CHROMOFOBIA

(also known as chromatophobia) (from People with the fear of colors tend to suffer Greek chroma, “color” and phobos, “fear”) from many debilitating symptoms. Often, they is the fear of colors.The worst place to be in are unable to hold down jobs or even have CHROMOFOBIA for chromophobes is Las Vegas because of steady relationships. As a result, life can CHROMOFOBIA their brightly colored lights. become miserable for them. Going outdoors Famous actor, director, musician and can become a difficult task for them, for the fear writer Billy Bob Thornton suffers from of encountering the hated colors. chromophobia, or the fear of bright colours. Symptoms and treatment Causes and effects The symptoms of effects of fear of color vary This phobia is caused by post traumatic stress from individual to individual depending on CHROMOFOBIA disorder experiences involving colors in the the level of the fear. Typical symptoms are as CHROMOFOBIA past. An event in the childhood might lead to follows: permanent emotional scars associated with * Extreme anxiety or panic attack certain colors or shades which the phobic simply * Shortness of breath- rapid and shallow breaths cannot outgrow. Events like child abuse, rape, * Profuse sweating death, accidents or violence, could all be related * Irregular heartbeat to a particular color causing the phobic to panic * Nausea or become anxious in its presence. * Dry mouth CHROMOFOBIA Another cause of the fear of colors stems from * Inability to speak or formulate coherent cultural roots. Certain cultures have significant sentences CHROMOFOBIA meanings for specific colors which can have a * Shaking, shivering, trembling CHROMOFOBIA negative connotation for the phobic. The west, for example, treats certain colors as foreign, Effective methods of treating chromophobia are superficial or corrupting. systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, Another, less common cause is hypersensitivity cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, to particular colors.Sufferers of chromophobia counseling, and hypnotherapy, Neuro-Linguistic may limit daily activities, leaving their lives more programming, and psychotherapy which are all CHROMOFOBIA difficult. They may want their surroundings to be proven to help overcome many different kinds of CHROMOFOBIACHROMOFOBIA free of colors as much as they can. phobias. Color therapy can also be used, ever CHROMOFOBIA independently or along with another method. In most cases, the deep fear or hatred Drugs may also be prescribed to relieve anxiety; for certain colors can stem from classical however these tend to have side effects which conditioning. There are some colors which are can be pretty debilitating. just disagreeable. Old and moldy cheese for example has a pale sickly color associated with Hypnosis – This treatment for Chromatophobia CHROMOFOBIA germs and disease, which may be associated in must be done under the guidance of a trained CHROMOFOBIA a negative manner. specialist. Using this therapy, the phobic has Heredity, brain chemistry, certain deficiencies, his/her mind opened to new suggestions. With CHROMOFOBIA existing phobias can also cause Chromatophobia. positive suggestions, the therapist instructs the phobic’s mind to attach different feeling to the Some sufferers may be afraid of only certain object of fear- in this case color or odors. shades of colors- for example, red. Many are known to fear this color (specifically known as NLP – Neuro Linguistic Programming is the CHROMOFOBIA Erythrophobia in scientific parlance) as it is study of how the mind creates reality. It involves CHROMOFOBIA symbolic of blood, death or violence. In other changing words and perceptions associated cases, the phobic might fear all bright colors with the fear of colors. The analyst listens to CHROMOFOBIA in general. For such individuals, day to day life the words and phrases used by the phobic to can be difficult as the sight and presence of describe the colors s/he fears. Then the therapist the specific colors can induce anxiety or panic attempts to remove those mental thoughts and attack. associations that cause panic attacks when the CHROMOFOBIA phobic sees the colors that s/he fears. Alll the different color phobias * Erythrophobia – fear of red CHROMOFOBIA * Cyanophobia – fear of blue * Prasinophobia – fear of green CHROMOFOBIA * Xanthophobia – fear of yellow CHROMOFOBIA * Porphyrophobia – fear of purple * Kastanophobia – fear of brown * Rhodophobia – fear of pink * Chrysophobia – fear of orange * Persicophobia – fear of peach CHROMOFOBIA * Glaucophobia – fear of gray * Leukophobia – fear of white CHROMOFOBIACHROMOFOBIA * Melanophobia – fear of black CHROMOFOBIACHROMOFOBIACHROMOFOBIACHROMOFOBIA CHROMOFOBIACHROMOFOBIACHROMOFOBIA Cyanophobia – fear of blue (from Greek kyanos, “dark blue”) is fear of the color blue. Cyanophobic sufferers may panic often because it is difficult for sufferers to avoid encountering things that are blue with their eyes since blue is commonly seen in reality, e.g. water, sky. To avoid panic, sufferers may want to wear red- or orange-tinted glasses. Cyanophobic sufferers would not own anything blue, like jeans. Extreme sufferers may panic so violently that it would draw blood.

