Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 1 https://doi.org/10.14428/rete.v1i0/Bologna Licence CC BY-SA 4.0

Scholars and Literati at the University of (1088–1800)

David de la Croix Mara Vitale

IRES/LIDAM, UCLouvain

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Bologna from its inception in the 11th century to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800). 1 The University The University of Bologna is one of the oldest academic institutions in the Western World and the rst to use the term universitas to dene a community of students and masters. Founded in 1088 by an organised guild of students who chose and nanced their teachers, the studium established its reputation as a place where research could be developed independently of religious and secular power (Rashdall 1895). Among the several studies devoted to the history of the University, the most important are the Sorbelli and Simeoni’s "Storia dell’Università di Bologna" (1940), and the book "Alma Mater Studiorum. L’università di Bologna nella storia della cultura e della civiltà" by the historian Calcaterra (1948). Both these works retrace the main events and portray the most important gures of the history of the university, from its foundation to 1888. 2 Sources The book by Mazzetti (1847) is the largest and most complete compilation of professors and intel- lectuals who have taught at the University of Bologna from its foundation until the rst half of the 19th century. The author traces short biographies, sorted in alphabetical order, enriched with anec- dotes about the private and academic life of the professors. To complete the biographies provided in Mazzetti (1847), we have used the dictionaries by the Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana (1929), (1961), and by Taisand (1721) for the lawyers. 3 Some statistics Table 1 shows some descriptive statistics. There are 3270 scholars and literati. The year of birth is known for 17.8% of them. The mean age at appointment is 33.6 years, and this is quite stable over the periods. Longevity (mean age at death & expected age at death when 30) is high during the rst period, probably because of a selection eect (the footprint of those who died young has been lost). In accordance with the literature on the historical life expectancy of elites (Stelter, De la Croix, and Myrskylä 2021), longevity improves in the last two periods. The birth place is known for 91.8% of the people, thanks to the systematic registration of the place of origin in the records. The median distance between birth and Bologna is 0km, meaning that more than half of the scholars come from the city. There is more variety in origins for the rst three periods though. Finally, 10% of the scholars have a Wikipedia page (in some language), and 14.9% of them have left a footprint in the catalogues of the libraries of the world, Worldcat, either by having published some work, or by having been the subject of published books and articles. 2 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10

Period nb. % birth year mean age mean age exp. age Start End obs known at appoint. at death at death 1000 1199 102 19.6 32.1 68.1 70.8 1200 1347 449 16.9 35.1 66.2 64.4 1348 1449 808 9.8 33.7 65.5 65.3 1450 1526 562 16.0 33.8 62.8 62.9 1527 1617 439 23.2 35 63.8 63.5 1618 1685 392 15.1 31.9 64.1 63.4 1686 1733 216 25.5 32 71.0 69.9 1734 1800 302 33.1 33.5 68.2 68.8 1000 1800 3270 17.8 33.6 65.8 65.9 % birth place median distance % with % with known birth-institution Wikipedia Worldcat 1000 1199 71.6 73 30.4 29.4 1200 1347 88.2 73 17.1 20.9 1348 1449 91.5 49 5.4 8.0 1450 1526 92.2 0 9.1 14.7 1527 1617 97.7 0 11.6 21.0 1618 1685 92.1 0 6.1 11.2 1686 1733 94.9 0 8.8 14.8 1734 1800 93.0 0 9.6 15.2 1000 1800 91.8 0 10 14.9

Table 1: Summary statistics by period

4 Fields Figure 1 shows the relative importance of elds, broadly dened. The University is historically notable for its teaching of both canon and civil law. The teaching of theology was introduced only in 1360, by Innocent VI. Before this date, distinguished scholars were invited as lecturers. From the 14th century, the universitas artistarum was added, that is Medicine, Philosophy, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Logic, Rhetoric and Grammar (Bernabeo and D’Antuono 1988). In the 18th century, with the Industrial Revolution, the University promoted scientic and technological development. 5 Place of birth Figure 2 is a plot of the places of birth of all the scholars of Bologna, and shows the European character of this university. Over the period 1200-1347, many professors were hired from North-West Europe. Several scholars came from modern-day Greece/Turkey before the end of the Byzantine Empire (1454). During the last period, Spain is an important contributor to the academic pool. 6 Human capital of scholars and literati For each person in the database we compute a heuristic human capital index, identied by combining information from Worldcat and Wikipedia using a principal component analysis. We also compute the notability of the university at each date by averaging the human capital of the scholars active in Bologna 25 years before that date. Details are given in the Appendix. Figure 3 shows the names of all the scholars with a positive human capital index. The orange line plots the notability of the university. Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 3

