Contact, Vol. 1, No. 12

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Page 1 of 30 Alternative title ContactContact: The S.A. news review Author/Creator Selemela Publications (Cape Town) Publisher Selemela Publications (Cape Town) Date 1958-07-12 Resource type Journals (Periodicals) Language Afrikaans, English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1958 Source Digital Imaging South Africa (DISA) Format extent 16 page(s) (length/size)

Page 2 of 30 Registered at G.P.O. as a Newspaper12th July, 1958Vol. I No 12INDIAN ZONING `A BLOT ONWorse than Nazicrimes ProfessorTHE plan for zoning Pretoria racially underthe Group Areas Act "would be a blot on the Christian character of South Africa. It would be a crime in many respects more heinous than the Nazi massacre of villages, since in the latter case the doom was at least swift".These words form part of a powerful call to white South Africa by Professor Pistorius, Professor of Greek at the University of Pretoria, and card-carrying member of the Nationalist Party.This picture provides the perfect answer to people of the "Would you like your daughter 1o marry a katir. mentality. Mr. Ezra Taft Benson, United States Secretary of Agriculture, sees no reason why his schoolgirl daughter should not be friendly with a black fellow student. In fact, Bonnie Benson and Harry Johnson were the two student; in the graduating class at Roosevelt High School voted the "most friendly" by their classmates. Here Bonnie's father is seen congratulating them.He issued his call in the form of a statement to the Pretoria News, which reached other areas of the country in a much abbreviated form.The text of the statement is as follows"In South Africa it is not customary to condemn children and infants to death, nor is death by starvation an accepted form of execution. Any attempt at either practice would without any doubt meet with the most stern opposition from all sections of the population.Death sentence"If any measure by which we intend to preserve our Western way of life and our Christian values should on examination prove to be in fact a deathsentence on innocent children, it would without any doubt be admitted by us all that no Christian value can be preserved bydestroying the Christian conscience."Nevertheless, as far as I can see, that is the only logical outcome of the Group Areas Act as applied to the Indian community in Pretoria.Children will starve"For that very reason I have hesitated to make this statement, since I could not and cannot visualise that any organ of government in South Africa can, by applying any Act of Parliament, create a situation where a foreseeable effect will be to condemn a whole community including the children, to starvation and ruin."I shall be glad if I can be convinced that my facts or my logic are wrong and that consequently my tear is without basis."The Indians are to be grouped together in Claudius. That they have to live there and there only, may be right or wrong, expedientor foolish. But the fact of residential segregation will not bring ruin to them.I am not at present concerned with residential segregation."But in terms of the Group Areas Act their shops and places of business will also have to be moved there."Practically the whole Indian community lives on commerce, and it is clear that Indian shops in a township at least 12 miles away from Pretoria will not draw custom from Europeans or Natives and that the hard fact is that the Indians cannot exist unless they have access to non-Indian buyers."It could be argued that Indians should not all be shopkeepers and I myself have felt the weight of this argument. But some thought will convince anybody that as the law stands to-day the Indians have no choice in the matter. They cannot farm because they cannot by law acquire ground."They cannot become artisans because the Apprenticeship Act does not apply to them. How far the unskilled labour market is open to them, I do not know, butthere is little hope or scope for them in the Railways, at Iscor, or in the municipal service. An Indian has very little choice."But whatever the reasons are that practically all Indians are shopkeepers, the fact is that it is so. The single year or the three years granted to them in which to move their business to Claudius is clearly inadequate, nor would any period be adequate unless other suitable avenues of employment were opened to them. As things are now, we are in fact condemning a whole community to ruin and starvation.Doom was swift"If it is so, it would be a blot on the Christian character of South Africa. It would be a crime in many respects more heinous than the Nazi massacre of villages, since in the latter case the doom was at least swift and the question is whether we will be prepared to deny our Christian conscience by hoping that it will not be so bad and leaving it at that, or whetherwe will be prepared to assure ourselves by investigation what the effects of this measure will be."For that reason I propose that the public of Pretoria in some way, preferably through church leaders, elect a committee to investigate the implications of this measure and, should it appear that the terms of the Group Areas Act will indeed mean privation and starvation to innocent people, to take whatever measures are in keeping with the demands of good citizenship, common humanity and of the Christian conscience."Whether the Indians as a community enjoy much sympathy is not an issue. But if people, including children, have to starve and are deprived of a means of livelihood, more than a mere political or racial issue is a stake."Every community has the right not only to a livelihood but also to opportunities to develop their full potential and so to better themselves, and no law or measure depriving a community of these rights can be Christian or expedient."

Page 3 of 30 2.SOUTH AFRICAEMPIRE GAMESAPARTHEID:PROTEST RALLYRALLY to inaugurate a campaign against racial A discrimination in sport, and with the immediate object of protesting against all-white teams representing South Africa and the Rhodesian Federation at the Empire Games, has been called for July 12 in Cardiff, where the Games are to open one week later.T"UNION'S Race Policythwarts South Africa's struggle for international standing"-Me. G. P. Jooste, Secretary for External Affairs.DR. K. L. SHRIMALI, Indian Minister of Education, announced recently that a decision had been taken to promote Gandhian studies in schools and colleges.A handbook on Gandhi's thought for use in schools was being prepared, and courses of lectures at university level were planned, he said.DIE BURGER, in reportingcolour bar stories from Birmingham and Wolverhampton in England, used recently the headline "Prejudice in Britain".THE World Assembly of Youth (WAY) has invited the National Union of South African Students to send two observers to the WAY General Assembly in New Delhi, India, in August. It is hoped that, as a result of this participation, a national committee of the WAY may be formed in South Africa.WAY is an international youth organisation with headquarters in Paris. Youth organisations in about 50 countries throughout the world are affiliated to it. WAY attempts to promote youth activity by the organisation of seminars and conferences, and the running of a training centre foryouth leaders in Ceylon, to which South Africans will be invited. WAY accepts as its basis the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and there is, accordingly, no discrimination based on race, colour or creed.Mr. Ernest M. Wentzel, hon. vice-president of Nusas, has been asked to organise the South African participation in the WAY General Assembly. WAY has made a substantial contribution towards the costs of participation and of the delegation's air passage to India. A sum of 100, however, has still to be raised and a fund has been established for this purpose. Sympathisers may send their contributions to Mr. Wentzel at P.O. Box 6475, Johannesburg.The protest has the backing of Derrick Sylvester, the footballer, Chris. Brasher, Chris Chataway Professor Julian Huxley, Mr. Benjamin Britten, Mr. J. B. Priestley, Mr. Fenner Brockway, M.P., and other British sportsmen and leaders in political and cultural fields.`Bad manners'But a Welsh Conservative M. P., Mr. David Llewellyn, has described the proposed rally as "deplorabland "rank bad manners".Early in June the South African Press announced that the South African Soccer Federation, an inter-racial body with headquarters in Durban, had failed to gain admission to the International Federation of Football Associations, at the F.I.F.A. congress held in Stockholm.Said the South African Press :The voting showed that the delegates of F.LF.A. were almost unanimous in desiring the retention of the all-European S.A. Football Association.Partly true"Though an exact count was not taken, there were about 20 delegates against the affiliation of the non-European body and only two or three in favour of it." This is true, but it is only part of the truth.The full story, as told to CONTACT by a sports official, gives a very different impression of the climate of world sport. The application by the South African non-whites was first considered by the executive committee. Under strong British pressure it decided in favour of the whites.Many abstentionsThe next day they reported to the delegates of 70 nations. The report was submitted and almost immediate):7 ? -, e, as ?a.-. 1, is true- that some 20 voted for the South African white footballers, and three against. But 47 nations abstained.It is thus misleading to give an impression that there is world unanimity against our non-white footballers.CONTACT learns that it is unlikely that the non-white footballers will accept the inferior status offered them by the white footballers which would mean throwing up their struggle for international recognition."Let you in for the conference? But you and I ARE having conference - we still believe in apartheid, you know!"aTwo Nusas studentsto go to IndiaLIBERAL PARTYORGANISERTHE rapid expansion of the Liberal Party has necessitated the appointment of an Organiser for the Cape Province. The applicant should have liberal views, qualities of initiative and vigour, and be prepared to travel, although based in Cape Town. His duties will involve Public Relations work, canvassing of membership, organisation of fund-raising, coordination of branch activities, and administrative work within the Party offices. He should be bi-lingual, and should preferably possess his own car. Salary, conditions of service and prospects are attractive for the right person. Applications, stating age, marital status, educational qualifications, previous experience and when available, and enclosing recent testimonials should be addressed to: The Secretary, Liberal Party of S.A., P.O. Box 3618, Cape Town.CONTACT LegalMr. C. Mogorosi, Duncan Village, East London.A teacher, while he falls under a certain exemption in terms of Section 3 para. 4 of Act 67 of 1952 is not exempted from influx control or endorsement of the Native Administration and he must be registered under Section 10 of the Urban Areas Act. However, a teacher is relieved from the nuisance of having to get -his employer to sign his book every month as the reference book is usually signed to cover a whole year.Mr. J. S. Siziba, Sasolburg, O.F.S.Only people who are exempted under Section 3 para. 4 of Act 67 of 1952 can obtain aKeen reference book. They comprise chiefs, headmen, teachers, lecturers, professors, ministers of religion who are marriage officers, advocates, attorneys, doctors and dentists, or people who have been given exemption under Section 31 of the Native Administration Act of 1927, or under Proclamation 150 of 1934. Green books are also given to people who do not qualify for any of the above exemptions but have given long and faithful service to their employers.It appears that you do not qualify for a green book but will have to get a brown book from your nearest Native Commission-(Other correspondents have been replied to by post.)BureauFREE ADVICEIF you have any legal troubles, write to CONTACT.We have a panel of distinguished lawyers who will give free advice to readers on such legal subjects as:Influx controlPass lawsExemption rightsUrban areas lawsOur service does not mean that we can give legal representation, but we will give explanations of what the law says.CONTACT12th July, 1958.

Page 4 of 30 A.N.C. chief protests at French atom bomb testaUU-rli AFRICANIrooXrX1G_GDA55First, there's the room you - '" through t,-"s just the same as our drawing room, only the"i" Oo the "her 111.1h11NURSE RUNS FAMILYPLANNING CLINICIN Durban, one woman has taken upon herself ~ the burden of facing ignorance, prejudice, sickness and starvation.She is a nursing sister named Gerti Blackmore, who is see ning a Planned Parenthood clinic.The object: "To combat both the high infantile death rate andthe problem of the thousands ofunwanted and unloved childrenwho roam the city's streets."Her problem in combating ignorance was defined by a wellknown Durban doctor: "Teachingthe a-erage European birthcontrol is difficult enough, butanyone who tries to on ne an uneducated African on Indian of,,, uses and the correct way inwhich to practise it will have a great deal of trouble."Medical opinionPrejudice lies in the disapproval by b many of the religions. Butmedical men have said that anystep which will cut down the Union's fantastically high nonEuropean infantile mortality rate -reputedly one of the highest in the world-can only be beneficial,regardless of any religious implications.Uninfluenced by either praise or blame, Sister Blackmore quotestellingly from cases which pass through her clinic.She 'peaks of Indian families with as many as 16 children in 23year'.She says that 330 of every 1,000born at African centres in Natal die before the age of two of starvation and enteritis."With some knowledge of birth control, , these figures could be halved," she adds.A missionSister Blackmore has a mission:am trying to help people tospace their families, to have only as many children as they canafford t 0 fclothe and provide with a stable life."She has additional chores. A Durban newspaper reported them simply."As well as running the clinic(she) lectures , to Native and Indian factory workers and speaks at the King George V Hospital, the F.O.S.A. TB settlement, and the Newlan s Health Centre," it said.CONTACT"It is not the inhabitants of the testing countries who have so far felt the direct effects of the testin' of these weapons of total annihilation. Dr. Albert Schiveitzer, in his recent Norwegian radio broadcasts, has referred in particular to the plight of the Japanese people.Asian victims"Only last week," continued ,Ta.,bo, "President 'S, karno, in aletter-to the Aeuiv St""'" 2'June) pointed out that the wartime . victims "f the atomic bombChristopher Gell's mantle falls on his shouldersNOW that Christopher '11 is dead it looks as though the principal opponent of apartheid in Port Elizabeth :ill beMr. B. B. Ramje local businessman.A close friendchosen to scatter the ashes o11,waters ofAlienBay "on whose strong tides no man can impose apartheid". Thec e r e rn o n ' "sperformed at sunrise on 1-1_5 _d to end itMr. Ramjee recited some verses from Arnold's "The Light f Asia" and a Hindu prayer.I t was Mr. Rami. Oho some months ago, on appeal to theC-hamsto"",Supreme Court , obtained an order against the Group Areas Board that they must make available to , Reference and Planning 1hCommittee's report.Later he brought an action that this report m." also be made available to other persons, hot this application "," rejected on June 26.There is - branch of the S.A. Indian Congress in Port Elizabeth, and - other militant body that local South Africans of Indian origin have joined. Mr. Ramiec's fight is thus. SO f211 as his community concerned, , singlehanded one.were Asians, and that the peacetimevicti-s of the atomic bombwere also mostly Asians.President S"karno spoke for al;' Asians hen he aid: `We utter], deny the right of the West (communist and anti-communist alike) to continueimperilling deny usand our future. ,tt,.u the right j o cause, -nycancer inour children.' I want to associate myself in the strongest possible way with President Sulr- an'ofor Africansto say that he speaks ns too. We want no part of this insanearms race between world powers, and we deny them absolutely the right ,0 bring it into our continent.Morally bankrupt"If what is called Western civilisation is so morally bankrupt that it must destroy itself, then w, Africans want ' n opart in thepreparations for its"Let the French Government, if it inust explode atomic bombs, do so in France-and answer to its own people.'*YOUR DREAMSCANCOME TRUE!YOU probably have your dreams of happy future 'o, our __r, -" You want all to live together peacefully and in mutual respect.You probably feel powerless in the face of !great forces - unable to do anything about it. Y, Yet there is something that- .n do* You c- subscribe to CONTACT (Ifs. 6d, for 6 months; It I for a year - see page 15). If you already subscribe you - get a friend to do so, or give a friend a subscription.Or you - -d u, a donation. W e arehaving n uphillfight, and ",,,d all the help we _., get.Or you can help us withcriticisms and suggestions. Wewant this to be your news paper.How will all this help? By plugging you in to "a telephone exchange of like-minded people." Alone we - donothing, but together we can become a mighty force. Ourd e.Congress reaffirmed its basic belief in non-racialism, and deplored the ban onr African students of the Pretoria NormalCollege who have been forbidden to join Nusas.The delegate decided to send a telegram of good wishes to the 13 African national unions of students "o are meeting in Kampala, Uganda. Nu,arepresenteds-ed thereb " two members oits executive-Mr. L. Mutambanongw,e. of Fort Hare, and Mr. Magnus Gunther, of Johann,;.sb-.A protestNews was received that the Kampala conference is to send aprotest to r Strijdorn, the PrimeMinister. on the Government's plans to introduce apartheid in South African universities: It hasalso sent Nusas a message ofsolidarity in its struggle against race hatred in the U.There were two important `firsts' at the congress. The first African student delegates from theJan Hofm eyr School of SocialWork in Johannesburg attended. And. for the first time since the Afrikaans universities left Nu,, asin 1936, an Afrikaans university was represented by two~ observersfrom the S.R.C. at Ste,lenbosch.In addition two members of theUniversity of the Orange Fr,.State were there in their personal capacities.Mr. C. B. Roclofse, of Stellenbosch, and Mr. Roode, of the O.F.S., spoke in Afrikaans, and expressed their plea''.,e at having been asked. Mr. Mutambanengwe, in a special message to "our fellow students from th~ Afrikaans universities," said: , wish them allthe - depth of experience, all thebroadness of enlightenmentand all the warmness of personal contact that they should derive from the hospitality of a multiracial congress."The conference was opened with a message r. Leo Marquar, founder and honorary president of Nusas, and an address by the President, Mr. Trevor Coombe.TAX INCREASECONTACT is able to reveal that during the Budget debate the Minister of Finance will announce Government plans for raising the poll-tax on Africans from it to 30s. a year.An attempt was made to do this 18 months ago, but the move ''asabandoned '' a result of strong protests from Africans.12th July, 1958.)VIR. OLIVER

