o 8 m . j addr ade New Y rk , 09 , by Willia J

MacNevin . [ 1 02 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

Joseph Carroll James Gooly Co rnelius Co chran John Grace William Cochran Daniel Grifﬁn Henry Cogen Joseph Griﬂin John Co llins John Hacket Jeremiah Co llins Joseph Hacket Daniel Co llins Wait Burke William Connors Daniel Carey John Crehore Joseph Carey Timothy Creh ore Pete r Carey William Crehore William Carey James Dempsey Silas Carty Philip Donehue John Carroll Benjamin Donnell Patrick Carrel] James Donnell Jonathan Carroll Joseph Donn ell Joel Hogan John Donnelly John Haley Thomas Haley

John Fadden John Healy Thomas Fanning John Holland John Hugh John Farley David Kelly Michael Farley George Kelly John Fay John Kelly Thomas Fay Patrick Kelly Timothy Fay Peter Kelly William Fay Richard Kelly John Flood Stephen Kelly William Flood Samuel Kelly John Foley James Kenny Matthew Gilligen David Kenny Richard Gilpatrick John Kenny James Gleeson Nat haniel Kenny John Gleeso n Thomas Kenny Thomas Gleason William Kenny John Golden Jeremiah Kinney Joseph Golden IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

Samuel Lauchlin Samuel Manning James Lo gan Thomas Manning Joseph McAnnell Timothy Manning Thomas McBride William Manning John McC art y James Magoo ne Andrew McC ausland John Mehoney John McCullin Daniel Mullikin Michae l McDonnell Ebenezer Mullikin James McFadden Jo hn Murphy Ebenezer McFarley Patrick Ne wje nt ’ Thomas McFarley Patrick O Brien ’ Henry McDonegal Richard O Brie n John McGrah Daniel Shay Daniel McGuire John Shea Patrick McKee n Edward Tappan James McKenny Michael Tappan Joseph McKenny John Walsh Jo hn McLeary Joseph Walsh David McLe ary Benjamin Walsh John McMulle n Edward Welsh Thomas McMullen Jo hn Welsh Jo hn Mack Joseph Welsh John Madden Samuel Welsh Daniel Mahon Thomas Welsh James Mallone Walter Welsh John Manning William Welsh Robert Manning

Irish names of American ofﬁcers and soldiers at the Battle of Bunker Hill :

Colonel John Nixon Captain Daniel Gallusha Maj or Andrew McClary Captain John Ford o h Captain Samuel Dunn Lieut . Charles D ug erty m s Captain Ti othy Carey Lieut . Joseph Wel h ns Captain Michael Gleason Lieut . Daniel Co lli Captain Nathaniel Healy James Barry Captain Jeremiah Gilman John Barry { 105 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

Joseph Barry Daniel Callahan John Bryan Robert Callaghan John Bogan Joseph Cavenaugh William Bogan Josiah Cummings Wait Burk John Cummings Tilly Burk Charles Casit y ‘ Josiah Burk Arthur Collamore Edward Burk Samuel Carr Thomas Burk David Coye Richard Burk Ambrose Craggin Joseph Bum e Edward Casey Thomas Burn Michael Clary William Connor Jeremiah Cady Ebenezer Craggin David Connor Daniel Carmical Edward Connor William Carre ll James Connor James Carrall John Coner William Casey John Cronyn Laurence Carrol John Connelly Stephen Collins Francis Crowley Demerel Collins Hugh Cargill Lemuel Co llins John Carel Richard Collins Caleb Comings Henry Co llins John Calahan Daniel Collins William Dougherty Ambrose Collins Thomas Dougherty David Collins William Dunn (2) Peter Collins John Dougherty John Collins Jo hn Dun Aaron Carey James Dunn Luther Carey James Donn ell Caleb Carey Jotham Donnell Arthur Carey Thomas Doyle Josiah Carey Patrick Doyle Jesse Carey Charles Dorought y Joshua Carey John Do ugharty John Coy Elijah Doyle [ 106 1

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

Daniel Murphy Patrick Shea John Manning Richard Shea John Mitchel James Shay John Madden Daniel Shay Michael Minihan John Shay Edward Manning John Shield Patrick Mahoney John Shanahan John Noonan Patrick Scandalin ’ John O Connor Thomas Savage ’ Dennis O Brien Patrick Tracey Bryant Ryan Thomas Tobin Cornelius Ryan Mathew Tobin John Ryan Peter Welch Thomas Ryan James Welch Dennis Ryan Jonas Welch Jam es Ryan Silas Welch August us Ryan Jo hn Wolley Martin Ro urke Joseph Welch Daniel Riode n Walter Welch Timothy Roach I saach Welch Thomas Roach Richard Welch James Richey Richard Welch Fred Ro ach John Welch Jo hn Ranh or Mathias Welch John Rickey Benjamin Welch John Savage John Welch Jeremiah Scanlon William Welch John Sullivan William Welch Timothy Sullivan Edmund Welch Oliver Sullivan Joseph Welch Ebenezer Sullivan William Welch

o of Massachu If, as Senator L dge says , the inhabitants “ setts at the period of the Revolution were almost wholly ” s of pure English de cent , that may account for the fact that Massachusetts furnished more Tories during the [ 108 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

Revolution than any other pro vince ; but there were evi dently enough Irish ready t o bear arms in the patriot of o cause , as the muster rolls Massachuse tts s ldiers and sailors of the Revolution clearly prove . In the lists ’ published by the State of Massachusetts the name O Brie n ’ o o 6 m ill 48 under its various f rms ccurs 3 9 ti es ; O Ne , n 92 n 47 times ; Rya and Rion , times ; Sulliva , ; Murphy Morfe 80 n 140 n 14 h and y , ; Higgi s , ; Gleaso , 0 McCart y ,

42 4 6 . o ; Maloney, 5 ; Larkin , 9 Altogether there are m re — ’ 2 of Mc w n D nnells than 000names Irish origin S ee eys, O o , McGuire s McMahons o Mahoneys , , , Connors , Dalys , D na hues , Donovans , Kennedys , Kellys , Kenneys , Learys , etc . , f f e n of by the hundreds , t o say nothing o thousands o m

Irish nationality who bore English and Scotch - sounding names .

n The following letter , written by no less an authority o i h . Pennsylvan a istory than William H Egle , State Libra rian t o the late Dr . Charles J . Stille , which the latter “ printed in his Anthony Wayne and the Pennsylvania

f o a Line , illustrates the e f rt m de by historians t o detract from the credit due to the Irish for their part in the Revolution

f n n State Library o Pe nsylva ia ,

Harrisburg , Pa. , April 1 1 , 1892.