Erythrophobia – fear of red (from Greek erythros, “red”) (also known as erytophobia or ereuthophobia) is fear of the color red. This color phobia is common because red is the symbolic color of danger, bad, or embarrassment. It is also the fear of blushing, due to embarrassment. Suffers of erythrophobia may also suffer from hemophobia since red is the color of blood.

They would avoid using red pen, crayon, marker, paint or even would avoid a red car or red clothes. They may also avoid eating red-colored foods, like cherries, strawberries, tomatoes, and ketchup. While driving, sufferers may fear the stop signs or red light. Xanthophobia – fear of yellow (from Greek xanthos, “yellow”) is fear of the color yellow. In China the color yellow was feared, specifically receiving the yellow scarf, which was an imperial order to commit suicide.

The common cause of this phobia is traumatic experiences involving the color yellow, like getting stung by a bee or even getting hit by a yellow car or school bus. In consequence, yellow reminds xanthophobes about pain and in the unconscious level reminds them about the loss of life. When xanthophobes encounter something yellow (like daffodils, gold, and Yellow Pages), they may immediately close their eyes or panic in anxiety, depending on the severity. For severe sufferers, even seeing or hearing the word yellow can cause fright. Sufferers would not eat cheese, mustard, lemonade, bananas, egg yolk, and anything that is yellow. They may also close their eyes and hold their breaths when urinating.

Prasinophobia – fear of green (from the Greek word prasinos, meaning “green”, and phobos, “fear”), referred exclusively as chlorophobia (from the Greek word chloros, meaning “yellow-green”), is fear of the color green. This fear is often associated with the fear of vegetation (germinatophobia). The fear may come about due to traumatic experiences involving the color green or vegetation, like getting cut by a poison ivy or dealing with unwanted plants like algae in the swimming pool, weeds or vines.

Prasinophobic sufferers would avoid seeing or encountering grass, trees, and other things that are green. They would avoid eating green- colored foods like peas, pickles, asparagus, broccoli, and lettuce. Very severe sufferers of prasinophobia may force someone to kill all the vegetation around their lawn by killing grass using weedkiller, chopping down trees, and pulling up bushes. Prasinophobics would want to stay home at all times. Sufferers would not celebrate St. Patrick’s Day as well as not having green-colored items like green clothing. They would not have Christmas trees, wreaths, and other green-colored decorations up during the holiday season.

Prasinophobia is often treated using exposure therapy, which involves patients to repeatedly look at the color green under the guidance of a therapist until s/he don’t get scared by it. This therapy starts with a tiny green dot then slowly working the way up until much of the scenery is filled in green such as the room with green walls. Prasinophobia can further be treated using behavioral therapy which removes the fear from one’s mind. Kastanophobia – fear of brown (from Greek kastanos, meaning brown) is fear of the color brown. This is a common color fear as some of the representations of brown includes disgusts. This fear has a variety of triggers, like getting injured by black people, being attacked by a brown-furred animal, or even by simply seeing and/or smelling their own feces. Because brown is an abundant color, sufferers would be difficult to avoid seeing brown, but sufferers may not panic when seeing pleasant things like wood but would panic when excreting feces or walking on mud. Mild sufferers would simply avoid consuming brown-colored cuisines like coffee, chocolate, meat, beans, etc.

Porphyrophobia – fear of purple (from Greek porphyros, “purple”) is fear of the color purple. Like all other phobias, including all of color phobias, the original cause of porphyrophobia traces back to a traumatic experience involving the color purple in the past. Even though purple is the symbolic color of royalty, people can suffer from purple phobia quite readily due to a traumatic encounter that is not a very common color around. For example, sweet potatoes, getting hit by a rare purple car, resulting in serious consequences. Porphyrophobics would be easy to avoid seeing or encountering purple due to the rarity of the color, so suffering panic would not occur that readily. Sufferers (especially those who had purple poison ivy rash) may associate purple with poison, readily causing toxiphobia. Chrysophobia – fear of orange (from the Greek word chrysos, meaning “golden yellow”, and phobos, “fear”), less commonly but more appropriately known as sandarakinophobia (from the Greek word sandarakinos, meaning “orange”), is fear of the color orange. This fear often come about due to negative experiences involving the color orange, such as spilling orange juice onto their laptop. Sufferers would avoid seeing things that are orange, otherwise they may panic. Most chrysophobics would avoid being exposed to artificial lighting, so they tend to sleep the whole time when sun is down, while avoiding looking at the setting or rising sun.

