How Cloudflare's Architecture Can Scale to Stop the Largest Attacks
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Cloud Down Impacts on the US Economy 02
Emerging Risk Report 2018 Technology Cloud Down Impacts on the US economy 02 Lloyd’s of London disclaimer About Lloyd’s Lloyd's is the world's specialist insurance and This report has been co-produced by Lloyd's and AIR reinsurance market. Under our globally trusted name, for general information purposes only. While care has we act as the market's custodian. Backed by diverse been taken in gathering the data and preparing the global capital and excellent financial ratings, Lloyd's report Lloyd's does not make any representations or works with a global network to grow the insured world – warranties as to its accuracy or completeness and building resilience of local communities and expressly excludes to the maximum extent permitted by strengthening global economic growth. law all those that might otherwise be implied. With expertise earned over centuries, Lloyd's is the Lloyd's accepts no responsibility or liability for any loss foundation of the insurance industry and the future of it. or damage of any nature occasioned to any person as a Led by expert underwriters and brokers who cover more result of acting or refraining from acting as a result of, or than 200 territories, the Lloyd’s market develops the in reliance on, any statement, fact, figure or expression essential, complex and critical insurance needed to of opinion or belief contained in this report. This report underwrite human progress. does not constitute advice of any kind. About AIR Worldwide © Lloyd’s 2018 All rights reserved AIR Worldwide (AIR) provides risk modeling solutions that make individuals, businesses, and society more AIR disclaimer resilient to extreme events. -
Analyzing Third Party Service Dependencies in Modern Web Services: Have We Learned from the Mirai-Dyn Incident?
Analyzing Third Party Service Dependencies in Modern Web Services: Have We Learned from the Mirai-Dyn Incident? Aqsa Kashaf Vyas Sekar Yuvraj Agarwal Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract the Mirai Dyn attack [24], GlobalSign revocation error incident in Many websites rely on third parties for services (e.g., DNS, CDN, 2016 [21] and the Amazon DNS DDoS attack in 2019 [50] affected etc.). However, it also exposes them to shared risks from attacks a significant number of popular web services. These incidents raise (e.g., Mirai DDoS attack [24]) or cascading failures (e.g., GlobalSign broader questions about the robustness of the web ecosystem: • revocation error [21]). Motivated by such incidents, we analyze Are these singular occurrences or are there other types of third- the prevalence and impact of third-party dependencies, focusing party services that are also potential Achilles’ heels for affecting on three critical infrastructure services: DNS, CDN, and certificate popular web-services? For example, as services are concentrated, revocation checking by CA. We analyze both direct (e.g., Twitter is there a single provider whose failure will have a significant uses Dyn) and indirect (e.g., Netflix uses Symantec as CA which impact on many websites critically dependent on it? uses Verisign for DNS) dependencies. We also take two snapshots • Are there hidden transitive or indirect dependencies between in 2016 and 2020 to understand -
Architect's Guide for Securing Network Equipment
JANUARY 2018 ARCHITECT’S GUIDE FOR SECURING NETWORK EQUIPMENT Trusted Computing Group 3855 SW 153rd Drive Tel (503) 619-0562 Fax (503) 644-6708 [email protected] www.trustedcomputinggroup.org Architect’s Guide for Security Network Equipment Copyright© 2018 Trusted Computing Group | All Rights Reserved ARCHITECT’S GUIDE FOR SECURING NETWORK EQUIPMENT As part of the critical infrastructure of an enterprise, network equipment (Side Bar 1) is subject to the same types of attacks and threats as PCs, servers and the network itself. THESE THREATS INCLUDE: UNAUTHORIZED DEVICES UNAUTHORIZED CODE FIRMWARE IMPLANTS THAT 1 THAT CAN GAIN ACCESS 2 THAT CAN INTERFERE 3 CAN RENDER ATTACKS TO NETWORKED DATA WITH SAFE OPERATION INVISIBLE AND UNREMOVABLE Preserving the integrity and security of network equipment is essential to maintaining customer privacy and network reliability. Trusted Computing solutions can be used to provide these requirements. This Architect’s Guide makes the case for addressing network security and provides some initial guidance from ongoing efforts in this area. AWARENESS PRIOR TO ACTION Experts in providing trust to all aspects of an It is important to distinguish network security enterprise have found that many designers are not provided by items such as firewalls, VPNs, MPLS concerned about protecting the low-level, embedded domains, access lists, intrusion detection, network portions of their infrastructure. For example, those access controls, Radius, DMZs and a host of other people who are interested specifically in network functions that prevent inappropriate access to security are extremely concerned about almost all networked resources, from Secure Network aspects that involve anti-viruses and software but Equipment. -
Risk Report Back in October 2016, Dyn Encountered a Massive DNS Ddos Attack That Knocked
