BBBA7978 Hydroxocobalamin 1Mg Ml Solution for Injection PIL UK.Indd
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Dispensing of Vitamin Products by Retail Pharmacies in South Africa: Implications for Dietitians
South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016; 29(4):133–138 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2016.1219468 SAJCN ISSN 1607-0658 EISSN 2221-1268 Open Access article distributed under the terms of the © 2016 The Author(s) Creative Commons License [CC BY-NC 3.0] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 RESEARCH Dispensing of vitamin products by retail pharmacies in South Africa: Implications for dietitians Ilse Trutera* and Liana Steenkampb a Department of Pharmacy, Drug Utilisation Research Unit (DURU), Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa b HIV & AIDS Research Unit, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa *Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse the dispensing patterns of vitamins (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) group A11) over a one-year period in a group of community pharmacies in South Africa. Design and setting: A retrospective drug utilisation study was conducted on community pharmacy electronic dispensing records in South Africa recorded in 2013. Outcome measures: All products for ATC subgroup A11 were extracted and analysed. Results: A total of 164 233 vitamin products were dispensed to 84 805 patients (62.64% female patients). Males received on average 2.09 (SD = 2.63) vitamin products per year, compared to 1.84 (SD = 2.13) products for females. Ergocalciferol (A11CC01) was the most often dispensed (37.48% of all vitamin products), followed by plain Vitamin B-complex products (A11EA00) accounting for 32.77%. Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is only available on prescription (50 000 IU tablets or 50 000 IU/ml oily drops) in South Africa. -
IV-23 N. Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit®)
N. Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit®) I. Classification •Cyanide antidote II. Actions •Binds cyanide ions with more affinity than hemoglobin molecule •Cyanide ion and hydroxocobalamin form cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) which is then excreted in the urine. III. Indications •Known or suspected cyanide poisoning - patients at high risk (industrial accidents, fire victims with smoke inhalation, known overdose, etc) with one more more of the following symptoms: - Altered mental status, confusion, seizures, coma - Headache - Chest pain or tightness - Shortness of breath, bradypnea, tachypnea - Hypertension (early), hypotension (late), cardiovascular collapse - Nausea, vomiting - Cardiac arrest - Mydriasis (dilated pupils) IV. Contraindications •Known allergic reaction to hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin V. Adverse effects A. Cardiovascular •Ventricular extrasystoles •Tachycardia •Transient hypertension B. Neurological •Memory impairment •Dizziness •Restlessness C. Respiratory •Dyspnea •Dry Throat •Throat tightness D. Gastrointestinal •Abdominal discomfort •Dysphagia •Vomiting, diarrhea •Hematochezia E. General •Allergic reaction, pruritis, anaphylaxis •Hot flush SUBJECT : PATIENT CARE GUIDELINES AND STANDING ORDERS FOR BLS AND ALS UNITS REFERENCE NO. III-01 PUBLICATION : 1/11/21 IV-23 VI. Administration A. Do not administer hydroxocobalamin through the same IV site/set as the following medications: dopamine, fentanyl, dobutamine, diazepam, nitroglycerin, pentobarbital, propofol, thiopental, sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid. You must start a second IV to administer hydroxocobalamin in patient’s receiving these medications. B. Adult: •5 grams IV/IO over 15 minutes (Stocked as single 5gm bottle, or two 2.5 gm bottles) -Single 5 gm Bottle - Reconstituted with 200 ml Normal Saline. -Two 2.5 gm Bottles, give over 7.5 minutes each. - Each vial reconstituted with 100 ml Normal Saline. C. Pediatric •100 mg/kg IV/IO of hydroxocobalamin (reconstituted with Normal Saline the same as adults) over 15 minutes. -
Vitamins Minerals Nutrients
vitamins minerals nutrients Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Snapshot Monograph Vitamin B12 Nutrient name(s): (Cyanocobalamin) Vitamin B12 Most Frequent Reported Uses: Cyanocobalamin • Homocysteine regulation Methylcobalamin • Neurological health, including Adenosylcobalamin (Cobamamide) diabetic neuropathy, cognitive Hydroxycobalamin (European) function, vascular dementia, stroke prevention • Anemias, including pernicious and megaloblastic • Sulfite sensitivity Cyanocobalamin Introduction: Vitamin B12 was isolated from liver extract in 1948 and reported to control pernicious anemia. Cobalamin is the generic name of vitamin B12 because it contains the heavy metal cobalt, which gives this water-soluble vitamin its red color. Vitamin