Jagannatha, Puri E L'orissa

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Jagannatha, Puri E L'orissa Jagannatha, Puri e l'Orissa Secondo volume Puri e l'Orissa Parama Karuna Devi pubblicato dal Centro di Ricerche Vediche Jagannatha Vallabha Copyright © 2009 Parama Karuna Devi Tutti i diritti riservati ISBN-9798718509496 Sommario Prefazione al secondo volume 3 Templi e Divinità 4 Le Matha di Puri 46 Gaudiya Vaishnava Matha 64 La storia dell'Orissa 90 La cultura dell'Orissa 151 Artigianato 158 La danza e le arti marziali 164 Altri luoghi sacri in Orissa 171 Glossario 211 Riassunto di tutti i festival 262 Mappe 276 Jagannatha, Puri e l'Orissa Prefazione Questa pubblicazione è la riduzione in lingua italiana del mio libro Puri, the Home of Lord Jagannatha, pubblicato in India nel 2009, che è stato ampiamente circolato in formato digitale fin dalla sua prima pubblicazione. Poiché l'intera opera superava le 500 pagine, è stato necessario suddividere il testo in 2 volumi. Questo è il secondo volume. Il primo volume di quest'opera contiene i seguenti capitoli: Prefazione Codice di comportamento nei luoghi sacri L'importanza spirituale di Puri Sankha Kshetra Jagannatha Balabhadra Subhadra Sudarshana Narashimha La Mahabhava vigraha Il Jagannatha Tantrico Madhava Bhairava Ekapada Jagannatha come Dea Madre Il Daru Brahman Jagannatha e il buddhismo Indra yatra L'apparizione di Jagannatha Lalita, la figlia di Visvavasu Rituali quotidiani Programma quotidiano di adorazione Festival nel Sri Mandira Rituali periodici I vestiti delle Divinità Mahaprasada 3 Parama Karuna Devi Bhajan per Jagannatha Sri Mandira I devoti di Jagannatha I Sevaka Amministrazione del tempio Samskara Illustrazioni Stiamo preparando anche altro materiale di consultazione in formato video che sarà pubblicato sul nostro nuovo canale YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNFyc_WHg0Q5WyaFEPAktpw I lettori interessati sono invitati a contattarci attraverso i riferimenti indicati di volta in volta sul sito internet www.jagannathavallabha.com. Stiamo lavorando per realizzare un nuovo sito internet, e per stabilizzare la Newsletter digitale sui nostri programmi, allo scopo di costruire una comunità di persone interessate all'induismo originario ortodosso e in particolare alla tradizione di Jagannatha e Puri. Al momento della pubblicazione di quest'opera il Centro di Ricerche Vediche a Puri è inagibile a causa dei danni causati dal ciclone Fani il 3 maggio 2019, e Mataji Parama Karuna Devi sta viaggiando per raccogliere i fondi necessari per le riparazioni. Per questo motivo non ha un recapito telefonico fisso, e anche gli indirizzi email sono soggetti a variazioni. Festival popolari Questa sezione esamina la celebrazione dei festival del calendario induista come viene osservata dalla popolazione in generale, indipendentemente da quanto viene eseguito nel Sri Mandira e nella maggior parte dei templi. Il calendario oriya inizia con Mesha Sankranti, attorno al 14 aprile, il giorno in cui il Sole entra nel segno dell'Ariete secondo il calendario vedico (che tiene in considerazione la precessione degli equinozi, cioè il graduale spostamento delle date dovuto all'inclinazione dell'asse terrestre) e la Luna entra nel mese di Vaisakha. Come abbiamo già accennato, in India mesi e anni vengono conteggiati sulla base dei movimenti del Sole ma anche della Luna; secondo il calendario solare il mese viene contato da una Sankranti all'altra, mentre secondo il calendario lunare viene contato da una Purnima all'altra. 4 Jagannatha, Puri e l'Orissa Nella sezione sui festival nel Sri Mandira abbiamo già dato delle indicazioni sulle ricorrenze del calendario, come Ekadasi, eclissi ecc, alle quali potete far riferimento per avere una visione più completa dell'argomento. Mesha Sankranti è il primo giorno del mese lunare di Vaisakha (aprile) e anche il primo giorno dell'anno solare: per questo viene chiamato Mahavisuva Sankranti, o Jala Visuva Sankranti (nel nord dell'India), e Sakkar Pongal (nel sud dell'India). In Orissa si chiama anche Pana Sankranti, dalla bevanda (pana) che si prepara tradizionalmente per questa occasione. Mesha Sankranti è uno dei due equinozi (quello di primavera, nel segno dell'Ariete); l'altro è Tula Sankranti (quello di autunno, nel segno della Bilancia). Vaisakha vrata si conclude nel giorno di Vaisakha Purnima; si tratta di un'osservanza religiosa simile al Kartika vrata, che dura un mese lunare iniziando da Chaitra Purnima e che comprende l'astensione da ogni alimento non vegetariano (inclusi aglio e cipolle), visite ai templi e specialmente al Sri Mandira, abluzioni nei tirtha, rituali di adorazione a Lakshmi-Narayana, e donazioni ai brahmana. Mesha Sankranti è anche l'ultimo giorno di alcuni altri festival popolari, cioè Chaitra Parva (che inizia 3 giorni prima di Sankranti), Jhamu yatra, Hingula yatra o Patua yatra, Danda yatra, Uda yatra ecc. In queste occasioni i fedeli offrono servizio ai brahmana e ai poveri per alleviare il disagio del maggiore calore, distribuendo pana (una bevanda dolce fatta con acqua, latte, zucchero, banane, cocco, cagliata fresca e spezie dolci), chatu (cereali