Charles J . Stille, LL . D . ,

Philadelphia . My dear Sir : h In reply to your inquiry of 9t April , permit me t o state n that Mr . Bancroft and other writers were e tirely wrong in their statements as t o the nationality of the soldiers of [ 109 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

’ Wayne s Division . With the exception of the Scotch

s who - t e Iri h formed about two thirds of his force , the m in r a de were almost entirely of German parentage . In the French and Indian War the emigrants from the

o f Province of Ulster were chieﬂy selected , while th se o pure Irish descent or migration were rej ected on the ground that they were Roman Catholics and that they would not be loyal to the Province when opposed by the

n oo . so Fre ch tr ps If you desire , when the opportune

m s ti e ar rive , I might amplify what I have here alluded

ish l n t o . The Ir were not in it , although al immigra ts

I s from Ireland were thus claimed . The facts are , few ri h came until after the War of the Revolution . I doubt if there were 300 persons of Irish birth (Roman Catholic and Celtic) in the war from Pennsylvania .

Yours with respect ,

E . (Signed) William H . gle

” Is there such a thing as a pure Irish Celt $ Is it not true that hundreds of Roman Catholic Irish fam ilies in

b o n s o the g la d of the s uth and west of Ireland , with names n like Smith , Johnson , Flemi g, Nash , Molyneaux , Dever

s D e urce o . eaux , Le trange , C o y , M ntgomery , etc , have as u McGuires McLau hlins m ch Celtic blood in them as the , g , ’ ’ McMullens O B riens Re ill s wi o , , and O y , th wh m they have

n r $ i termarried fo centuries On the other hand , are the

r s s Magui es , Bryan , Ryans , Reillys , Kennedy , Sweeneys , f n f s b e etc . , o the Provi ce o Ulster any less Celtic Iri h cause they live in Ulster and are Prote stants$ Is Thomas “ ” co - Flaherty, Presbyterian clergyman , S tch Irish and ’ “ ” Fl i c - Patrick O ah ert y , d t h digger , Celtic Irish because an $ Wh he is a Rom Catholic y should Edward Hand , [ 1 10 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

l 2d e . t Vo . II , Seri s , Penna Archives , are lis s of the soldiers f r in four companies o Provincial Militia, in which , fo

l in ns n i . t unate y , the country of b rth is most i ta ces given and 1 4 The muster rolls are dated August September , 7 6, while the French and Indian War was in progress . As the roll of the ﬁrst company includes birthplaces of only al o s half the members , we sh l c n ider the other three , com

l . en . m ded by Capt Wil iam Trent , Capt Samuel Shannon , and Capt . Samuel Perry . These three companies con 2 4 n f 01 n . t ained 3 men , cou try of birth o 3 bei g mentioned

1 6 o Of the latter , 7 whose names are printed bel w were born in Ireland . An examination of these names will enable the reader to judge how ridiculous the claim is that the real Irish were excluded from the ranks during the French and Indian War

m n o o n Adams, E a uel Carr ll, J h

Almond, Thomas Carson, Ro bert m Carty, Tho as n os on Armstro g, J eph Cayt , Edward m oo m Bae , David C ley, Willia m s o ohn Barnett , Ja e C rbet, J Corn li n Barr, Thomas eal e, Cor elius m n n o s Bay a , Natha iel C yle, Charle omas ro o om Black, Th C wley, Barth l ew o n o m Boyd, J h Cr wley, Ja es mes s V n B oyle, Ja Davi , ale tine s Brennan, Edward Davi , Edward n n m s n Bren a , Ja e Dick , Joh a Dennahew o n Burn, Edw rd , Fl re ce o Burns, Edward Derm tt , Matthew n onn o n Burns, Joh D elly , J h Donall Byrn, Charles y , Felix n Caldwell, Robert Do ohue, Timothy n n Du bar, Joh n Carr, George Eaki , Michael 1 1 2 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

ns o n n on E ley, J h Li d , Patrick in s Fay, Matthew L d ey, Walter o n s Frazier, Andrew L r e, Charle i nn s McAfee o F tzpatrick , De i , R bert n McCab e Flanniga , George , Alexander oo o n McC alla s Fl d , J h , Charle Fox om s McClean o n , Th a , J h M Danie l Fut hey , Henry c , Dennis l McGarve m Gal agher, Felix y , Ja es om McGuire o Gallagher, Th as , Nich las McKee n Gillespie, Abel , A drew M Gallagher, Henry cCarty , Bartholomew oo o n McCart o n G dfell w, Da iel y , C r elius Get hins n McCart o n , Da iel y , J h r c m McClosk e n G a e, Willia y , He ry n o n McCo rd m Gra t , J h , Willia M ormick m Hall, Jonas cC , Tho as mmon o n McDonald Ha , J h , Minase ns m s McGau h n Harki , Ja e g y , Joh s mes McGau h Harri , Ja g y, William n He ry , Henry McGe e , Thomas o n s McGoun H lla d, Charle , Patrick m on m s McGuire i Ha ilt , Ja e , Ph lip us on m McIlvaine H t , Willia , Joseph o ns on m s McKee i m J h t , Ja e , W llia on s o McKinne J e , R bert y , Alex . n o n McKinn Kai , J h y, James n s McL Kai , Mile ees, Archibald McLe es m Kelly , Peter , Ja es n McMahon m Kelly, Da iel , Red ond nn McManus m Ke edy, Hugh , Ja es in McPeak es Lapp , Paul , Jam