Composition by field Ubologna−1088 / Universitas Bononiensis / Bologna / Wed Nov 18 23:51:04 2020

Law

Theology

Humanities Sciences

Medicine

Figure 1: Broad elds at Bologna Origin of birth of members Ubologna−1088 / Universitas Bononiensis / Bologna / Tue Aug 31 20:04:40 2021

0km 300km 600km 65°N

60°N

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20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E Longitude

1000−1199 1348−1439 1537−1617 1686−1733 Periods 1200−1348 1440−1526 1618−1685 1734−1800

Figure 2: Place of birth of the scholars and literati at the University of Bologna 4 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 1800 Cerretti L Aldini G Venturoli G Venturoli Schiassi F Mezzofanti G Mezzofanti Savioli L Savioli Gambari G Aponte M Canterzani G Riviera T Riviera Aldini A Tambroni C Tambroni Masi Riari C Guglielmini G Mignani V Franceschinis F Franceschinis Mondini C Vogli M Vogli Fontana M Fontana Frisi P Belgrado J Belgrado Petisco J Petisco Zacchiroli F Galvani L Galvani Pistorini G Cristiani C Monti A Zecchini P Bassi F Azzoguidi G Azzoguidi Griffini M Cavina V Cavina Saladini G Mingarelli G Canterzani S Berni degli Antoni V Caldani L Morandi A Morandi Agnesi M Palcani Caccianemici L Palcani Spongia N Fabri D Fabri Bassi L Monti G Gazzaniga P Tazzi Biancani G Tazzi Galli G Riccati V Zanotti E De la Figuerra P De la Figuerra Mariscotti Berselli G Scarselli F Vandelli F Vandelli Vogli G Vogli Vernizzi F Vernizzi Pozzi G Pozzi Molinelli P Bianconi G Cacciari P Balbi P Rampinelli R Monti G Zanotti F Collina B Ghisilieri A Canali G Carmona Arredondo M Guglielmini G Bianchi G Ghedini F Nunez de Haro y Peralta A Nunez de Haro y Peralta Formagliari A Montefani Caprara L Caprara Montefani Manfredi G Castelvetri G Castelvetri Macchiavelli A Macchiavelli Galeazzi D Casali Bentivoglio Paleotti G Paleotti Casali Bentivoglio Berni degli Antoni F 1700 Ringhieri O Garelli P Andruzzi L Martello P Stancari V Bottazzoni P Bottazzoni Donduzzi G Corazzi E Corazzi Manfredi E Platina G Gotti V Burgos A Aldini A Albertini I Valsalva A Valsalva Bacchini B Rondelli G Guglielmini D Mezzavacca F Mezzavacca Herrera y Soba J Herrera Gozzadini U Mattioli E Vecchi D Vecchi Sbaraglia G Sbaraglia Caprara A Caprara Gessi B de Guliis V Bonfioli O Montanari G Bordocchi F Mattugliani P Fornasari I Malpighi M Mengoli P Certani G Cassini G Simonetta A Fracassati C Fracassati Argoli G Gentili G Capponi G Sanuti Pellicani G Pellicani Sanuti Merenda A Malvasia C Malvasia Brancati L Brancati Provenzale F Provenzale Manzini L Liceti F Scharpe C Magnani F Vizzani C Glacanus N Glacanus Veronio P Veronio Gargiaria G Scharpe G Dolfi F Castelli B Accarisi J Cavalieri B Cavalieri Bendandus H Nanni Fantuzzi I Nanni Fantuzzi Mariani A Montalbani O De Rycke J De Rycke Cavalli S Cavalli Dempster T Roffeni G Roffeni Lodovisi L Lodovisi Maculani V Massini