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Antiparasitic Activity in Asteraceae with Special Attention to Ethnobotanical Use by the Tribes of Odisha, India

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Antiparasitic Activity in Asteraceae with Special Attention to Ethnobotanical Use by the Tribes of Odisha, India Parasite 25, 10 (2018) © S.K. Panda and W. Luyten, published by EDP Sciences, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018008 Available online at: www.parasite-journal.org REVIEW ARTICLE Antiparasitic activity in Asteraceae with special attention to ethnobotanical use by the tribes of Odisha, India , ,* Sujogya Kumar Panda1 2 and Walter Luyten2 1 Department of Zoology, North Orissa University, Baripada-757003, India 2 Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Received 6 November 2017, Accepted 3 February 2018, Published online 12 March 2018 Abstract -- The purpose of this review is to survey the antiparasitic plants of the Asteraceae family and their applicability in the treatment of parasites. This review is divided into three major parts: (a) literature on traditional uses of Asteraceae plants for the treatment of parasites; (b) description of the major classes of chemical compounds from Asteraceae and their antiparasitic effects; and (c) antiparasitic activity with special reference to flavonoids and terpenoids. This review provides detailed information on the reported Asteraceae plant extracts found throughout the world and on isolated secondary metabolites that can inhibit protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and intestinal worms. Additionally, special attention is given to the Asteraceae plants of Odisha, used by the tribes of the area as antiparasitics. These plants are compared to the same plants used traditionally in other regions. Finally, we provide information on which plants identified in Odisha, India and related compounds show promise for the development of new drugs against parasitic diseases. For most of the plants discussed in this review, the active compounds still need to be isolated and tested further. Keywords: Asteraceae, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Odisha (India), antiparasitic drugs Résumé --Activité antiparasitaire chez les Asteraceae avec une attention particulière pour l’utilisation ethnobotanique par les tribus d’Odisha en Inde. Le but de cette revue est d’étudier les plantes antiparasitaires de la famille des Asteraceae et leur applicabilité dans le traitement des parasites. Cette revue est divisée en trois parties principales: (a) littérature sur les utilisations traditionnelles des Asteraceae pour le traitement des parasites; (b) description des principales classes de composés chimiques des Asteraceae et leurs effets antiparasitaires; (c) activité antiparasitaire avec référence spéciale aux flavonoïdes et aux terpénoïdes. Cette revue fournit des informations détaillées sur les extraits d’Asteraceae rapportés à travers le monde et sur des métabolites secondaires isolés qui peuvent inhiber les parasites protozoaires, tels que Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania et les vers intestinaux. En outre, une attention particulière est accordée aux Asteraceae d’Odisha (Inde), utilisées par les tribus locales comme antiparasitaires. Ces plantes sont comparées aux mêmes espèces utilisées traditionnellement dans d’autres régions. Enfin, nous fournissons des informations sur les plantes identifiées à Odisha et les composés qui seraient prometteurs en tant que médicaments candidats contre les maladies parasitaires. Pour la plupart des plantes discutées dans cette revue, les composés actifs doivent encore être isolés et testés plus avant. Introduction À Antiparasitic research people worldwide and are associated with significant morbidity and large economic impacts [88]. The lack of Parasite diseases are a major source of disease in both proper vaccines and the emergence of drug resistance humans and animals and result in significant economic make the search for new drugs for treatment and losses. Protozoan parasites threaten the lives of billions of prophylaxis more urgent, including from alternative sources like plants. In 2005, Pink et al. published a review *Corresponding author: [email protected]; emphasizing that new antiparasitic drugs are urgently [email protected] needed to treat and control diseases such as malaria, This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 S.K. Panda and W. Luyten: Parasite 2018, 25,10 leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness and filariasis [124]. 