Page 5 of 30 TAMBO, Secretary-General of the AfricanNational Congress, i n an exclusive interview with CONTACT, gave his reactions to the French plans to explode an at.m bomb in the Sahara next week.a,,xI .re,,ily periUrbed he said, "Lty Fian e 's ---c~cme What 4. ~,~ht has France-or any other it Africa the incalculable dangers of nuclear fall-.ul, which will r, carried to all its inhabitants, irrcsp-1~ ve of nationality or r"oversew , - that there is '? iihas be-me clear to all objetive oUse`v`no such thing as a "clean" nuclear bomb.WHAT COLOUR COLOUR WAS --. I.T..?-.sked what he -o-.lit about apartheid, Mr. G. C. Starke (a recent recruit to the Nats.) said that the Roman Empire owed its greatness to the fact that the Romans had kept themselves pure from the surrounding tribes.-News item in the Cape Argus._Nif1jCH ADO ABOUT LITTLE.-Cr. Ken Cla,kc said: "Girls inmixed population must be properly clad Major H. J. T. Oosthui7en, of the Police, said that it was, his personal opinion that a girl inbikini looked ugly.-New item in the Natal Mercury.WHITE BOSSES .-1--"lurther, white women work side by side with their Indian employers ... job reservation laws, group areas laws, and employers-white (we must have laws) to force white, to work onlyfor white eemployer reservation laws!" (blanke~ werkgewersreserveringswette!)- -rom a letter to Die Tra-valer.B ACK TO THE LASH.-We must now look squarely at the facts, . and see to it that the police are no longer treated as a football by the criminal. These things (treating of police as a football) are now going too far, and we, as the public, are now fed up with the way our police are being provoked.I 0 iten wonder if our nation (volkie) is not becoming too democratic, and if we would not do better to use the sjambok more and talk less.-From a letter to Die Burger.STUDENTS DEPLOREBAN ONAFRICAN MEMBERSONE HUNDRED-AND-SEVENTY delegates, from 13universities, representing over 15,000 students, are meeting in Grahamstown, for the 34th congress of the National Union of South African Students (Nusas).

Page 6 of 30 KENYA JAIL LETTER RAISESLENNOX-BOYDThirteen Africans are bank managersLONDON. - Thirteen Africans c branch managers of t" Bank West Africa Ltd.. -says Lord Harlech, chairman of the bank, in his statement for the year ended March 31, 1958. Many other Africans hold special appointments.The manager of the SierraLeone branch f 11, bank, Mthese _Enticknap, ta's that a nts include one inSierra Leone. 'e"' Leone. be made a,~' .d addOs,~2t,"atit,`b"1ecandidates are totind.Conti-ing his annual S~.N"eate.ent, L rd Harlech s ;a,s .'are "e r' Proud of the IeC ruits who hae joined us. Our st aff are keen and V-' alIXiOLIS to PrOgress in their C_erS and we forour part a anxious to see th"' --d. can be prOU d o f theservice rende ed to OUr CLIStorners and for thi, We MUSt express thanks to our CMPI oyeesCash businessThe statern-t saNs that a g 'eatde al of busin ss in West Afticais st c,=,d ,, a cash lasi,.but thai At ri',n, a e ".,appreciating the value of dealing with banks.Referring to loans and advan 'es' Lord Harlech sa,_s 'We a,,.5-ing a ' credit-litingry' a,,a and-e do o _ 1-t to d-i ith slot_ te'.1 ._d's. T1" d~end forcapital becomes even more p,e,,i ng."Ma, desirable schemes arein abeya- to want of funds.Over eas in-stors wotild be morereadily attracted were they able tosee, indigenotis private capitalists participating in new co-RICtiVe enterprises".The leitcr was , i mmediately ta ken u P by abo,, Party circles who regula"y raise, theUquestion of the Kenya detentionThrec years after theP'Mau n s u r-lion, thereare austill 8,000 Ztainees in theColony, a little l,s, than a quarter of ,st year s n.mber. Bu ton June 13, 33 1 Africans were arres ted to r "having tried to revive the Mau Mau movem -".r The Opposition Press was the fi st t. take ip 'he ques tion. TheIrLiberal ~,TJ nche-r G-,dicalled for ' immediate inquiry into conditions at 1-0 kitaung pri,on It was incredible that the,i,e~ations by the five Af= prisoners that the K'nyaa.ities int,_nded starving them to d-th -re trLIC. bLIt the affair -s important enough to demand an inquiry, the newspaper stated.Commons questionsIn the H-se of Commons, Mr. J. -Ilaghan, "Colonial Secretary" in the Labour "Shadow Cabinet", questioned the present Conservative Colonial Secretary, Mr. Alan L nn ox-Bovd. In their tUrn, eleven Labour member, fired questions atthe C.J.nial Secretary.Mr. Lennox-B,d expressed his ernotio%fat the "irresponsible nature" the _us ations. He entirely supported the Ken,Governor. He refLISCA to a-e toan Opposition reqte.,t that he should establish an independent and impa rtial jud icial inquiry into conditions at Lokitaun , prison.The Observer too k up the q.tion again under the headline"Setbacks to Progress in Kenya"The __,spaper said: "TheKenya Govqrnment has in recent months made striking advances towards a more I ib-1 Poli cy. It isall the more unl-u- t` therefore, t hat it sho uld co.t:inue at.time, to behave T ' way remininscent of its old pate,nalistdays.`Found unproven'"The Government, having investigated these charges againsti'sel" fo,nd th"n etire'y nnpr.ve. and publi shed thee es.ltsto the world. It has persist-lyref-d, however. to allo, anyoutsiders to visit this isolated -p. For all ,e know, its findings m ay b e aboluMy -,_,but the Government will convince nobo dy-least of all the KenyaAfricans-unless it allows visitors."Observers here point out that the letter which started all the unrest and discussion follows thetrial of th,se_ ven African leaders in Nairobi and that i t has b "Ifollowed b, the s_rno.., forcri rninal I ibel which has beenissued against Mr. RdiLls Nyerere, President of the African National Union.`Judged by wolf'An African student at a recent meeting in London organised by Mr. 0. Odinga, one of the sevenmen ,entenced at the Nairobitrial, S-mcd up wha c.nsidered by Africans as ,beir P.,'isaid: "What hope can remain for us, knowing that "e are prosecuted by a wolf and shall be judged by another?"Germans to aidStIdanBONN.-Mr. W die Habashi. director of the Sudanese Minist, of Agriculture. has conferred with the West German Minister of Agriculture on the possibility of Ge man assistance to Sudanesea,ic"Itu"IThe Feral German Minis,I . , stal, that their Go ` s r_ady to finthe installation and eqUipment of a S"danese Agricultural Research Institute, which -uld cost nearly fl501000.LONDON.-Hopes expressed by a delegation of the Nyasaland tional Congr'ss Party",hic, ~aecent, y called on Mr. Alan Lennox-Boyd ' Secretary for the Colonies, in London. that there would be "some reasonable solution" of the Nyasaland constitutional reform question appear to be prematur'.Before deciding on the policyoutlined by the delegation's leader. Dr. Hastings Banda, the Colonial Secretary s apparenti, awaiting the counte-ro posals of the white pop,lalion of wliclh_ e no, "e, b'~-alandput forward inoncrete form. A decision fromLr. Lennox-Boyd is excted beThey followed the lead of M. Rubbens, a lawyer , who dec la,ed : "Th' Africa" in the C. ngo arc not -ecc.,sarily in ahu rry to obtain such and sucha refo m aimed at autonomy.but they want to know whereBelgiumintends to lead theCongo an d what tile ultimatelinks between Belgium and the Congo will be. We want to know where we are going.""L too," replied the Govern?, General, M. L6on Wi illon ' 70 pointed out that i t w a.s for the Belgian Government and not for him to define Be] gian colonial policy.~- y representativcs of Europe settlers expressed discontent at seeing the Colonialfore the eiid of the ar, so thatthe ter, 'ory n, _onstittioncan be enforced before the revision of the constitution of the FedeFati on of Rhodesia andNyasaland in 1960.The National Co " rcss Party'sdemand is that 32 Afri 'ans shouldenter th " Legislative Coun,il tosit ith the , ix E -ropa_ and t._oofficial mernb- ; also that th-~'should be in Executivo C-n6lwhich WOLild include at least nine members of ministerial 'ankThe C ong ress Party also ~antsthe Legislative and ExecutiveCounci s to be elected by universal adult suffrage "to ensIlre proportional representation of the African population"' before the revision of the Federal constituNigerians' low hours of workNigerian Mi,ste~GOS.-Theof Land and Labour, Chillo. ~shuntokun. declared bele that it as time that the various Governments in the Federati n did something aboLl t -king hours in the country. It appeared that Nige,ia had 1he lowest number of working hou rs in a year.chief Oshuntok in who was ,peakinge at th, Ileja Airport herehi,, a rriva' from Lond0n, w.com-ntin' on he Gen e'a ference of the i " rnational Labour Organisation which he atten&d.Chief Oshuntokun, who said that he took special interest in the discussion on hours of work and plantat i on wo rkers, descri b ed the conference as a -ry u "'ul on,.Chief Oshunto k- ,aid during his stay in Britain he made. contact, wi th some insu cornPanies and one inves= bmw1th a Vi ew to getting them ini terested in the Government Build-soc, ety.Oil cc: and 11" C.1-ial Ministry in Brussels "not taking sufficient notice of the opinio the Government Councr, s of whose advisory capacity seems at each new session to bother them more and more.Before udgetdraft Bill, =al ing m 'h' Botions wereput forward ai m ed at theabolition of d iff're"' "nemacensorship for whites and

Page 7 of 30 Africans, which was described as unfair discrimination.A motion was also introducedto make French the officiallanguage in the Congo. The Governor-General refused to examine this question during the current session.t io n.Dr. Banda told a London Press conference: "I challenge anybodyt, ive unie'al `, ffr- to.orrow and 1. 1 ,haI happens.Congress Party candidates would sweep the boa d."Another delegate, Chief Kuntaja, said tha t although Mr.dLe nno `Boyd did not give th elegation a firm reply, the way he received them showed that the requests were being consideredwith understanding It now-_eappears, h- ~ r at it will bAst or SePte~,bethr bef.,e theGo-nor of Nyasaland, Sir Robert Amitage, after taking stock of the opinion of the white population, will s,,bmit a programme to the Colonial Office.U.K. STORMCry of `starvation'LONDON.-The "Lokitaung letter" affair, Nvblch has closed with all 1-1111-1stially violent debate fli- the I fouse of Commons, illustrates the unrest apparent in. British East Africa which has deeply affected British public opinion.Five inmates of the Lokitaung prison in Kenya recently sent a letter to the independent Sunday newspaper The Observer denouncing the " Inhuman conditions' , under which they were detained.S.A. is Ghana'schief buyervnT HE Union of South Africa is now Ghana's biggest stoomer in Africa. In l111 1h,in took .,,0O,.o ofGhana 's ex ports' more th.any oth,~r Af,ican e '_ lory.The Union sent to Ghana imports v at ~E~200,000, and stood=d o nthle list of African COLintries exporting toGhana.Africans want policy statement on CongoLEOPOLDVILLE.-A call on the Belgian Government to define clearly the policy it intends to follow in the Congo was made by the majority of Congolese councillors at the first plenary session here of the Government Council.Nyasaland hopes are prematureCONTACT12th July, 1958.