F Zecchi E Uterverio G Onofri G Ambrosini B Cottunius J Argeli C Bartoletti F 1600 Santorello A Spanocchi P Gessi C Achillini C Giraldi Z Giraldi Scacchius F Gessi B Scaino G Alsario Croce V Malonio D Persii A Persii Magini G Faberi L Faberi Zoppio G Cataldi P Baldi C Giannini T Cortesi G Manuzio A Manuzio Danti I Ludovisi A Ludovisi Zoppio M de Zanti G Costeo G Mercuriale G Spanocchi A Claudini G Fondazza A Fondazza Menochio G Persio A Persio Varoli C Varoli Boccadiferro G Boccadiferro Olivier S Grassi A Grassi Salicini G Tagliacozzi G Tagliacozzi Marescotti A Pendasio F Pendasio Coiter V Ferrari L Ferrari Papio G Papio Simi N Franchi C Franchi Leoni D Zecchi G Sigonio C Aranzi G Aranzi Paleotti A Paleotti Cardano G Zoanetti F Bolognetti A Pisanelli B Rolandi S Rota G Delfini G Libranzi G Libranzi Sirenio G Fracanziani A Fracanziani Binarini A Paleotti G Paleotti Robertello F Sozzini C Fichard J Gambarini B Aldrovandi U Aldrovandi Rangone T Stiatici A Maggi B Corti M Girelli G Camozzi G Razzali Olivieri S Amaseo P Alciat A Musso C Mainetti M Teodosi F Teodosi Strozzi C Trincavelli V Trincavelli Giovanetti F Giovanetti Ghini L Grati G Grati Parisio P Parisio Monterenzi A Bernardi A Venenti G Venenti Bolognetti G Teodosi G Teodosi Garcia F Malvasia A Malvasia Bayer W Bayer Sozzini il Giovane M Sozzini il Giovane Bocchi A Boncompagni U Bonacossa E Amaseo R Betti A Fantuzzi E Fantuzzi Monti P Fantini A Fantini Vettori B Vettori Calani P Ruinus C Ruinus Decio F Modesti G Bero A 1500 Fasanini F Fasanini Cospi A Scribanari M Gaurico L Campeggi T Boccadiferro L Boccadiferro Belmesseri P Gozzadini L Pacioli L Pacioli Dalmaschini T Ferri S Ferri Pomponazzi P Pomponazzi Leoniceno N Beroladi F Guidalotti D Campeggi L Sozzini B Berengario J del Maino G Zani U Della Rocca B Grassi A Grassi Achillini A Baccilieri T Montesdoch G Cancellieri O Silvestri Postumo G Postumo Silvestri da Burgos A Novara D Novara Vittori L Dolfi F Mazzolini S Mazzolini Ramos B Beroaldi F Antonio U Regio R Campeggi G Marso P Zerbi G Unciola P Corsetto A Sala G Sadoletus J de Marsiliis H Montano C Drohobych Y Drohobych Bolognini L Cataldo Parisio G Cataldo Parisio Marzi G Lopez de Carjaval y Sande B Lopez de Carjaval von Ravenna P Ravenna von Garzoni G Garzoni Carboni L della Maldura P della Maldura Filelfo G Filelfo Cittadini A Malvezzi T Malvezzi dal Pozzo F dal Pozzo Ranuzzi G Ranuzzi Paraclito Tartagni A Tartagni Baviera M Baviera Malpigli A Seneca T Kallistis A Guarini B Zanettini G Manfredi G Paleotti V Paleotti Garganelli T Perotti N Perotti of Flanders D Mattioli M Giovanni Bellencinus B Bellencinus Sacco C Years Accolti F Matteo Sala B Marcanova G Marcanova della Rovere F della Rovere Gambiglioni A Barbatius A Fabri F Fabri de'Domenichi D Tignosi N Filelfo F Filelfo Biglia A Mauerkircher F Sozzini il Vecchio M Sozzini il Vecchio Nicoletti P Sermoneta G de Zochis