arrostiti e macinati), sandali di legno, ventagli e ombrelli di foglie di palma e strisce di bambù. Nello stesso giorno di Mesha Sankranti ha inizio il rituale chiamato Tulasi jala dana ("dare acqua a Tulasi"); dopo un'offerta iniziale di pana, per 20 giorni consecutivi viene offerto vasudhara, “acqua dalla terra”: si appende sopra la pianta di Tulasi un vaso di argilla decorato, con un foro sul fondo dal quale pendono 3 fili di erba kusa in modo che l'acqua scenda gocciolando. Alla pianta di Tulasi viene offerto anche uno schermo per l'ombra fatto di foglie di palma da cocco. E' detto che in questo giorno Bhishmadeva, il grande vecchio della dinastia Kuru, era disteso sul letto di frecce sul campo di battaglia di Kurushetra, e chiese dell'acqua; Arjuna scoccò una freccia che penetrò profondamente nel terreno facendo scaturire una nuova sorgente di acqua pura per placare la sete di Bhishma, il quale benedisse tutti coloro che in questo giorno avrebbero offerto acqua agli assetati, promettendo che sarebbero stati purificati dalle loro colpe e avrebbero beneficiato i loro antenati defunti. Hingula yatra (chiamato anche Patua yatra) si celebra in onore della Dea nella forma di Hingula, che distrugge tutte le forze del male e cammina attraverso i villaggi nel giorno di Mesha Sankranti. Il giorno precedente i devoti si vestono con abiti neri - gonna, camicia e turbante con due pieghe di stoffa ai lati, sui quali mettono un bastone che bilancia il vaso sacro (chiamato ghata) simbolo della Dea. In processione i devoti (chiamati Patua) guidati dal Bada Patua danzano reggendo le estremità della stoffa del turbante allargando le braccia, talvolta camminando su trampoli, talvolta compiendo passi difficili, accompagnati da canti e strumenti musicali, specialmente tamburi e grossi cembali di ottone percossi con bastoni. 5 Parama Karuna Devi Le donne devote (chiamate Osati) prepano offerte di lampade al ghi, stoffe nuove, pana e manghi acerbi. Il digiuno è osservato sia dagli uomini che dalle donne, e nel pomeriggio si riuniscono con le loro famiglie in un tempio di Shiva o Shakti, oppure presso un fiume o stagno, cantando ad alta voce le glorie della Dea Hingula o Mangala, con le donne che fanno il suono hulahuli e gli uomini che battono sui tamburi. A questo punto i Patua sono profondamente immersi in trance e il sacerdote (un non-brahmana chiamato Jadua o Dehuri) infila uncini di ferro nella pelle e nella carne della loro schiena, senza che si verifichino perdita di sangue o percezione di dolore. Talvolta invece di portare gli uncini i Patua che osservano questo rituale camminano sulle spine (e sono chiamati Kanta Patua da kanta, “spine”), su spade affilate (Khanda Patua da khanda, “spada”) o sui carboni ardenti (Nian Patua, da nian, “fuoco”), oppure rimangono immersi a lungo nell'acqua (Pani Patua, da pani, “acqua"). Vaisakha Purnima, che coincide con Mesha Sankranti, è celebrata anche dalla religione Sikh sotto il nome di Vaisakhi o Baisakhi, la ricorrenza dell'apparizione del sacro Khalsa Pantha. Si tengono vari programmi religiosi e di beneficienza, compreso il Dhandijatha e Langer o distribuzioni di cibo. Akshaya Tritiya: il giorno lunare di Vaisakha Sukla Tritiya è chiamato Akshaya ("imperituro") Tritiya perché viene considerato particolarmente propizio per cominciare lavori importanti o nuove imprese, o acquisire proprietà: per questo segna l'inizio della costruzione dei carri per il festival del Ratha yatra a Puri. E' la ricorrenza della discesa del fiume Ganga sulla Terra, e l'apparizione di Parasurama. In questo giorno le donne rendono culto a Sasthi Devi, chiamata anche Sathi Duchhei, che presiede alle nascite; piccoli vasi di argilla vengono riempiti di khoi, chuda e frutta, e onorati come simbolo della Dea. In questo giorno le comunità rurali celebrano la semina del nuovo raccolto di riso (con un festival chiamato Muthi chuuan): la mattina presto i contadini fanno il bagno in un fiume o stagno, indossano abiti nuovi, mettono i semi in cesti e li portano nei campi, dove celebrano una cerimonia in onore di Lakshmidevi, poi piantano i semi, pregando per un buon raccolto. La sera fanno una bella cena con preparazioni strettamente vegetariane, astenendosi anche dagli ortaggi a foglia. Nrishimha Chaturdasi cade nel giorno di Vaisakha Sukla Chaturdasi, e celebra l'apparizione dell'avatara Nrishimha, una ricorrenza molto importante in Puri e in tutta l'Orissa, ma generalmente osservata visitando i templi, tra cui il Sri Mandira e tutti i templi di Nrishimha. Thakurani yatra: nel mese di maggio specialmente nel distretto di Ganjam si celebra un festival in onore della Dea Madre, chiamato Thakurani yatra, che può continuare per 5 giorni, oppure per 7, 15 o 21 giorni. Le forme della Dea popolari nella regione, le Thakurani di Ganjam, sono conosciute come le 4 sorelle cioè la Thakurani di Berhampur, Khambesvari di Aska, Buirani di Kabisuryanagar, e Ramachandi di Purushottampur. La versione più grande del festival è quello celebrato ad anni alterni a Berhampur e 6 Jagannatha, Puri e l'Orissa Chatrapur, e ogni 12 anni a Kabisurya Nagar.
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