Bab 4 Kualiti Air Marin Dan Pulau-Pulau Laporan Kualiti
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BAB 4 KUALITI AIR MARIN DAN PULAU-PULAU LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA 2016 LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA 78 MARINE AND ISLAND MARINE WATER QUALITY QUALITY MARINE AND ISLAND WATER CHAPTER 4 BAB 4 Chapter 4 Kualiti Air Marin & Pulau-Pulau Marine & Island Marine Water Quality MALAYSIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY REPORT 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL MALAYSIA 79 BAB 4 BAB 4 | CHAPTER 4 PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR MARIN KUALITI AIR MARIN DAN PULAU-PULAU MARINE WATER QUALITY MONITORING 81 Jadual 4.1 : Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin Table 4.1 : Marine Water Quality Index Classification 82 Jadual 4.2 : Standard dan Kriteria Kualiti Air Marin Malaysia Table 4.2 : Malaysia Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards 84 Jadual 4.3 Malaysia : Status Kualiti Air Marin Kawasan Pantai Table 4.3 Malaysia : Marine Water Quality Status for Coastal 88 Rajah 4.1 Malaysia : Tren Status Kualiti Air Marin Kawasan Pantai Di Malaysia, 2014- 2016 Figure 4.1 Malaysia : The trend of Marine Water Status for Coastal Area in Malaysia, 2014-2016 89 Jadual 4.4 Malaysia : Status Kualiti Air Marin Di Kawasan Kuala Table 4.4 Malaysia : Marine Water Quality Status for Estuary 91 Rajah 4.2 Malaysia : Tren Status Kualiti Air Marin Bagi Kawasan Kuala, 2014 - 2016 Figure 4.2 Malaysia : The Trend Of Marine Water Quality Status for Estuary, 2014 - 2016 92 Jadual 4.5 Malaysia : Stesen-Stesen Pulau, 2016 Table 4.5 Malaysia : Island Stations, 2016 95 Rajah 4.3 Malaysia : Tren Status Kualiti Air Marin Bagi Pulau, 2014 - 2016 Figure 4.3: Malaysia : The Trend of Marine Water Quality Status for Island, 2014 - 2016 96 Jadual 4.6 Malaysia : Status Kualiti Air Marin Bagi Pulau Table 4.6 Malaysia : Marine Water Quality Status for Island 99 Jadual 4.7 Malaysia : Senarai Pantai Terbaik, 2016 Table 4.7 Malaysia : List of Excellent Coastal, 2016 99 Jadual 4.8 Malaysia : Senarai Kuala Kategori Terbaik, 2016 Table 4.8 Malaysia : List of Excellent Estuaries, 2016 LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA 2016 LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA 99 Jadual 4.9 Malaysia : Senarai Pulau Terbaik, 2016 Table 4.9 Malaysia : List of Excellent Islands, 2016 100 Peta : Semenanjung Malaysia : Lokasi Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Map : Peninsular Malaysia : Location of Marine Water Quality Stations 100 Peta : Sabah & Sarawak : Lokasi Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Map : Sabah & Sarawak : Location of Marine Water Quality Stations 80 PENGAWASAN KUALITI MARINE WATER QUALITY AIR MARIN MONITORING Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) The Department of Environment (DOE) menjalankan pengawasan kualiti has been monitoring the marine water air marin bermula pada tahun 1978 quality since 1978 in Peninsular Malaysia di Semenanjung Malaysia dan 1985 and 1985 in Sabah and Sarawak with bagi Sabah dan Sarawak dengan the main aims to establish the marine tujuan untuk mengenalpasti status water quality status and to determine kualiti air marin dan menentukan the degree of pollution from land- tahap pencemaran daripada based sources as well as the sea based punca-punca di daratan dan juga sources. These sources of pollution can di laut. Punca-punca pencemaran pose threats to the marine life and ini boleh menimbulkan ancaman disturb the stability and diversity of the kepada sumber kehidupan marin marine ecosystems. QUALITY MARINE AND ISLAND WATER dan menganggu kestabilan dan kepelbagaian ekosistem marin. Dalam tahun 2016, sebanyak 152 In 2016, a total of 152 coastal, 76 CHAPTER 4 stesen pantai, 76 stesen kuala dan 90 estuary and 90 island stations were stesen pulau telah dipantau. Sebanyak monitored. 