Lastly, Barnabas Mahan, Owen o n Malvain Larey, J h , William n n Laverty, Patrick Ma ga , Owen es n Lee, Jam Marti , Patrick Le e , Robert Matthews, George n Mercha t , William [ 1 13 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

di i B nn Mere th , Ph lip u ell, Peter nr ss Miller, He y Ru ell, Nicholas oon M ey, Michael Savage, Patrick oon o M ey, Patrick Sc tt, Valentine o so n m s m M rri , Ja e Se ple, William

Murphy, Michael Shea, Timothy o al Murphy, Patrick Sh rt l, John om s o O Murphy, Th a Sh rtall , liver r Sim Mu phy, Archibald , John o n m son m Neal , J h Si p , Ja es o s Slevan Nich la , David , John ei le mes m N g , Ja S ith, James m n r nson m New a , Edwa d Steve , Ja es ’ ll u O Donne y, Arthur S t liﬁ, Michael ’ ll Sna e O Donne , Michael p s, Paul ’ O Neale l n , Arthur Sul iva , Daniel n on n Parker, A th y Swa ey, Thomas m s om Priscot t , Ja e T ey, John n Raredo , Michael Tay, Daniel om s Tulton m Rea, Th a , Willia R o n n am ead , J h Tur er, S uel

Reynolds, Edward n Reynolds, Patrick Weir, Owe n l m son omas Richardso , Wil ia Wil , Th o s mes o n nn s R dger , Ja Y rge , De i son m Robert , Willia

The list of soldiers in Colonel Washington ’ s Regi n in ment of Virginia Militia , e gaged the French and Indian t “ War , prin ed at end of the chapter on The Irish in Ot her ” “ ” v Provinces , is additional e idence that the pure Irish u were not rejected d ring the French and Indian War . But even if it were true that the emigrants were mainly of l from Ulster , the following list soldiers born in Ire and , “ taken from a Return of a Full Company enlisted for the

. Mc lu han Campaign in the Lower Counties , by Capt C g , [ 1 14 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

l Vo . I Second Series , Pennsylvania Archives , contains lists of names of soldiers in the Pennsylvania regiments of the C ontinental Line in the Revolution . The regiments are numbered First t o Thirteenth in ’

s . elu ive, and to show the falsity of Dr Egle s statements that not more than 300 Irish were in the war from Penn n 1000 sylva ia, we give the following list of distinctively Irish names taken from the li sts of soldiers in only the ﬁrst six regiments :

FIRST PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT

m o n n s A br se , Patrick Car ey , Bar aba n ar o m s Bar ey, Nicholas C r ll, Ja e o n Bradley, R bert Cary , Aike ns s o Bur , William Ca ey, R ger n o avenau h Brya , Jac b C g , Edward avenau h Blake, Edward C g , Patrick o n o Blake, Michael C chra , Ge rge Blak enn o n Col on n s y , J h g , Bar aba o r Bleak, Michael C llier, Richa d o o n o ns o n B ugh, J h C lli , J h ns om s B oughter, Martin Colli , Th a s n m s B oyle, Jame Co eway , Ja e on on t B oyles, Charles C d , Pe er m onn l Bradley, Ja es C el y, Patrick nn n Brady, Michael Co el, Terre ce h nn r s Brana an, George Co er, Cha le u m n onn ohn B rke, Ed u d C er, J rns o n oo m s Bu , J h C ley, Ja e n oon o n Burns , Lawre ce C ey, J h o n Burns, Michael C yle, Alexa der ross r Butler, Patrick C , Pat ick n o n o n Cava agh , J h Cr wley, Lawre ce n G o s Calahan, Da iel r wly, Mile n mm n s Calle , Edward Cu i g , Edward m n s Carnahan, Willia Curley, Bar aba [ 1 1 6 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

r m s nn ] Cu ry, Ja e Fe el , Patrick Ferroll Curry, Samuel , Michael r n o Cu ry, Samuel Fi ley, R bert m inn n r s o Curry, Willia F ega , Ch i t pher n n VVIlliam nn o Do li , Fi ey, R ger os ric m Dailey, J eph Fitzpat k , Willia l m m n Dailey, Wi lia Fle i g , Hugh o n i o Dalt , R chard F wler, Patrick n in im s m s Dela y, Mart Gr e , Ja e n o n Dela y, Murdoch Garvey, J h m De psey , Charles Go wen, Henry m s m so n n e De p ey, Sa p Geha , Pet r m s m n De p ey, Ti othy Gibbo , James nn o n o in l m Devi ey , J h G ld g, Wil ia nn o n o on li m Do ell , J h G rd , Wil a n m Do ahoo , Ti othy Gorman, Laurence ono n o n o m n o n D va , J h G r a , J h no n m o man m Do va , Ti othy G r , Sa uel o n m s o n B a nds D ra , Ja e G we , o s mes o n D r ey, Matthew Gri , J h n Dougherty, Da iel Hagan, Peter

o m . r D ugherty, Ja es, Jr Haggerty, A chibald

Dougherty, Matthew Kasey, Henry o n n m a D w i g, Jere iah Haley, Mich el D wt her n n o , Joh Ha ley, Hugh o o n n on m D yle, J h Ha l , Mar aduke

Doyle , M orris Heasey, Henry m Doyle, Sa uel Heaney, Henry u n r n n r D ga , Cha les He i g, Pat ick un oo on r D ah , Patrick Her , Pat ick nn o n ns Du , J h Higgi , James

Dwier, Cornelius Hogan, Sylvester n Early, Michael Kelly, Joh nn s n s n os E i , Fra ci Ki kaid , J eph nos n s n n E , Fra ci Ki kaid, A drew n o n Farrall , Patrick Kai , J h n mes n e Feaga , Ja Kai , Micha l n l m n Feaga , Wi lia Kear , Luke

