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Scholars and Literati at the University of Bologna (1088–1800)

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Scholars and Literati at the University of Bologna (1088–1800) Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 1 https://doi.org/10.14428/rete.v1i0/Bologna Licence CC BY-SA 4.0 Scholars and Literati at the University of Bologna (1088–1800) David de la Croix Mara Vitale IRES/LIDAM, UCLouvain This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Bologna from its inception in the 11th century to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800). 1 The University The University of Bologna is one of the oldest academic institutions in the Western World and the rst to use the term universitas to dene a community of students and masters. Founded in 1088 by an organised guild of students who chose and nanced their teachers, the studium established its reputation as a place where research could be developed independently of religious and secular power (Rashdall 1895). Among the several studies devoted to the history of the University, the most important are the Sorbelli and Simeoni’s "Storia dell’Università di Bologna" (1940), and the book "Alma Mater Studiorum. L’università di Bologna nella storia della cultura e della civiltà" by the historian Calcaterra (1948). Both these works retrace the main events and portray the most important gures of the history of the university, from its foundation to 1888. 2 Sources The book by Mazzetti (1847) is the largest and most complete compilation of professors and intel- lectuals who have taught at the University of Bologna from its foundation until the rst half of the 19th century. The author traces short biographies, sorted in alphabetical order, enriched with anec- dotes about the private and academic life of the professors. To complete the biographies provided in Mazzetti (1847), we have used the dictionaries by the Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana (1929), (1961), and by Taisand (1721) for the lawyers. 3 Some statistics Table 1 shows some descriptive statistics. There are 3270 scholars and literati. The year of birth is known for 17.8% of them. The mean age at appointment is 33.6 years, and this is quite stable over the periods. Longevity (mean age at death & expected age at death when 30) is high during the rst period, probably because of a selection eect (the footprint of those who died young has been lost). In accordance with the literature on the historical life expectancy of elites (Stelter, De la Croix, and Myrskylä 2021), longevity improves in the last two periods. The birth place is known for 91.8% of the people, thanks to the systematic registration of the place of origin in the records. The median distance between birth and Bologna is 0km, meaning that more than half of the scholars come from the city. There is more variety in origins for the rst three periods though. Finally, 10% of the scholars have a Wikipedia page (in some language), and 14.9% of them have left a footprint in the catalogues of the libraries of the world, Worldcat, either by having published some work, or by having been the subject of published books and articles. 2 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 Period nb. % birth year mean age mean age exp. age Start End obs known at appoint. at death at death 1000 1199 102 19.6 32.1 68.1 70.8 1200 1347 449 16.9 35.1 66.2 64.4 1348 1449 808 9.8 33.7 65.5 65.3 1450 1526 562 16.0 33.8 62.8 62.9 1527 1617 439 23.2 35 63.8 63.5 1618 1685 392 15.1 31.9 64.1 63.4 1686 1733 216 25.5 32 71.0 69.9 1734 1800 302 33.1 33.5 68.2 68.8 1000 1800 3270 17.8 33.6 65.8 65.9 % birth place median distance % with % with known birth-institution Wikipedia Worldcat 1000 1199 71.6 73 30.4 29.4 1200 1347 88.2 73 17.1 20.9 1348 1449 91.5 49 5.4 8.0 1450 1526 92.2 0 9.1 14.7 1527 1617 97.7 0 11.6 21.0 1618 1685 92.1 0 6.1 11.2 1686 1733 94.9 0 8.8 14.8 1734 1800 93.0 0 9.6 15.2 1000 1800 91.8 0 10 14.9 Table 1: Summary statistics by period 4 Fields Figure 1 shows the relative importance of elds, broadly dened. The University is historically notable for its teaching of both canon and civil law. The teaching of theology was introduced only in 1360, by Innocent VI. Before this date, distinguished scholars were invited as lecturers. From the 14th century, the universitas artistarum was added, that is Medicine, Philosophy, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Logic, Rhetoric and Grammar (Bernabeo and D’Antuono 1988). In the 18th century, with the Industrial Revolution, the University promoted scientic and technological development. 