Dyn DNS Cyberattack By Bryce Kolton 12/7/2016 | INFO 312 Introduction On October 21st 2016, a terabit sized attack took down internet connectivity for users across the globe. Over three waves, millions of users were interrupted during main business hours. The attack targeted Dyn (pronounced “dine”), a company that in part provides Domain Name Service registration for websites. Companies affected included Amazon, BBC, CNN, Comcast, Fox, GitHub, Netflix, PayPal, Reddit, Starbucks, Twitter, Verizon, Visa, Wikia and hundreds more. Credit card terminals were inoperative, news sites unavailable, and users unable to reach some of the internet’s most popular websites. The internet ground to a halt for several hours, with major Fortune 500 companies among those affected. The focus of this risk management report will be the cyberattack at large; The background, causes, previous mitigations, response, still present risks, and recommendations after one of the largest cyberattacks ever recorded. Understanding the Domain Name Service As an illustrative example, let’s say you want to visit a new grocery store your friend just told you about, “Sya’s Grocery.” You know the name, but you need to find the physical address. By using a service like Google Maps, you can transcribe the human-readable name into the destination. The Domain Name Service works much the same way, but for URLs. When you type in “google.com,” your computer is clueless to the ‘real address’ it’s supposed to go to. That’s where DNS steps in: your device asks its closes DNS server “Who is ‘google.com’?” If the server doesn’t know, it’ll pass the request along until it finds a server that does. -
Waves of Cyber Attacks Hit Netflix, Spotify, Twitter
Waves of cyber attacks hit Netflix, Spotify, Twitter usatoday.com/story/tech/2016/10/21/cyber-attack-takes-down-east-coast-netflix-spotify-twitter/92507806/ 10/21/2016 If you live on the East Coast and had trouble accessing Twitter, Spotify Netflix, Amazon or Reddit Friday morning, you were not alone. USA TODAY SAN FRANCISCO — At least two successive waves of online attacks blocked multiple major websites Friday, at times making it impossible for many users on the East Coast to access Twitter, Spotify, Netflix, Amazon, Tumblr and Reddit. The first attacks appear to have begun around 7:10 am Friday, then resolved towards 9:30 am, but then a fresh wave began. The cause was a large-scale distributed denial of service attack (DDoS) against Internet performance company Dyn that blocked user access to many popular sites standstill. Dyn reported the sites going down at around 11:10 a.m. UTC, or roughly 7:10 a.m. ET, posting on its website that it "began monitoring and mitigating a DDoS attack against our Dyn Managed DNS infrastructure." In an update posted at 8:45 a.m. ET, the company confirmed the attack, noting that "this attack is mainly impacting US East and is impacting Managed DNS customers in this region. Our Engineers are continuing to work on mitigating this issue." White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said the Department of Homeland Security was “monitoring the situation" but that “at this point I don’t have any information about who may be responsible for this malicious activity.” It was unclear Friday if the attacks are focused on Dyn specifically or companies that it provides services to, said Carl Herberger, vice president of security at security company Radware. -
IP-Based Iot Device Detection
IP-Based IoT Device Detection Hang Guo and John Heidemann USC/Information Sciences Institute August 20, 2018 IoT S&P’18 1 IoT Devices Cause Record-Breaking DDoS Attacks 2016-09-20: 620 Gb/s attack against cybersecurity blog KrebsOnSecurity.com 2016-09-23: Est 1 Tb/s attack on French cloud-computing provider OVH 2016-10-21: Est 1 Tb/s attack against DNS provider Dyn - Last about 5 and a half hours in total, affect 69 services Airbnb FiveThirtyEight Overstock.com Slack WWE Network Amazon.com Fox News PayPal SoundCloud Xbox Live Ancestry.com The Guardian Pinterest Squarespace Yammer The A.V. Club GitHub Pixlr Spotify Yelp BBC V Grubhub PlayStation Network Starbucks Zillow The Boston Globe ulHBOne Qualtrics Storify Box Herokurable Quora Swedish Government Business Insider HostGator IoT Reddit Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency Dev CNN iHeartRadio Roblox ices B Tumblr Comcast Imgur Ruby Lane rokTwilioe CrunchBase Indiegogo RuneScape Twitterthe In DirecTV Mashable SaneBox Verizon Communicationsterne The Elder Scrolls Online NHL Seamless Visa t ! Electronic Arts Netflix Second Life Vox Media Etsy The New York Times Shopify Walgreens The Wall Street Journal Wikia Wired 2 Wix.com Motivation • Vulnerable IoT devices threaten the security of Internet ecosystem • To understand these threats requires knowledge IoT devices. – Such as locations, distribution and growth • These knowledge help guide the design and deployment of future IoT security solutions – Reveal the scale of IoT security problem, the problem’s growth and distribution 3 Contributions • A new method to detect IoT devices from observations of Internet traffic. • Apply our method to real-world network traffic – Find at least 35 IoT devices on a college campus and 60 in customers of an IXP. -
Defending the DNS Infrastructure