J de Bonarlis R de Castro P de Tudeschis N de Tudeschis Arcolano G Roselli A 1400 Benzi U Accarisi G Mincucci A Pietro Nicoletti G Aurispa G Aurispa Alvarotti P Alvarotti Concoregio G Crisolara E Stojkovic´ de Ragusa J Stojkovic´ Barzus B Santasofia M Favaroni A Favaroni Isolani G Mattesillani M Ridolfi L de Butrio A Argellata P Sampieri F Della Torre G Della Torre Vergerio P Vergerio de Ubaldis A de Ancarano P de Ancarano Curialti P Santasofia G de Sancto Geminiano D Bandini D Bonsignori M de Bettino G de Pinu L de Pinu Badoer B Antonio Rambaldi B Calderini G Bonsignori G Legnani G Pelacani da Parma B da Parma Pelacani degli Onesti C de Saliceto B Spinelli N Pierre Thomas de Brossano S Homodei S de Ubaldis B del Garbo T Saliceti R Matteo Omodei S Corvi G Uberto Buonincontro A Zancari A Luzzi M Carusi B Liazari P d'Ascoli C Arsendo R de Pistoia C Del Virgilio G 1300 Bonandrea G de Marignolli G da Foligno G da Foligno Pelagius A Pelagius Matarellus N Dal Garbo D Bottrigari G Malumbrae R Malumbrae Belvisio J d'Andrea G da Ponte O da Ponte da Cingoli G Rinaldo de Corneto T Boatieri P de Frédol B Rosoni D Altegrado C Altegrado da Varignana B da Varignana Scotivoli B Scotivoli de Baysio G de Baysio Accursio G de Phintona J Accursio C Figure 3: Famous scholars and university notability (orange) Foscarari E Foscarari da Saliceto G d'Arena J de Suzara G de Suzara de Mandagot G Alderotto T de Blanot J Accursio F Tencarari Z Tencarari Toschi V Toschi Ubologna−1088 − Publishing Scholars and Distribution of all Scholars (rug plot) of all Scholars and Distribution Scholars Ubologna−1088 − Publishing da Mantova B da Mantova Silimani M de Farnham N de Farnham de'Borgognoni T da Parma R da Parma Benincasa N Salatiele of Wales J of Wales Gallensis I Passeggieri R Passeggieri de Sampson P Agostino Novello Gozzadini B Compostellanus B Compostellanus de Deo J Bottoni B Rolandino de Trano G de Trano Enrico Riniero Brixiensis B Bene N Moneta de Segusio H Odofredus D de Fieschi S Ungarus P de Bulhoes F Ardizzoni G Ardizzoni of Chichester R de Stavenby A de Stavenby Pennafort R Pennafort Hungarus D Accursio F Delle Vigne P Borgognoni U 1200 Del Cassero M Bononiensis T Dorna B Hispanus Portugalensis P Portugalensis Hispanus Gaytan P Gaytan Bonello A Carlo de Crémone R Azo P Azo Ottone Beneventanus R Beneventanus Collivaccino P Collivaccino Aretinus B Aretinus Anglicus R Lotario Rosario Anglicus A Dall'Orto A Teutonicus Zemeke J Zemeke Teutonicus Boncompagno N de Vinsauf G of Southwell S of Southwell Placentinus P Placentinus Da Medicina P Papiensis B Papiensis Cremonensis S Compostellanus Antiquus B Compostellanus Uguccione N Guglielmo Tornacensis S Tornacensis Guglielmo Faventinus J Faventinus Eraclio Bassiano G Ugo of Bisignano S Pietro Rolandus N Omnebene N Bandinelli R Lombardo P Gosia M Vaccario R Vaccario Bulgaro N Gratian N Gratian 1100 Samaritanus A