608 samples from coastal, 608 sampel di kawasan pantai, 304 di 304 samples from estuary and 360 kuala dan 360 di pulau telah diambil samples from island monitoring stations untuk dianalisis dan hasilnya dilaporkan were collected for analysis and berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air Marin reported based on the Marine Water (IKAM). Quality Index (MWQI). IKAM digunakan sebagai satu kaedah The MWQI is used as a method to untuk menentukan kategori dan status determine the category and status kualiti air marin. Indeks ini dibangunkan of marine water quality. The index berdasarkan 7 parameter utama iaitu was developed based on the 7 main Oksigen Terlarut (DO), Nitrat (NO3), parameters which are Dissolved Fosfat (PO4), Ammonia Tidak Terion Oxygen (DO), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate (NH3), Faecal Coliform, Minyak dan Gris (PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3), (O&G) dan Jumlah Pepejal Terampai Faecal Coliform, Oil and Grease (O&G) (TSS). and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). IKAM yang berskala 0 hingga 100 akan The resulting MWQI with a scale between menentukan kategori kualiti air marin 0 to 100 will determine the category of daripada “Terbaik” hingga “Tercemar” the marine water quality, ranging from (Jadual 4.1). “Excellent” to “Poor” (Table 4.1). Jadual 4.1: Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin Table 4.1: Marine Water Quality Index Classification KATEGORI / CATEGORY NILAI INDEKS / INDEX VALUE Terbaik / Excellent 90 -100 Baik / Good 80 - <90 Sederhana / Moderate 50 - <80 Tercemar / Poor 0 - <50 QUALITY REPORT 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL MALAYSIA 81 Jadual 4.2: Standard dan Kriteria Kualiti Air Marin Malaysia BAB 4 Table 4.2: Malaysia Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards PARAMETER / KELAS 1 / KELAS 2 / KELAS 3 / KELAS E / KUALITI AIR MARIN DAN PULAU-PULAU PARAMETER CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 CLASS E Kegunaan/ Pemeliharaan, Kehidupan Laut, Pelabuhan, Paya Bakau &Muara Kawasan Perikanan, Terumbu Lapangan Minyak Sungai/ Dilindungi,Taman Karang, Rekreasi Dan Dan Gas/ Laut/ Marikultur/ Uses Marine Life, Fisheries, Mangroves Estuarine Preservation, Marine Coral Reefs, Ports, Oil & Gas Fields & River-Mouth Water Protected Areas, Recreational And Marine Parks Mariculture Suhu (°C)/ ≤ 2°C peningkatan ≤ 2°C peningkatan ≤ 2°C peningkatan ≤ 2°C peningkatan terhadap ambien terhadap ambien terhadap ambien terhadap ambien maksimum maksimum maksimum maksimum Temperature (°C) ≤ 2°C increase over ≤ 2°C increase over ≤ 2°C increase over ≤ 2°C increase over maximum ambient maximum ambient maximum ambient maximum ambient Oksigen Terlarut >80% tepu (mg/L)/ 5 3 4 Dissolved Oxygen >80% saturation (mg/L) Jumlah Pepejal 25 mg/L atau ≤ 10% 50mg/L (25 100 mg/L atau ≤ 10% 100 mg/L atau ≤ 30 % Terampai* (mg/L)/ peningkatan dalam mg/L) atau ≤ 10% peningkatan dalam peningkatan dalam purata