l USE CASE l Defending the DNS Infrastructure The DNS (Domain Name System) Challenge protocol is a critical part of the A good example of the devastating effects an attack targeting DNS infrastructure can have was the well-publicized Mirai botnet Internet’s control plane, providing name campaigned against DYN at the end of 2016. resolution functionality and supporting DYN, now a part of Oracle, is a provider of DNS services to a number other capabilities that are taken for of well-known Internet brands, and when its infrastructure was hit by a number of massive DDoS attacks in a very short period of time, millions granted such as load-balancing and of users could no longer reach the web properties of those brands. internet traffic management. The Although the DDoS attacks did not target the web servers and availability of DNS is key for anyone infrastructure of the affected companies directly their URL’s could not be resolved into IP addresses. As a result and for all practical purposes, providing services or content across these websites were not reachable by users and appeared to be down. the Internet; if the DNS infrastructure The attack against DYN DNS infrastructure used an application- is unavailable or slow, the user layer DDoS vector known as “water-torture” where the Mirai botnet generated DNS queries for millions of random hosts such as aaaa. experience would be impacted to the Netflix.com, bb.Netflix.com, ccccc.Netflix.com and so on. This put a huge point of “no internet service”. load on the Authoritative DNS infrastructure, in this case provided by DYN, causing it to become unavailable for genuine user queries. -
Evidence of Decreasing Internet Entropy: the Lack of Redundancy in DNS Resolution by Major Websites and Services
Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media 1(2021), 1–34 10.51685/jqd.2021.011 Evidence of Decreasing Internet Entropy: The Lack of Redundancy in DNS Resolution by Major Websites and Services SAMANTHA BATES Harvard Law School, United States of America JOHN BOWERS Yale Law School, United States of America SHANE GREENSTEIN Harvard Business School, United States of America JORDI WEINSTOCK Harvard Law School, United States of America YUNHAN XU Harvard College, United States of America JONATHAN ZITTRAIN Harvard Law School & Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, United States of America The Internet, and the Web built on top of it, were intended to support an “entropic” physical and logical network map (Zittrain, 2013). That is, they have been designed to allow servers to be spread anywhere in the world in an ad hoc and evolving fashion, rather than a centralized one. Arbitrary distance among, and number of, servers causes no particular architectural problems, and indeed ensures that problems experienced by one data source remain unlinked to others. A Web page can be assembled from any number of upstream sources, through the use of various URLs, each pointing to a different location. To a user, the page looks unified. Over time, however, Greenstein: [email protected] Date submitted: 2020-12-25 Copyright © 2021 (Samantha Bates, John Bowers, Shane Greenstein, Jordi Weinstock, Yunhan Xu, Jonathan Zittrain). Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License. Available at: http://journalqd.org Bates et al. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media 1(2021) 2 there are signs that the hosting and finding of Internet services has become more centralized. -
Ebook: from a Record & DNS to Zones
Ebook: THE AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE TO DNS TERMINOLOGY From A Record & DNS to Zones dyn.com 603 668 4998 150 Dowdyn.com Street, Mancheste603r, NH 668 031 499801 US A 150@dyn Dow Street, Manchester, NH 03101 USA @dyn Your Master List of Key DNS Terms As more users and more online services (sites, microservices, connected “things,” etc.) join the global internet, the scale, complexity and volatility of that internet are also on the rise. Modern DNS is reemerging as a powerful tool for commercial internet infrastructure that puts control back in the hands of IT leaders. The foundation of the Domain Name System or DNS, a distributed internet database that maps human-readable names to IP addresses, allows people to reach the correct online service (website, application, etc.) when entering URL. For example, the domain name dyn.com translates to the IP address of 199.180.184.220. Table of Contents Because DNS is the first step in the process of reaching online assets, it also provides an ideal “location” in the network to make decisions about 3 A Record — Auth code where to send certain traffic. This is particularly useful as more organizations adopt cloud or use CDNs to optimize content delivery, spawning hybrid environments. DNS, particularly when coupled with intelligence about those 3 Authoritative Nameserver — DDoS destination endpoints and the network path between them, can help get the right user to the right asset, improving performance, reachability of 4 DDNS — Endpoint those assets, and security posture. 5 GSLB — Primary DNS Dyn has been in the managed DNS business for over 10 years (and pioneered Dynamic DNS before that), so the DNS terms in this guide are commonly heard around the proverbial water coolers at Dyn, but we realize 6 PTR Records — Traceroute they can be a bit arcane despite the importance of DNS. -