Irnerio

10 8 6 4 2 0 Human capital index capital Human Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 5

The pattern is one of high quality through time. Every period has some superstars, followed by a mass of scholars publishing very well. Notability peaks around 1250, and then in 1600 and 1800. The period 1300-1500 is the one with the lowest notability score. Finally, the vertical green lines (rug plot) show the distribution of all scholars, including the obscure ones, over time. 7 Top 10 professors We now provide a brief overview of the ten professors with the highest human capital index.

Fernando Martins de Bulhões (Lisbon 1195 – Padua 1231), also known as St. Anthony of Padua, was a member of the Franciscan religious order. St. Francis entrusted him with the teaching of theology, to counter the heretical movements that were spreading in Europe in the 13th century. Mazzetti identies him as a lector of theology in the studium. A year after his death he was canonized. Giacomo Cardano (Pavia 1501 – Rome 1576), was a mathematician, physician and academic of great genius. He taught medicine at the universities of Pavia and Bologna. He was one of the most inuential mathematicians of the Renaissance. He is remembered for the dispute with the mathematician Tartaglia, who plagiarized the resolution of the fourth-degree equation. He invented the combination lock and the gimbal joint. Ugo Boncompagni (Bologna 1501 – Rome 1585) known as Pope Gregory XIII, before the tonsure he taught civil law at the University of Bologna. During his ponticate he worked to achieve the religious unity of the Christians of Europe through the reform of the Church. He is best known for commissioning the Gregorian calendar. Francesco della Rovere (Pecorile 1414 – Rome 1484), in 1471 was appointed Pope of the and took the name Sixtus IV. He obtained a doctorate in theology in 1444, and spent his early academic career in several Italian universities. In Bologna he taught philosophy and theology. During the papacy, he was inspired by his love for art, erecting the Sistine Chapel and supporting important artists. He is also remembered for his nepotism, which led him to become involved in the Pazzi conspiracy. Rolando Bandinelli (Siena c. 1100/1105 – Civita Castellana 1181), was professor of canon law in Bologna. After a period of teaching, he began a long and eventful ecclesiastical career in Rome. In 1159, he became pope with the name of Alexander III. He is remembered for his rm opposition to Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and for the stance taken in the case of the assassination of Archbishop Thomas Becket. In fact, Alexander III forced the King of England to admit his connection with the murderers, o swear obedience to the Holy See, and repeal the laws against ecclesiastical freedoms. Luigi Galvani (Bologna 1737 – Bologna 1798) taught anatomy and obstetrics at the University of Bologna from 1769 to 1797, when he had to renounce his chair because he refused to swear allegiance to the Cisalpine Republic founded by Napoleon. He is widely recognized as a pio- neer of bioelectromagnetics, the study of the interaction between electromagnetic elds and biological entities. His research led him to invent instruments that were subsequently named after him, like the galvanometer and the galvanizer. Fieschi Sinibaldo (Manarola 1195 circa – Naples 1254) was a professor of canon law at the Univer- sity of Bologna and became pope in 1241 as Innocent IV. His ponticate was notably marked by the struggle against Frederick II in the long quarrel between the Church and the Empire. Alessandro Ludovisi (Bologna 1554 – Rome 1623) became a lecturer at Bologna immediately after his doctorate in utroque iure . This academic experience did not last long, as he soon took holy orders and began his ecclesiastical career. In 1621, he became Pope Gregory XV. Luca Pacioli (Borgo Sansepolcro bef. 1445 – Rome 1517) was a Franciscan, mathematician, and economist. He was a lecturer of mathematics at several Italian universities, including Bologna. 6 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10