Page 8 of 30 Gandhian plan forall AfricaNON-VIOLENT REVOLUTION50, 000 WINNERACCRA.-It has been announced here that 46 organisations throughout Africa have been invited to the "All-African Peoples Conference" which is to be held in Accra in October, 1958.The main purpose of the conference will be "to formulate concrete plans and work out the Gandhian tactics and strategy of the African non-violent revolution in relation to1. Colonialism and imperialism.2. Racialism and discriminatory laws and practices.3. Tribalism and religious separation.4. The position of chieftancy under(a) Colonial rule, and(b) A free democratic society".NKRUMAH'S EFFIGY ON NEW COINSACCRA.-The Deputy Governor of the Bank of Ghana, Mr. D. F. Stone, told newsmen here that the new Ghana national currency which will be introduced on July 14, will consist of 240,000,000 coins.They bear the effigy in profile of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, with the words above "Civitatis Ghaniensis Coeditor" (Founder of the State of Ghana), and below the words "Kwame Nkrumah". The design on the reverse of the coins is the five-pointed star of Ghana.' 'R. PALLIKANDY l~ -POOVAN LAKSHAMAN, 24-year-old stationmaster in Tanganyika, won 50,000 when he drew the Derby winner "Hard Ridden" in the Irish sweepstake.Village-bornA single man, Mr. Lakshaman was born in a village in North Malabar and came to East Africa in 1953 where he applied for a job on the railways. He started as a probationer clerk at a salary of 11. 15s., with free housing and medical facilities. In June, 1957, he was promoted to stationmaster at Bukene on the Tabors/Mwaeea branch line.Vacancy soonMr. Lakshaman was waiting for his cheque before deciding what to do with his fortune, but East African Railways expect that there will soon be a vacancy for a stationmaster at Bukene.Every countryThe conference will be on a non-governmental level, and wilt be attended by "representatives of progressive political, nationalist, trade-union, co-operative, youth, women's and other organisations of the people from every country throughout Africa - dependent or independent.UGANDA REQUESTIS REFUSEDKAMPALA.-A letter from the Government of Uganda to Dr. R. N. Kununka, the acting chairman of the Representative Members' Organisation of the Uganda Legislative Council, says that the British Colonial Secretary, Mr. Alan Lennox-Boyd, has turned down a request from the representative members for the creation of more African seats on the Council.The letter states that Mr. Lennox-Boyd is unwilling to receive a delegation from the organisation as he believes this "isolated constitutional change" would "give rise to more problems and discontent than it would solve or satisfy".SCHOLARSHIP FOR STUDENTSFREETOWN.-It is announced here that the management committee of the Workers' Travel Association Limited in Britain has provided a scholarship at the University College of Swansea for the one-year course in social welfare for students from overseas.Reading his report, "The setting up of great African industrial centres for the economic development of overseas territories," M. De Lattre said that industrialisation was the continent's motivating force. Ninety-five per cent of Africans lived by farming, and 80 per cent of exports were derived from agriculture. But it was virtually impossible to develop the quality and quantity of these exports in the volume necessary to reestablish the trade balance which often carried a deficit. To balance the economy, the setting up of great industrial centres was the only real solution. "Big investments pay dividends," he said.Three factorsTo set up these centres, three factors were vital: Africa would have to be opened up "sufficiently and constantly"; large-scale financial assistance would be needed: and specific development charters were needed for the centres.Stressing that the possibilities of financing the marketing were relatively small within the FrancoAfrican community, M. De Lattre said it was necessary to go beyond the limits of French Africa to bring about the quick growth of industrialisation."Africa must be economically without restrictions if it is tobreathe freely. Its industrial development will not be bound up with traditional trade rivalry. The wealth of Africa will be worthless if it is not backed by a market. An African proverb says that he who has only a cooking fire should find somebody who has some meat. Here Africa brings forth the wealth-Metropolitan France makes it marketable."M. De Lattre sees the end of the colonial regime in this partnership on an equal footing. He said that the industrial centres must find the capital necessary to float medium and small-scale works programmes and that the building of railroads and electric power stations would bring about the creation of wealthy regions.EAST AFRICANEEDS YOUTHLEADERSDAR-ES-SALAAM. - European, Asian and African youth leaders from all parts of East and Central Africa, and -from Madagascar, meeting here, have urged the World Assembly of Youth to establish quickly a training scheme for youth leaders in Eastern Africa to overcome the shortage of well-trained leaders.All delegates showed concern for the drift of young people from rural areas to towns.AFRICAN FIRST IN HIS TOR YNAIROBI.- A Luo student from central Nyanza, Bethwell Allan Ogot, has been awarded a medal for securing top place in history at St. Andrew's University, Scotland.He has also been awarded a special prize in moral philosophy.Because of his outstanding success, the Kenya Government, which awarded a bursary to Mr. Ogot, has agreed to an extension of his original three years' art course at St. Andrews for a further year to enable him to sit for his honours degree.Village to capitalSAINT LOUIS.-The Mauritanian Government Council in French West Africa this week approved a plan for the development of Nouakchott as the new capital of the territory. This little village, which to-day has some 350 inhabitants, is destined within 10 years, according to the Council's plan, to become a major city housing 15,000 inhabitants.Delegation to discuss future ofMadagascarPARIS. -While Mr. Philibert Ts iranana, Vice-President of Madagascar's Government Council, and three Madagascan Senators arrived in Paris to discuss with the French Government the future political and constitutional evolution of Franco-Madegascen relations, there was renewed agitation for independence inside Madagascar.Several daily newspapers published in Antananarivo have printed a letter addressed to General De Gaelic by the permanent delegation formed following the "Independence Congress" held recently at Tamatave. The letter reads:'Round-table talks'"Fully conscious of faithfully interpreting the true feelings of Madagascans, the delegation express the hope that a round-table conference will be called, to which would be invited representatives of various political tendencies with a view to defining the future status of Madagascar, and the free relations which it will have with France."Freedom callWith this letter, the permanent delegation enclosed- the text of a motion on independence passed during the Tamatave Congress in May

Page 9 of 30 by the 10 parties represented at the Congress.INDUSTRIAL WEALTH KEY TOAFRICAN EQUALITY,DECLARES FRENCH REPORTPARIS.-M. Jean-Michel de Lattre, attached to the Committee for Industrial Organisation in Africa, said here that only the wealth of the great industrial centres would help Africans to face their political responsibilities and put them on an equal footing with their European partners.CONTACT12th July, 1958.

Page 10 of 30 SURVEYWORLD-WIDE NEGRO PLANFOR FEDERATIONOF AFRICAThe story of a great movement" The OracleVisitsthe Sphinx11PAN - AFRICANISM grew out of the social conditions createdduring the the past 400 years by migration, mobility and the rapid expansion of communication. The world-wide demand for labour during this time has scattered peoples of African descent all through the New World and has catapulted the African masses long distances from their village homes into cities and mining compounds of the African continent.From 1500 to 1900, Pan-Africanism was merely the "informal organisation of memories" by people who found themselves a long way from home. It led American Negroes to name their churches African Methodist Episcopal or Abyssinian Baptist. It led West Indians to retain names like fu fu for their food and Cudjo for their children. It meant that Brazilians continued to worship the Yoruba Shango in their "candombles" and Haitians merged the "voudoun" of Dahomey with Catholicism.rNegroes everywhere fused African music and dancing with that from Europe. There was a consciousness among New World Negroes that they were scattered fragments of viable cultures and living peoples back home in Africa. The reactions to this fact among individuals ranged from positive affirmation to violent psychological rejection. For a very few children of the "Black Diaspora", there was an "Ingathering of the Exiles" to Liberia and Sierra Leone.With the abolition of slavery from 1833 onward, and the increasing European penetration of Africa, scattered peoples within Africa became conscious of the essential inter-relatedness of physique and culture throughout the continent. African consciousness began to exist side by side with ethnic consciousness. Thus it was that separatist churches in South Africa began to call themselves Ethiopianist or that the wars in Zululand became of interest to people in Ashanti. Pan-Africanis- took an a new dimension, the dream of indigenous African states someday to be united together.Dispersed millionsCuriosity about "the dispersed African millions" in the New World began to spread through Africa, as well as knowledge about them and sometimes pride in their achievements. And thus it is, today, that "mammy wagons" deep in the Northern Territories of Ghana may be named "Joe Louis" or "Sugar Ray"; that Lena Horne becomes a cover girl on the South African magazine Drum; that a Kikuyu in Kenya writes a Pittsburgh Negro weekly for a pen pal; or that schoolboys approach American Negroes on the street in Ghana saying "Are you American, please? And when will our brothers be coming home?" PanAfricanism of this sort is what makes Accra go wild whenCONTACTSatchmo comes to town, or leads the Ghana delegate to the U.N. to remind the world that the treatment of Negroes in America is f ,it as a concern of Ghana's, too.Pan- Africanism is also the force that caused Jomo Kenyatta to be built up as a hero in the American Negro Press; that has sent a trickle of American Negro school teachers and technicians out to the new Africa; and which causes people of African descent in the New World to react sometimes with shame and sometimes with pride over what they learn about Africa, for whether they like it or not they realise that they are identified to some extent with Africa by the white world. Negroes in America are coming to see that when African faces become a familiar sight at the U. N. or in the consulates of the U.S.A., it will do something to their own status, too.Until 1945, Pan-Africanism was centred in the New World and =red racialistic in its world view. Out of Jamaica to America came Marcus Garvey in the 20's crying "One God ! One Aim ! One Destiny!" and organising about three million Negroes into a "Back to Africa" movement. Nkrumah says that "The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey" played a great part in orienting him toward being a nationalist leader. Perhaps it is no accident that Ghana has christened its first shipping company the Black Star Line, the name of Garvey's unsuccessful maritime venture. The myth of Garvey spread through Africa like wildfire.byST. CLAIR DRAKE,distinguished AmericanNegro AfricanistCrowds camped out at Calabar waiting for Garvey's planes to drop supplies. "Be proud you're black. - Think black." This was Garvey's message.Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, the Negro intellectual who organised four Pan-African Congresses in the immediate post-war years, was dominated by the idea that "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the colour line", and that the bond of solidarity between the people of African descent is primarily symbolised by colour. The "Father of PanAfricanism" has stated his own aimsMy plans as they developed had in them nothing spectacular nor revolutionary. If in decades or a century they resulted in such world organisation of black men as would oppose a united front to European aggression, that certainly would not have been beyond my dream.Meanwhile, however, young Africans were graduating from schools on every continent and. were finally drawn into the vortex of the Second World War. The centre of gravity of Pan-Africanism shifted from New World intellectuals and mass leaders to the African people themselves and their leaders.Turning pointThe fifth Pan-African Congress which met in Manchester in October 1945 marked a turning point in modern African history. In the chair was Dr. DuBois, symbol of Negro achievement and of Pan-African pioneering. But theinitiative was in the hands of African trade unionists who had come for an international meeting; Gold Coast businessmen who helped to pay the bills; and history-makers of the future such as Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah (who was joint organising secretary along with George Padmore).On British soil, these delegates took a vow to "liberate" Africa from colonialism and to do it by Gandhian non-violence. But there are some people in Africa who are not Negroes, so race would not be the broadest organising concept. As Nkrumah has phrased it, "Garvey's nationalism was black nationalism as opposed to African nationalism." A new concept was born, and the theoretician of the movement, George Padmore, in defining Pan-Africanism has phrased it thus :It rejects both white racialism and black chauvinism. It stands for racial co-existence on the basis of absolute equality and respect for human personality. Pan-Africanism looks above the narrow confines of class, race, tribe, and religion. In other words it wants equal opportunity for all . . . Its vision stretches beyond the limited frontiers of the nation _state. Its perspective embraces the federaLion of regional self-governing countries and their ultimate amalgamation into a United States of Africa . . . In such a commonwealth, all men, regardless of tribe, race, colour or creed shall be free and equal. Racialistic Pan-Africanism remains as an important subsidiary ideology binding American Negroes and West Indians to the cause of African advancement. but the concept of Padmore and Nkrumah and Kenyatta and of the fifth PanAfrican

Page 11 of 30 Congress was something new. The accent was on African residence, not race, as a unifying bond.Moral supportThe core of Pan-Africanism today is the organisation of Africans in Africa. Africans overseas and peoples of African descent are only the auxiliaries who give moral support And so it is that a group of African intellectuals in Paris publish Presence Africaine; that Dr. Horace Mann Bond and a group of American Negro scholars have recently formed an American Society for African Culture. One does not want to overestimate the strength of Pan African sentiments, sporadic and unco-ordinated as they are, but it is fatal to any understanding of Africa to-day if one ignores them.12th July, 1958.Dr. Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, the man whose wordsand actions are eagerly followed by millions of Africans all overthe continent, recently toured Egypt. Here he is seen on a visit tothe Sphinx at Giza.