[ 1 17 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

r n n Keary , A thur Ly ch , Joh on o n ons Keat , J h Ly , Edward on om n Keat , Th as Lyo s, M oses n n n McCart ne o n Kee a , Lawre ce y , J h Kee non o n McCart ne n , J h y , He ry Kee non o McCart ne m s , R ger y , Ja e n McBri e Kelly, Alexa der d , Pete r r McCann n Kelly, Edwa d , Da iel McC arroll o n Kelly, Hugh , J h m s M n Kelly, Ja e cC art ey , Felix o n M Kelly, J h cCart er, David l n McCart o n Kelly, Kil ia y , J h McC aslin Kelly, Patrick , Patrick l om s M c losk e o n Ke ly, Th a C y, J h mo Mc losk e Kelly, Ti thy C y, Neill m s McClosk e m Ke p ey, Patrick y , Willia Kenna h an Ri r McClur h an m g , cha d g , Sa uel nn n s McConnell r s Ke edy, De i , Cha le nn r McConnell o n s Ke edy, Richa d , C r eliu nne om s McConnell m Ke dy, Th a , Willia inn M rd K ey, Michael cCo , Isaiah n o n Mc rd m s K ight, J h Co , Tho a Loch er McCormick o n y , Michael , J h ' Laﬂert m y, Edward Mccor ick, Hugh m n Mc rmick Lea a , Michael Co , Patrick m m Mc rmi k Lea y, Ja es Co c , William on o n M rtle Le ard , J h cCo y, Michael $ n Mc Leo ard , Patrick Coy , Michael M Leonard , Richard cCoy , Rory n Ro McCo m Leo ard, ger y, Willia nn o n McCreed m s Li , J h y , Ja e inn l m McCro ssan L Wil ia , Patrick

40 n s ﬂ s and s in o Born in Ireland , 1 7 ; j oi ed Fir t Ri e , erved Pr c i n l on s n Wins n on ter s Art llery at Bu ker Hil , L g I la d , hite Pla , Tre t ,

n m n o n on n . in Prince ton, Brandywi e, Ger a t w , St y Poi t Served ’ n $ ie s om n o o s 0 3 Captai ler c pa y at Bl ck H u e , where he carried

mm on wh o w as l o n . s Lieut . Davi Ha d, bad y w u ded Di charged d n . an at Pittsburgh 1 783 . erved also u der armar St Clair, —, S H , n 1 91 96. Way e, 7 ( 1 18 1

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

mo Murphy, Ti thy Roark, Andrew lliam n o n Murphy, Wi Rya , J h n Murray, Da iel Redman, Michael r n s m n n Mur ay, Fra ci Red a , Joh m Murray, Jere iah Reiley, Bernard o n Murray, J h Reiley, Christopher l Rei ey, Job om s Murray, Th a Reiley, John li m o s om Murray, Wil a (Reyn ld itted) i m s i n Ne ll , Ja e Riley, Christ a o on os o n o n N rt , J eph R wa , J h on n n Nort , He ry Rudy, Bar ey on r r Nort , Pat ick Rudy, Pat ick ’ O Br an n on y , Da iel Ry , Patrick ’ O Br n n m s yan, De nis Swee ey, Ja e ’ r n O B ya , Martin Shehan, Thomas ’ Br m n n O yan, Willia Sheha , Da iel ’ N n O eal, Edward Sloane, Lawre ce ’ O Neal m s li n , Ja e Sul va , Murty ’ O Neal o n l n r , J h Su liva , Pat ick ’ O Neal, Richard Sweeney, Hugh nn s Phelan, Peter Taggart, De i o o n n P wer, J h Ter ay, Matthew r s Powe s, Robert Wel h , James ui le mee s o n Q s y . Ja Wel h , J h s Wel h , Michael nn s omas Qui , Michael Wel h , Th nn Qui , Patrick

SECOND PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT

ns m nnon o n Bur , Sa uel Bra , J h

Boyd, Abraham Brogan, Michael o n l m B yle, Philip Brya , Wil ia n Bradley, Hugh Burke, Alexa der r Brady, Michael Burns, Ca berry n n r Brando , Natha iel C alalan, Pat ick n m s n o n Branno , Ja e Callaga , J h [ 1 20 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

n n n n m Car ey, Bar ey Fla aga , Ti othy s Ca ey, Richard Galligher, N ancie s r i s Ca saday, Pat ick G lle pie, George n o n or n Cochra , J h G do , Daniel ns o n o n o n Colli , J h G rdo , J h ins os ffin Co ll , J eph Gri , David o lins C l , Thomas Hurley, John o ns r n C lli , Pat ick Haga , Peter o nn mes r nn s C ely, Ja Hage thy, De i onno o n C r, Matthew Hale , J h o o s C oley, Edward Haley , M rri oon m s nn om s C ey, Ja e Ha ey, Th a o n r s n o n C wa , Cha le Harla , J h oss nnin om s Cr , Patrick Je gs, Th a oss n o n n n Cr a , J h Ker ey, Bar et o nn om s Cr wley, David Ke edy, Th a l n o nn o Cul e , Th mas Ke edy, R bert mm n s m s n o n Cu i g , Ja e Kallaha , J h os on o n Dailey, J eph Keat , J h n m s n I n s Devi e, Ja e Keati g , g atiu n n o n Dugga , Patrick Keati g , J h n s Deady, Patrick Keele, Fra ci n r n is Derry , Michael Kee e, F a c on oo o n n n o D ah , J h Kee a , R ger ono n mes m s D va , Ja Kelly, Ja e o o n n D ugherty , J h Kelly , Joh o m s l D ugherty, Ja e Ke ly, Matthew m Dungan, Tho as Kelly, Patrick nmo m Du re , Paul Ke psey, Patrick i o n s nn Dw re, C r eliu Ke ard, Joseph n o n nn An Eaga , J h Ke edy, drew n r nn m Faga , Gar ett Ke edy, Sa uel nn eal Fagge, Patrick Ke y, N Fa on mes ni g y, Ja K ght, Michael i Faugh , Michael Kough , Ludw g in m n (F leys o itted) Kusick, Joh