250,000 Americans are currently or had at one point suffered from chrysophobia, which is 1/1300th of the U.S. population.

Rhodophobia – fear of pink (from the Greek rhodos meaning rose, a shade of pink) is fear of the color pink. Pink is a common color to fear because pink is one of the most hated colors, especially by men. This fear is often associated with or stem from the fear of girls. Rhodophobia is often caused by bad experiences involving the color pink, like getting injured by a girl wearing a pink shirt. They would go great lengths at avoiding pink stuff, like salmon, otherwise they would feel anxious or panic. Symptoms of rhodophobia include heart palpations, breathlessness, nausea, dizziness, and dry mouth. Methods used to treat rhodophobia include behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, exposure therapy, and psychotherapy with hypnotherapy being the most effective option.

Even though phobias are more commonly suffered by women overall, rhodophobia is more commonly suffered by men than by women. Glaucophobia – fear of gray (from Latin glauco, “gray”) is fear of the color gray. This color phobia is often caused by experiences during the storm, since storm clouds are gray, seeds like chiaseeds, and by simply growing old to have gray hair. So glaucophobics would avoid be in that trigger and other objects that are gray.

Glaucophobia is most commonly suffered by the elderly than any other age groups.

Persicophobia – fear of peach (from Latin persicus, “peach”) is fear of the color peach. Persicophobia is suffered by a variety of factors involving the color peach, like seeing naked people too frequently, smelling people unpleasantly too much, or in case of black people, getting injured or attacked by white people. Mild sufferers can encounter light- skinned people with clothes covering much of the body, while severe sufferers would want to stay away from those people at all times. If the severe sufferer is white, he/she would either cover all of the body, including the hand and face, or paint the whole body in different colors.

It is a rare phobia, but persicophobia is more commonly suffered by blacks than by whites by of approximately 1.4%. Melanophobia – fear of black (from Greek melano, “black”) is fear of the color black. This fear has a variety of triggers, developed due to the fact that black symbolizes mourning, dark night, evil, plagues, and death. People who fear, black olives,... dirt or becoming dirty can also cause this color phobia for people who associate dirt with black. Also people wo got injured by black people sufferers of melanophobia. Avoiding things that are black; encountering or even thinking about the color can cause anxiety. Since black is very common, sufferers may have difficult time to avoid seeing black, often resulting in uncontrolled anxiety when there are a bit of black around. This makes life lot more challenging.

Leukophobia – fear of white (from Greek leuko, “white”) is fear of the color white. The causes of leukophobia include bad experiences with winter sports as snow is white. Another trigger is fear of marriage for women, because white is the usual color of bridal dress. Leukophobia sufferers would want to live in a darker, colorful home and wear colorful clothes while not drinking milk (unless flavored and colored) nor taking prescription pills that are white. Those people may suffer anxiety (like feeling trapped or restlessness) when encountering a lot of white, like in a white room or out in the snow. Leukophobia often takes the form of a fixation on pale skin. Those with the phobia may make implausible assumptions such as paleness necessarily representing ill health or a ghost. In other cases, leukophobia is directed more towards the symbolic meaning of whiteness, for instance in individuals who associate the color white with chastity and are opposed to or fear chastity.

Leukophobia is treated using behavioral therapy, used to teach patients not to fear about the color then fix the problem using a known cause.

In Paul Beatty’s novel Slumberland, leukophobia refers to reverse racism. Only ColorblindOnly Colorblind People People can read can read this this(this (this test test is notis not 100% 100%COLORBLIND* ARE secure) secure)YOU *Antwoord: Kleurenblindheid / Colourblind