B12 is an essential growth factor and plays a role in the metabolism of cells, especially those of the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, and nervous tissue. Several different cobalamin compounds exhibit vitamin B12 activity. The most stable form is cyanocobalamin, which contains a cyanide group that is well below toxic levels. To become active in the body, cyanocobalamin must be converted to either methylcobalamin or adenosylcobalamin. Adenosylcobalamin is the primary form of vitamin B12 in the liver. © Copyright 2013, Integrative Health Resources, LLC | www.metaboliccode.com A protein in gastric secretions called intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 and facilitates its absorption. Without intrinsic factor, only a small percentage of vitamin B12 is absorbed. Once absorbed, relatively large amounts of vitamin B12 can be stored in the liver. The body actually reabsorbs vitamin B12 in the intestines and returns much of it to the liver, allowing for very little to be excreted from the body. However, when there are problems in the intestines, such as the microflora being imbalanced resulting in gastrointestinal inflammation, then vitamin B12 deficiencies can occur. -
Self-Administering a Vitamin B12 Injection
Self-administering a Vitamin B12 injection This is usually given as an intramuscular injection, every 2-3 months. Alternatives to an intramuscular injection are: Oral Vitamin B12 at a dose of at least 1000mcg per day. • Available as tablets or a spray. They can be bought over the counter and available at most health food stores and pharmacies. • Oral Vitamin B12 is not recommended if: - If you have a bowel condition such as inflammatory bowel disease, Coeliac disease, small bowel overgrowth, bile acid malabsorption and short bowel (you will require injections) - You require an initial loading of B12 (soon after diagnosis) It is important to monitor your symptoms if you change to oral B12. If symptoms return, then the oral/sublingual dose can be increased to 2000mcg or you may need to consider starting back on injections. https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/shop/product/betteryou-pure-energy-b12-boost-oral-spray-60099160?skuid=099160 https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/search?query=%20Vitamin%20B12%20Tablets&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google&isSearch=true# gclid=EAIaIQobChMIh5nLgOH26AIVxLTtCh0JIA_GEAAYASAAEgJL-fD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds Subcutaneous (SC) injection; this is off-licence but still effective. It is considered an easier method of administration. It is how insulin and blood thinning medication are usually self-administered. Equipment needed to self-inject - Prescribed medicine - 1 syringe (2 ml) - 2 needles (1 for drawing up the drug and 1 for administration – you can use the same size needle for both). o For an IM injection; the needle gauge should be 19-25. The needle length is 1- 1 ½ inches (up to 3 inches for larger adults) o For a SC injection; the needle gauge should be 25-27. -
Dietary Reference Intakes (Dris): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Biotin Choline Group (µg/d)a (mg/d) (µg/d)b,c (mg/d) d (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d)e (mg/d) (µg/d)f (µg/d) Acid (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)g Infants 0 to 6 mo 400* 40* 10 4* 2.0* 0.2* 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125* 6 to 12 mo 500* 50* 10 5* 2.5* 0.3* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150* Children 1–3 y 300 15 15 6 30* 0.5 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 2* 8* 200* 4–8 y 400 25 15 7 55* 0.6 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 3* 12* 250* Males 9–13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375* 14–18 y 900 75 15 15 75* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 25* 550* 19–30 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 31–50 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 51–70 y 900 90 15 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* > 70 y 900 90 20 15 120* 1.2 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* Females 9–13 y 600 45 15 11 60* 0.9 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 4* 20* 375* 14–18 y 700 65 15 15 75* 1.0 1.0 14 1.2 400i 2.4 5* 25* 400* 19–30 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425* 31–50 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.3 400i 2.4 5* 30* 425* 51–70 y 700 75 15 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* > 70 y 700 75 20 15 90* 1.1 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* Pregnancy 14–18 y 750 80 15 15 75* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* 19–30 y 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* 31–50 y 770 85 15 15 90* 1.4 1.4 18 1.9 600j 2.6 6* 30* 450* Lactation 14–18 y 1,200 115 15 19 75* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 19–30 y 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 31–50 y 1,300 120 15 19 90* 1.4 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). -