Fitzgerald, Edward Lafferty, Daniel i o n ns F tzgerald , J h Larki , David [ 121 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

Ginni Lary, Daniel Mc s, Roger n McGrat h li m Leary, Da iel , Wil a o o McGraw o n L ugh, Ge rge , J h McCullan o n McGraw m , J h , Willia McDonald m McInt ire n , Willia , Da iel McKilloh o McInt ire m , R bert , Willia McMurd o n McKillin y , J h , Edward m McKinne McPik e . s o n Ja e y , J h Mulh ollon McKinse o n , Hugh y, J h

M urphy, Archibald McMah on, Richard McLau hlin Manus g , Robert Mc , Hugh McC art n Mc uead o n y, Da iel Q , J h l m Mc uillin m s Murray, Wi lia Q , Ja e McAfee i M uillion o , Ne l cQ , R bert McCahan ar McVea h , Rich d g , Patrick McC alla n McVe n , Da iel y , Da iel

McC art y , Richard Madden, Thomas McC ast leto n m om s , Sa uel Magee, Th a McCa n on o n y , Da iel Mah , J h Mc h ord Is a n n C , ai h Malo y, Joh McClosk e o n o m s y, J h Mal y, Ja e M llum o n m cCo , J h (Martins o itted) McConnell il m n o n , W l ia Melle , J h Mc rmick o n o m Co , J h (M rrisons o itted) McCormick m o n o n , Willia M y e, J h McCourt o n u n o n , J h M lle , J h McCowen o n Mullone o n , J h y , J h M e Mulvan cCu , Arthur y , Patrick McDowell ll m n , Wi ia Murphy, A drew McElro o n u an y, J h M rphy, Christ i McElvaine o n o n , J h Murphy, J h McElvan i y, Patrick Murphy, Ph lip McFat rid e n s om g , Da iel (Murray itted) M o n l mes cGahan, J h Nei l, Ja McGah n r eil] o n y , A d ew N , J h McGau hin or o n o n g , Michael N t , J h McGear o on n y , Neal N rt , He ry ’ McGilton m O Brien n , Willia , Da iel [ 1 22 1

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

’ O Neal o n m , Nich las Rya , Ja es ’ O Harra n n , Patrick Sheha , Da iel ’ O Hara i m o n n , W llia Sl a , Lawre ce ’ O Neal n on i m , Da iel Sl e, W llia ’ O Neal m s n n , Ja e Sulliva , Da iel ’ o n l n O n 0 Neal, J h Sul iva , we n m s Quigley, Edward Swee ey, Ja e nn n Qui , Francis Swee ey, Hugh o n on m s Reilly, J h T er, Ja e m n o n on o n Red a , J h T er, J h li m o o n Reily, Wil a To le, J h o o n s (R ck, Patrick) (Wear, C r eliu ) o n o n sh m R wa , J h Wel , Willia

FOU RTH PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT

Allwine n n o n ( , Bar ey) Co chra , J h o o n ol n s o n B yle, J h C li g , J h in s i (Butler, Patrick) Co ll g , R chard nnon m o lin s o r Ba , Jere iah C l g , R be t n s m Blake, Michael Colli g , Willia nn Boyd, Thomas Co er, Charles o n nn in Boyle, J h Co er, Mart o nn l n B yle, Neal Co el y, A drew adl o n ou n o n s Br ey, J h C rt ey, C r eliu nnon onn o n Bra , Darby D ell, J h n m un o n Brya , Willia D bar, J h n s onn o Burke, Fra ci D elly, Ge rge n m s o n Byr s, Ja e Dailey, J h o r mon C chran, Geo ge De d, Peter nro m s m s Co y, Ja e De p ey, Patrick nno nn son om s Co r, Patrick De i , Th a an o n smon o n Callagh , J h De d, J h n n m s n Car agha , Ja e Deve ey, Hugh o m s n n Carr ll, Tho a Devi e, Ber ard

’ ssad m n Ca y, Willia Devi e, Hugh n ohn o n Cava augh , J Drudge, J h n n on oo t Cochra , Bla ey D ah , Pa rick [ 126 1 IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

on n o n nn ll D ga , J h McCo e , Charles Dufi e ld McCo rmick o n , Felix , J h Duflield o n McCo rmick , J h , Patrick n m s McCo or Fagi , Ja e y , R y d McCu ne o n Fitzgerald , E ward , J h n n l Garvi , He ry McDo na d, Francis n McDo nou h m s Galagher, Da iel g , Ja e mes McElro Galagher, Ja y , Hugh o n McFarland mes Garvey , J h , Ja Go ehan os McG h n r g , J eph a y , A d ew n McCarri n n Haga , Patrick ga , Da iel nlin r l u lin r Ha , Pat ick McG a gh , B yan n McGuire o n Hart ey, Patrick , J h ns m s McInt ire m s Higgi , Ja e , Ja e n McKeve Kai , Michael y, Hugh n n McKe ve om s Kai , He ry y , Th a K lin ea g , Thomas McMah on, Timothy n n o n McManus Kee a , J h , Hugh n o n McNamara e nn s Keila , J h , D i n McPik Kelly, Bar abas e , Thomas s Mc ueen n Kelly, Charle Q , Da iel l omas Mc uee n o n Kel y , Th Q , J h m McSwain o Kelly, Willia e , Ge rge nn n n Ke edy, A drew Madde , Michael n n Ri n Ker aha , chard Maga , Patrick n Ly ch, Michael Magee , Daniel ' Laflert o on i m y , R bert Mal ey , Will a r ns mes on r La ki , Ja Mal ey, A chibald n n o m s Ly ch, Lawre ce Mal y, Ja e n n Ly ch , Michael Marti , Patrick McInt ire i m l n n s , Will a Mu le , Ma u McPik e m s e , Ja e Murphy, Pet r McMullen m n , Willia Murray, Da iel McDonald n , Alexa der Murray, Patrick McIlvaine om s on n , Th a Nix , Joh McBride m s o n m , Ja e N gla , Willia ’ McC art n s O Neal o n y, De i , J h ’ McCo ll o Hara y , R bert O , Patrick 9 [ 127 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

