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PMC2554697.Pdf VI. Horseflies and Deerflies - Tabanidae 1. EGG PARASITES INSECTA Tabanus striatus (Nieschulz, 1926, 1927). Tabanid eggs (Girault, 1916; Hatton, 1947). HYMENOPTERA Telenomus goniopis Chalcidoidea sp. ? Hybomitra lasiophthalmus (= Tabanus lasiophthalmus) (Tashiro & Schwardt, 1953). Tabanus albimedius (=T. rubidus) (Thompson, 1943). Tabanus atratus nantuckensis (Bailey, 1947). Patasson sp. (=Anaphoidea) Goniops chrysocoma (very important) (Schwardt, 1936). Chrysops aestuans (Philip, 1931c). Telenomus kingi Tabanus kingi (Nikol'skaja, 1948). Perilampus ? (chalcid related to Perilampus) Tabanus sp. (Nicholls, 1920). Telenomus oophagus Telenomus benefactor Tabanus spp. (Nicol'skaja, 1948). Chrysops biguttatus; C. taeniola (Nikol'skaja, 1948). Telenomus tabani Telenomus emersoni (=Phanurus emersoni) 1 Chrysops aestuans; C. mitis (common parasite); C. Chrysops relictus (Skuf'in, 1949). moerens (common parasite) (Cameron, 1926). Tabanus sp. (Porcinskij, 1915). Chrysops spp. (Philip, 193lc). Tabanus spp. (Nikol'skaja, 1948; Olsuf'ev, 1935; Skuf'in, Chrysops spp. (very effective, but flight range short) (Dove, 1950; Girault, 1916). 1949). Hybomitra lasiophthalmus (= Tabanus lasiophthalmus) Telenomus tabanivorus (=Phanurus tabanivorus Hart, (Philip, 1931c). 1895) Hybomitra phaenops (= Tabanus phaenops) (killed 90 % of Tabanus atratus (Hart, 1895; Jones, 1953; Tashiro & tabanid larvae in Texas) (Dove, 1950; Webb & Wells, Schwardt, 1953). 1924). Tabanus sp. (Porcinskij, 1915; Thompson, 1943). Tabanus atratus (Hine, 1903). Tabanus hyalinipennis (=T. abactor?) (up to 93 % para- Trichogramma semblidis (= T. evanescens, T. mi- sitized, gave 50% control when released) (Parman, 1928). nutum) Tabanus lineola ? (MacCreary, 1940). Chrysops aestuans (Philip, 1931c). Tabanus punctifer (important in control) (Webb & Wells, Chrysops excitans; C. mitis; C. moerens; C. striatus; 1924). Chrysops sp.; Hybomitra lasiophthalmus (= Tabanus Tabanus reinwardtii (Cameron, 1926). lasiophthalmus); H. phaenops (= Tabanus phaenops); Tabanus vivax (=T. fairchildi) (Schwardt, 1936). Tabanus punctifer; Tabanus sp. (Thompson, 1943). Tabanus albimedius (=T. rubidus) (41 %-60% in nature) Chrysops caecutiens (Olsuf'ev, 1935). (Nieschulz, 1926, 1927; Thompson, 1943). Chrysops relictus and others (Skuf'in, 1949). 1 The egg parasite Telenomus emersoni (=Phanurus emersoni) was Chrysops sp. (Cameron, 1926). collected from thousands of parasitized egg masses of Tabanus hyalipennis (probably T. abactor) in south-western Texas. These were Chrysops sp. (57 of 73 egg masses) (Tashiro & Schwardt, distributed in areas where the parasite was scarce or absent. A 1953). reduction of this tabanid by approximately 50% was brought about under favourable climatic conditions (Parman, 1928). Tabanid eggs (Miller, 1951). - 35 - 36 HORSEFLIES AND DEERFLIES 2. LARVAL PARASITES FUNGI TACHINIDAE Tabanus and Chrysops (larvae and pupae reared in the Phasiops flavus insectary occasionally had a fungal growth, which in- variably caused death) (Miller, 1951). Tabanus sp. (Jones, 1953). NEMATODA T. trimaculatus (Jones & Bradley, 1923). Unidentified nematodes Phorostoma tabanivora (=Myocera