Kleurenblindheid Evolutie Minder goed kleuren kunnen onderscheiden, ‘kleurenzwakte’, komt Gezien de hoge frequentie in onze populatie dient aangenomen meer voor dan ‘echte’ kleurenblindheid waarbij een van de drie dat deze erfelijke afwijking kennelijk evolutionair gezien niet leidt systemen voor kleurwaarneming helemaal is uitgevallen. Meestal treedt tot een geringere voortplantingskans. We mogen zelfs aannemen kleurenblindheid op als een of meer van de drie typen kegeltjes, die dat ze onder zekere omstandigheden zelfs leidt tot een hogere naast de staafjes een van de twee soorten lichtgevoelige cellen in het overlevingskans, anders was de afwijking allang nagenoeg netvlies zijn, niet goed of helemaal niet werken. Kleurenblindheid is uit de populatie verdwenen. Wellicht hebben kleurenzwakke Ishihara-test) meestal een geslachtsgebonden erfelijke aandoening, hoewel er ook en kleurenblinde personen een compenserend voordeel, verworven vormen bestaan, meestal als gevolg van vergiftigingen zoals bijvoorbeeld het meer letten op patronen dan kleuren wat dikwijls door gebruik van bepaalde geneesmiddelen. nuttig kan zijn; maar dit blijven speculaties. In de Tweede Wereldoorlog vlogen kleurenblinden mee Kleurenzien en mogelijke afwijkingen in verkenningsvliegtuigen om door de (voor hen juist niet) Spectrale gevoeligheid van de drie soorten kegeltjes. misleidend gekleurde camouflagenetten heen te kijken en De drie soorten kegeltjes hebben normaal gesproken hun grootste op de vorm van verborgen tanks en kanonnen te letten. gevoeligheid in respectievelijk het gele, het groene en het blauwe golflengtegebied. De zie verschillende vormen op volgende spread. Veel zoogdieren (bijvoorbeeld honden) hebben ook een duidelijk minder gedifferentieerde kleur waarneming dan mensen, omdat Er zijn binnen de verschillende afwijkingen weer verschillende oorzaken ze van nature maar twee in plaats van drie soorten kegeltjes mogelijk, zoals ontbreken van bepaalde soorten kegeltjes, minder hebben. Veel vogels hebben er daarentegen zelfs vier. voorkomen, of gevuld zijn met een niet goed werkend pigment. Behalve Insecten hebben heel andere ogen. Van honingbijen is bekend met de kegeltjes kan er ook iets mis zijn met de oogzenuw of kunnen dat ze rood niet, maar ultraviolet weer wel waarnemen. de lichtdoorlatende onderdelen van het oog (vooral de ooglens) een kleurzweem veroorzaken, vooral bij sommige soorten staar. Al met al is Statistics ‘kleurenblindheid’ dus eigenlijk een verzamelnaam voor een heel scala There is general agreement that worldwide 8% of men and 0.5% aan verschillende afwijkingen. of women have a colour vision deficiency. These figures rise in areas where there is a greater number of white (Caucasian) *74* can not been seen by some colorblind people ( Tests people per head of population, so in Scandanavia the figures in- Ishihara-test crease to approximately 10-11% of men. By contrast in sub-Sa- De ishiharatest: hiermee wordt de kleurenblindheid nagegaan aan de haran Africa there are few colour blind people. Countries such hand van een schijf met gekleurde bolletjes. De patiënt moet zeggen as India and Brazil have a relatively high incidence of colour welke cijfers er in het bolletjespatroon verborgen zitten. Hiermee vision deficients because of the large numbers of people with worden alleen Rood/Groen (Protan/Deutan) stoornissen getest. mixed race genes in their genetic history.

De “Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates” (SPP) The 8% of colour blind men can be divided approximately into Hiermee wordt kleurenblindheid nagegaan aan de hand van een vierkant 1% deuteranopes, 1% protanopes, 1% protanomalous and 5% vlak met gekleurde bolletjes. De patiënt moet zeggen welke cijfers er deuteranomalous. Approximately half of colour blind people will in het bolletjespatroon verborgen zitten. Hiermee worden alleen rood/ have a mild anomalous deficiency, the other 50% have modera- groen (Protan/Deutan) stoornissen getest. te or severe anomalous conditions.

De “The City University” (TCU) Numbers of tritanopes/tritanomalous people and achromats is Hiermee wordt kleurenblindheid nagegaan aan de hand van 5 cirkels. Men very small, perhaps 1 in 30-50,000 people. moet zeggen welke van de 4 buitenste cirkels het meest overeenkomt met de middelste cirkel. Hiermee worden alle kleurstoornissen getest: Reliable statistics for people with an acquired form of colour

Ishihara-test) rood (Protan), groen (Deutan) en blauw (Tritan). vision deficiency are difficult to find but as many as 3% of the population could be affected because age-related deficiency is Geschiedenis: eerste wetenschappelijke artikel kleurenblindheid relatively common in the over De Engelse scheikundige John Dalton publiceerde in 1794 het eerste wetenschappelijke artikel over kleurenblindheid, “Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours” (Buitengewone feiten over het zien van kleuren) nadat hij zich gerealiseerd had dat hij zelf kleurenblind was. Naar hem wordt kleurenblindheid nog weleens daltonisme genoemd. Zijn hypothese over de oorzaak van kleurenblindheid was dat het te wijten was aan het verkleuren van het glasachtig lichaam van het oog; daarom liet hij in zijn testament schrijven dat men na zijn dood zijn ogen moest verwijderen en dat zijn oogvocht tegen het licht gehouden moesten worden. (De hypothese bleek niet correct.)

