Introduction Psychopathy and Substance Addiction Are Highly Co
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Brain Networks Underlying Vulnerability and Resilience to Drug Addiction
Brain networks underlying vulnerability and resilience to drug addiction Karen D. Erschea,b,1,2, Chun Menga,b,1,2, Hisham Ziauddeena,c, Jan Stochla,d, Guy B. Williamse, Edward T. Bullmorea,b,c, and Trevor W. Robbinsb,f aDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; bBehavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom; cCambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom; dDepartment of Kinanthropology and Humanities, Charles University, 16252 Prague, Czech Republic; eDepartment of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom; and fDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom Edited by Joseph E. LeDoux, New York University, New York, NY, and approved May 8, 2020 (received for review February 11, 2020) Regular drug use can lead to addiction, but not everyone who Much of the neuroscientific research on resilience has been ex- takes drugs makes this transition. How exactly drugs of abuse amined in adolescence (10), which is a period of heightened interact with individual vulnerability is not fully understood, nor is vulnerability and neural plasticity (11). While studies of adoles- it clear how individuals defy the risks associated with drugs or cents are important to inform the development and imple- addiction vulnerability. We used resting-state functional MRI mentation of preventative strategies, we also need to understand (fMRI) in 162 participants to characterize risk- and resilience- how resilience operates in vulnerable adults as the compensatory related changes in corticostriatal functional circuits in individuals mechanisms that have been characterized in adolescents do not exposed to stimulant drugs both with and without clinically di- necessarily translate into adulthood. -
Psychology of Lying Farisha
The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 2, Issue 2, Paper ID: B00345V2I22015 http://www.ijip.in | January to March 2015 Psychology of Lying Farisha. A. T. P1, Sakkeel. K. P2 ABSTRACT: Lying is a part of communication and a form of social behavior which is involved in interacting with others. Lying means saying a statement that he/she knows themselves as false to others to whom he/she want to perceive it as true. It can be explained by different psychological principles of psychodynamic theory, humanistic theory, behavior theory etc. Lying arises from hedonistic nature of humans that to avoid pain and to increase pleasure. It can be also seen that we lies not only for personal gains but also for others gain too. That is to avoid harm affecting ourselves and to avoid hurting others. Lying can be accepted if it saves someone’s life-ourselves or of others. Keywords: Psychological factors, Lie INTRODUCTION: Lying is a form of deceiving others verbally. It is a part of our behavioral response in communicating with others. It has long been a part of everyday life. We can't get through even a single day without telling lies. It is a consistent feature of human social behavior. We are not aware of all the lies we tell. We people lie most the time in our daily life, afraid of other people finding out the truth about us. We lie mostly to our parents, partners, friends, supervisors and so on to whomever else with whom we interact. -
Primary and Secondary Subtypes of Juvenile Psychopathy: a Difference in Attentional Bias Toward Ψυιοπασδφγηϕκτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖaddictive Substances Jessica A
πασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγ ηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζ ξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβν µθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωερτPrimary and secondary subtypes of juvenile psychopathy: a difference in attentional bias toward ψυιοπασδφγηϕκτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖaddictive substances Jessica A. Moreno Rojas βνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθω ερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωερτψυι οπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδ φγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλ ζξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβ νµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωε ρτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωερτψυιο πασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµρτψυιοπασδφγηϕ κλζξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχ ϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβνµθ University of Amsterdam Clinical Forensic Psychology Masterthesis Supervisor UvA: Hans van der Baan Student number: 10002996 Submitted: April 10, 2016 γηϕκλζξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζ ξχϖβνµθωερτψυιοπασδφγηϕκλζξχϖβν 2 Primary and secondary subtypes of juvenile psychopathy: a difference in attentional bias toward addictive substances PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUBTYPES OF JUVENILE PSYCHOPATHY: A DIFFERENCE IN ATTENTIONAL BIAS TOWARD ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCES Table of contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 JUVENILE PSYCHOPATHY ............................................................................................................................................. -
Addicts As People