How Cloud-Based Dns Improves Digital Performance and Resilience
Ebook: HOW CLOUD-BASED DNS IMPROVES DIGITAL PERFORMANCE AND RESILIENCE dyn.com 603 668 4998 150 Dowdyn.com Street, Mancheste603r, NH 668 031 499801 US A 150@dyn Dow Street, Manchester, NH 03101 USA @dyn High Availability DNS Reduces Downtime Risk and Improves End-User Experience How Redundant DNS Services Provide Resilience and Improve Application Performance In this guide you will learn: The critical role DNS plays in the user experience The difference between unicast and anycast-based Introduction DNS implementations DNS is the first link in your digital supply chain. Every user’s first interaction with your website begins with a series of DNS queries. Poor DNS The hidden costs, risks, and challenges performance can lead to slow page loads, dissatisfied customers, damage of managing your own on-premises to your brand, and lost business—so a “set it and forget it” approach to DNS infrastructure or using an DNS simply doesn’t work in the digital age. “add-on” DNS service from your ISP That’s why cloud-based, managed DNS services are now the norm for born- in-the-cloud companies—and increasingly for enterprise companies as well. The performance, reliability, They can enhance DNS performance, resiliency, and scalability, helping you and security advantages of a ensure superior user experience worldwide. This paper reviews the features cloud-based DNS service and benefits of a cloud-based DNS service. page 2 dyn.com @dyn Ebook | How Cloud-based DNS Improves Digital Performance and Resilience “Page size and complexity typically DNS Overview correlate to slower load times. The median page is 1945 KB in size and The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed internet database that contains 169 resource requests. -
Tech & Policy Initiative, Working Paper Series 2
Tech & Policy Initiative, Working Paper Series 2 It is with great pleasure that I invite you to read this second volume of Columbia SIPA’s Tech & Policy Initiative’s Working Paper Series. Building on the insights of the first volume, the second volume features working papers produced by SIPA-supported expert and next generation scholars who are engaging critical areas related to the impact of digital technology on society and institutions. The papers are multi-disciplinary and forward-looking, engaging complex subjects including the critical areas of Internet and data governance, the dynamics of cyber conflict and cyber sovereignty, how digital technology has impacted traditional economic sectors and business models, or other areas. This academic work was undertaken with vital support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York as part of SIPA’s Tech & Policy Initiative, an ambitious effort to explore the digital world and SIPA’s core fields of study. Since its inception, the Tech and Policy Initiative has sought to bridge the gap between policymakers, academics and practitioners in cybersecurity, internet governance and the digital economy through convening, research, training and other activities. The Tech & Policy Initiative draws on many disciplines and talented researchers within SIPA, in other parts of Columbia University, and outside entities to develop insights that will translate into better and more effective policies, and to inform government policies and private sector actions. This volume also includes papers prepared for SIPA’s 2017 Global Digital Futures Policy Forum, an annual conference that brought together more than 100 scholars, private sector leaders, legal experts, entrepreneurs, technologists, and others to discuss the challenges of internet fragmentation. -
Articles Other People's Papers
BAMBAUER.TOPRINTER (DO NOT DELETE) 11/25/2015 2:06 PM Articles Other People’s Papers Jane Bambauer* The third-party doctrine permits the government to collect consumer records without implicating the Fourth Amendment. The doctrine strains the reasoning of all possible conceptions of the Fourth Amendment and is destined for reform. So far, scholars and jurists have advanced proposals using a cramped analytical model that attempts to balance privacy and security. They fail to account for the filterability of data. Filtering can simultaneously expand law enforcement access to relevant information while reducing access to irrelevant information. Thus, existing proposals will distort criminal justice by denying police a resource that can cabin discretion, increase distributional fairness, and exculpate the wrongly accused. This Article offers the first comprehensive analysis of third-party data in police investigations by considering interests beyond privacy and security. First, it shows how existing proposals to require suspicion or a warrant will inadvertently conflict with other constitutional values, including equal protection, the First Amendment, and the due process rights of the innocent. Then, it offers surgical reforms that address the most problematic applications of the doctrine: suspect-driven data collection and bulk data collection. Well- designed reforms to the third-party doctrine will shut down the data collection practices that most seriously offend civil liberties without impeding valuable, liberty-enhancing innovations in