Maatschappelijke bezwaren De zeldzame volledige kleurenblindheid gaat gepaard met een slechte gezichtsscherpte. De vaker voorkomende gedeeltelijke kleurenblindheid heeft weinig maatschappelijke gevolgen, maar er zijn beroepen waarvoor een goede kleurenzin nodig is, zoals beroepsmilitair, piloot en politieagent. Dit betekent echter niet dat een kleurenblinde per definitie uitgesloten is. Vaak wordt de gradatie bepaald waarin het voorkomt afgezet tegen de vereisten voor de functie. Zo kan een kleurenblind persoon die de ishiharatest niet haalt, een pilootdiploma halen met restrictie voor alleen *74* can been seen by everyone, normal and colorblind vision ( overdag vliegen. Dichromatic Vieuw People with dichromatic colour vision have only two types of cones which are able Diffrent Colorblind vieuws to perceive colour i.e. they have a total absence of function of one cone type. Lack of ability to see colour is the easiest way to explain this condition but in actual fact it is a specific section of the light spectrum which can’t be perceived. For convenience Trichromacy Vieuw we call these areas of the light spectrum ‘red’, ‘green’ or ‘blue’ . The sections of the Normal colour vision uses all three types of light cones correctly and is known as tri- light spectrum which the ‘red’ and ‘green’ cones perceive overlap and this is why red chromacy. People with normal colour vision are known as trichromats. and green colour vision deficiencies are often known as red/green colour blindness and why people with red and green deficiencies see the world in a similar way.

People with both red and green deficiencies live in a world of murky greens where blues and yellows stand out. Browns, oranges, shades of red and green are easily confused. Both types will confuse some blues with some purples and both types will struggle to identify pale shades of most colours.

Protanopia Deuteranopes Tritanopes Protanopes are more likely to confuse: Deuteranopes are more likely to confuse: 1. The most common colour confusions for 1. Black with many shades of red 1. Mid-reds with mid-greens tritanopes are light blues with greys, dark 2. Dark brown with dark green, dark orange 2. Blue-greens with grey and mid-pinks purples with black, mid-greens with blues and dark red 3. Bright greens with yellows and oranges with reds. 2. Some blues with some reds, purples and 4. Pale pinks with light grey 2. Unable to perceive ‘blue’ light. dark pinks 5. Mid-reds with mid-brown 3. Mid-greens with some oranges 6. Light blues with lilac 4. Unable to perceive any ‘red’ light 7. Unable to perceive ‘green’ light Normal Vieuw

Anomalous Trichromacy People with ‘faulty’ trichromatic vision will be colour blind to some extent and are known as anomalous trichromats. In people with this condition all of their three cone types are used to perceive light colours but one type of cone perceives light slightly out of alignment, so that there are three different types of effect produced depending upon which cone type is ‘faulty’.

The different anomalous conditions are: - Protanomaly which is a reduced sensitivity to red light - Deuteranomaly which is a reduced sensitivity to green light and is the most common form of colour blindness - Tritanomaly which is a reduced sensitivity to blue light and is extremely rare.

The effects of anomalous trichromatic vision can range from almost normal colour Protanopia Tritanopia Deuteranopia perception to almost total absence of perception of the ‘faulty’ colour. Red-Blind Blue-Blind Green-Blind People with deuteranomaly and protanomaly are collectively known as red-green colour blind and they generally have difficulty distinguishing between reds, greens, browns and oranges. They also commonly confuse different types of blue and Monochromatic Vieuw purple hues. People with monochromatic vision can see no colour at all and their world consists People with reduced blue sensitivity have difficulty identifying differences between of different shades of grey ranging from black to white, rather like only seeing the blue and yellow, violet and red and blue and green. To these people the world world on an old black and white television set. Achromatopsia is extremely rare, appears as generally red, pink, black, white, grey and turquoise. occuring only in approximately 1 person in 33,000 and its symptoms can make life About half of people with anomalous trichromacy will see the world in a similar way very difficult. Usually someone with achromatopsia will need to wear dark glasses to those with dichromacy but their ability to perceive colours will improve in good inside in normal light conditions. light and deteriorate in poor light. Often their colour perception can be as poor as it is for those with dichromacy. People with anomalous dichromacy can have either inherited colour blindness, in which case their ability to see colours will remain the same, or they can have acquired it, in which case their condition could get worse, or possibly improve over time

Achromatopsia Blue Cone Monochromacy

Protanomaly Tritanomaly Deuteranomaly Red-Weak Blue-Weak Green-Weak

Eigengrau Eigengrau (German: “intrinsic gray”, lit. “own gray”, also called Eigenlicht (Dutch and German: “own light”), dark light, or brain gray, is the uniform dark gray background that many people report seeing in the absence of light. The term Eigenlicht dates back to the nineteenth century, but has rarely been used in recent scientific publications. Nowadays, the phenomenon is more commonly referred to as “visual noise” or “background adaptation”.