’ O Neal , Richard Sullivan, Daniel s n Reily, Charle Sulliva , Murty o r n r n R u k , A d ew Sullivan, Owe Rion o n m , J h Sullivan, Tho as o R ach , Sadler Welch , Edward n s mes Rya , Michael Wel h , Ja n s Rya , Patrick Wel h , Patrick o n o n s l m Sl a , J h Wel h , Wil ia nnon m s Sha , Ja e

FIFTH PENNSYLVAN IA REGIMENT

l m Bradley, Hugh Dai ey , Ja es o ai o n Brady, R bert D ley, J h om n in Brady, Th as Dela ey, Mart ns De vin n Bur , Daniel y , Cor elius ns n o nn o n Bur , Laughli D elly, J h ns n o n m s Bur , Lawre ce D ra , Ja e n m n Co y e, Bartholo ew Dor ey, Matthew n o n o s Cai , J h D r ey, Matthew r o n Cary, Ar thu D ugherty, Ber ard n n o m s Cava augh , Joh D ugherty, Ja e o n o o m C chra , R bert D ugherty, Willia o ns o n o o n C lli , J h D yle, J h nn o o s Co el, Patrick D yle, M rri onn o n o C er, J h D yle, Peter

o nn o omas . C er, Matthew D yle, Th , Sr

onno m o om s . C r, A brose D yle, Th a , Jr oo m s C ley, Ja e Drury, Michael os o o n Duﬁ or C tell , J rda y , Ge ge ' m s Duﬂ Crossley, Tho a y, Michael o s nn o n Cr wley, Mile Du , J h o n o n C urry, R ger Eaga , J h i m l Curry, W llia Farral , Patrick m Farroll Delany, Willia , Michael n m s n m Deve e, Ja e Feaga , Willia m nn ] Daly, Ja es Fe el , Patrick n o n m Deve y, J h Fitzpatrick , Willia [ 128 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA’ S INDEPENDENCE

McMulle n n s o n o n , Fra ci N rto , J h ’ McNamara O Hara o , Patrick , Ge rge ’ McOwen o n O Harron , J h , David ’ McPh eran n r O Harra n , A d ew , Da iel ’ McPik e omas O Neil m s , Th , Ja e Mc uillen s n Q , Charle Phela , Pete r s m n o n Mc herry, Peter Red a , J h McSwine nn s mes , De i Reily, Ja M W' c illiams n oc ri , Alexa der R k , Pat ck on m s Mah ey, Ja e Roddy, Patrick n m o s Ma ley, Willia R dger , Patrick n Roo ey, Peter n Murphy, Arthur Saladay , Da iel i m s o n Murphy, W llia Wal h , J h l m s n Nei l, Ja es Wel h , Joh on s Nix , Marvin Wel h, Michael

SI$ TH PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT

o Bready, R bert Fitzpatrick , Peter n r Burke, Michae l Fi ley, Pete o Brady, Samuel Finney, R ger n n mo Bryan, William Fla aga , Ti thy e o Buckley, Daniel G h u, Peter o on s Burke, William G rd , Charle ns o n o on o n Bur , J h G rd , J h o Griﬂin Carr ll , Dennis , David n m s o n Colga , Jo hn Gri e , J h nn nr Callaghan, Patrick He y, He y asada n o n C y , Joh Haley, J h

n . n s o Co lga , Barnabas, Sr Ha ley, Chri t pher m o n na as . n C lga , Bar b , Jr Ha ley, Mar aduke ins l e o n Coll , Wi liam H aley, J h nno n Co r, John He ley, Maurice x n o n n (Co , Bar ey) H ga , Da iel n Hu an n Donavan, Joh gg , Da iel n m n Doyle, Pet er Kelly, Be ja i ' Duﬂ s y , James Kelley, Charle [ 130 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

i n McGinnis Kelley, Kill a , Robert nn s McGuire l Kelly, De i , Phi ip m McKinn Kelly, Willia ey , John nn n McCune Ke ey, Da iel , Frederick non n McLine o n Ke , Lawre ce , J h n McManam n Laughli , Peter y , Da iel o n McMullin o n L ga , Michael , J h o McPik L wrey , Patrick e , Richard McGilton m o n , Willia Magaw, J h McGee m s on o n , Ja e Mal e, J h McCord m i , Sa uel Mill gan, William McAfee o n o n , J h M ra , Michael McBride mes o n , Ja M rriso , Michael McCarroll o n n l m , J h Mulli , Wi lia McCast le ton m s l n , Ja e Mu li , Patrick

McC as t le ton m . n o n , Sa uel D Mulva ey, J h McCaslin o on r , Patrick N rt , Pat ick ’ McCast on m s O Brian , Ja e , Philip ’ McClusk n is O Brien o n y, Fra c , J h ’ McDaniel o m O Br an m , Malc l y , Willia ’ McDaniel O Neal , Matthew , Daniel ’ McDaniel O Neal m s , Michael , Ja e McDonald e i , Michael R ly , Thomas ‘ McDonald n Shawnesse o n , Terre ce , J h McDona h m s She he n g , Ja e y , Da iel “ McDowe ll o n n , J h Swai e, Edward McEnt ire mes s o n , Ja Wel h , J h M cGee , Thomas

One hundred Irish names of Pensioners of the Revolu i n r in n in t o a y War, living Virginia , pri ted Senate Docu

These t wo names illustrate how Irish names are changed ’ sh n ss h ness Shawnes e McSwine n O augh e y Shau y , s , Shaw ; , Swi e H n m s Of r m Swaine . un s 0 a e I ish origin were necessarily o itted from the list because so many Irish names have assum ed an English m o m . n s oo m o n f r The a e Shaw, M re , S ith, M rriso , Newman, Kerr, r s s r n mon s o m s as Car , Clarke, are ju t a evale t a g Iri h Cath lic fa ilie “ ’ ’ “ ’ names beginning with c or O [ 181 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