Page 12 of 30 Theman who plans a non-violent11111$ lIt~da lecturer at the University of therevolution in Africa Toilers of the Eastt lie eventuallybecame chairman of the NegroBureau the Profintefn (an international labour of labour subsidiary of eComintern) and executive secretary of the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, Cao,'-=111 as editor of the international magazine, The Negro Worker.EFFECTIVE COUNTER TO COMMUNISMTHE behind-the-scenes organiser of the recent conference in Accraof the eight independent states of West and Northern Africa was West Indian Negro writer and theoretician George Padmore, Prime Minister Nkrumah's official adviser on African affairs and a leading proponent of the ideology of Pan-Africanism.A little over two decades ago, Padmore was one of international communism's top specialists on world Negro movements. In the early '30's, however, Padmore was thoroughly disillusioned with Moscow's "colonial liberation" movement. By 1935 he was out of it entirely.To-day, Padmore helps shape the African policies of Ghana. His personal writings vigorously expose the shame of communist tactics and strongly urge Pan: Africanisrn as an "ideological alternative to communism onthe one side and tribalism onthe other".Pan -Aricanism means many. things to many people. To Padmore, the vision of Pan-Africanism s "stretches beyond the limited frontiers of the nation-state" and embracthe "federation of regional self-governing countries" i- an ultimate "United States of Africa".Eliminating whitedominationPadmore feels the only force capable of achieving these objective, in Africa and providing an effective alternative to communism is dynamic nationalism, working to establish political democracy and an essentially socialist economic system. Padmore unityamong the nationalist urges unityof zAfrica and advocates concerted, non-violent action to eliminateforeign rule and white dominationfrom the continent.The high degree of respect with which Padmore is regarded by -wame Nkrumah is indicated in the Prime Minister's autobiography published last year.Capacity tolaughBoth are self-assured, "dedicated" men and honest in their statement but frank tement of goals and objectives. Their zeal is tempered, however, by streak of pragmatic realism. ~hey both have the capacity to laugh-either sympathetically or sardonically-at men and events, including themselves and their own actions. Both are effective on the public platform and enjoy the interplay between themselves and a sympathetic crowd. They are intenselyloyal t 0 old friends. s . It wasinevitable that they would like each other.Within a month after his arrival in London, in 1945, Nkrumah wasbusily at work as joint organising secretary with Padmore for the fifth Pan-African Congress which met in Manchester in October, that year. Five years later Nkrumab,as Prime Minister, invited his old friend to t to Africa to write "The Gold Coast Revolution". P Pad-ore has been a regular contributor to the Convention People's Party Press in Ghana, as well as an interpreter and vigorous defender of Nkrumah's - programme before the British public. It has been evident for the pastdecade that Dr. Nkrumah has continued t like him and respect him. We - assume that he sometimes listens to. him, too.Padmore's present task it to assist Nkrumah in evolving Ghana's foreign policy in relation to the rest of Africa.It is Padmore's -job to help work out a programme of nonviolent "positive action" and "tactical action" on a continent-wide scale. The decision as to how fast and how far Ghana can go toward assisting African independence movement' is, of course, not his to make. The conference of independent states which met in Accra in April considered this problem =g others. The forthcoming Pan-African Congress I In Accrawill deal almostexclusively with this question.Inspiration to his friendPadmore is an intellectual serving as~ an adviser to a practical administrator. '__ hhas never been known to`wear wln'y other man's ideological collar, is eclectic and pragmatic, as well as independent. It is obviously impossible to know just how much of his friend's full programme of Pan_Africanism he would, or could, accept. He has repeatedlyemphasised that Ghana's defor lopment will not be sacrificed any kind of doctrinaire allegiances. Yet, however much he may have to modify the details, or even the basic outlines, of Pan-Africanism as presented by Padmore~'onesuspects that Nkrumah, working as he is amid the "relativities of hitory", draws considerable inspiration from the ideology of his friend.Government by andfor AfricansPadmore's most succinct explanation of his philosophy may be found in the introduction to his book where he states:Africans for Africans with respect for racial and religious minorities who desire to live inAfrica on a basis of equalitywith the black majority. mand socially PanAfricani_ subscribe, to the fundamental objectives of democratic socialism, with state control of the basic means of production and distribution. It stands for the liberty of the subject within the law and endorses the Fundamental Declaration of Human RightsFreedoms.emphasis upon the , Four Fnedorns.Proponents of "partnership" in the multi-racial societies certainly cannot accept the idea of "black domination" implicit in this concep of Pan-Africanism. Manybusinessmen, and some o Ghana's more conservativepolitical leaden(and, no do President Tubman and Haile Selz_ie), arerepelled by this talk of "democratic socialism". To Padmore,however, this aspect of PanAfrican- is essential.His conception of socialism is a loose and flexible one, however, which suggests that- - - the main sector of the national economy should be state-controlled since there isA CONTACT NEWSNAMEnot enough local capital available to undertake large scale enterprises. But the rest should be left to private initiative. The Africans must be encouraged to do things for themselves and not just sit back and expect governTent emphasis everything for them., phasis must be upon self-help.Non-violent "positiverather than terrorism or i= tion, is a basic tenet of PanAfricanism.Healthy respectfor factsPadmore does not claim to be"detached" or "objective" although he has a healthly respect for facts.He is interested in a "free Africa" and sees his writings as weapons in the struggle- as literaryworks or scholarly tomes. He believes that Africans will have tofuse non-violent pressure tactics to orce, white settlers in northern, eastern, central, and southern Africa to let the African majority have dominant political power.After attending Fisk and Howard Universities, Pad.ore wet toMoscow in the early depressionyears, where his -1, intelligenceand verbal facility soon made himA surprisingly large number of people concerned with Africanaffairs either do not know, or willnot believe, that Pad.- "broke with the, Reds" about 25 years ago, while many Western liberals well still t "fellow-travelling ". Communist Party -heel-homes; on :theother hand, can never forgive him for ridiculing them as-"Red 'Uncle Toms." The very mall group of African communists and near communists resents the frank ~ and caustic manner. in which he

Page 13 of 30 deals with them-often by name-in hisspeaking and writing.Lack of race prejudicePadmore has always praised the Russian people for their lack of race prejudice and the communists for improving the lot of the Asian peoples in the U.S.S.R.; but hefeels that the cost in other -valueshas been too high-civil liberties and =, an us for instance. He s that the oppressedcolonial peoples may not have hisreservations, however. Pad.ore feels that the scourge of African politics to-day is 'tribalism". Given the new Moscow line nemerging.' ihatl- `'tribes"-- t,6 ' the real' national units in Africa (e.g. Ashanti, Fante,, Ewe, and, Ga in Ghana), we may expect_ a sharp attack from Pad-re's comer.PADMOREMany scholarly "Africanists", most white civil servants, andmany conservative Negroes justdon't care for George Padtno~His scocky self-assurance andobvious contempt for many oftheir values as well as his loveof ideological argument peppered with ex-Marxist, terminology geton their nerves. But his friends tend to adore him and see these"weaknesses " as mere forgivable foibles.Wheher one likes or dislikes Padmore is unimportant. But to discount him as a powerful ally in the struggle against communism in Africa is to make a fatal mistake.ST. CLAIR DRAKEPan-Africanism seeks the attainment of government ofAFRICAN AID ASSOCIATION Pty. Ltd.Monthly membershipfor advice on legal,,financial and socialassistance, including,FREE life and burialinsuranceWrite now for full particulars P.O. Box 7896, JohannesburgCONTACT12th- aply, 1"8.

Page 14 of 30 8.Coloured immigration"BRITAIN is becoming a multi-racial community," a Conservative member cried in alarm in the House of Commons three months ago.WILL BRITAIN TAKE THEWRONG ROAD? "yJULICS LEVv9 NA debate had been started by a Labour member on the question whether the time had come to restrict the immigration of coloured people into Britain. Ho had no doubt been encouraged by support for the idea of restriction from an unexpected source. Of all papers. it was a liberal one, the Manchester Guardian, that had said:"If unemployment became at all general, the attitude of most ordinary workers towards the coloured minority in their midst would be bound to harden . . . If racial tension showed an increase, a temporary stop cn immigration might prevent it getting out of hand." I happened to be in London at the time this comment appeared and 1 confess to a sense of shock on reading it at breakfast oneEDITORIALLeadersHATS off to Golden City Post for taking up the suggestion made at the recent Sabra conference that Sabra should have talks with nonwhite leaders.It is always good to see white people acknowledging that non-whites exist, and wanting to talk with them and learn their needs.But leaders of non-white organisations ought to be careful about Sabra. There are important reasons why they should not have talks with it at all, at the present time.An exampleLet us take Chief A. I. Luthuli as an example. He is the leader of the African National Congresss and as such is more entitled to speak in the name of the Africans than anyone else. He can bind and loosen where others cannot. He is their representative. Sabra is no-ones representative. It is always a mistake when a business. a party, or a countryallows its plenipotentiariesl empowered to act for it, to meet representatives from rival busiotootoetc. which have no such power. Why? Because the plenipotentiary can, in conversationsi disclose where his group will stand fast and where it will yield.This information is vital to the rival group. Because the representatives of the rival group are not so empowered, they cannot make such disclosures, and the only -resultTIIE views expressed in this feature are those of the individual writers. CONTACT takes no responsibility for them and does not necessarily endorse them. Nor do these writers necessarily subscribe to CONTACT'S views.If a leading liberal paper could say this, what ""',d co -native newspapers say if things got tough in the coming controversy?Here was calm acceptance of colour prejudice on the imaginary ground of the economic interest of unemployed white workers. This argument from trade unionists was familiar enough in South Africa where it is commonly believed that every black or brown man in a good job keeps a white manthe talks can have is to weaken the position of the first group.You will never Sod the Foreign Minister of one government negotiating with someone who is not equally representative of a n o t h e r government.The dt Sabra denounces the colour bar, it will be denounced in its turn by the Government.Chief Luthuli ought to negotiate with no-one who supports apartheid but the Union Government.The second reason is that Sabra supports apartheid. It has just issued a statement confirming its loyalty to apartheid. Its prestige is at a low ebb in the world because it has no links with non-white organisations. For non-white leaders to have talks with it wilt increase the standing of Sabra, and thereby strengthen apartheid.More patienceThe third reason is that for years now white South Africa has found it necessan to put forward its more innocent and generous individuals to make contact with the non-whites and to persuade them that white liberals are queuing up to alter the system in favour of the non-whites. Just a liitle more patience on the part of the non-whites will allow them finally to get their way with the Government.Intransigeance will estrange them, so runs the story, and they wilt not be able to perout of one. It was a surprise to me to find the same argument accepted without criticism in Britain.Every economist knows that the argument is tmsound. It is not true that there is a limited number of jobs in any country or city at a given time and that an influx of immigrants is therefore bound to cause unemployment. In fact, the market for labour fluctuates in accordance with changes in the economic system as a whole. We ought to study the basic causes of these changes instead of counting heads in one area.But even if we do prefer to count heads, the figures do not justify the view that coloured migration into Britain has become a menace to the working class there. The Parliamentary Secretary to the Home Office told the House of Commons in the recent debate that the coloured populasuade the Government to be nice. This was the "Joint Council" approach. Non-whites have believed this, have called off their protests, and have waited for results. The results almost never came. Instead the relentless movement towards oppression continued.Near-NaziIf the tide were moving in the right direction we would be the bluest of conservatives, the greatest gradualists. But it isn't. The mild oppression of the twenties has been succeeded by the savage, nearNazi greed and brutality of apartheid. For this the early liberals have a heavy responsibility. The Joint Councils of the twenties and thirties were a disaster for the non-whites.Sabra is nothing but the Joint Council idea translated into the modern world where the Afrikaners. not the English South Africans, rule. If Joint Councils were a mistake in the days of mild oppression how much more are Sabra talks a mistake in these days of apartheid !No. Chief Luthuli will cheapen himself if he talks with Sabra, and he will weaken the freedom movement. If Sabra wishes to be taken seriously as "sincere', it should denounce apartheid, should make the acquaintance of as many individuals as possible across the colour line, and should attend the next multi-racial conference.lion is to-day about 190,000. Of these roughly 100,000 are Englishspeaking West Indians and 50.000 have come from Pakistan and India.Now Britain is inhabited by 50 million people of all ages, of whom some 22 million constitute the total labour force. So one person in every 250 is coloured or one worker in every 110. Moreover, we must remember that about 80,000 people leave Britain permanently every- year, so that the net increase of workmen through coloured immigration is even smaller than it seems. It is relevant to recall that when Mr. Strijdom was in London two years ago, he made a big speech challenging the British to be honest with themselves about the colour bar. Reminding them that the ratio of black to white in South Africa was three to onea he saidAssuming there were room in your country for 150 million Bantu, and it were economically and otherwise possible to settle them hcrc. would you in that event allow this number to settle in Britain and grant them fullpolitical and social equality.~-, ..._ lust would ~.~- rkthe end of your great historic white British race?" What troubles me is that Mr. Strijdom need not tact issued his challenge in terms of such fantastic figures. The

Page 15 of 30 question can be more pointedly put in this formSevere set-backWill public opinion in Britain support a restriction (however disguised in law) on the right of coloured British subjects to enter Britain simply because those already there form one per cent of the working class?If the answer is yes, let us be prepared for a severe set-back in the struggle against race prejudice in the Commomtealth. And let the British get ready to forfeit their moral right to criticise South African or Rhodesian laws based on economic or racial theories rejected in every civilised country.There is, however, an alternative method of dealing with deteriorating race relations. It is to expose the roots of the emotions and vested interests that lurk beneath the popular economic fallacy about unemployment.A grim periodI am the last to under-estimate the fear of unemployment that has again reared its head in Britain, the United States and other countries. No one who can recall the grim period of the early nineteen-thirties will ever make light of the spectre now again beginning to haunt the older generation of wage-earners overseas. It is also we11 to admit that in a time of economic slump, theblack worker is the last hired and the first fired. Yet to recognise the strength of the social forces that confront us does not mean that to surrender to them is the right strategy.When the Slcrnche.oter Grunodiun implies that a remedy for racial tension is to keep coloured workmen out of Britain, it is encouraging instead of exposing a false notion. Colour prejudice is not due solely to recent immigration: it has in fact simmered below the surface of British life for many years.There were race riots in 1919 in a number of cities, notably in Cardiff, and again in Liverpool in 1948. 1 make bold to predictin the coming years.Merely to stop the lion of immigrants from other parts of the Commonwealth will not solve the real problem of how to achieve racial harmony with or without full employment.Let us face the fact that race relations anywhere can be good oe bad. What causes them to erupt into riots or other forms of aggression is not simply the increase of coloured workers from one to two per cent. To believe that would be to accept one of the myths based on political arithmetic or figures that can be made to prove anything.The only sound conclusion from the work of social scientists is that prejudice is not explained by any one fact or figure.Harman equalityOne thing. however, is clear: prejudice will never be overcome or even utdermited if those who detest it accept a fallacious argument that is itself the product of unconscious prejudice. It will be overcome when the best resources of the community-ineluding the Press. the radio, and the cinema-are employed not to comfort but sternly_ to discountenance it.Ultimately, good race relations will come from the theory and practice of human equality. To reach this goal may take a long time. There are no short cuts to it by way of restrictive legislation such as that contemplated by some in Britain. To take the wrong road will only mean that the goal is reached even later than it might be. with more bitterness on the way.shouldn't meet SabraCONTACT12th July, 1958.