5 Place of birth Figure 2 is a plot of the places of birth of all the scholars of Bologna, and shows the European character of this university. Over the period 1200-1347, many professors were hired from North-West Europe. Several scholars came from modern-day Greece/Turkey before the end of the Byzantine Empire (1454). During the last period, Spain is an important contributor to the academic pool. 6 Human capital of scholars and literati For each person in the database we compute a heuristic human capital index, identied by combining information from Worldcat and Wikipedia using a principal component analysis. We also compute the notability of the university at each date by averaging the human capital of the scholars active in Bologna 25 years before that date. Details are given in the Appendix. Figure 3 shows the names of all the scholars with a positive human capital index. The orange line plots the notability of the university. Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 3 Composition by field Ubologna−1088 / Universitas Bononiensis / Bologna / Wed Nov 18 23:51:04 2020 Law Theology Humanities Sciences Medicine Figure 1: Broad elds at Bologna Origin of birth of members Ubologna−1088 / Universitas Bononiensis / Bologna / Tue Aug 31 20:04:40 2021 0km 300km 600km 65°N 60°N 55°N 50°N Latitude 45°N 40°N 35°N N 30°N 20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E Longitude 1000−1199 1348−1439 1537−1617 1686−1733 Periods 1200−1348 1440−1526 1618−1685 1734−1800 Figure 2: Place of birth of the scholars and literati at the University of Bologna 1800 Cerretti L Aldini G Venturoli G Venturoli Schiassi F Mezzofanti G Mezzofanti Savioli L Savioli Gambari G Aponte M Canterzani G Riviera T Riviera Aldini A Tambroni C Tambroni Masi Riari C Guglielmini G Mignani V Franceschinis F Franceschinis Mondini C Vogli M Vogli Fontana M Fontana Frisi P Belgrado J Belgrado Petisco J Petisco Zacchiroli F Galvani L Galvani Pistorini G Cristiani C Monti A Zecchini P Bassi F Azzoguidi G Azzoguidi Griffini M Cavina V Cavina Saladini G Mingarelli G Canterzani S Berni degli Antoni V Caldani L Morandi A Morandi Agnesi M Palcani Caccianemici L Palcani Spongia N Fabri D Fabri Bassi L Monti G Gazzaniga P Tazzi Biancani G Tazzi Galli G Riccati V Zanotti E De la Figuerra P De la Figuerra Mariscotti Berselli G Scarselli F Vandelli F Vandelli Vogli G Vogli Vernizzi F Vernizzi Pozzi G Pozzi Molinelli P Bianconi G Cacciari P Balbi P Rampinelli R Monti G Zanotti F Collina B Ghisilieri A Canali G Carmona Arredondo M Guglielmini G Bianchi G Ghedini F Nunez de Haro y Peralta A Nunez de Haro y Peralta Formagliari A Montefani Caprara L Caprara Montefani Manfredi G Castelvetri G Castelvetri Macchiavelli A Macchiavelli Galeazzi D Casali Bentivoglio Paleotti G Paleotti Casali Bentivoglio Berni degli Antoni F 1700 Ringhieri O Garelli P Andruzzi L Martello P Stancari V Bottazzoni P Bottazzoni Donduzzi G Corazzi E Corazzi Manfredi E Platina G Gotti V Burgos A Aldini A Albertini I Valsalva A Valsalva Bacchini B Rondelli G Guglielmini D Mezzavacca F Mezzavacca Herrera y Soba J Herrera Gozzadini U Mattioli E Vecchi D Vecchi Sbaraglia G Sbaraglia Caprara A Caprara Gessi B de Guliis V Bonfioli O Montanari G Bordocchi F Mattugliani P Fornasari I Malpighi M Mengoli P Certani G Cassini G Simonetta A Fracassati C Fracassati Argoli G Gentili G Capponi G Sanuti Pellicani G Pellicani Sanuti Merenda A Malvasia C Malvasia Brancati L Brancati Provenzale F Provenzale Manzini L Liceti F Scharpe C Magnani F Vizzani C Glacanus N Glacanus Veronio P Veronio Gargiaria G Scharpe G Dolfi F Castelli B Accarisi J Cavalieri B Cavalieri Bendandus H Nanni Fantuzzi I Nanni Fantuzzi Mariani A Montalbani O De Rycke J De Rycke Cavalli S Cavalli Dempster T Roffeni G Roffeni Lodovisi L Lodovisi Maculani V Massini F Zecchi E 4 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 Uterverio G Onofri G Ambrosini B Cottunius J Argeli C Bartoletti F 1600 Santorello A Spanocchi P Gessi C Achillini C Giraldi Z Giraldi Scacchius F Gessi B Scaino G Alsario Croce V Malonio D Persii A Persii Magini G Faberi L Faberi Zoppio G Cataldi P Baldi C Giannini T Cortesi G Manuzio A Manuzio Danti I Ludovisi A Ludovisi Zoppio M de Zanti G Costeo G Mercuriale G Spanocchi A Claudini G Fondazza A Fondazza Menochio G Persio A Persio Varoli C Varoli Boccadiferro G Boccadiferro Olivier S Grassi A Grassi Salicini G Tagliacozzi G Tagliacozzi Marescotti A Pendasio F Pendasio Coiter V Ferrari L Ferrari Papio G Papio Simi N Franchi C Franchi Leoni D Zecchi G Sigonio C Aranzi G Aranzi Paleotti A Paleotti Cardano G Zoanetti F Bolognetti A Pisanelli B Rolandi S Rota G Delfini G Libranzi G Libranzi Sirenio G Fracanziani A Fracanziani Binarini A Paleotti G Paleotti Robertello F Sozzini C Fichard J Gambarini B Aldrovandi U Aldrovandi Rangone T Stiatici A Maggi B Corti M Girelli G Camozzi G Razzali Olivieri S Amaseo P Alciat A Musso C Mainetti M Teodosi F Teodosi Strozzi C Trincavelli V Trincavelli Giovanetti F Giovanetti Ghini L Grati G Grati Parisio P Parisio Monterenzi A Bernardi A Venenti G Venenti Bolognetti G Teodosi G Teodosi Garcia F Malvasia A Malvasia Bayer W Bayer Sozzini il Giovane
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