bermusim, peningkatan dalam purata bermusim, purata bermusim, yang mana lebih purata bermusim, yang mana lebih yang mana lebih rendah/ yang mana lebih rendah/ rendah/ rendah/ Total suspended solid (mg/L) 25 mg/L or ≤ 10% 50mg/L (25 mg/L) 100 mg/L or ≤ 10% 100 mg/L or ≤ 30 % increase in seasonal or ≤ 10% increase in increase in seasonal increase in seasonal average, whichever seasonal average, average, whichever average, whichever is lower whichever is lower is lower is lower Minyak dan Geris (mg/L)/ 0.01 0.14 5 0.14 Oil and grease (mg/L) Raksa* (µg/L)/ 0.04 0.16 (0.04) 50 0.5 Mercury* (µg/L) LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA 2016 LAPORAN KUALITI ALAM SEKELILING MALAYSIA Kadmium* (µg/L)/ 0.5 2 (3) 10 2 Cadmium* (µg/L) Kromium (VI) (µg/L)/ 5 10 48 10 Chromium (VI) (µg/L) Kuprum (µg/L)/ 1.3 2.9 10 2.9 Copper (µg/L) Arsenik (III)* (µg/L)/ 3 20(3) 50 20 (3) Arsenic (III)* (µg/L) Plumbum (µg/L)/ 4.4 8.5 50 8.5 Lead (µg/L) 82 Jadual 4.2: Standard dan Kriteria Kualiti Air Marin Malaysia Table 4.2: Malaysia Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards PARAMETER / KELAS 1 / KELAS 2 / KELAS 3 / KELAS E / PARAMETER CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 CLASS E Kegunaan/ Pemeliharaan, Kehidupan Laut, Pelabuhan, Paya Bakau &Muara Kawasan Perikanan, Terumbu Lapangan Minyak Sungai/ Dilindungi,Taman Karang, Rekreasi Dan Dan Gas/ Laut/ Marikultur/ Uses Marine Life, Fisheries, Mangroves Estuarine Preservation, Marine Coral Reefs, Ports, Oil & Gas Fields & River-Mouth Water Protected Areas, Recreational And Marine Parks Mariculture Zink (µg/L)/ 15 50 100 50 Zinc (µg/L) Sianida (µg/L)/ 2 7 20 7 QUALITY MARINE AND ISLAND WATER Cyanide (µg/L) Ammonia (tidak terion) (µg/L)/ CHAPTER 4 35 70 320 70 Ammonia (unionized) (µg/L) Zink (µg/L)/ 15 50 100 50 Zinc (µg/L) Sianida (µg/L)/ 2 7 20 7 Cyanide (µg/L) Ammonia (tidak terion) (µg/L)/ 35 70 320 70 Ammonia (unionized) (µg/L) Nitrit (NO2) (µg/L)/ 10 55 1,000 55 Nitrite (NO2) (µg/L) Nitrat (NO3) (µg/L)/ 10 60 1,000 60 Nitrate (NO3) (µg/L) Fosfat (µg/L)/ 5 75 670 75 Phosphate (µg/L) Fenol (µg/L)/ 1 10 100 10 Phenol (µg/L) Tributyltin (TBT) (µg/L) 0.001 0.01 0.05 0.01 100 faecal coliform 100 faecal coliform 70 faecal coliform count/100mL & 200 faecal coliform count/100mL & Faecal coliform count/100mL (70 faecal coliform count/100mL (70 faecal coliform count/100mL) count/100mL) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) 100 200 1000 1000 µg/L Nota: * Nilai SKKAM dalam kurungan digunakan untuk kawasan air marin yang menjadi sumber makanan laut QUALITY REPORT 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL MALAYSIA Note: * MWQCS in parentheses are for coastal and marine water areas where seafood for human consumption is applicable 83 BAB 4 STATUS KUALITI COASTAL WATER AIR MARIN PANTAI QUALITY STATUS KUALITI AIR MARIN DAN PULAU-PULAU Dalam tahun 2016, sebanyak 152 stesen In 2016, a total of 152 coastal stations pantai telah dipantau dan dianalisis was monitored, analysed and reported serta dilaporkan dalam Indeks Kualiti Air in term of the Marine Water Quality Marin. Hasil pengawasan menunjukkan Index. The monitoring results indicated 16 stesen (11%) dikategorikan sebagai that 16 stations (11%) as Excellent, 31 Terbaik, 31 stesen (20%) sebagai Baik, stations (20%) as Good, 103 stations 103 stesen (68%) sebagai Sederhana (68%) as Moderate and 2 stations (1%) dan 2 stesen (1%) sebagai Tercemar. as Poor (Table 4.3). (Jadual 4.3).