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The Application and Challenges of Photography in Nigeria Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 THE APPLICATION AND CHALLENGES OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN NIGERIA OHIMAI, PATIENCE, E., PhD DEPARTMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN, AUCHI POLYTECHNIC, AUCHI, EDO STATE Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the application and challenges of photography in Nigeria. The study considered the different types of photography, their prospects and limitations. The study revealed that the major challenges facing the practice of photography are insecurity, poor funding, cybercrimes, inadequate technology, lack of local content and unstable governance / politics. It therefore concluded that the practice of photography in Nigeria has a lot of advantages to the socio-cultural, socio- political and socio-economic development of the nation if all the major challenges are addressed. 1.0 Introduction production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication (Marc-Olivier, Photography is the art of capturing 2011). light with a camera, usually via a digital sensor or film, to create an image (Belisle, The first permanent photograph 2013; Peres, 2008). With the right camera was captured in 1826 (some sources say equipment, you can even photograph 1827) by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in wavelengths of light invisible to the France (Eder, 1945; Litchfield, 1903). human eye, including UV, infrared, and Color photography started to become radio. Photography is the art, application, popular and accessible with the release of and the practice of creating durable images Eastman Kodak’s “Kodachrome” film in by recording light, either electronically by the 1930s (Schewe, 2012). Before that, means of an image sensor, or chemically almost all photos were monochromatic – by means of a light-sensitive material such although a handful of photographers, as photographic film (Campbell, 2005; toeing the line between chemists and Needham, 2019). It is employed in many alchemists, had been using specialized fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., techniques to capture color images for photolithography), and business, as well as decades before (Anderson & Anderson, its more direct uses for art, film and video 1993). 115 Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 1.1 Types and Applications of a. Portrait Photography Photography Portraiture is arguably one of the Below are some of the most most popular photography styles. Today, popular types of photography: virtually anybody can practice this genre with their smartphones. With powerful a. Portrait Photography specs becoming more accessible and social b. Still Life Photography media platforms promoting sharing the c. Landscape Photography highlights of our lives, it’s become natural d. Food Photography to point and shoot (Marc-Olivier, 2011). e. Sports Photography f. Wildlife Photography Also known as candid g. Macro Photography photography, the beauty of portrait h. Event Photography photography is that it allows you to i. Fashion Photography capture a subject’s personality. This can be j. Newborn Photography done through poses, close-ups, and k. Street Photography evoking genuine expressions (Peterson, l. Photojournalism 2011). Professional photographers in this m. Documentary Photography niche normally photograph supermodels or n. Stock Photography famous personalities on red carpets or at o. Weather Photography magazine shoots, but in some cases, they p. Architectural Photography also do graduation pictures, family q. Long Exposure Photography portraits, and professional headshots for aspiring models and actors (Belisle, 2013). Figures 1-4: Images of portraits (Peterson, 2011). 116 Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 b. Still Life Photography billboards. One of the secrets in taking amazing still life photos is to have great As the name entails, this popular lighting, whether outdoor or indoor. In photography niche mainly involves taking product photography, many photographers photos of objects. It crosses over to use a lightbox. This eliminates harsh product photography, through which shadows by illuminating the item from all advertising agencies have branded items angles (Marc-Olivier, 2011). photographed for catalogs, magazines, and Figures 5-7: Images of still life (Oloruntimilehin, 2018). c. Landscape Photography while exploring the great outdoors. With such technology, it has become much This genre involves the shooting of easier to capture a bird’s eye view of tall trees, mountains, and anything else landscapes, breathing in more depth to that people may feel compelled to capture shots (Marc-Olivier, 2011). Figures 8-10: Images of landscape (Marc-Olivier, 2011). 117 Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 d. Food Photography photos of our food, whether for fun or for marketing The aim of this type purposes (Mathur, 2014). of photography is to keep Figures 11-13: Images of foods (Mathur, 2014). e. Sports Photography and heavy lenses that are capable of zooming in to where the action is. These Sports photography is a more lenses are also specially made to shoot at professional niche that involves a lot of fast shutter speeds, without ending up with high-speed shooting. Photographers who underexposed images (Mathur, 2014). shoot sports are normally armed with long Figures 14-16: Images of sports (Mathur, 2014). 118 Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 obvious challenge of capturing good and clear images of wild animals without intruding on their natural habitats, a job in this niche requires major upgrades in f. Wildlife Photography camera equipment and a whole lot of Another rewarding and well-paying safety measures (Marc-Olivier, 2011). niche is wildlife photography. Due to the Figures 17-19: Images of wildlife (Marc-Olivier, 2011). g. Macro Photography is relatively easy, as long as you have the right equipment. These pictures are usually Those who want to take truly taken using a macro lens with a DSLR or incredible images tend to like macro mirrorless camera (Mathur, 2014; photography. Capturing objects to make Needham, 2019). them look much bigger than they really are Figures 20-22: Enlarged images of microscopic organisms (Needham, 2019). 119 Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 Event photography is a wide and popular niche that includes many specific kinds of events, such as concerts, birthdays, corporate meetings, and weddings. It usually involves a mix of different photography techniques as you may be taking pictures of everything from h. Event Photography people and their candid moments to the venue and the food (Mathur, 2014). Figures 23-25: Images of events (Mathur, 2014). i. Fashion Photography body shots (Zand, 2017). However, it can also involve some portrait shooting. For Fashion photos typically feature decades it has remained one of the most supermodels and celebrities in high- lucrative niches, thanks to the demand for fashion clothes, shoes, and accessories. it in advertising and marketing (Peres, Due to the need to showcase the outfits, 2008). this niche usually involves a lot of full 120 Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 Figures 26-28: Images of fashion (Zand, 2017). j. Concert photography photographers work freelance and are contracted through an artist or their Concert photography focuses on management to cover a specific show. capturing candid images of both the artist Concert photographs are often used to or band as well as the atmosphere promote the artist or band in addition to (including the crowd). Many of these the venue (Schewe, 2012). Figures 29-31: Images of concerts (Schewe, 2012). k. Crime scene photography Crime scene photography consists robberies and murders. A black and white of photographing scenes of crime such as camera or an infrared camera may be used to capture specific details (Mathur, 2014). 121 Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 Figures 32-34: Images of crime scenes (Mathur, 2014). l. Newborn Photography that come with it. Aside from newborns being very fragile, their eyes are sensitive Newborn, baby, or infant to light, so you’ll need to get the right gear photography is essentially the same as and learn how to use your camera to make portrait photography, but we’re listing it as the most out of the available light its own niche due to the unique challenges (Campbell, 2005; Mathur, 2014). Figures 35-37: Images of newborns (Campbell, 2005) m. Street Photography theme or topic. The best part is that you can use different types of cameras for This is a unique genre in street photography (Belisle, 2013). photography that documents the human condition and captures unplanned events Usual subjects include street vendors, as they unfold, usually with no central street food, children, graffiti artworks, and 122 Ebonyi Journal of Science, Volume 3, Number 1, March 2020 a lot of concrete, sometimes in black-and- highlight or portray the reality of the white. They don’t necessarily have to be outside world (Marc-Olivier, 2011). taken in the streets, as long as they Figures 38-40: Images of streets (Belisle, 2013). n. Photojournalism Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media, and help Photojournalism is a particular communities connect with one other. form of photography (the collecting, Photojournalists must be well informed editing, and presenting of news material and knowledgeable about events for publication or broadcast) that employs happening right outside their door. They images in order to tell a
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