tabanivora) larvae heavily infected (Philip, 1931c). Mature Chrysops sp.; Hybomitra spp.; H. trepida (larvae para- Marchand (1920). sitize tabanid larvae and cause death) (Hays, 1958). INSECTA Tabanus trimaculatus (destroyed larvae) (Hall, 1937). DIPTERA Hybomitra lasiophthalma (=Tabanus lasiophthalma) (lar- BOMBYLIIDAE vae parasitize tabanid larvae) (Philip, 1931c). Villa lateralis (=Anthrax lateralis) Vibrissotheresia pechumani Leucotabanus annulatus (=Tabanus annulatus) (Jones & Bradley, 1923). Tabanus reinwardtii? (Tashiro & Schwardt, 1953). 3. PUPAL PARASITES INSECTA Chrysopsfrigidus; C. furcatus; C. nigripes; Chrysops spp. (20.8% parasitized); Tabanus affinis; T. frontalis-septen- (1) HYMENOPTERA trionalis; Tabanus sp. (13.9% parasitized) (James, 1951). DIAPRIDAE Chrysops mitis (Philip, 1931c). Trichopria tabanivora Chrysops sp.; Tabanus spp. (Miller, 1951). Chrysops mitis; C. reinwardtui (Cameron, 1926). Tabanus lineola (Jones, 1953). (2) DIPTERA Tabanus nigrovittatus (Bailey, 1947). BOMBYLIIDAE PTEROMALIDAE Diglochis occidentalis Villa lateralis (=Anthrax lateralis) Chrysops aestuans; C. excitans; C. mitis (Cameron, 1926). Leucotabanus annulatus (Jones & Bradley, 1923). 4. ADULT PARASITES FUNGI a short undulating membrane, and occurring free in Saccharomyces sp. midgut, as defined by Laird (1959d). These cannot Pangonia infusca (in fore gut) (Rodhain et al., 1913). always be differentiated from developmental stages of Trypanosoma from vertebrate hosts. PROTOZOA MASTIGOPHORA Blastocrithidia haematopotae (= Crithidia haemo- topotae) Blastocrithidia Elongate insect flagellates with a prenuclear kinetoplast, Haemotopota pluvialis (Jegen, 1924). HORSEFLIES AND DEERFLIES 37 B. pangoniae (= Leptomonas pangoniae) Crithidia sp. (= Strigonomonas sp., Herpetomonas Pangonia infusca (Rodhain et al., 1912). sp.) Chrysops funebris; Tabanus secedens; T. thoracinus Blastocrithidia sp. (Fraser & Duke, 1912). Chrysops sp. (Packchanian, 1957). Tabanus africanus (Thomson, 1933). Tabanus africanus; T. ditaeniatus; T. fasciatus; T. gratus; Blastocrithidia sp. (type 3) T. par; T. socius; T. virgatus (Wenyon, 1908). Tabanus secedens (Bruce, Hamerton & Bateman, 191 1). NEMATODA B. subulata (= Herpetomonas subulata) Tabanus glaucopis (Leger, 1904a). Eurymermis chrysopidis Chrysops caecutiens (Muller, 1931). B. tabani (= Crithidia tabani) Gordius sp. ? Tabanus hilarius; Tabanus sp. (Patton, 1909). Tabanus astutus (Marchand, 1920). B. tenuis (= Crithidia tenuis) Hexamermis sp. Haemotopota vandenbrandeni (Rodhain et al., 1913). Chrysops callidus or flavidus (MacCreary, 1940). Crithidia Loa loa This genus is used in the original sense of Leger (1902a), Chrysops silacea (causes some damage to fly) (Lavoi- and differentiated from Blastocrithidia Laird (1959d). pierre, 1958). They are short, truncate flagellates lacking an undulating membrane. Dense concentrations may be found attached Mermithids to the wall of the hind gut. This list follows Wallace Tabanus sp. (James, 1951). (1962) and all the genera below should be referred to Crithidia. In some cases both Crithidia and Blastocrithidia were found in the same host. ACARINA Crithidia haematopota ERYTHRAEIDAE (larvae) Haematopota pluvialis (Jegen, 1924). Tabanus