Geschichtsbücher Des Alten Testaments Und Biblische Geschichte (Außerhalb Der Urgeschichte Gen 1–11)

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Geschichtsbücher Des Alten Testaments Und Biblische Geschichte (Außerhalb Der Urgeschichte Gen 1–11) © Dr. Ludwig Neidhart, Augsburg 2011, Version 2018 Geschichtsbücher des Alten Testaments und biblische Geschichte (außerhalb der Urgeschichte Gen 1–11) Inhalt: 1. Vorbemerkung zu den Datierungen für die biblische Geschichte.............................................................................1 2. Die fünf Bücher Mose...............................................................................................................................................2 3. Das Buch Genesis.....................................................................................................................................................3 3.1. Zu Abraham..........................................................................................................................................3 3.2. Isaak, Jakob und Esau...........................................................................................................................8 3.3. Joseph und seine Brüder.......................................................................................................................8 4. Moses und das Buch Exodus...................................................................................................................................11 5. Die Bücher Levitikus, Numeri und Deuteronomium...............................................................................................27 6. Das Buch Josua.......................................................................................................................................................28 7. Das Buch der Richter..............................................................................................................................................34 8. Das Buch Rut..........................................................................................................................................................39 9. Die Bücher Samuel.................................................................................................................................................39 10. Die Bücher der Könige.........................................................................................................................................42 11. Zu den beiden Büchern der Chronik sowie Esra und Nehemia.............................................................................46 12. Tobit, Judit und Esther..........................................................................................................................................48 13. Zur Historischen Einordnung der Judit-Geschichte...............................................................................................49 14. Die Bücher der Makkabäer...................................................................................................................................51 15. Exkurs 2: Die Ermittlung des Jahres der Reichsteilung (930 v. Chr.)...................................................................54 16. Exkurs 3: Genealogien in der Bibel......................................................................................................................56 17. Exkurs 1: Die Reihe der jüdischen Hohepriester...................................................................................................59 1. Vorbemerkung zu den Datierungen für die biblische Geschichte Die Kirche hat Datierungen für Ereignisse der Heilsgeschichte einschließlich der Geburt Christi immer schon als Gegenstand frei- er Meinung betrachtet. Die Ausgaben des Martyrologium Romanum, des Gesamtverzeichnisses der Märtyrer und Heiligen der ka- tholischen Kirche, enthielten bis zum 20. Jh. zum 25. Dezember den Eintrag, Jesus Christus sei geboren im Jahr 5199 seit Er- schaffung der Welt, im Jahr 2957 seit der Sintflut, im Jahr 2015 seit Abrahams Geburt, im Jahr 1510 seit Moses und dem Auszug des Volkes Israels aus Ägypten, im Jahr 1032 seit der Salbung Davids zum König usw. Dieser altehrwürdige Text, der ins Stun- dengebet übernommen und mancherorts vor der weihnachtlichen Mitternachtsmesse feierlich verlesen wurde, bezieht sich auf ein in Antike und Mittelalter von christlichen Gelehrten entwickeltes Zeitschema, welches auf bedeutsamen Traditionen und tiefsinnigen gelehrten Berechnungen zu beruhen scheint. Der Text will einfach den Punkt der Geburt Christi in diesem Schema beschreiben, und so sagt er bezogen auf dieses System Wahres aus, und man kann ihn daher auch heute noch feierlich verlesen, auch wenn die angesprochenen Fixpunkte in diesem Schema nicht ihre historisch korrekte Position haben sollten. So ist ein absoluter historischer Korrektheitsanspruch für die Aussagen des Martyrologiums von