Addicts as People William R. Miller, Ph.D. Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse and Addictions (CASAA) The University of New Mexico (USA) A Conflict of Interest The speaker is ambivalent about addiction treatment in the U.S. Origins of Stigma U.S. Prohibition 1920 • Alcohol Education During Prohibition • Alcohol is a medically and socially dangerous drug • Drinkers inflict great harm and cost on society • Alcohol cannot be used for long in moderation • Those who drink are headed for insanity or death • Abstinence is the only sane choice and then . End of Prohibition 1933 National Cognitive Dissonance 1935 The Seed of a Solution • It is only certain people who are at risk • Alcoholics are different from normal people • Non-alcoholics can drink with impunity Alcoholics/Addicts as “Other” An American Disease Model 1. Alcoholics have a disease that renders them constitutionally incapable of drinking in moderation 2. Their loss of control is permanent and irreversible 3. Therefore lifelong abstinence is essential for alcoholics 4. They have immature defense mechanisms and personality 5. Particularly a high level of “denial” and pathological lying 6. Therefore alcoholics are out of touch with reality “The quest for the test” Miller, W. R. (1986). Haunted by the Zeitgeist: Reflections on contrasting treatment goals and concepts of alcoholism in Europe and the United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 472, 110-129. This model justified “treatments” that would constitute malpractice for any other disorder “When the executive tried to deny that he had a drinking problem the medical director came down hard: ‘Shut up and listen.’ he said. -
Reinforcement-Based Cognitive Biases As Vulnerability Factors
Reinforcement-based cognitive biases as vulnerability factors in alcohol addiction: From humans to animal models Karolina Noworyta1, Agata Cieslik1, and Rafal Rygula1 1Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences March 15, 2021 Abstract Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common but still poorly treated psychiatric conditions. Developing new treatments requires a better understanding of the aetiology of symptoms and evaluation of novel therapeutic targets in preclinical studies. Recent developments in our understanding of the reinforcement-based cognitive biases (RBCBs) that contribute to the development of AUD and its treatment offer new opportunities for both clinical and preclinical research. In this review, we first briefly describe psychological and cognitive theories that implicate various aspects of reinforcement sensitivity in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of alcohol addiction. Furthermore, in separate sections, we describe studies investigating RBCBs and their neural, neurochemical, and pharmacological correlates, and we discuss possible interactions between RBCBs and trajectories of AUD. Finally, we describe how recent translational studies using state-of-the-art animal models can facilitate our understanding of the role of reinforcement sensitivity and RBCBs in various aspects of AUD. Introduction Alcohol addiction is one of the biggest problems of modern society through its impact on health, social cohesion, crime, and its comorbidity with other neuropsychiatric disorders. Major advances in genetics and molecular neurobiology have led to the identification of many of the primary targets of alcohol and revealed neuroadaptations that develop with its chronic consumption. However, understanding pre-existing cognitive deficits that serve as substrates compounding the initiation of alcohol use and the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a major challenge. -
Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: the Science of Addiction
Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction A Research Update from the National Institute on Drug Abuse — January 2007 Is drug addiction a disease? Yes. Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease that affects the brain and causes compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. ¾ How is addiction a disease? Addiction is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain—in structure and in function. It’s true that for most people, the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary. Over time, however, drug abuse can cause changes to the brain that erode a person’s self control and ability to make sound decisions, while sending intense impulses to take drugs. Many people today do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs, or how drugs change the brain to foster ¾ What is its course? Drug addiction is a compulsive drug abuse. This new NIDA booklet aims to fill that chronic, relapsing disease––like diabetes, knowledge gap by providing scientific information about the asthma, or heart disease––and it can be disease of drug addiction, including the many harmful consequences and basic approaches to prevent and treat the managed successfully. Treatment helps people disease. http://www.drugabuse.gov/scienceofaddiction to counteract addiction’s powerful disruptive effects and regain control of their lives. And just as with other chronic diseases, relapses are not uncommon. But relapse does not signal failure—rather, it indicates that treatment should be reinstated or adjusted to help the addict fully recover. Why do some people become addicted, while others do not? No single factor can predict whether or not a person will become addicted to drugs. -
Physician's Newsletter