Page 16 of 30 9.COMMENTWHY IMRE NAGY WASMURDEREDfrom Edward CrankshawTHE surprising thing about the murders of In-ire -Nagy, Pal tTaleter, yliklos Gimes and Jozsef Szilagyi is not that they happened but that they have been openly flaunted.Soviet leaders in a certain mood can be expected to kill: the habits of a lifetime are not easy to discard. It would surprise nobody, for example, to learn that Malenkov had been shot as a man so dangerous to Khrushchev that he could not be left at large. But one would not expect Khrushchev to boast about it.And few people. I imagine. were prepared for the public admission last week that the l:remlin hail returned to its old murderous ways, abandoning all pretence of "socialist legality" and reverting to the Stalinist terror denounced in detail by Khrushchev only two years ago and declared by him to have brought the Soviet Union to the verge of ruin.It is not merely the violence that is reproduced but also the authentic Stalinist accent of cold insolence: the murders were announced as a laic co li and Khrushchev, Like Stalin before him. did not ecen find it necessary to invent a plausible iii to justify them.Panic actionWhen Nagy and Maleter were treacherously k i d n a p p e d in November ISIS. rt could be argued that this action. which resembled so closely Marshal Ohukoo t kidnapping of the Polish National Committee in 1945a was a panic action carried out in the heat of battle. But their subsequent murder was not a panic action: it was a deliberate and cold-blooded act of policy.The first question to spring to many minds is whether Khrushchev and his remarkable friends had really foreseen the effect of these killings on the West. or whether they thought that we should not really care : it can indeed be argued that it must call for a strong exercise of the imaeination on the part of any Soviet leader to realise that anybody. anywhere can really care about treachery and murder.Yet in the light of so much that Khrushchev has said and done I think we had to assume that he did not foresee our reaction and did not carerather. that he thought tie positive effects of this announcement within the Soviet bloc were more important than the negative effects outside it.I say Mr. Khrushchev. because he is still. to judge by all the signs. Prime Minister of the Sot et Union and First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Partyt the central committee of which has just been meeting in Moscow reportedly to discuss agricultural reforms. There is a great deal of rumour about clashes between personalities inside the party' presidium. And it certainly seems to have been true that until fairlyrecently Mr. Khrushchev personally resisted pressure from the Chinese and the more inflexible comrades in Moscow`But the deed has now been done. The line is switched. As long as Mr. Khrushchev remains the Icast that can be said is that he remains because he has made the new- line his own line. His past policy is in ruins-whether, as I believe, it was a genuine attempt to produce a healthier atmosphere inside the Soviet empire, or whether, as others believe. Khrushchev's whole act has been an essay in calculated deception.Khrusheheds great gift has been tlexibilty combined with a sort of inspired opportunism. until lately applied to riding to power on the back of an awakening Russia. But h: has now fallen victim to the vicious logic ct the Soviet system. which he himself upholds. He will need all his flexibility to keep himself from biros swallowed up by i t.This is not to say that we may expect the Kremlin leadership to undo the very real and striking achievements inside the Soviet Union of the past few years. Life there to-day is very different from life as it was under Stalin and it is hard to believe that all the gains will be surrendered. But any pretensions to moral authority that Khrushchev may have aspired to are now gone: Russia is still t" place where anything can happen and the worst is probable. This is not the atmosphere in which moral development can begin to keep pace with material development.Cold WarNor need we expect a reversion to the frill panoply of the Stalinist cold war. But in so far as Western distate for Russian methods and suspicion of Russian motives must be heightened by this latest crime. the gulf between East and West is thereby widened and its edges more dearly defined.It is here. I think. that China comes in. It is to be supposed that for some time past, since the failure of his own tentative "liberalisation it has been in the inter" of Mao Tse-lung to work for a reaffirmation of this gulf. So long as he is pursuing his own brand of Stalinism. his Government unrecognised by the United States and isolated. he has everything to gain and nothing to lose by making sure that the Soviet Union does not drift into a positioa of compromise r i.r-it-vis the West and devotes her energies unsparingly to consolidating and developing a unified communist bloc reeardless of world opinion. There arc certainly Russians in high places who think like this. too, and their voice has won the day. The socialist camp, refortified last November, has now been blooded."In the socialist camp, there rmrst be a head. and that head is the Soviet Union. Among the communist and Workers' Parties of all cuunuies th~rc must ~c ~, head, and that head is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union."This was Mao Tsc-tune addressing Chinese students at 1~Ioscow University in November of last year. It was on the occasion of his visit to Moo co', then that hesigned the notorious joint declarttion, from which the Yogoslaabstainedy and is reported to haq.arrelled with C,, .10. who resisted tic principle of total subordination to Moscow.Mao t se-hung did not arrive at that position lightly. For some time he had been conducting himself publicly as an equal with the Russians and had even encouraged the Poles to take their own line. But after the Hungarian rising the mood changed. It was China who led the outcry- (far outdoing the Russians in the bitterness of itsdenunciation) in,Yugoslaof which the execution of Imre Nagy was a climax.InSLI]t to TitoIt is clearly not enough to say that this deed, though intended as a personal insult to Tito, was directed at Yugoslavia in the sense of trying to frighten the Yugoslavs into submission. Marshal Ti to. whatever his shortcomings as a democratic leader. is not a man to be frightened: and the Russians and the Chinese know t. The outlawing of Tito and the execution of the Hungarian leaders was directed first at Poland. then at the other East European satellites.Communist doctrine and Realpolitik arc inextricably entangled, as they were under Stalin: but the savagery and ferocity of the campaign against "revisionism' (again led by China), the indirect threats aimed at Gomulka. and the demonstration that the penalty for "revisionism" is death mark a swing away from the loose and empirical policies of Khrushchev towards a new, emphasis on doctrinal bonds.As far as the Chinese are concerned, if Mao Tse-tung is to recognise Soviet leadership, he is clearly not prepared to do so unless Gomulka does so. too. As far as Moscow is concerned. the satellites have to be brought to heel in a way everyone understands (since this cannot be done without a reversion to terror. Gomulka's position

Page 17 of 30 seems to be scarcely tenable). As far as the communist bloc is concerned, to maintain its "integritlaboriously improvised bridges between East and West have to be burned.Yet paradoxically. While thepure doctrine is being reasserted throughout the communist empire, the Soviet Union herself still seems to be in an experimental mood. 1Chrushchev's own domestic policies are soaked through with "revisionism".It is almost as though _ Khrushchev were saying to the Poles, to the Hungarians. to all the rest: "I can do what I like inside Russia, but kindly retrain from getting it into your heads that you can do the same in your own countries. What is Leninist adaptability in me is rank heresy in you."Further tearsBut the more she experiments in %cads and means of soloing her own problems. the more imperative it becomes to insist on doctrinal purity throughout her empire. There arc contradictions in this situation which will keep it fluid, and therefore hopeful. but which can be resolved 0111_1 through further tears.Alan Paton is on holiday in the Congo. His "Long View" articles will be resumed on his return. The writer of this feoture, author of "Russia without Stalin" and other works, is one of the foremost British experts on the Soviet Union. In our next issue, Peter 'Brown, chairman of the South African Liberal Party, will contribute a commentary.FAIR COMMENTSIR. R. G. THOMAS. 11.1. city councillor 1~ in Johannesburg. has rebelled against his party on the flag issue, and has made a long statement to the Nationalist Press in which he says that "ninety-five percent of the English speaking section feel about apartheid and segregation exactly like their Afrikaner brothers. and the United Party will have to adopt the Nationalist apartheid policy lock stock and barrel".The Nabs. need one or two English names in the Cabinet. Mr. Thomas has taken his place at the head of the queue. I predict there will be a rush to join him.661).R. C. wants 3,000,000 to save whiteSouth Africa from 'doom' headline in Johannesburg Stur.The idea is to supply Christian literature to Natives". The other da_v the Administrator of the Cape described the Bible as the whites' best weapon in Africa.Perhaps our readers outside Africa will need help in understanding this. The idea is that Christianity and the Bible, provided that they can be "sold" to Africans in and near the Union. will produce a large enough crop of Uncle Toms to make apartheid acceptable. If they succeed they will have spent 6s. lId. per Uncle Tom. which I think you will agree is expensive.by Patrick DuncanS O Johannesburgers have had another penny added to their bus and tram fares. I thought they were already the highest in the world. But I forgot. They have to have a duplicate set of buses and trams. otherwise (unspeakable thought!) a few white people might have to sit next to a few non-white people.SO the Russians, having seized the Hungarian freedom Premier after promising him a safe-conduct, have now judicially murdered him.We hope that all those who protested at the execution of the Rosenbergs, betrayers of their own people, will protest twice as loud at the execution of "re Nagy, whom his nation, in the only hour of freedom it has known in a generation, chose to lead it.AS a great concession. the American Boardhave boon permitted to continue running Inanda Seminary as a private unaided school for Africans.One of the conditions is that the lessons may not be taught entirely in English. In time all must be in Zulu. Until then half the subjects must be taught in English. and half in Afrikaans.I wonder if one of the main purposes of the Bantu Education Act is not the killing of the English language in South Africa.CONTACT12th July, 1958.

Page 18 of 30 10.POLITICSHOW WILL INDIANS DEFENDTHEIR HOMES ?No all-out political struggle yetEVER since the Group Areas proclamations on June 6 for Durban and Pretoria, a question mark has hung over the political scene What are the Indians going to do?When, in 1946, the Smuts Government introduced the Pegging Act, the Indians of Transvaal and Natal launched a passive resistance campaign and appealed for international support and the intervention of the United Nations Organisation. The campaign reached its zenith with the passing of a resolution by N. calling for the treatment of people of Indian origin in South Africa on the basis of the United Nations Charter-a resolution which has bedevilled relations between South Africa and U.N. and between South Africa and India ever since.As the terrible implications o I the June 6. 1958, proclamationsbegan to sink home. peoplewondered whether it was all to happen again Certainly the injury to the Indian community this time was more serious than More.In Durban alone, inlndianCon,.s, J * N. Singh told lastleader weck's mass meeting"Indians will ultimately lose 6,658 acres of land and 4,626 dwellings, valued at ;C4,548,620. "Coloureds 28 acres and 58 dwellings, valued at E55,480."Africans 60 acres and 117 dwellings, valued at 20.340. "These values arc municipal rateable value and i t is no exaggeration ." ion that thee market value of losses is 10.000.000."To be moved -:Africans, 81.886: Coloureds, 6,923 and Indians, 64.745comparedji, i1h only about 3,000 whit,"Mr. Sing, wenton: "Uncertainty hangs over the working areas in the centre of Durban and in Clai-ood. which if declared white will invoh~e,,Oaon additional 54.000 Indians, Coloureds and 44.000 Africans. Durban will be denuded in the ultimate analysisof almost the whole of itsnonwhite population. 0er a quarterof a million Indians, Africans andColoureds will h to be thrownout-"Held its breathwonder Durban held itsbreath as ')-0.000 Indiansch,ol,hildr,nstreamed from all parts of the city to Curries Fountain on June 26 (traditional protest day of the Congress movement) to "'C' theirIt was the biggest political protest.demonstration ever staged by the Indian community. Shops -rce closed after I p.m.; stayed away from school; children; hatalwas proclaimed. The city buzzed with speculation about the outeonOn the platform were speakers from all sections of the Indian community-the Congress militants. the "moderates" from the Natal Indian Organisation, the ratepayers' representatives - who had sunk their differences and formed a united front for theoccasion; together with European African sympathisers and Alan lal.n. si Pollak. the Rev. Zulu. In the columns of the daily Press,before the , meeting 'a' held, several o f the most prominent figures in the European population (including two United Par, M. '. s) had signed a statement appealing for support he India's cause. - The stag seemed set for a mighty outburst of wrath.Vital spa,-l;But the vital spark was missing. The speakers went through thespirit of formality. The audience sat quietly through t-and-a-half hours of harangue, passed a resolution 'a"' upon the Government to withdraw the proclamations. and then went quietly home.The proclamations are to be "'t"in court. There is to be a asTHE d6.ar,he by Prof. C. J.U 8is is unlikely to be followed dpbeys immediate Government recognition "of our nonwhite countrymen, all of them. a s fellow South Africans and, in principle at least. future fellowcitizens". Yet even if Dr. Verwo,"d f"" that Professor D. Plessis has been not only wildly unrealistic but distinctly undiplomatic, the professional declaration remains " most impressive statement of faith.The status of a citizen confers an unequivocal dignity of individuality. The "citizen" is onewho enjoys the freedom andprivileges of a "free man". A citizen. as Professor Du Plessis is well aware. is the very- opposite of a "subject". A citizen owes allegiance to his government but ,,s entitled to reciprocal rights ofDONGES .. ."devilishly cunningpetition to the Union Parliament.Meanwhile the leadership haspeople t, fill in theforms within 30 days~,claraliof the proclamations, as required by law.Does this amount to capitulation?No, it is not as simple as that. The Indian community bitterlyresentsthe proclamations, and isdetermined to defend its positions with ever, possible weapon. Butthe general feeling to beprivileges and protection guaranteed by the State. Thoughcitizenship does not of itself necessarily imply the vote, it does mean a non-discriminatory recognition and protection of economic and social rights. Thus the economic rights of a citizen are to own property, to have a fell freedom to try to choose his occupation, to bargain collectively with his fellow citizens for improved wages and working conditions, 'o be free to attempt to enter any trade or profession,to invest and disinvest his savingsin accordancee with his own decisions-in short to enjoy the same economic rights and freedom of action that all other citizens en10Y.But what in South Africa in 1958 is the economic status of thenon-w.?Africans generally have "I rights of property ownership 0.that the time has not vet arrived to launch an all-out political struggle.1- only about 35 Indians are immediately affected. These are those living in the Beach area and the Berea who are given one yearto get out, though they a,,retain ownership until their death. The remaining Indians living in areas scheduled ", white may stay hwhere they arc until death, when their properties must pass to whites.Side EffectsOf course there are all sorts of side effects--people paying oII for properties in scheduled areas may n- not take transfer; credit is restricted etc. Economic development is frozen.Item: that court case-h, fight i-vwhen courts may declare the whole proclamation invalid?Item: the Durban City Council seems to have undergone a change of heart. The , proclamations P into effect only what the Cosnest itself recommended in 1953. :bow the Council (some say they have been wants () make n-, recommendations.Item: The Group Areas Act isattack property, and Dr.6,,ge,, has bcen devilishly cunning. Anyone who doesn't fill in his declaration form within 30,,a,,,, f., example, becomes liableto a 100 fine. Having paid his fine he must still fill in his form oragain pay a fine. If a process ofresistance is continued indefinitely. .dl Indian property will automatically forfeit 1o the State in due course-which is presumably just what Dr. D6nges wants.Not all Indian property ownersare rich merchants. A ]at" proportion are the little men. whoside the Native Territories. while property ownerhip by nonwhite 's entirely subject to the discriminatory compulsion of the Group Areas Act. The same Actdeprives all non-whites of theirf-dom to trade except in areas determined by the Government. And for the record: trading rights which thousands of non-whites have enjoyed for generations are currently being arbitrarily cancelled.In the field of employment, Clause 77 of the Industrial Conciliation Act confers on the Minister ister of Labour virtually limitless power to restrict the freedom of choice of occupation by nonwhite,. In terms of his powers, th~Minister has already deniedthe right of tens