24,000–30,000 species [30]. The family has 12 subfamilies The discovery of quinine from Cinchona succirubra and 43 tribes, and is distributed worldwide [16], but is (Rubiaceae) and its subsequent development as an most abundant in the temperate and warm-temperate antimalarial drug represent a milestone in the history of regions. Most of the species are herbs and shrubs, while antiparasitic drugs from nature. The 2015 Nobel Prize in trees are fewer in number. Asteraceae have been Physiology or Medicine was awarded for the discovery of commonly used in the treatment of various diseases since artemisinin and avermectin, which fundamentally ancient times, as attested by classical literature. For this changed the treatment of parasitic diseases around the review, we collected literature from scientific journals, globe. Both compounds are natural products, once again books, theses and reports via a library and electronic showing that nature can be a powerful source of medicines. search (using databases viz. PubMed, Google Scholar and A breakthrough for the development of antimalarial drugs Scopus). Several researchers have systematically investi- was the identification of the sesquiterpene artemisinin gated Asteraceae for their therapeutic utility. More than from Artemisia annua (Asteraceae), which can even kill 7000 compounds have already been isolated, and 5000 multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum have been identified from this family, often associated with [3,62]. Several semisynthetic derivatives of artemisinin some bioactivity [3]. Members of the Asteraceae are (e.g., the water-soluble artesunate) have been developed claimed to have various properties: antipyretic, anti- and are used in clinical practice today [62]. inflammatory, detoxifying, antibacterial, wound-healing, There are three major protozoan parasitic infections, antihemorrhagic, antalgic (also for headaches), anti- caused by Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanosoma spasmodic, and anti-tussive, and have been considered species. Plasmodium is the most significant of the beneficial for flatulence, dyspepsia, dysentery, lumbago, protozoan parasites that infect humans. Found in tropical leucorrhoea, hemorrhoids, hypotension, and most impor- and sub-tropical regions of the world, malaria parasites tantly, some are hepatoprotective, antitumor and anti- threaten the lives of 3.3 billion people and cause 0.6– parasitic [68]. The majority of studies on Asteraceae 1.1 million deaths annually [70]. Six species of Plasmodium throughout the world have focused on chemical analysis are responsible for causing malaria in humans [144], with (nearly 7000 compounds already isolated). There are Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax being the many papers on in vitro studies, especially on antimicro- most common and major causes. Leishmaniasis is caused bial, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties, using by Leishmania sp., generating 1–1.5 million new cases selected cells and crude extracts or purified compounds. In annually [104]. The disease is endemic in 98 countries and the few published reviews on pure compounds, the is one of the neglected tropical diseases where the majority structure-activity relations were studied as well as their of the affected individuals are rural, underprivileged, and mechanism of action. Despite the discovery of a large economically disadvantaged. African sleeping sickness number of compounds in Asteraceae around the world, (trypanosomiasis), is caused by two parasitic protozoans: and the reported antiparasitic properties of members of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (West Africa) and the Asteraceae family, not many bioactivity studies on Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (East Africa) [15]. Asteraceae species have yet been carried out. In India, the African trypanosomiasis threatens the lives of approxi- family is represented by 900 species from 167 genera. mately 60 million people in sub-Saharan Africa and is fatal Due to their bioactive properties, plants from the if untreated [70]. Another species of Trypanosoma (T. Asteraceae family are commonly used in the traditional cruzi) is responsible for Chagas disease (American treatment of various diseases (Table 1). For instance, trypanosomiasis), and threatens the lives of millions Ageratum conyzoides has been commonly used in India primarily in Mexico, Latin America and the United States. including in the state of Odisha, where the plant is The World Health Organization estimates that 8– traditionally used for diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal colic 10 million people are infected annually. There is also no [118] and malaria. This plant is well-known for the vaccine for Chagas disease and no clinical trials of new presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, coumarins, drugs are under way; current treatment depends on only flavonoids, benzofurans, sterols and terpenoids, with the two chemotherapeutics À benznidazole and nifurtimox. following identified compounds: friedelin, various sterols (including b-sitosterol and stigmasterol), various flavo- noids, caryophyllene, coumarin, quercetin, as well as Medicinal uses of Asteraceae with special
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