PUBLISHED· BY THE N. Y. C. MEDICAL SOCIETY PHYSICIAN'S ON ALCOHOLISM, Inc. 167 East 80 St. New York 21, N.Y. A MARCH 1966 VOL. I, NO.2 ©Copyright 1966 The N.Y.C. Medical. NEWSLETTER Society on Alcoholism, Inc. I -HISTORIC RULING I 'TOTAL ABSTINENCE' TERMED A U.S. Court of Appeals tribunal in OBJECTIVE OF TREATMENT Richmond, Va., has rulee unanimously Alcoholic patients whose treatment led to total abstinence had the best chance that it is "cruel and unusual punish of marked improvement of social adaptation, according to Dr. D. L. Davies, director ment" to arrest and treat a chronic alco of psychiatry at Maudsley Hospital, London, England, a major teaching center. He holic as a criminal; he might, however, spoke at a seminar at Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, Conn., about an. article .of. :I.Jis · be held for medical treatment. which had been widely thought to endorse treatment directed at·a return to so6Ial The case involved an individual who drinking. had been convicted of public intoxica Misunderstandings had arisen as a result of his report, "Normal Drinking tion more than 200 times and who esti in Reversed Alcoholics" published last mates that he has spent more than two year in the Quarterly Journal of Alcohol thirds of his life in jail. Studies. The article reports the elabo CENTRAL ISLIP OPENS Crux of the decision, which set aside rate follow-up studies of patients treated ALCOHOL FACILITY a 2-year sentence, was the court's state for alcoholism in Maudsley Hospital, in Dedication of the Charles K. -
Neurotrophic Factor Expression After CNS Viral Injury Produces Enhanced Sensitivity to Psychostimulants: Potential Mechanism for Addiction Vulnerability
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2000, Vol. 20 RC104 1of5 Neurotrophic Factor Expression After CNS Viral Injury Produces Enhanced Sensitivity to Psychostimulants: Potential Mechanism for Addiction Vulnerability Marylou V. Solbrig,1 George F. Koob,2 Loren H. Parsons,2 Tomoko Kadota,3 Nigel Horscroft,1 Thomas Briese,1 and W. Ian Lipkin1 1Departments of Neurology, Microbiology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697- 4292, 2Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and 3Department of Anatomy, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba 260, Japan Hypothesized risk factors for psychostimulant, amphetamine, specific neurotrophin expression pattern triggered by striatal and cocaine abuse include dopamine (DA) receptor polymor- viral injury that increases tyrosine hydroxylase activity, an early phisms, HIV infection, schizophrenia, drug-induced paranoias, step in DA synthesis, to produce a phenotype of enhanced and movement disorders; however, the molecular, cellular, and amphetamine sensitivity. The reactive neurotrophin pattern pro- biochemical mechanisms that predispose to drug sensitivity or vides a molecular framework for understanding how CNS viral drive the development of addiction are incompletely under- injury, as well as other CNS adaptations producing similar stood. Using the Borna disease rat, an animal model of viral- growth factor activation profiles, may influence psychostimu- induced encephalopathy wherein sensitivity to the locomotor lant sensitivity. and stereotypic behavioral effects of D-amphetamine and co- Key words: virus; encephalitis; neurotrophin; Borna disease; caine is enhanced (Solbrig et al., 1994, 1998), we identify a rat; cocaine; amphetamine; dopamine There is increasing experimental evidence to support a role for with BDV are sensitive to the locomotor and stereotypic behav- neuronal growth factors in the CNS response to drug exposure ioral effects of D-amphetamine and cocaine (Solbrig et al., 1994, that outlasts the acute effects of drug. -
A Unified Framework for Addiction: Vulnerabilities in the Decision Process
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2008) 31, 415–487 Printed in the United States of America doi:10.1017/S0140525X0800472X A unified framework for addiction: Vulnerabilities in the decision process A. David Redish Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 [email protected] http://umn.edu/~redish/ Steve Jensen Graduate Program in Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 [email protected] Adam Johnson Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 [email protected] Abstract: The understanding of decision-making systems has come together in recent years to form a unified theory of decision-making in the mammalian brain as arising from multiple, interacting systems (a planning system, a habit system, and a situation-recognition system). This unified decision-making system has multiple potential access points through which it can be driven to make maladaptive choices, particularly choices that entail seeking of certain drugs or behaviors. We identify 10 key vulnerabilities in the system: (1) moving away from homeostasis, (2) changing allostatic set points, (3) euphorigenic “reward-like” signals, (4) overvaluation in the planning system, (5) incorrect search of situation-action-outcome relationships, (6) misclassification of situations, (7) overvaluation in the habit system, (8) a mismatch in the balance of the two decision systems, (9) over-fast discounting processes, and (10) changed learning rates. These vulnerabilities provide a taxonomy of potential problems with decision-making systems. Although each vulnerability can drive an agent to return to the addictive choice, each vulnerability also implies a characteristic symptomology. Different drugs, different behaviors, and different individuals are likely to access different vulnerabilities. -
Psychology 188 Impulse Control Disorders Dr. George F. Koob