Page 19 of 30 of thousands ofnon-whites to continue in jobs for which they have been hired by employers. Above all, the Native Urban Areas Acts reduce the majority of urban African workersmay have slaved for 20 ears to save up enough to buy a home. How, they ask, ca you expect usto politics it all up? 11 "P"~ It is not good Po itics to demand such sacrifices without the possibility of compensatory gains.Item: Since the failure of the April 14 stay-at-home demonstration, widespread lack ofconfidence is in direct politicalaction. though this is less true of the workers than of the propertyowners.Item: Political co-operationbe t he affected Indians andAfricans is not as close as it could b,. A message from Chief Luthuli to s Fountain meeting`7pledged t'her'support of the Africans for any action the Indiansmightdecide upon. but more illhave to be done by both will before united action is possible.United VoiceF- all these reasons there willbe no passive re,,ta.e campaignat this stage. But what will happen tomorrow is another matter. In his message to the meeting Dr. G. M. cker, president of the Natal Indian Congress, said "We declare with one clear united voice that we are South African citizens and no matter what legal -;- is usedshall live -d die in against South us 'AfricaW I, SHALL DEFEND OUR HOMES."Just hoit, is the question every Indian is pondering to-day.QUILL.to the status of the medieval viflein.Thus Africans who are not born in the city or who do not have fifteen years continuous employment with o" employer are virtually bound to their existing jobs in a manner similar to that of the serf bound to the manor. The millions of Africans who still live in the tribal areas have no rights whatsoever freely to enter the twentieth century economy of South Africa but may be "recruited" for temporary service as migrant workers stripped of all bargaining power hatsover.The immense gap between the status of citizen and the legal unfreedom of almost all non-whites in South Africa in 1958 and the evil moral, political and economic significance of that gap no doubt explain why Professor Du Plessis declares : We can wait no longer. Our time is short."ECONOMICS;TALKING BUSINESS ...with RALPH HORWITZCitizenship or serfdom ?CONTACT12th July, 1958.

Page 20 of 30 INTERNAr11L AL;::WILL CYPRUS LEAD TO GREEK11.WAR WITH TURKEY? I., R WEVIE-ORLWDBritain's almost insoluble dilemmaA FIRE BRIGADE in the heart of a highly inflammable district is not likely to find its task made any easier if it is permanently occupied in trying to contain a seemingly unquenchable blaze in the fire station.That. is the unhappy position in whic) Britain and her Nato allies find themselves in the explosive Eastern Mediterranean area.The fire station is, of course,the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, Britain's last great base in the Middle East since she was obliged to surrender Suez to the rolling flames of Arab nationalism.The problem of Cyprus has faced Britain with well-nigh insoluble dilemma. Nationalistsentiment that will not b edenied has since the war reached such pitch that the beautiful island has been torn by terror and military counter-measures.Britain has announced herself prepared to grant a large =e of self-rule, and ultimately to the Cypriots, but the position is complicated by the fact that the island, though populated largelyby people of Greek in. has aconsiderable Turkish minority.Rising tide ofviolenceThe turbulence caused by Greek-Cypriot terrorist activityagainst T.the British regime has been matched by a rising tide of communal violence between Greek and Turk.This in turn has meant that Greece and Turkey, the two Natomembers in the astern Mediterranean, are vitally and violently involved.The goal of most of the Greek Cypriots is enosis-union with Greece. Enosis is far older than British rule in Cyprus: it goes back more than a century to the days of Turkish dominion.But the present campaign, which began in 1931, is more determined and more widespread than anything that has gone before.Stormy figure of ArchbishopIts leader is the stormy figure of Archbishop Mak arios head of the Greek Orthodox a-ch on the island, a thickly-bearded and virile man in his middle forties. His prestige among the island's Greeks is enormous, both because of his religious position and because fhis political activities. Tothem he truly represents the Church militant.The right-wing terrorist force that has been the mainspring what has amounted to a guerrilla war in Cyprus is Eoka, which isled by the Pimpernel ColonelGrivas. In spite of a price on hishead and a relentless campaignby hundred of British troops to contain and then capture him, he remains at liberty and at the head of Eoka operations.In the face of rising terror whenthe then latest phase in the negotiations had broken d-- in 1956, Britain startled and in many ~ways shocked the world by seizing .akarios and exiling him to the lonely Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean.Faced by criticism by the United States s and by its ow.Opposition, the British Government produced letters in support of its action in proof that the Archbishop had been closely involved in terrorist activity. This revelation, while it may have mitigated outside criticism of Britain's action, did nothing to diminish Ma ka,rios's prestige in the eyes of the th, Greek Cypriots. The Church in Cyprus has longhistory of active participation inpolitical causes regarded as just.The island came under British occupation in 1878 when it wasassigned to her by the Sultan of Turkey. When i November 1914, Turkey entered h war on Germany's side, Britain promptly annexed Cyprus, and in 1925 it became a Crown colony.Britain remains determined thatCyprus must not be lost to theand is equally resolved thatWest, ysolution of the island's problem must be acceptable to Turkey* Firm friendship with the Turks is the cornerstone of British policyin theNear East.For their part, the Turks maintain that the island- only 40 miles from their shores-is the key to their defence.Island to stayBritishThey claim that the islandwashanded over to Britain only the understanding that it remained British. In the event of Britain relinquishing her rule, sovereignty must. revert to Turkey.The Greeks. they claim, would be incapable of defending the island in the event of war and, in any emergency in the Middle East, freedom of action would be handicapped by the fthat they have given a massive hostage to the United Arab Republic in the large Greek minority in Egypt.Greeks and Turks are tradit,o,enemies and the extent and ferocity of anti-Greek feeling in Turkey over events in Cyprus is almost unbelievable.British attempts to find a -r'for their Cyprus headache have been as continuous as the, have been vain.In 1948, a Consultative Assembly drawn from representative elements in the island was called together to consider the framing of proposals for constitutional reform. The move failed.Partition Of islandIn July 1956, Lord Radcliffe was appointed Special Commissioner for Cyprus to makerecommendations for a Constitution which =t reserve to theBritish Governmentonly defence,foreign affairs and internal security.Lord Radcliffe's report, proposing a partition of the island, ~a, published in December 1956.His proposals were accepted bythe Turkish Government, which promised full co-operation, but were rejected by and of course by Eoka -In March 1957, amid wildrejoicing among Greek Cypriots,Makarios - freed from hisIndian Ocean incarceration. He was, however, forbidden to return to Cyprus unless he would make a statement denouncing violence on the Wand-which he steadfastly refused to do.He countered by declaring that he would not negotiate with Britain until he was allowed to turn to Cyprus,Last October a new gleam of hope appeared when Sir Hugh Foot, member of a British family with a long tradition of liberalism, took over the G ove rnoship of the island from Sir John Harding.In the middle -f last month, after an urgent warning from Sir Hugh that conditions on the island were deteriorating fast, the BritishPrimeMinister, Mr. Macmillan, dramatically announced a "lastchance" plan for Cyprus.This would give the island a system of representative government, with the. Cypriot Turks and the Cypriot Greeks each having autonomy in their own communal affairs.The Greek and Turkish Governments, he , 'aid. wouldbe invitedto co-operate with the British Government in carrying out the plan, which he dubbed "an adventure in partnership" bet-en the Governments of Britain, Greece and Turkey.To allow time for the newprinciple of partnership to beworked out, the international states of the island would remain unchanged for seven yea- In other words, it would remain under British sovereignty. To satisfy the wish of Turkish and Greek Cypriots to be recognised as Turks and Greeks, Mr.Macmillan said that Britain wouldwelcome an arrangement giving them Turkish or Greek nationality i n addition to their British status.Interests of bothprotectedExplaining the machinery of the proposed communal partition, he said that there would be a separate House of Representatives for each of the two communities nd that these Houses ha- final legislative authority in communal affairs.Administration other than communal l-ilwould be i the hands of a Co~ presided over by theGovernor, who would havepowers to at the interests of both communities were protected.This council would include the representatives of the Greek and Turkish Governments, and six elected

Page 21 of 30 Ministers from the Houses of Representatives-four Greek Cypriots and two Turkish Cypriots.-External affairs, defence andinternal security would be reserved to the Governor, acting after consultation with the cti2presenttives of the Greek and Turkish Governments.Personal plea toPremiers11- accompanied hiswith a personal announcement rnalplea to the Greek and Turkish Prime Ministers to exercise aspirit of co-operation andmoderation.So far the response to these 1--ditch" proposals has not been encouraging. Makarios has rejected them, declaring bluntly that the Cyprus problem is a matter solely between the Cypriots and the British Government.He has expressed himself willing to take part in bilateral talks for a "genuine, democratic constitution of self-government", but will have nothing to do with any three-nation "adventure".If this final British bid fails to produce some sort of solution to the impasse, the situation will be gloom, indeed.Cyprus is on the brink of civilwar and feelings between Greece and Turkey have become so strained that conflict on the island could easily touch off hostilities between these ancient enemies, now Nato allies, with unforeseeably disastrous consequences for the West, and for the defence structure that guards the gateway to Africa.byLINKThe shadow of the gun lies )over the tense island of Cyprus. Weapons in the hands of British servicei ent are as common asight -0', as -',. the -.eras of tourists tin happier times. This picture shows a sentry on the' alert on a b-,Jh at Ky r.,. ia, a resort in northern Cyprus used by British soldiers and their families.-`CONTACT12th July, 1958.

Page 22 of 30 contemporary novel.M. Vailland's "The Law", a French novel which has won the Prix Goncout, is such a book. He writes in a narrative that is rather better than Smollett, in a style which somehow manages to combine a kind of convoluted grace with a harsh virility.The scene is set in a small town in southern Italy; the characters have the same echoes of universality that come from Erskine Caldwell's denizens of "Tobacco Road".12.A FINE BOOKTHAT WONPRIX GONCOURTThe Law, by Roger Vailland (Jonathan Cape).Great an growing asset to every motorist .. . and that means you!Make no mistake, the I.C.A. in Shell petrol is more vitalthan ever in your car today. If you don't believe it youcan't have tried it-I.C.A., Shell's exclusive ignition controladditive, successfully overcomes the deposits that form incombustion chambers and on spark plugs when your engineis running. These are the major causes of power loss. Butthe I.C.A. that's in Shell petrol and in Supershell makesand you find that you get full,Get all the power you paid for withSUPERSHEL L plus 1 CASI-156To a person who; fledto RhodesiaJ REMEMBER that you told me that you loved South Africa The sun, and the orange trees red with their fruit And the kaffirboom red with its flowers And the great spaces in gold apparel. But you were afraid of the beasts of the veld That growled about the barricades in the dark And tormented your dreams.I remember I told you their name Quaestio Africana.And you said to me, I am frightened here, I am going to Rhodesia.I remember I visited you in Rhodesia And how you were overjoyed to find That the sun shone the sameThat the orange trees red with their fruit And the kaffirboom red with its flowers And the great spaces in gold apparel Were the same.And you showed me with pride And a certain knowing reproachThe pet that you kept in your house, So small and gambolling. And how you were angry with me When I said to you, Rhodesian, Look north if you fear to look south Look east or look west but look sharp For this is none else but the young Quaestio Africana.ALAN PA TON.1948.HEAR AFRICA'S NEWCALYPSO SINGER!Sixteen - year -oldJOHNNY PONDOsingsNDI YE JOZI"and"AGEKHO MUNTU"on U.S.A. 33available from all record dealersHear also the two "Tsotsi" Sketches,"My Braar" on U.S.A. 10 and "CookDhladhla" and "Die Beauty Contest"on U.S.A. 23AMONG the saccharine-and-sugar-coated stuff that floods the reviewer's desk, it is a rare pleasure to find a novel of distinction, written with robustness and energy-two qualities which seem almost to have disappeared from theVailland does not deal with peasants from the outside. Like Cal dwell, he writes from the inside, without blame or moral censure. The novel these days seems too preoccupied with lessons and inferences. M. Vailland's characters are simply men and women, unconcerned with anything very much beyond themselves.RADIO TALKS ON GANDHITalking of Gandhiji, by Francis Watson and Maurice Brown. ,(Longmans Green & Co.)SOME months ago theS. A.B.C&astonished theradio public with broadcasts on Gandhi's life. True, the scripts dealt with one of the world's great figures. True, they were radio interviews of the highest quality. But Gandhi, of all modern figures, represents the success of anon-white nation in freeing itself from the domination of a white nation. Above all Gandhi represents the use of new techniques for the ending of oppression. So the S.A.B.C. caused surprise, not unmingled with admiration.Quite a taskThe inferences are left to the reader to draw-and he will havequite a task if his fancy leads him that way.The basic symbolism of the novel is taken from a game played in southern Italy, called "the law". The game is played in a cafe. By a draw of the cards a chief and his assistant are chosen. The losers buy the wine.Then the chief and his assistant begin a stream of taunts and innuendoes against the losers, usually selecting one individual in particular as their prey. The losers have to submit imperturbably to this, .knowing that their turn will come later.They must keep their selfcontrol, but to encourage them to lose it, the bottle of wine passes around frequently.by the theft of a wallet from a rich and resented Swiss tourist.The central characters are a cold-blooded racketeer, a feudal and aged reprobate, Don Cesareprobably the best character in the book-and Marietta, a peasant girl, who simply cries. out to be played by Gina Lollobrigida.PsychologyVivid interestThere are also the officials of the town, their wives and their mistresses, all drawn with tremendous virility and detachment, all engaged in the shifting game of submitting to one another's "law".This is a book of intense and vivid interest. It is literature without being literary-in itself a majoi accomplishment these days.OWEN WILLIAMS.Longmans have now published the text of the scripts, which were originally broadcast by the B.B.C.They are composed entirely of extracts from recorded conversations with some 60 of those who knew Gandhi in his work and life, from President to ashram-worker, and from Viceroy to London cockney. Much of the material is itself a contribution to historyfor example the frank recollections of Lord Halifax who as the Viceroy Lord Irwin negotiated the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.It is a striking and impressive record.The game demands a calculated and cruel application of psychology from the chief, selfcontrol and strength of character from the victims. The taunts are mostly, of course, of a sexual nature, and they must be made casually, as if in the course of an ordinary conversation.P.D.these deposits harmlesssmooth engine power.And because today's cars have higher compression engines they are even more prone to suffer from engine deposits. That's why more and more modern car owners are switching to Supershell plus I.C.A.-It gives them all the crisp, responsive power their engine was built to deliver.Cruel gameThe game is made to symbolise the whole life of the little town of Manecore, where the shifting sands of prestige and power make first one character, then another, submit to the "law" of the others, or triumph in obscure victory and become for a while the "chief".The fight for prestige in an obscure corner of southern Italy, consequently, mirrored in microcosm as a cruel game, becomes, if one wishes to read it so, a pattern of all our lives and struggles for better things.M. Vailland, cleverly, does not draw this inference. He leaves it to the reader.The story, which in itself is enough, is a bustling thing, full of hot-blooded amours, and triggeredCONTACT12th July, 1955.