He collaborated with important gures of the Italian Renaissance, most notably Leonardo da Vinci. He is considered as the father of double-entry bookkeeping. Andrea Alciati (Milano 1492 – Pavia 1550) was a jurist and professor at many Italian and French universities. He taught at Bologna for four years, where he championed a thoroughly human- istic approach to the study of law, which involved the knowledge of history and philology. He is considered as one of the most prominent French legal humanists. 8 Related scholars Beyond those who taught at Bologna, several important individuals are related to the University. They probably did not occupy an ocial position, but they were involved in teaching and/or re- search. Here, we show here the three related scholars with the highest human capital index. Those scholars are counted to establish all gures but Figure 3. Thomas Becket (London 1117 – Canterbury 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury. He opposed the restrictive policies over the rights and privileges of the Church put in place by Henry II, King of England. Forced into exile, he returned to his homeland only in 1170, when he was assassinated by the followers of the king. Mazzetti counts him among the professors of jus civilis at the University around the middle of the 12th century, while other sources identify him as a student. He was canonized in 1325. Domingo Guzman (Caleruega 1170 – Bologna 1221), was a Spanish priest who founded the Do- minican Order in 1216 in . The Order, fouded to counter the heretical movements of the time, expanded rapidly in various regions of Europe, particularly in the main university centers of the time, Paris and Bologna. Weakened by the numerous travels, penitences and restrictions that he imposed upon himself, he died in the convent of St. Nicholas in Bologna. He was canonized in 1234. Albertus Magnus (Lauingen bef. 1200 – Cologne 1280) was a Dominican friar and bishop of Re- gensburg. He taught theology at the universities of Paris and Cologne, with some appearances at Bologna and Würzburg. He distinguished himself for his works on philosophy, alchemy, astronomy and biology. Thomas Aquinas was one of his disciples. He was canonized and proclaimed doctor universalis by Pope Pius XI in 1931. Giovanni Bessarione (Trebizond 1403– Ravenna 1472), whose true name was Basil, was a Roman Catholic bishop, who later became the Patriarch of Constantinople. A theologist and humanist of great fame, in 1450 he was sent by the Pope in Bologna, where he had the mission to tame internal disorders. He used his power and inuence to attract to Bologna the most important professors of the time. 9 Who’s who on the moon Another way to measure the notability of individuals is to look for signs of recognition such as street names, ... and lunar crater names. The following nine professors received this honor (with rst year at University of Bologna): Cecco d’Ascoli (1322), Gerolamo Cardano (1562), Giovanni D. Cassini (1650), Bonaventura Cavalieri (1629), Luigi Galvani (1763), Luca Gaurico (1506), Fortuno Liceti (1637), Giovanni A Magini (1588), and Geminiano Montanari (1664). 10 Diversity Starting from the 13th century, women were admitted to teaching. In most cases, the rst women in academia belonged to the Bolognese bourgeoisie and were hired to replace their fathers or husbands. Although they were limited in number, the presence of women in the history of the studium can be considered as an expression of the process of social change that has characterized Bologna since the foundation of its University. Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 7

11 Censorship Among the 312 scholars who have published some work after 1400CE, 15 have been censored by the Catholic Church in its Index Librorum Prohibitorum (De Bujanda and Richter 2002). A rate of censorship of 5% is about in line with Italy in general (Blasutto and De la Croix 2021). Famous examples are:

Luca Guarico (Gioni 1475 – Rome 1558, censored in 1559) was a mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. Also a Catholic bishop, he was the trusted astrologer of many famous people of the time, for to whom he successfully predicted the future. In Bologna he taught astronomy for a short period, until the Bentivoglio, ruler of Bologna, had him accused of heresy for having predicted his fall. His texts were then burned, and he was tortured using the mancuerda method. Pietro Pomponazzi (Mantova 1462 – Bologna 1525, censored in 1596) was a professor of philos- ophy at the universities of Padua, Ferrara and Bologna. In 1514 he was accused of heresy by the Inquisition and his works were publicly burned in Venice. In his lectures Pomponazzi questioned the theories of Thomas Aquinas on the immortality of the soul, and invited his students to critically reconsider the role of Christianity in contemporary society. Thomas Dempster (Cliftbog, 1579 – Bologna 1625, censored in 1617), was a pro- fessor of history and a prominent etruscologist. He taught in France and later moved to Italy where he was given a professorship rst in and then in Bologna. Some of his works were put on the list of forbidden books, but only with the recommendation to correct some parts. A larger-than-life gure, Dempster died after learning of his wife’s betrayal and aair with a student.