1 f ments , 835, giving names o State Troops in which they served and year pension commenced .

in 1 1 Martin Mooney , Virg ia, 8 9 r i 1 Edward Casey , Vi gin a , 18 9 o i n Barthol mew Ragan , V rgi ia, 1818 M c owan ns 1 Patrick C , Pen ylvania, 18 8 Br ams i 1 1 James y , Virg nia , 8 8 1 Peter Dager , Virginia , 1 8 8 n 1 Benj amin Galloway, Virgi ia , 818 ns ni 1 1 Sampson Dempsey, Pen ylva a, 8 8 1 John Gallegher , Maryland , 818

. ni 1818 Wm Connerly, Virgi a, 1 Wm . 18 8 Kennedy , Virginia,

Dempsey Stuart , Virginia , 1819 1 1 Francis Burk , Maryland , 8 8 1828 John Cochran , Virginia , n nn 1 John Do nell , Pe sylvania , 818 i 1 818 Archibald Casey, Virgin a , 2nd Wm . Burke , , Virginia , 1818

i . 1818 Daniel Flin , Virg nia 1 1 Perry Carroll , Virginia, 8 8 181 Joshua Dunn , Virginia , 8 1818 Michael Grosh , Maryland , u i 181 Samuel Co rtney , Virgin a , 8 n i 1 1 William Dro e , V rginia , 8 8 1 81 John Dulin , Virginia, 8 m 1 1 Tho as McGe e , Pennsylvania , 8 9 l 1808 Wi liam Burke , Virginia ,

Dennis Bush , Virginia , 1818 1808 William Burke , Virginia , 1 18 Dennis Bush , Virginia, 8 H ff rlin 1818 John e e , Virginia , 1819 Samuel Harrell , Virginia , o 1818 J hn Haney , Maryland , 1818 Daniel Hayley, Virginia , McMullen i 1818 Alex . , Virgin a, D 1782 Arch . Mc onald, Virginia, [ 132 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

McDaniel o 2 Thomas , N rth Carolina, 18 1 1 Daniel Conner , Virginia , 820 n 181 Joh Nash , Virginia , 9 ’ o Ne al J hn O , Pennsylvania , 1818 rn 181 John Bou , Virginia , 8 r i Charles Mu phey, Virgin a , 1818 McHane o 1 2 Terry y , Ge rgia , 8 1 1 2 John Quinn , Virginia , 8 3 e s n 181 Rob rt Dy o , Virginia , 8 D nd en 1 Thos . o e , Virginia, 818 o Flarid s n 1 2 J hn y , Penn ylva ia , 8 0 Mah orne 1 1 1 Thomas y , Virginia , 8 8, aged 05 years McEwin Patrick g , Virginia, 1818 o 1 John R ach , Virginia , 18 8 o ll 1 J hn Su ivan , Virginia, 830 F rr l John e el , Pennsylvania, 1818 o Plumk et i 1 Th mas t , Virgin a , 818 n 18 John Reardon , Virgi ia , 00 m 1 1 Peter Gri , Virginia, 8 8

Wm . Grady , Virginia , 1819 o oll da n 1 1 J seph G o y , Virgi ia, 8 9 n M Kni h 1 . c i 81 Be j g t , Virgin a , 9 i 1 Wm . Knight , Virgin a , 18 8 i . o n n 1818 Wm Th rnto , Virgi a , 1 819 Archibald Maloney, Virginia , n i 1818 Patrick Hanlin , Pe nsylvan a , o 18 J hn Burke , Marylan d , 18 o 1 818 Terence D ran , Virginia , McK 1 8 Bennet ey , Virginia , 1 8 n 1823 Daniel Bennett , alias Be nings , Maryland ,

One hun dred Irish names of Pensioners of the Revolu ion r n e t a y War, living in Ohio and Indiana , pri t d in Senate n i Do cume ts , 1 835, giving name of state troops in wh ch they served .

n e t Michael Bowe , Massachus t s n John Bur s , Se rgeant , Virginia [ 134 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

Sylvanus Burke , Massachusetts

Lawrence Byrn , Pennsylvania o s Daniel C rnell , Penn ylvania ain James Curry , Capt , Virginia o G eorge Carr l , Maryland

William Colgan , Virginia n John Cla cey, Maryland o Francis C stigan , Lieutenant , New Jersey s Daniel Clay , New Hamp hire

Patrick Cunningham , Pennsylvania

Jacob Casey , Virginia

Thomas Downey , Pennsylvania n Henry Dugan , Pen sylvania i i El as Dailey, Pennsylvan a n Dennis Dailey, Virgi ia o Richard D ne , Connecticut o De rr u h n J hn o g , Virgi ia

Samuel Dailey , Massachusetts n John De oo n , Maryland i Andrew Dennis , Pennsylvan a

o . nn J seph D Finley , Maj or , Pe sylvania nn Henry Fitzgerald , Pe sylvania

William Floo d , Virginia o R bert Fleming, Pennsylvania n n Antho y Geoghega , Maryland o C rnelius Hurley , Virginia

John Kelly, Virginia n Da iel Keyes , Sergeant , Massachusetts n nn n A drew Ke edy, Pe nsylvania o n John Leg re , Pennsylva ia

Peter Lynch , Pennsylvania n James Larkins , Sergeant , Pen sylvania o Patrick Le nard , Pennsylvania n Patrick Loga , Virginia c Daniel Morley , Connecti ut

Peter Magee , Lieutenant , New York o McMah n s J hn o , Penn ylvania McElr John oy , ﬁfe major , Pennsylvania

[ 135 1 IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

n Neal Murry , Pe nsylvania M Kni h n John c g t , Maryla d McD n u h Redmont o o g , Virginia McClelland i Hugh , Pennsylvan a