Page 23 of 30 A TORRID NOVEL AND ANARCTIC ONEAlaska and Nepal as backgroundsThe Ira Palace, by Edna Ferber (Victor Gollancz)The 'Mountain Is Young, by Han Suyin (Jonathan Cape)TWO well-known women novelists have chosen out-of-the-way placesas the settings for their latest books-Edna Ferber, Alaska and Han Suyin, 'Nepal, and the styles in which they are written reflect the temperature of their respective zones. Miss Ferber's novel is cold. Miss Suyin's torrid.Where Miss Ferber makes the frozen wastes of Alaska the real heroine of her book, Miss Suyin uses the country and customs of Nepal (so vividly brought to us in the film of Sir John Hunt's Everest expedition) merely as a backdrop for the kind of high-temperature romance which brought her fame in "A Many Splendoured Thing".In "The Ice Palace", Miss Ferber obviously carries a torch for Alaska. She frankly puts forward the views of the Alaska lobby which for years strove to have that country incorporated as a forty-ninth state. " ... Alaska, you see, has no standing, it has no vote, it has no power to defend itself. It is a big, strong giant tied and bound and gagged." (By American politicians.) "They will leave this wonderful country barren. like a wUiliau wllv uaa had t0 bear too many children in her ,: ou*.h. Th: forests ~t re d t;iudling, and the waterways, and the millions of creatures of the sea and of the forest-the salmon and the seal and the bear and the moose and the deer.' (American big business).Puny humansBehind the main character. the human figures appear puny -Christine, orphaned. brought up by two grandfathers, one a big tycoon, the ,her a poor idealist, is faced with the choice of two husbands-one the son of a big American tycoon, the other the son of an Eskimo.As a story it isn't much, but the information on Alaska is, and that makes the book worthwhile.But where "The Ice Palace" succeeds in projecting the country into the reader's interest. "The Mountain is Young" fails. Catalogues and inventories don't evoke the desired images, and at times Miss Suyin sounds like a Fitzpatrick travelogue. Sloppy, o", lush writing defeats its purpose, and Nepal never emerges. despite the towering Himalayas and the monsoon.Wide appealHer story. however, will have a wide appeal. It has the well-tried ngtadients of the popular women's novel . . . Ann Ford. unhappily married to an English civil servant, finds sensual love with an Indian engineer amongth'temples. shrines, erotic staty and phallic symbols of Khatmaudu.EDNA FERBERMiss Suyin is too verbose-her novel could. and should. have been edited. Where one wordwould suffice. she use,hundreds;repetitions crowd her pages. clichcs tumble over each other, and much of the symbolism is pathetically naive : "But now John was shouting. winding up the windlass of his emotional bucket, to be poured into one et those storms of shouting .Sometimes a blue pencil can be worth its weight in gold.All the characters are measured against Anne-they are good ifTN April, Errol John, the WestIndian actor and author, told of his ups and downs in establishing himself in English stage, radio, screen and literary circles, in a dramatised autobiography broadcast in the B.B.C.'s General Overseas Service under the title "A West Indian Comes to London". Had the programme gone out a month later, he could have added another milestone to the story. For, on the eve of rehearsals for presentation in the B.B.C. Third Programme of his play "Small Island Moon".. he heard that he had been awarded a Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship to enable him to study the American theatre. He expects to be in the United States for about one year.they are good to her, and worthless if they bore her (which most of them seem to do) - a childish approach. She has little charity towards other womena and she makes them the object of her scorn and the butt of her wit. Perhaps Miss Suyin would answer that it is only her heroine who behaves thus. but when such an emphatic pattern emerges, it is ditlicult to separate the character from its creator. In Anne the heroine, you can see Han the writer.Under a "Food for i hought heading, Miss Suyin on the colour bar is worth q,,,fin. white woman, coloured man. The or. And this in reverse. Not John, a white man, screaming at her and calling Unni black, but the other way round. the Asians, people like Unni, getting exactly the same sadistic thrill out of the strong, heady mixture of Colour and Sex. combined. But not in Khatmandu. not in the blessed, smiling valley, so wise in the ways of humans and gods. It wasn't possible here.makes goodSmall Island Moon" is a radio version of Errol John's stage play, "Moon on a Rainbow Shawl", which won first prize, out of 2,000 entries, in the British Sunday newspaper "The Observer's" playwriting competition last year and will have its stage premiere in London later this year. In the B.B.C. Third Programme produc-ion, Errol John himself played the leading role. He first thought of writing this play before he left Trinidad in 1951 to study the English theatre, at the invitation of the British Council. Watching other West Indians arriving in Britain for other reasons, andHAN SUYIN"But of course it could be whipped up. Like anywhere else. The inverted lechery of Colourcum-Sex was a man-made perversion. Man would make himself believe the nest tastic lies, whether it was in Johannesburg, Tennessee. es Khatmandu. Everywhere a ditl'erence could al toots be phantasied into a monstrosity and a crime. And difference of pigmentation was the easiest to make a crime of. its obviousness most accessible to condemnation. There would be no thrill in the colour bar if it wasn't the sadistic thrill of the sex bar. The two had to eo hand in hand. caking(Love-n;akingbetween t o humans nru_ t made into unnatural vice for the madness of racialism to be successful, anywhere."Good shootingBoth these women are experienced novelists, but neither has achieved a lasting work in her latest novel. Each of them has had the full assistance of public relations olricers, state information bureaus and such-like. It is obvious then, that a notebook, a cand a mass of data do not,=, ily s'"Ply ingredientsof a first-class novel. It is not ammunition that is needed, but good shooting.BERYL BLOOM13.The old defttouchdis missingPlayback, by Raymond Chandler (Hamish Hamilton).HEMINGWAY pioneered theuse of surface tension language. A multitude of pulp magazine writers took over his style. but not his genius.There was one partial excep' Lion, though-Raymond Chandler, whose private eye, Marlowe, has a little of the stature of the inarticulate, dumb brute that Hemingway placed among the ranks of the tragic heroes, Chandler has written sparingly, and "Playback" is his first book for some time. It is a pity he did not wait a little longer. For, unfortunately, the deft hand has lost its touch.This story of shenanigans on the West Coast has all the familiar ingredients. Beautiful blondes abound, corpses are there in fair profusion, there are one or two gratifying brawls, and arlowe himself paces, tight-uppedM, preserving his golden heart and integrity through the swamps of villainy he has made his

Page 24 of 30 pastures.Better dishUnfortunately, though, this in very much the mixture as before without the cause-an indefinable, unalysable sauce, that has made Chandler a very much better dish than, shall we say, Peter Cheyney or Mickey Spillane. The tat words. the crisp sentence, ten-'the skilful, balanced use of the hurried verb are all thorn. Only this time they do not evoke anything at all, beyond a mild interest in the hurrying and complicated events.There are touches of the original Chandler, for which much will be forgiven. Here, for example, is one little g' On the dance floor half a dozen couples were throwing themselves around with the reckless abandon of a night watchman with arthritis. Most of them were dancing cheek to cheek, if dancing is the word."These touches, however. are too few. And "Playback", to the infinite disappointment of Mr. Chandler's innumerable fans, is really little more than a slightlyabove-average thriller.H.W.ON THE ROADJack Kerouac 16!-. (A novel about the `Beat Generation' - vivid andexciting.)SPECIAL FRIENDSHIPSRoger Peyrefitte ... . 19/-. SIMPLE STAKES A CLAIMLangston Hughes 13/-,THE REVOLUTIONBETRAYEDLeon Trotsky(An old classic-What is the Soviet Union and where is itgoing)All prices post freeVANGUARD BOOKSELLERS23 Joubert Street, Johannesburg.Trinidadian actor playwrightman want to leave home, he developed the idea gradually over the next few years.When he came to Britain. Errol John intended staying for only one or two years. When the Old Via Theatre School, at which he was hoping to take a technical course. closed. he toured with various companies, then rounded off his apprenticeship at the small New Boltons Theatre, in London. He has seldom been short of offers of work since, and has often been heard in B.B.C. productions. He has recently returned from filming in "The Nun's Story", with Audrey Hcpburn, in Rome and the Belgian Conga Errol john's wife. Sheila, is also a Trinidadian. They have one son, Robert, aged pondering the causes that made a two years.CONTACT12th July, 1955.