lineola (MacCreary, 1940). C. minuta TROMBIDHDAE Tabanus tergestinus (Leger, 1903). Larvae heavily infested tabanids, causing no apparent C. pangoniae (=Leptomonas pangoniae) harm (Bouvier & Gaschen, 1944). Pangonia infusca (Rodhain et al., 1912). Tabanus nivosus; T. trepidus (Davies, 1959a). C. rileyi Unidentified mites Tabanus epistates (Wallace, 1962). Chrysops vittatus (MacCreary, 1940). Tabanus and Chrysops (Philip, 1931c). C. subulata (=Herpetomonas subulata) Haematopota italica; Tabanus glaucopis (Lkger, 1904a). INSECTA C. tabani CHALCIDIDAE Tabanus hilarius; Tabanus sp. (Patton, 1909). Tabanids (larvae attached to proboscis, caused host to C. tenuis become weak and sluggish) (Nicholls, 1920). Haematopota duttoni; H. vandenbrandeni (Rodhain et al., 1913). PLANTS C. theileri (= Trypanosoma theileri) Pitcher plant (Sarracenia flava) Haematopota pluvialis (Rodhain et al., 1913). About 10 species of tabanids identified from pitcher Tabanus glaucopis (Noller, 1916). contents (Philip, 1952; Wray & Brimley, 1943). 38 HORSEFLIES AND DEERFLIES 5. PREDATORS ARACHNIDA Asilids Spiders Chrysops sp.; Dorcaloernus sp.; Haematopota sp.; Silvius sp.; Tabanus sp. (Neave, 1915). Tabanus nigrovittatus (MacCreary, 1940). Tabanus fuscipes (Mason, 1916). Tabanus sp. (adults caught in webs) (Miller, 1951). Tabanus spp. (adults caught in webs) (Jones, 1953). TABANIDAE Larval cannibalism important (Philip, 1931c). INSECTA Tabanus spp. (1) ODONATA Larvae very cannibalistic (Miller, 1951; Schwardt, 1936). Aeschna coluberculus TIPULIDAE Horseflies (Pavlovskij, 1948). Prionocera dimidiata Cordulegaster insignua Chrysops spp. (larval predator; considered important in Horseflies (Pavlovskij, 1948). natural control) (Miller, 1951). Gomphus vulgaris (3) COLEOPTERA Horseflies (Pavlovskij, 1948). Mesothemis simplicicollis CARABIDAE Tabanus nigrovittatus (=T. conterminus) (Hinman, 1933). Tabanid eggs (Wyniger, 1953). Dragonflies Hippodamia convergens Chrysops spp.; Tabanus spp. (Petrova, 1956). Chrysops discalis (eggs) (Bacon, 1953). Tabanids (Jones, 1953). (4) HYMENOPTERA Tabanids (in Africa) (Campion, 1921). Ants Libellulids Tabanid eggs (Wyniger, 1953). Tabanids (Nieschulz, 1927). Bembix amoena (2) DIPTERA Tabanus sp. (Bacon, 1953). ASILIDAE (predators on adults) B. bequaerti var. dira Alcimus rubiginosus Chrysops woodi (Mason, 1916). Many species of tabanid adults (13equaert, 1932). Diogmetes (Deromyia) spp. B. belfragei Tabanids (Hine, 1903). Tabanus spp. (important in control) (Hine, 1903). Erax aestuans B. mediterranea Tabanus nigrovittatus (MacCreary, 1940). Tabanus spp. (Drenski, 1931). E. lateralis B. moebli Tabanus spp. (Hine, 1903). Haematopota mactans; H. taeniola (Neave, 1915). Mallophora calida B. primaaestate Tabanids (Bodkin & Cleare, 1916). Atylotus incisuralis (=A. insuetus) (in tunnels of pre- dator); Hybomitra sonomensis phaenops (=Tabanus Microstylum oberthurii sonomensis phaenops) (in tunnels of predator) (Webb & Atylotus spp., Chrysops sinensis and Chrysops spp. Wells, 1924). (males) (Shiraki, 1918). Tabanids (Philip, 1931c; Webb & Wells, 1924). HORSEFLIES AND DEERFLIES 39 Bembix rostrata Channel catfish Tabanus spp. (Drenski, 1931;
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