Eigengrau is perceived as lighter than a black object in normal lighting conditions, because contrast is more important to the visual system than absolute brightness. For example, the night sky looks darker than eigengrau because of the contrast provided by the stars.

Cause Researchers noticed early on that the shape of intensity-sensitivity curves could be explained by assuming that an intrinsic source of noise in the retina produces random events indistinguishable from those triggered by real photons. Later experiments on rod cells of cane toads (Bufo marinus) showed that the frequency of these spontaneous events is strongly temperature-dependent, which implies that they are caused by the thermal isomerization of rhodopsin. In human rod cells, these events occur about once every 100 seconds on average, which, taking into account the number of rhodopsin molecules in a rod cell, implies that the half-life of a rhodopsin molecule is about 420 years. The indistinguishability of dark events from photon responses supports this explanation, because rhodopsin is at the input of the transduction chain. On the other hand, processes such as the spontaneous release of neurotransmitters cannot be completely ruled out. Cosmic latte Hex #FFF8E7 RGB (255, 248, 231) CMYK (0, 2.7, 9.6, 0) HSV (40°, 9.4%, 90%)

Cosmic Latte is a name assigned to the average color of the universe, given by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University. In 2001, Karl Glazebrook and Ivan Baldry determined that the color of the universe was a greenish white, but they soon corrected their analysis in a 2002 paper,[1] in which they reported that their survey of the color of all light in the universe added up to a slightly beigeish white. The survey included more than 200,000 galaxies, and measured the spectral range of the light from a large volume of the universe. The hexadecimal RGB value for Cosmic Latte is #FFF8E7.

Discovery of the color The finding of the “color of the universe” was not the focus of the study, which was examining spectral analysis of different galaxies to study star formation. Like Fraunhofer lines, the dark lines displayed in the study’s spectral ranges display older and younger stars and allow Glazebrook and Baldry to determine the age of different galaxies and star systems. What the study revealed is that the overwhelming majority of stars formed about 5 billion years ago. Because these stars would have been “brighter” in the past, the color of the universe changes over time shifting from blue to red as more blue stars change to yellow and eventually red giants.

Glazebrook’s and Baldry’s work was funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. As light from distant galaxies reaches the Earth, the average “color of the universe” (as seen from Earth) marginally increases towards pure white, due to the light coming from the stars when they were much younger and bluer.

Naming of the color The original color thought to describe the universe was “cosmic turquoise” due to an error in the way that the software calculated the shade (#9CFFCE).