Hugh Mulloy, Lieutenant , Massachusetts M rr ll John cCa o , Pennsylvania o i J hn Murphy , Virgin a McKe e Samuel , Pennsylvania o Mc own J hn Qu , Virginia McGe William e , New Hampshire McE r James ve , Massachusetts McD niel Patrick a , Pennsylvania m Ja es Murphy , Pennsylvania McB urne James y , New Jersey n M l n n Alexa der cG ogga , Pen sylvania o Mc ullou h o R bert C g , C nnecticut n Cor elius Morris , Maryland nn McF d n Co elly a e , New Jersey McFarland n Walter , Pe nsylvania n Charles Magin , Maryla d McHe nr Richard y , Pennsylvania m M Clain W. c , Pennsylvania n Wm . Man ing, Sergeant , Connecticut l Francis McConnel , New Jersey n McM h n Ab er a o , New Jersey m McKelve nn n W. y , Pe sylva ia M l i Michael cC unie , Pennsylvan a McMullen i Neil , Pennsylvan a

Jesse Meneley, New Jersey m Mc uinnes Ja es G , Pennsylvania o M In ir nn Th mas c t e , Pe sylvania M nn William cMurray , Pe sylvania Mc uire Charles G , Pennsylvania ’ hlin Dennis O Laug , Pennsylvania

William Roach , Pennsylvania n o Daniel Reddi gt n , Massachusetts

James Reiley , Pennsylvania l Richard Ri e a, Virginia

[ 136 ]

IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

i Daniel Dorsey, Capta n , Maryland Dimn n Timothy , Co nect icut i T mothy Driskell , Pennsylvania o James Dailey, C nnecticut

James Dorey , New York o J hn Dailey , New Jersey

Thomas Dennis , Rhode Island

Francis Delaney, North Carolina

Silas Daley , New York

Jonathan Farley , Massachusetts

William Farley , New Hampshire o m Amos Flo d , New Ha pshire

Joseph Flood , Massachusetts o Aaron F rbes , Massachusetts

Samuel Farley, Massachusetts o inn J nathan F ey , Massachusetts

Fi . Bethuel nney , Massachusetts mi o Benj a n Grifﬁn , New Y rk l Thomas Gi ligan , Massachusetts r o F ancis Garvey , New Y rk f n n Kirkland Gri ﬁ , Mari er m Tho as Gillen , Maryland Hene in nn Joseph g , Co ecticut

Daniel Hayden , Massachusetts o n Ben ni Hogan , Con e cticut

Nathaniel Higgins , Sergeant , New York o o R bert Kelly , New Y rk nn Hugh Ke edy , Rhode Island l n o Wi liam Ken edy , C nnecticut E dmund Kelly , New York l Joshua Ke ly , New York 2n s Willi am Kelly , d, Massachu etts n James Kane , Pennsylva ia l ’ m John Kennel y, Hazen s Regi ent o n J siah Ke ney , Massachusetts l McMennes Wi liam , New York M Neil cCoy , Massachusetts M D nald Charles c o , Sergeant , Connecticut

[ 138 ] IRISH AND THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

’ McG z Patrick ee , Ha en s Re giment McKni Bernard ght , Massachusetts McC aule James y , New York McGin ar Michael g , Sergeant , New York McMillan John , New Jersey Mc n Paul Coy , Con ecticut o McNeil J hn , New Jersey McMur h George p y , New Hampshire McNe r Martin a y , Connecticut Mc r ne o l Jeremiah Ca t y , N rth Caro ina McManne r c John s , Connecti ut o McF rland J seph a , New Hampshire M M lin William c ul , Pennsylvania McDon al John g , New York McKenne n Andrew y , Pe nsylvania M Kinn James c ey , New York o McMullan J hn , Massachusetts Mc art o Thomas C y , New Y rk

Michae l Madden , Massachusetts n William Moo ey, New York

Ebenezer Morley , Massachusetts o McN ll J hn a y , Massachusetts Mc nn ll o Hugh Co e , New Y rk M c art a Daniel C y , Mass chusetts n McNe al o He ry , New Y rk McKni ht Robert g , Massachusetts I t ir Rufus Mc n e , Rhode Island n Christopher McManus , Sergea t , New Jersey l n o . M cNei J hn C , Sergea t , New Hampshire M t t o Andrew cNu , New Y rk o n J hn Malo ey, Massachusetts l n o A exander Maro ey , New Y rk

Michael Madden , Massachusetts o o J hn Murphy , New Y rk

James Murphy , Mas sachusetts n Richard Nixo , New Jersey ’ iﬁ Daniel O Ke , Pennsylvania o C rnelius Organ , Pennsylvania

[ 139 ] IRISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA ’ S INDEPENDENCE

James Patrick , Rhode Island n Thomas Quigley, Captai , New York

William Quigley , Massachusetts n o Robert Rya , C nnecticut o o Jac b Reddingt n , Massachusetts i Dan el Shays , Captain , Massachusetts

John Sloan , Massachusetts o John Welsh , New Y rk n Joseph Walsh , Lieutena t , Massachusetts o R bert Welch , Connecticut o Walter Whalen , New Y rk

Jeremiah Whalen , Rhode Island

Samuel Welch , Connecticut

Rossel Welch , Massachusetts

Thomas Walsh , New York

Note the New England inﬂuence on the names of many of these soldiers who were unquestionably of Celtic Irish

o . o rigin , e . g , Adam Brann n , Silas Daley, Jonathan Farley , i Amos Flood , Aaron Forbes , Jonathan F nney , Nathaniel n Higgins , Joshua Kelly, Josiah Kenney, Ebe ezer Morley ,

Jacob Redington , Jeremiah Whalen .

n o n l In compili g the f regoi g lists , names like Michae m Dunning, Daniel Fort , Daniel Ha ilton , Daniel Moss , Lochre Michael y , Daniel Lindsley , Daniel Osbourn ,

Daniel Ward , etc . , etc . , were not included , as the sur names might not be considered as Irish .

[ 140 ]

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

This b oo k Is DUE on th e last date stampe d b e low .

' RECDLO- URL

IdlAINﬂ'il“

summer