12 Families of scholars As in most Italian universities, the majority of professors were married laymen (Grendler 2002). Some had children who also appear as professors in the same university as their father. We counted 171 such father-son pairs. In many cases, the father is better known and has more publications than the son, which might indicate some degree of favoritism in the appointments (De la Croix and Goñi 2020). For example, Figure 4 shows the root of the genealogical tree of the Sampieri family, and highlights those who taught (law) at Bologna. Among the eight names, only Floriano has some publications in Worldcat. 13 Intersections with nearby universities Among the 3270 Bolognese scholars, 3032 do not appear on university rolls in the nearby universities of Padua, Macerata, Pavia and Pisa. Hence 238 Bolognese scholars also occupied academic positions nearby. The Venn diagram shows that the intersection with the largest number of individuals is with the University of Padova. 14 University network Here we assume that when a professor occupied a position in more than one university over his/her life, this established a link between those universities. The universities with which Bologna is linked are displayed in Figure 6. We also observe here a shift towards Southern universities as time passes, witness to the barriers put in place by the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation (De la Croix and Morault 2020). 8 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10

Cino ? ?

Ghidinello ca.1300 ca.1378

Cino ca.1320 ca.1380

Floriano Cristoforo Giovanni 1360 ? 1360 1441 ? 1411

Battista Fioravanti Antonio ? ? ca.1400 1460 ? 1476

Floriano Lodovico Marco Filippo ? ? ? ca.1440 ? 1494 ? 1490

Battista Ercole Cesare Francesco Girolamo Antonio Domenico Domenico Lorenzo G.Francesco ? 1465 1462 1463 1464 1474 ? ? ca.1470 ? 1460 ? ? 1494 1516 ? ? ? 1540 ?

Figure 4: The Sampieri family. Professors at Bologna in yellow squares

3032 Bologna

28 13 0 15 1 122 0 4 0 674 Macerata 2477 2 0 Padua 0 15 8 1 0 0 0 37 32 20 8 6 25 6 11 976 1591 Pisa Pavia

Figure 5: Intersections of the lists of scholars between the main universities of Northern Italy Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10 9 Network of institutions Ubologna−1088 / Universitas Bononiensis / Bologna / Tue Aug 31 20:04:40 2021

0km 300km 600km 65°N

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20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E Longitude

1000−1199 1348−1439 1537−1617 1686−1733 Periods 1200−1348 1440−1526 1618−1685 1734−1800

Figure 6: Links between Bologna and other universities through scholars’ mobility, by period

15 Anecdotes The Protomedic Ulisse Aldrovandi modied Galen’s formula to produce Theriac (an alexipharmic considered a panacea). The apothecaries criticized the quality of the vipers used for the concoction and sued him in court. The supreme court dismissed Aldrovandi from his oce and he was expelled from the college for ve years, until he was reinstated upon the intercession of Pope Gregory XIII (Cevoloni and Buscaroli 2018). A law graduate, Novella Calderini on some occasions replaced her husband Giovanni da Legnano at the University of Bologna. Prudhomme (1830) reports that, in order not to distract the students with her extraordinary beauty, she gave her lectures from behind a curtain. Appendix

The individual human capital index qi of an individual i is given by:

qi = −1.76 + 0.43 ln(nb. characters of the longest Wikipedia page) +0.40 ln(nb. wikipedia pages in dierent languages) + 0.47 ln(nb. works in Worldcat) +0.46 ln(nb. publication languages in Worldcat) + 0.47 ln(nb. library holdings in Worldcat) We assume that having no Wikipedia page is similar to having one page with a length of 60 char- acters and that having no Worldcat page is similar to having a page with one work in one language held by one library. The constant −1.76 normalizes qi at 0 when there is neither a Wikipedia page, nor a Worldcat page. The weights (0.43, 0.40, etc) are obtained from the rst principal component of the ve indicators (De la Croix et al. 2020). The notability Q of a university aggregates the q of the top 5 persons who were active in the preceding 25 years using the following formula: { 5 1 q 2 Q = É i 0 1 i=1 5 si where si is the number of universities in which i had an appointment. 10 Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae - RETE (2021) 1:1–10

Acknowledgments This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 883033 “Did elite human capital trigger the rise of the West? Insights from a new database of European scholars.” We thank David Gentilcore for comments on an earlier draft.

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