Though Drum’s suggestion “Cappuccino Cosmico” received the most votes, Glazebrook and Baldry favored Drum’s other suggestion (Cosmic Latte). This is because the similar “Latteo” means “Milky” in Italian, Galileo’s native language. It also leads to the similarity to the Italian term for the Milky Way, “Via Lattea”, and they enjoyed the fact that the color would be similar to the Milky Way’s average color as well, as it is part of the sum of the universe.[8][9] They also claimed to be “caffeine biased”.[2] Drum came up with the name while sitting at a Starbucks coffeehouse drinking a latte and reading the Post. Drum noticed that the color of the universe as displayed in the Washington Post was the same color as his latte. “You are not Anish Kapoor, you are in no Pinkest PINK, Better Black, Greenest way affiliated to Anish Kapoor, you are not Green, Yellowest Yellow, Loveliest Blue purchasing this item on behalf of Anish Kapoor (Stuart Semple) or an associate of Anish Kapoor. To the best Stuart Semple came into conflict with the artist Anish Kapoor when It is sold in 50-gram pots on Semple’s website for no profit, with Kapoor purchased exclusive rights to the ‘world’s blackest’ paint, a price label of £3.99. Purchasers of PINK are required to make of your knowledge, information and belief this Vantapaint, in 2016. Vantapaint is made of microscopic stems of a legal declaration during the online checkout process, confirming colour that are 300 times as tall as they are wide, so that 99.6% of that: “you are not Anish Kapoor, you are in no way affiliated to Anish all light gets trapped in the network of stems. The pigment was being Kapoor, you are not purchasing this item on behalf of Anish Kapoor paint will not make its way into that hands of developed for scientific and military use because of its masking or an associate of Anish Kapoor. To the best of your knowledge, ability. It has the potential to hide stealth aircraft and block out all information and belief this paint will not make its way into that hands light from entering powerful telescopes, enabling them to see the of Anish Kapoor.” However, Kapoor managed to purchase some Anish Kapoor.” faintest stars. in what Roisin O’Connor states as “one of the most spectacular displays of pettiness we’ve seen in recent years.” Kapoor announced After purchasing the exclusive rights to this pigment in February the fact he had managed to get a hold of PINK via a picture on his 2016, Kapoor faced a backlash from the artist community. Artist Instagram account showing his middle finger dipped in the pigment, Christian Furr commented in an interview with the Daily Mail that he captioned succinctly “Up yours #pink.” Many users on Instagram had “never heard of an artist monopolising a material. All the best responded with the hashtag #Sharetheblack. artists have had a thing for pure black – Turner, Manet, Goya … This black is like dynamite in the art world. We should be able to use it. It Semple responded by describing Kapoor as “some kind of end-of- isn’t right that it belongs to one man.But despite the ban, the Indian- game super baddie” who “should be old enough to know better” after born British artist the highest ranking figure on the Dezeen Artists Kapoor’s Instagram post. On 3 February 2017 Semple hit back once Hot List.” Semple positioned himself at the forefront of this backlash more at Kapoor with the release of his own version of Vantablack, dubbed when he released PINK - the world’s pinkest pink paint (a reflective “Better Black.” Although Semple admits that the paint is not perfect, powdered pigment that repels light to effect a powerful fluorescence) it is better because it is affordable and available to everyone. “Better - in retaliation. The cerise pink shade is available to all artists except Black” comes as a pigment and an acrylic “super-base” which when Kapoor, who is legally banned from purchasing it. combined replicates the light-absorbing technology of Vantablack. Semple explicitly banned Kapoor from buying the paint, stating that “We all remember kids at school who wouldn’t share their colouring Not admitting defeat by Kapoor, Semple has also created the “world’s pencils, but then they ended up on their own with no friends. It’s cool,Anish most glittery glitter”, “the “world’s greenest green”, “world’s loveliest can have his black. But the rest of us will be playing with the rainbow!” blue” and the “world’s yellowest yellow” and is urging purchasers to “refrain from sharing any with him or his associates”. Semple posted a video mocking Kapoor on his own Instagram page last night, which records himself writing “I will be good... I will share my colours” 100 times in white chalk on a blackboard. “You are not Anish Kapoor, you are in no Pinkest PINK, Better Black, Greenest way affiliated to Anish Kapoor, you are not Green, Yellowest Yellow, Loveliest Blue purchasing this item on behalf of Anish Kapoor (Stuart Semple) or an associate of Anish Kapoor. To the best Stuart Semple came into conflict with the artist Anish Kapoor when It is sold in 50-gram pots on Semple’s website for no profit, with Kapoor purchased exclusive rights to the ‘world’s blackest’ paint, a price label of £3.99. Purchasers of PINK are required to make of your knowledge, information and belief this Vantapaint, in 2016. Vantapaint is made of microscopic stems of a legal declaration during the online checkout process, confirming colour that are 300 times as tall as they are wide, so that 99.6% of that: “you are not Anish Kapoor, you are in no way affiliated to Anish all light gets trapped in the network of stems. The pigment was being Kapoor, you are not purchasing this item on behalf of Anish Kapoor paint will not make its way into that hands of developed for scientific and military use because of its masking or an associate of Anish Kapoor. To the best of your knowledge, ability. It has the potential to hide stealth aircraft and block out all information and belief this paint will not make its way into that hands light from entering powerful telescopes, enabling them to see the of Anish Kapoor.” However, Kapoor managed to purchase some Anish Kapoor.” faintest stars. in what Roisin O’Connor states as “one of the most spectacular displays of pettiness we’ve seen in recent years.” Kapoor announced After purchasing the exclusive rights to this pigment in February the fact he had managed to get a hold of PINK via a picture on his 2016, Kapoor faced a backlash from the artist community. Artist Instagram account showing his middle finger dipped in the pigment, Christian Furr commented in an interview with the Daily Mail that he captioned succinctly “Up yours #pink.” Many users on Instagram had “never heard of an artist monopolising a material. All the best responded with the hashtag #Sharetheblack. artists have had a thing for pure black – Turner, Manet, Goya … This black is like dynamite in the art world. We should be able to use it. It Semple responded by describing Kapoor as “some kind of end-of- isn’t right that it belongs to one man.But despite the ban, the Indian- game super baddie” who “should be old enough to know better” after born British artist the highest ranking figure on the Dezeen Artists Kapoor’s Instagram post. On 3 February 2017 Semple hit back once Hot List.” Semple positioned himself at the forefront of this backlash more at Kapoor with the release of his own version of Vantablack, dubbed when he released PINK - the world’s pinkest pink paint (a reflective “Better Black.” Although Semple admits that the paint is not perfect, powdered pigment that repels light to effect a powerful fluorescence) it is better because it is affordable and available to everyone. “Better - in retaliation. The cerise pink shade is available to all artists except Black” comes as a pigment and an acrylic “super-base” which when Kapoor, who is legally banned from purchasing it. combined replicates the light-absorbing technology of Vantablack. Semple explicitly banned Kapoor from buying the paint, stating that “We all remember kids at school who wouldn’t share their colouring Not admitting defeat by Kapoor, Semple has also created the “world’s pencils, but then they ended up on their own with no friends. It’s cool,Anish most glittery glitter”, “the “world’s greenest green”, “world’s loveliest can have his black. But the rest of us will be playing with the rainbow!” blue” and the “world’s yellowest yellow” and is urging purchasers to “refrain from sharing any with him or his associates”. Semple posted a video mocking Kapoor on his own Instagram page last night, which records himself writing “I will be good... I will share my colours” 100 times in white chalk on a blackboard. 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 How Pantone Color Of the