Seiten der Kirche niemals erhoben worden. Denn nicht nur haben zu allen Zeiten kirchliche Gelehrte Datierungen vertreten und vertreten dürfen, die von den Aussagen des Martyrologiums abweichen; auch der Text des Martyrologiums selbst ist immer wieder revidiert worden, nicht zuletzt auch der genannte Eintrag zum 25. Dezember. In der Neuausgabe des Römischen Martyrologiums von 2004 wurde die genannte Passage in der Tat stark revidiert: Hier ist von unzähligen verflossenen Äonen/Jahrhunderten („innumeris transactis saeculis“) seit der Erschaffung der Welt die Rede und von sehr vielen Äonen/Jahrhunderten („permultis saeculis“) seit der Flut; ferner wird Abra- hams Auswanderung vage ins 21. Jh. v. Chr. datiert, der Exodus unter Moses ins 13. Jh. v. Chr. und die Königssalbung Davids um 1000 v. Chr. Auch dies ist nur ein Überblick über gewisse Zeitansätze modernerer Autoren (wobei z. B. die Spätdatierung des Moses ins 13. Jh. v. Chr. bereits wieder an Zustimmung zu verlieren scheint), es ist nicht mehr als eine erste Orientierung, die für erneute Revisionen und Korrekturen offen sein muss. Die in vorliegender Schrift zu den in der Bibel genannten Ereignissen genannten Geschichtszahlen wurden, ausgehend von der Grundannahme der Korrektheit der biblischen Angaben, sorgfältig ermittelt; dabei wurde auch auf die Übereinstimmung mit den verfügbaren außerbiblische Quellen und wissenschaftlichen (astronomischen) Fakten geachtet. Es sei noch darauf hingewiesen, dass die Bibel auch für die Urgeschichte vor Abraham (Gen 1–11) Zahlen liefert, die jedoch nur mit großer Vorsicht zur Datierung herangezogen werden können. Zu dem Problem, wie man die biblische Urgeschichte mitsamt der in ihr genannten Zahlen so interpretieren kann, dass sie im Einklang mit wissenschaftlich gesicherten Thesen steht (etwa mit dem Auftreten des Homo Sapiens ca. 200.000 v. Chr., dem Beginn des uns bekannten Universums vor 13,8 Milliarden Jahren und dem Fehlen jeder Spur einer anthropologisch globalen Sintflut in den ersten zehntausend Jahren vor Christus) siehe meinen Artikel Die biblische Urgeschichte – Datierung und Vergleich mit wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen (in: Glaube und Denken, Jahrbuch der Karl–Heim–Gesellschaft Band 24(2011), S. 177–216 (Teil 1) und Band 25(2012), 49–84 (Teil 2)). 1 2. Die fünf Bücher Mose Die Bücher Genesis (1 Mose), Exodus (2 Mose), Levitikus (3 Mose), Numeri (4 Mose) und Deuteronomium (5 Mose) bilden die sog. „fünf Bücher Mose“, auch „Pentateuch“ (Fünf–Rollen–Buch) oder „Thora“ (Gesetz, Unterweisung) genannt. Nach christlicher Auffassung gehören sie zu den Geschichtsbüchern der Bibel, die jüdische Tradition fasst sie als Gesetzbücher auf. Inhaltlich findet man in ihnen beides: Geschichte (vor allem im Buch Genesis), die (in den Büchern Exodus bis Deuteronomium) von Gesetzestexten durchzogen ist. Die Einteilung in fünf Bücher ist nicht ursprünglich; im Babylonischen Talmud, Baba Batra 14b heißt es: „Moses schrieb sein Buch“ (Einzahl!), abgesehen von acht Versen (die vom Tod des Moses handeln).1 Die Einteilung des Werkes in mehrere Bücher verdankt sich der praktischen Notwendigkeit, den langen Text auf mehrere Schriftrollen aufzuteilen. Es gibt mehrere Thesen über den Umfang des ursprünglichen Werkes: 1. Nach Martin Noth († 1968) ist das Deuteronomium der erste Teil eines anderen Werkes, welches mit dem Deuteronomium beginnt und die Bücher Josua, Richter, Samuel und Könige umfasst (sog. deuteronimistisches Geschichtswerk). Demnach umfasste die ursprüngliche Thora nur die vier Rollen Genesis, Exodus, Levitikus und Numeri, man hätte dann ein ursprüngliches Vier-Rollen-Buch („Tetrateuch“). 2. Nach Gerhard von Rad († 1971) und Otto Eissfeld († 1973) gehört zum ursprünglichen Werk auch das Buch Josua; es hätte dann ein Sechs-Rollen-Buch („Hexateuch“) gegeben. Manche erweitern noch um die Bücher Richter, Rut, Samuel und Könige zum „Heptateuch, Oktateuch, Enneateuch“. Die Hypothese, es habe ein den Stoff der Bücher Genesis bis Könige enthaltendes Werk gegeben, heißt auch „Unateuch-Hypothese“ (Hypothese vom ein-Rollen-Buch). 3. Eine vernünftige Synthese dieser Meinungen wäre, dass es mehreren Ausgaben gab, die zunächst die ersten vier Rollen, dann die ersten fünf, dann die Bücher Genesis bis Könige umfassten; bei jeder Ausgabe können redaktionelle Bearbeitungen erfolgten. Zur Verfasserfrage: Die Bibel schreibt Moses nicht die ganzen Bücher, sondern nur gewisse Textteile zu: Details über die Schlacht gegen die Amalekiter (Ex 17,14), bestimmte Gesetze (Ex 24,4.7; 34,27; Dtn 27,2.8; 28,58; 31,9.24; vgl. Jos 1,7–8; 8,32; 1 Kön 2,3; 2 Kön 14,6; 22,8–10; Röm 10,5),2 eine Ortsliste mit den Stationen der Wüstenwanderung Israels (Num 33,2), das sog. „Lied des Mose“ (Dtn 32,1–43), welches er nach Dtn 31,19.22 (vgl. 32,44) aufschrieb und das Volk lehrte, Es gibt auch Zitate aus (und Anspielungen auf) die Tora, die im NT auf Mose
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