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Expedition to the South Pole Framheim, National Library of Norway. Roald Amundsen Expedition to the South Pole E&T P 29 Roald Amundsen -2- Expedition to the South Pole by Roald Amundsen -1- Lecture delivered in German by Roald Amundsen before the Berlin Geographical Society on October 9, 1912. Translated and reprinted from the Zeitschr. der Gesell. für Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1912, No.7, pp. 481-498. Reprinted in the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of The Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., 1912, by permission from the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. 44, No. 11, November, 1912, New York, pp. 822-838. This edition of 100 copies was issued by The Erebus & Terror Press, Jaffrey, New Hampshire, for those attending the SouthPole-sium v.3 Oslo, Norway 12-14 May 2017. Certain images and footnotes were not included. Printed at Savron Graphics Jaffrey, New Hampshire May 2017 ❦ -2- Expedition to the South Pole HE PLAN of the third Fram expedition was twofold: First, the attainment Tof the South Pole, and, second, the exploration of the north polar regions. This evening I have the honor to report to you on the accomplishment of the first part of this plan. I can only briefly mention here the expeditions which have worked in the region which we had selected for our starting point. As we wished to reach the South Pole, our first problem was to go south as far as possible with our ship and there establish our station. Even so, the sled journeys would be long enough. I knew that the English expedition would again choose their old winter quarters in McMurdo Sound, South Victoria Land, as their starting point. From newspaper report [sic] it was known that the Japanese had selected to further advance toward the south. King Edward VII Land. In order to avoid In 1901 the Discovery steamed along the these two expeditions we had to establish Barrier and confirmed in every respect what our station on the Great Ice Barrier as far the Southern Cross had observed. Land was as possible from the starting points of the also discovered in the direction indicated by two other expeditions. Ross, namely, King Edward VII Land. Scott, The Great Ice Barrier, also called the too, landed in Balloon Bight, and, like his Ross Barrier, lies between South Victoria predecessors, saw the large bay to the west. Land and King Edward VII Land and has In 1908 Shackleton arrived there on the an extent of about 515 miles.1 The first Nimrod. He, too, followed along the edge of to reach this mighty ice formation was the Ice Barrier. He came to the conclusion Sir James Clark Ross in 1841. He did not that disturbances had taken place in the Ice dare approach the great ice wall, 100 feet Barrier. The shore line of Balloon Bight, he high, with his two sailing ships, the Erebus thought, had changed and merged with the and the Terror, whose progress southward large bay to the west. was impeded by this mighty obstacle. He This large bay, which he thought to be examined the ice wall from a distance, of recent origin, he named Bay of Whales. however, as far as possible. His observations He gave up his original plan of landing showed that the Barrier is not a continuous, there, as the Ice Barrier appeared to him abrupt ice wall, but is interrupted by bays too dangerous for the establishment of and small channels. On Ross’s map a bay of winter quarters. considerable magnitude may be seen. It was not difficult to determine that The next expedition was that of the the bay shown on Ross’s map and the so- Southern Cross in 1900. It is interesting to called Bay of Whales are identical; it was note that this party found the bay mentioned only necessary to compare the two maps. above at the same place where Ross had seen Except for a few pieces that had broken off it in 1841, nearly 60 years before; that this from the Barrier, the bay had remained the expedition also was able to land a few miles same for the last 70 years. It was therefore to the east of the large bay in a small bay, possible to assume that the bay did not named Balloon Bight, and from there to owe its origin to chance and that it must ascend the Ice Barrier, which heretofore had be underlain by land, either in the form of been considered an insurmountable obstacle sand banks or otherwise. 1 All values have been changed from the metrIc system to This bay we decided upon as our base English equivalents. of operations. It lies 400 miles from the -3- English station in McMurdo Sound and Instead of the smooth, flat surface which 115 miles from King Edward VII Land. the outer wall of the Barrier presents, we We could therefore assume that we should here found the surface to be very uneven. be far enough from the English sphere of We everywhere saw sharp hills and points interest and need not fear crossing the route between which there were pressure cracks of the English expedition. The reports and depressions filled with large masses of concerning the Japanese station on King drift. These features were not of recent date. Edward VII Land were indefinite. We took On the contrary, it was easy to see that they it for granted, however, that a distance of were very old and that they must have had 115 miles would suffice. their origin at a time which long preceded On August 9, 1910, we left Norway the period of Ross’s visit. on the Fram, the ship that had originally Originally we had planned to establish been built for Nansen. We had 97 superb our station several miles from the edge of the Eskimo dogs and provisions for two years. Barrier, in order not to subject ourselves to The first harbor we reached was Madeira. the danger of an unwelcome and involuntary There the last preparations were made for sea trip, which might have occurred had the our voyage to the Ross Barrier—truly not part of the Barrier on which we erected our an insignificant distance which we had to house broken off. This precaution, however, cover, namely, 16,000 nautical miles from was not necessary, as the features which we Norway to the Bay of Whales. We had observed on our first examination of the area estimated that this trip would require five offered a sufficient guarantee for the stability months. The Fram, which has justly been of the Barrier at this point. called the stanchest [sic] polar ship in the In a small valley, hardly 21 miles from world, on this voyage across practically all the ship’s anchorage, we therefore selected of the oceans proved herself to be extremely a place for our winter quarters. It was seaworthy. Thus we traversed without a protected from the wind on all sides. On single mishap the regions of the northeast the next day we began unloading the ship. and of the southeast trades, the stormy seas We had brought with us material for house of the “roaring forties,” the fogs of the building as well as equipment and provisions fifties, the ice-filled sixties, and reached our for nine men for several years. We divided field of work at the Ice Barrier on January into two groups—the ship’s group and the 14, 1911. Everything had gone splendidly. land group. The first was composed of the The ice in the Bay of Whales had just commander of the ship, Capt. Nilsen, and broken up, and we were able to advance the nine men who were to stay on board to considerably farther south than any of our take the Fram out of the ice and to Buenos predecessors had done. We found a quiet Aires. The other group consisted of the men little nook behind a projecting ice cape; from who were to occupy the winter quarters and here we could transfer our equipment to the march on to the south. The ship’s group had Barrier with comparative safety. Another to unload everything from the ship upon the great advantage was that the Barrier at this ice. There the land group took charge of the place descended very gradually to the sea cargo and brought, it to the building site. At ice, so that we had the best possible surface first we were rather unaccustomed to work, for our sleds. Our first undertaking was to as we had had little exercise on the long sea ascend the Barrier in order to get a general voyage. But before long we were all “broken survey and to determine a suitable place in,” and then the transfer to the site of our for the erection of the house which we had home “Framheim” went on rapidly; the brought with us. The supposition that this house grew daily. part of the Barrier rests on land seemed to be When all the material had been landed our confirmed immediately by our surroundings. skilled carpenters, Olav Bjaaland and Jorgen -4- Stubberud, began building the house. It was our whole trust on Eskimo dogs and skis, a ready-made house which we had brought while the English, as a result of their own with us; nothing had to be done but to put experience, had abandoned dogs as well together the various numbered parts. In as skis, but, on the other hand, were well order that the house might brave all storms, equipped with motor sleds and ponies.
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