Year Chosen PANTONE® 13-1520 Rose Quartz CMG, which is based in Alexandria, VA., is a non-profit that helps pick and predict colors for a variety of products. CMG members (color design professionals including PANTONE® PANTONE® PANTONE® PANTONE® officials from Pantone) gather throughout the year in a series of “ChromaZone” PANTONE® workshops around the world to discuss the future and what color it’s going to be. 18-3838 15-0343 18-1438 18-3224 15-3919 Ultra Violet Greenery Serenity Marsala Radiant Orchid Participants come armed with PowerPoints, swatches, test cards and other materials to present their stories about their proposed color choices. Former CMG Mark Woodman says that politics, pop culture, spots, technology and social issues 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 can influence the selection of colors as well.

Pantone’s colors of 2016 channel baby blue and pink A pastel palette of baby pink and blue are named the hottest colors of 2016. Here are a few ways they’re already being echoed in fashion and design circles. During CMG’s International Summit last month, 64 colors were selected and broken into groups (16 colors each) that were attached geographic regions: Latin America, Europe, the Asia/Pacific region and North America (which is where “Thrive” promises to be popular--or at least influential).

Woodman says CMG’s color selections amount to “a direction, not dictation.” But ® ® ® ® ® industry know how is vital when there are millions at stake on a new launch. (Just PANTONE PANTONE PANTONE PANTONE PANTONE ask the manufacturers of Marsala-colored paint, bedding and upholstery, whose 17-5641 17-1463 18-2120 15-5519 14-0848 sales went through the roof when Pantone named that hue the color of year for 2015.) Emerald Tangerine Tango Honeysuckle Turquoise Mimosa That’s something that Sara McLean, Color Marketing Manager at Vernon-based 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Dunn-Edwards, found out when she was assigned the task of creating paint colors for the company’s new “Then, Now & Forever” collection.

Woodman assisted on that project and recalled how he and McLean spent a whole day tacking up hundreds of 8½ x 11 drawdown test cards on the wall of a former lacquer warehouse -- and then instantly rejected hundreds of them.

Frequently working alone over the five-year life of the project, McLean created 300 new colors at a cost, she says, of about $10 million. About 140 of the colors were attached to a “story” involving the American West, California Missions and architecture. The other “trending” colors were based on classic colors from past collections. PANTONE® PANTONE® PANTONE® PANTONE® PANTONE®

McLean’s research involved everything from scouring art, architecture and design 18-3943 19-1557 13-1106 15-5217 17-1456 books to visiting museums and gardens. She also paid attention to travel, fashion, Blue Iris Chili Pepper Sand Dollar Blue Turqouise Tigerlily food and cocktails, and spoke to historians, designers, architects and clients.

There were months of lab time, as well, with exotic-sounding machines like the 2003 2002 2001 2000 “Spectrophotometer” breaking down colors to work on their formulas, and the “SpectraLight” showing what potential paints looked like under various kinds of light. McLean then turned to a thesaurus and French and Spanish dictionaries to come up with names for new colors, including “Gatsby Glitter,” “Cotton Club,” “Palm Springs Splash,” “Aged Whisky” and “Mountain Bluebird.”

Now she has the job of selling the colors to clients, while Woodman and the other trend forecasters are already planning ahead for what we’re going to see on park playgrounds, car doors or kettles in 2018.

“But there are no wrong colors,” Woodman says. “Just colors done wrong.” PANTONE® PANTONE® PANTONE® PANTONE® 14-4811 19-1664 17-2031 15-4020 Aqua Sky True Red Fuchsia Rose Cerulean