Psychology 188 impulse Control Disorders Dr. George F. Koob Winter 2010 Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:00 a.m. – 12:20 p.m. Price Center Auditorium 1 Syllabus Psychology 188 Winter 2010 Reader Date Lecture Topic Pages Tues Jan 5 Overview – Self Regulation 4 - 5 Thurs Jan 7 Mechanisms of Self-Regulation Failure 6 – 8 Tues Jan 12 Addiction Model of Self-Regulation Failure 9 – 13 Thurs Jan 14 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 14 – 16 Tues Jan 19 Nicotine Dependence 17 – 19 Thurs Jan 21 Compulsive Gambling 20 – 22 Tues Jan 26 Compulsive Buying 26 – 28 Thurs Jan 28 Compulsive Sex 23 – 25 Tues Feb 2 MIDTERM Thurs Feb 4 Computer Addiction 29 – 34 Tues Feb 9 Failure to Control Emotions and Mood 35 – 37 Thurs Feb 11 Atypical Impulse Control Disorders 44 – 47 Tues Feb 16 Compulsive Eating and Bulimia – Dr. Amanda Roberts 38 – 40 Thurs Feb 18 Compulsive Exercise - Dr. Amanda Roberts 41 – 43 Tues Feb 23 Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy – Dr. Reid Meloy 48 – 49 Thurs Feb 25 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders – Dr. David Feifel 50 – 51 Tues Mar 2 Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Central Inhibition – Dr. Neal Swerdlow 52 – 53 Thurs Mar 4 Cultivating Self-Regulation & Treatment of Impulse Control Disorders 54 – 57 Tues Mar 9 Brain Mechanisms of Self-Regulation Failure and Stress 58 – 62 Thurs Mar 11 Bill Moyers Special: The Hijacked Brain Thurs Mar 18 FINAL EXAM 11:30 a.m. – 2:30 p.m Required Reading: There is a course reader available for download on the course website. Also, you will be required to read the first two chapters from the book “Losing Control”, which is available on the course website and the book is on reserve at the Geisel Library. -
Interpersonal Traits of Psychopathy Linked to Reduced Integrity of the Uncinate Fasciculus
r Human Brain Mapping 36:4202–4209 (2015) r Interpersonal Traits of Psychopathy Linked to Reduced Integrity of the Uncinate Fasciculus Richard C. Wolf,1,2 Maia S. Pujara,1,2 Julian C. Motzkin,1,2 Joseph P. Newman,3 Kent A. Kiehl,4,5 Jean Decety,6 David S. Kosson,7 and Michael Koenigs1* 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 2Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 3Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 4The Non-Profit MIND Research Network, An Affiliate of Lovelace Biomedical And Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, New Mexico 5Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Law, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 6Department of Psychology, University Of Chicago, Illinois 7Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University Of Medicine And Science, North Chicago, Illinois r r Abstract: Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by callous lack of empathy, impulsive antisocial behavior, and criminal recidivism. Here, we performed the largest diffusion tensor imag- ing (DTI) study of incarcerated criminal offenders to date (N 5 147) to determine whether psychopa- thy severity is linked to the microstructural integrity of major white matter tracts in the brain. Consistent with the results of previous studies in smaller samples, we found that psychopathy was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy in the right uncinate fasciculus (UF; the major white matter tract connecting ventral frontal and anterior temporal cortices). We found no such associa- tion in the left UF or in adjacent frontal or temporal white matter tracts. Moreover, the right UF finding was specifically related to the interpersonal features of psychopathy (glib superficial charm, grandiose sense of self-worth, pathological lying, manipulativeness), rather than the affective, anti- social, or lifestyle features. -
Intensive Treatment Program for Problem Gamblers
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Alberta Gambling Research Institute Alberta Gambling Research Institute 1999 Intensive treatment program for problem gamblers Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC) http://hdl.handle.net/1880/41354 technical report Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca Intensive Treatment for Problem Gamblers Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission I MAINC HV 6722 C32 I57 1999 c.2 Intensive treatment program for problem gamblers. -- 3 5057 00630 0130 A Acknowledgements This Non-residential Intensive Treatment Program for Problem Gamblers has been the result of the work of many people over a period of two years.The initial survey of the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission's supervisors indicated that a program such as this needed to be flexible so that it would fit with agency and client needs.The program provides a flexible guide for counsellors as opposed to a prescriptive format of delivery. During the two years in development, the program was field tested in various communities and various formats. Recommendations from those pilot experiences were implemented.We would like to thank Stan Wiens for the coordination, research and format of this program. AADAC staff who provided input on the modules include: Barry Andres, Dayle Bruce, Susan Cormack, Dave Delaire, Mary Ellen Jackson Herman, Diane Lamb, Gene LeBlanc, Ernie Ling, Harold Machmer, Marie-Line Mailloux, M.J. Mcleod, Ron Olsen and Karen Smith. Marley Chute was the tireless typist and computer formatter. Disclaimer AADAC is a non-profit agency of the government of Alberta.This resource is available free of charge to AADAC staff and may be distributed to other treatment personnel in Alberta in a limited number; however, a few packages may be sold on a partial cost-recovery basis to agencies outside the province but distribution and sale will be limited to Canada and the USA.