Page 25 of 30 14.NATS. FIND "ENGLISH PRESS" ,~1FORMIDABLE FOE ~ rykos~ s~k~lel' i-a~;kaTHE PRESSSteady circulation rise since 1948WITH the United Party decisively defeated in the general elections, the last great bastion of the "parliamentary" opposition to the Nationalists is the so-called "English" Press. With its vast resources and near-monopoly of the distribution of news in South Africa, the English-language Press is indeed a formidable enemy.. Persistent frontal attacks by the Nationalists have succeeded in making the English-language Press bend over backwards, but have not yet quite broken its spirit. The circulation of one Englishlanguage newspaper like The Star probably exceeds the total circulation of all the Nationalist dailies combined.Uit duisend monde word die lied gedra,Ek sluit my oe ; coos 'n serafskoorVal daardie stemme strelend op my oor:Nkosi sikelel' i-Afrika !Ons vra U seen, o Heer vir Afrika !Ek kyk, en sien die share moor my staan Zoeloe en Kosa, Soeto en Stangaan, en ek, 'n blanke-vole volk're, jaalmal verenigd om Gods seen to vra op net een tuiste, net een vaderland, want die Alwyse het ons saamgeplant en saatn laat wortel in Suid-Afrika. Nkosi sikelel' i-Afrika!Seen, Heer die land wat vele volk're dra.Consider the nature of the political problem posed: the Nationalists have the support of at least half, possibly the majority, of the white electorate, and their percentage support has steadily increased since 1948. Yet in the realm of the daily Press the circulation of the Nationalist newspapers have increased only slightly in the same period, while the circulation of the English-language newspapers has risen steadily, and their news-coverage and supply of feature material is far superior to that provided by the Nationalist papers.Great problemNationalist -orientated weekly and monthly magazines have redressed some of the balance_their climbing circulations have been won at the expense of the English-language magazines. But for both sides the great problem has been to break into, and, if possible, capture the other's market. The Nationalists need an English-language paper to lure readers away from the "English Press"; the United Party needs an Afrikaans paper to combat the stranglehold exercised by the Nationalist Press over the political thinking of the Afrikaner people.The Nationalists lack the capital resources to compete with the English-language Press backed as it is by the mining and financial houses with their millions. And their efforts to appeal to the English-speaking voters have been very tentative. Before 1948 they circulated a weekly newspaper in English called the New Era, edited by Mr. Eric Louw. Like its Editor, New Era was bright and breezy, but singularly unconvincing. Its political impact was about nil, and nothing like it has ever been tried again. That the need is still felt in Nationalist circles, however, is proved by Die Burger's recently inaugurated weekly English-language supplement, which consists mainly of translations of news and editorial comment published in Afrikaans during the week.Stroke of geniusAnd one Nationalist stroke of genius nearly came off when the Glazer brothers made their 15,000,000 bid to gain control of Central Mining. Had their gamble succeeded, they would have gained control of the wholeLOUW ... bright and breezyArgus empire in South Africa and Rhodesia-and the Press at that time was full of reports that the Glazer brothers were being backed by Afrikaans capital and were themselves not unsympathetic to the policies of the Nationalist Government.Many challengesThe United Party has made many attempts to challenge the Nationalist monopoly of the Afrikaans Press. For some time during and after the war the openly political Suiderrtem was published daily to a dwindling circle of readers. After the collapse of Unie-Volkspers, it was succeeded by the weekly Land.-,, which proclaimed a policy of political neutrality and relied almost entirely on pretty girls and catchy lay-out to win itself readership. The Landstem has been sufficiently successful to alarm the Nationalist high-ups, who fear that behind its facade of neutrality it will prove to be a Trojan horse in some hour of crisis. Nationalist Party boss De Klerk at a stryddag recently made an exhaustive analysis of the people behind the Landstem to show it was in the hands of the enemies of the yolk. Actually, it was originally connected with the name of Sir De Villiers Graaff, but he sold his shares in 1953 to the Cape Times Ltd. and Associated Newspapers Ltd. (the Road Daily Mail). This, in the eyes of De Klerk, wassufficient justification for a warning to all Nationalists "om lig to loop vir sulke . V.P.-koerante", whose only aim was to "flirt with the Afrikaner vote and sow dis satisfaction".Six-figure bidUndoubtedly the success of Die Landstem encouraged the recent six-figure bid by the Argus group to take over Die Suid-Afrikaanse Stem, a weekly paper of similar character published in Johannesburg. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Stem was established last year after unsuccessful attempts by Die Nasionale Pen, in collaboration with Die Vaderland, to set up an Afrikaans Sunday newspaper, which would ha;r, been in competition with Mr. jdom's Dagbreek-enSondagnuams. It is believed that Mr. Striidom informed Die Nasionale Pers that he would regard any such move as "a hostile act", and the scheme was dropped.Thereafter Mr. H. T. Cooper,former secretary of Mr. Harry Oppenheimer's Trust Fund (which helped the United Party in the 1953 election), interested the U. P. in starting an Afrikaans paper. Cooper had already had experience with the Zoutpansberg Review (which he bought) and other small-town papers. The U.P. agreed and is believed to have contributed about 50 per cent of the capital, Cooper contributing the rest. From the outset there appears to have been a tug-of-war between Cooper and the U.P. as to just how much politics should , appear in the paper, the net result of which was that the "no politics" signboard was eventually hoisted, though the paper has not been above joining in the general assault on Archbishop De Blank in recent weeks for his "un-South African conduct" in America. Now thatthe Argus group has taken over Die Suid-Afrikaanse Stem (bringing them into the field of Afrikaans journalism for the first time) this "neutrality" policy is likely to be continued.THE HON. H. A. FAGAN, Chief Justice of South Africa. (Reprinted by permission of the author)Vigorous flagStill waving a vigorous flag for the United Party is Die Weekblad, which produly announced on June 13 that it is "the only Afrikaans newspaper in the Union that has the official support of the United Party". A bright, forthright publication, Die Weekblad is weekly demonstrating that _d direct political approach need not bring dullness in its train, though it must be confessed that the paper's honesty is not matched by the United Party's policy, which becomes steadily more difficult to capture in print. P.E.N.]BALANCE OF PROGRESSCreditMR. B. A. J. DLAMINI has been admitted as an attorney in the Supreme Court, Pretoria. He is the sixth Johannesburg African to have been so admitted. He will practise in Johannesburg.THE Rev. Andrew Doig,

Page 26 of 30 European member representing African interests in Nyasaland, has resigned his seat in the Federal Assembly. He supports the secession of Nyasaland from the Rhodesian Federation.DebitIN Birmingham, England, a regulation has been made forbidding the holding of dances in city buildings by non-whites unless the dance is organised by white citizens.DR. EDWARD ROUX, botanist and Liberal leader, has been refused a passport to attend the congress of the S2A3 in Lourenco Marques.BAND Catholics have started a cooperative for Africans. It is called "The Antigonish Alexandra Township Buying Club" and has grown in two years from a membership of eight, with a capital of 2, to a group with over 120 members.T HE "Sword of the Spirit", a British Catholic organisation, is to set up an "Africa Centre" in London. It will provide a reception, social and information centre, and will promote African studies.* * *TTHERE has been an outbreak of medicine murder in the Northern Trans'aal. HERE has been an outbreak of frigipeditisamong United Party M.P.s. Only two have protested against the Nazi plan for the racial zoning of Pretoria and Durban under the Group Areas Act.* * *IV] [R. GAITSKELL, leader of the BritishLabour Party, has said that the Commonwealth is a multi-racial community which cannot be held together without an acceptance of the principle of basically equal relations between the different races.SABRA has noticed that its recent congress has attracted attention, and that various interpretations have been attached to its deliberations there. Accordingly, the executive has issued the following statement"The executive (of Sabra) wishes expressly to make it clear that it has always been, and remains, its aim to further sound mutual relations between the population groups . . . and to do all in its power to make the principle of apartheid or separate development practicable and acceptable for whites and non-whites in South Africa".CONTACT12th July, 1958.

Page 27 of 30 EMRhodesian elections: parallelwith S.A. denied'STQREASONS FORPRESSSILENCESIR,With regard to P.E.N.'s article (CONTACT, ""' 14),"Why e our newspaperssilent?", when one bears in mindthe fears of "-' of our newspapers concerning their freedom to publish what they wish,it makes one pause an ashow the editors defineof the Press".Admittedly an editor has heavy responsibilities regarding _ht shall or shall not be published, and he must be wary of the law of 'libel, and also have a, everpreesnt fear of going a little toofar in leading articles, whereby he_nugNt-ir the wrath of thegovernment in power, or others. None the less, 1 would like a close deffinition of how these newspapers interpret "freed.- of the me that maPress" It seems tofair rendering would be. "freedom to publish what they wish, and freedom trot to publish (suppress) what they do not wish to.Watering-downThere is always a tendency locally to ignore, or to "play down" certain __ which ' freely reported in overseas papers. For instance, the gradual lessening of reports on the strikes which for a month or more dislocated business in retain part; of England, and possibly, on a lesser scale, the watering-down of the extent of the U,S.A,s "recession" as it is euphemistically referred t by certain papers. "Slump appears to be unpopular these days.Based on fear Hearingthe views of travellersewho have recently returned fromthe U.S.A. and England. one might a,,,,,, and possibly rightly,that h thee freedom notto P"" isbased on fear-not fear of the powers-that-be coming down on them for publishing defamatory matter, but their own view that publicity on certain items of overseas news should be shunned, and by so doing, ostrich-like, they feeltheir silence, or next to it, willlessen the possibility of those overseas troubles coming here.Johannesburg.While it is probably true thatthe hard core of DominionParty supporters would subscribe to apartheid, the avowed policy of the Dominion Party still accepts as a premise African advancement and enfranchisement on a common roll and the'arty itself isopen to African members. Your South African readers may not know that theConfederate Party entered thefield at the outset of the election campaign with a view tocontesting 22 of the 30 seats.Financial supportThis was the only political party whose _ policy as regards Africanswas similar to those of theNationalist and United Parties in the Union. It appeared to have a fair measure of financialsupport and ran a number offull-page advertisements in various Southern Rhodesian newspapers and held a numberof meetings throughoutthecolony. It was not able to elicit sufficient support to put tip a single candidate. To those of us who supported~Idr.,sTodd, the election result w..,appointment. I cannot agree, however, that as t of the rejection of the United RhsiaParty ,prliarnentary liberalism was killed", for Sir Edgar White - head and many elected members of the United Federal Party are sincere liberals with a belief in partnership.Your statement that "the winning party, also in the best South African tradition, and thanks to the brilliant last-minute invention of the transferable vote, converted a minority of votes into a majority of seats" is also completely inaccurate. The preferential voting system was introduced in Southern Rhodesia a year ago. You imply that the DominionParty gained a majority of votes.This is not quite correct. Total votesThe total votes for the United Federal Party and the United Rhodesia Party amounted to 21,503 as against 18,209 for the Dominion Party. This represented a swing towards the Dominion Party of not more than 5 per centand this at a time when the Dominion Party was on the crestof a e ' a ''-'t f the splitin th:Government party. But forthe preferential vote the UnitedRhodesia Party supporters would have had no representation in Parliament, but by the exercise of the second preference in favour ofthe United Federal Party, theywere able to influence the result in four constituencies and have their second choice candidate returned.E. A. LICHTENSTEIN, Bulawayo.WHO SHOULD QUALIFY FOR VOTE?SIR,I should like to ask uadragesimo" (CONTACT,June 28) ) if he advocates 'tes that"uncouth boors" and "roistering young toughs" should have the same voting power and responsibility in choosing a government as lawyers, professors, business executives and ministers of religion? If he does not, then why quarrel with my plea for an educated and responsible electorate? Such an electorate need not necessarily be entirely white.Care of childrenIt is not a question of equating baasskap with "aristocracy"; it is a question of equating common sense , and realism with parental care of children. We do not allow immature and irresponsible childen to decide how the domestic household shall be run, so why all-, immature and irresponsible adults to decide how the nation shall be run?We cannot compare the labouring masses of Britain with ,, o,,labouring masses. Britain has a thousand years of Christian civilisation behind her, whereas the majority of our African people are only now beginning to emerge I_ paganism and a primitive way of life!V. G. DAVIES,Camps Bay, Cape Town.rejected partnershipSIR,The hopeless defeats of Mr. Garfield Todd's United Rhodesia Party and of he South African United Party in~the recent elections prove beyonddoubt that liberalism, or any modified form of segregation, are unacceptable to the majorityof white, voters.The South African NationalistParty seems to -ems . bet the, only partythat is honestly and relentlessly enforcing, and giving publicity to, the policy it believes in.The victory of the U.F.P. and the defeat of the U.R.P. in Southern Rhodesia constitutes outright rejection of partnership by the whites- South Africans prove their dislike of diluted segregation when they voted for the Nationalist Party in 1948.Make-believeAfricans who still see salvation in Liberal parties, or whatever they call themselves, live_ inworld of make-believe; a white man who prepared to share with a black man the natural resources and riches of the latter's country on equal political, social, economic and religiousstill to b born. h,~ =g the, African realises that no dominantrace or class has ever relinquishedits rights and privil,e, voluntarily, the better.The white man must take full blame for the penetration of Russian ideology into Africa; as a desperate, drowning race, we Africans grasp at anything ithin our reach-Hungary is a lesson only to other Russian satellites.Remember that grounds advanced against the construction of railways in England during Industrial Revolution, and et the inhuman Ancien Regime of 1789 had its advocates in France.CONTACT SMALLSHead Office: Fourth Floor, Parli--,, C,,,,,Ie,,, 47 Parliament Sheet, !Town. i"Telephones: 29 Cape 35771.Postal address: P.O. Box 1979, Cape Town.SMALLS RATESl d. a word; minimum is.AFRICANAOffered Books on Africa, South of Sahara, and new. Write for special lists or requirements.Urgently wanted - Th al's South East African Write M. Vols. I & VI. K.Jeffrey ys, Africa- Consultant,2Io Parliament Chambers, 47tParliament St., Cape Tow..FOR LIBERTARIANS Land

Page 28 of 30 & Liberty is the independent, international monthlymagazine for equal right, and equal freedom for all, based on the Henry George philosophy and practical policy of landvalue taxatior and free trade.Annual tpostal Pos subscription 8s.Three months f" trial. 177Vauxhall Bridge Road, London S. ~. 1.PERSONALRector of poor country parishappeals for a car 'o essentialfor parish work. Own car nowcompletely n out n, longery use. orBoth parish andrector too poor to purchase. acar. Please help us. Reply Contact A.24.Safer than crutches: Pedaid enables those who have lost theuse of one leg or the partialuse of both, to walk safely. It cannot slip or fall. It is light but very strong.-Details from H. Bysshe, P.O. Kwelegha.There is no political policy that cannot be justified. Hats off to Strijdom and Verwoerd of Africa; their honesty and frankness n unquestionable.TOFFEE,Ndola,Northern Rhodesia.White votersTODD SUPPORTER'S VIEWSIR,Having had some experience of elections in South Africa and having worked in the recent election in Rhodesia for Mr. Todd's United Rhodesia Party, I consider the statement in your issue of June 14, that the election was "fought and won in the best South African traditions", to be without foundation. It comes as a surprise to me and, I should imagine, to most people in Southern Rhodesia to learn that "Boer-British tensions were ruthlessly used by Sir Edgar Whitehead's United Federal Party", as this point, being totally irrelevant, did not arise at any time.SUBSCRIPTION RATESThe subscription rates for CONTACT (post free) are as follows:UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA AND AFRICAN POSTAL UNION (Angola, Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, Belgian Congo, French Cameroons, French Equatorial Africa, Madagascar, Mocambique, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Swaziland, Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda) . . . a year, 10/6 a half-year.ELSEWHERE: fl/3/6 a year, 12/- a half-year. Send cheque/postal order/money order/cash toCONTACT, P.O. Box 1979,CAPE TOWN, S.A.(Name)(Address)...... 1.11IEnclosed: / s/ d.CONTACT12th July, 1958..

Page 29 of 30 1,22=9dI-,/ WOW! `11k~A DRIVE LIKE THATDESERVES ACAVALLA KINGS!P4wIMuffer or maestro, bungler or Bobby Locke, a drive right down the middle gives you a sense of achievement for which a pat on the back and a good cigarette are rich rewards. As Bobby himself says:- "Playing in the big money tournamentsconcentration. tration. And when n it's al ver, like ' intense o h a g d garetle that's when I appreciate 1: rrelax o with the rich full flavour o;ia Caval la Kings".91 - *-111; RICHCavalla K1119S FULL FLAVOURONLY 14-AND WORTH A PACKET! TRY THEMCONTACT 28th June, 1958.Published by the proprietors, SE EMELA PUBLICATIONS (PTY.) LTD.. Fourth Fioor, Pailia -A Chambers, 47 Parliament Street, Cape To- P.O. Box 3618Telephones 26697 and 35771. Printed by Samuel Griffiths and Co., (Pty.) Ltd., Dock Road, Cape To-

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