Methylcobalamin Ultra (Vitamin B12) and Vitamin C Supplementation for the General Population: Clinical Evidence
TITLE: Methylcobalamin Ultra (Vitamin B12) and Vitamin C Supplementation for the General Population: Clinical Evidence DATE: 28 September 2012 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is the clinical evidence regarding the clinical benefit of Methylcobalamin Ultra (B12) supplementation in the general population? 2. What is the clinical evidence regarding the clinical benefit of Vitamin C supplementation in the general population? KEY MESSAGE Ten relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses were identified regarding the clinical evidence of vitamins B12 and C supplementation in the general population. METHODS A limited literature search was conducted on key resources including PubMed, The Cochrane Library (2012, Issue 9), University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) databases, Canadian and major international health technology agencies, as well as a focused Internet search. A methodological filter was applied to limit retrieval to health technology assessments, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Where possible, retrieval was limited to the human population. The search was also limited to English language documents published between January 1, 2009 and September 25, 2012. Internet links were provided, where available. The summary of findings was prepared from the abstracts of the relevant information. Please note that data contained in abstracts may not always be an accurate reflection of the data contained within the full article. Disclaimer: The Rapid Response Service is an information service for those involved in planning and providing health care in Canada. Rapid responses are based on a limited literature search and are not comprehensive, systematic reviews. The intent is to provide a list of sources of the best evidence on the topic that CADTH could identify using all reasonable efforts within the time allowed. -
Cyanocobalamin-A Case for Withdrawal
686 Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Volume 85 November 1992 Cyanocobalamin- a case for withdrawal: discussion paper A G Freeman MD FRCP Meadow Rise, 3 Lakeside, Swindon SN3 IQE Keywords: anaemia, pernicious; optic neuropathies; chronic cyanide intoxication; hydroxocobalamin; cyanocobalamin It seems evident that controversy still surrounds the reduced ability to detoxify the cyanide in the tobacco- treatment of pernicious anaemia and other vitamin smoke to which they are exposed'0. B12 deficiency disorders. The long quest for the 'anti- Patients with tobacco amblyopia who have normal pernicious anaemia factor' in the liver seemed to serum vitamin B12 levels need not continue therapy have ended in 1948 when pure cyanocobalamin was with intramuscular hydroxocobalamin once their isolated. This was found to be very active thera- visual acuity and visual fields have returned to peutically when given by intramuscular injection and normal providing they abstain from further smoking. was non-toxic in extremely high doses'. However, those patients who have low serum vitamin Lederle, in a recent commentary2, advocates that B12 levels or evidence of -defective vitamin B12 patients with pernicious anaemia should now be absorption will need to continue-indefinitely with treated with oral cyanocobalamin. He is not without hydroxocobalamin irrespective of their smoking support in that 40% of patients with pernicious habits as will all patients with pernicious anaemia anaemia in Sweden are being similarly treated3. and other vitamin B12 deficiency disorders who are He further states that such!- treatment is cheap at risk of developing- optic neuropathy if they and effective, produces clinical and haematological are smokers. -
DRIDIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES DRI FOR Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline A Report of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. • Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Contract No. 282-96-0033, T01; the National Institutes of Health Office of Nutrition Supplements, Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, T024, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Preven- tion and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity; Health Canada; the Institute of Medicine; and the Dietary Reference Intakes Corporate Donors’ Fund. -
Page 1 1 Vitamin Deficiencies Vitamin Deficiencies
Nutrition: Process of acquiring / processing nutrients into Chapter 34: usable form Nutrition and Digestion Function of Nutrients: 1) Fuel cellular metabolism Measured in calories (energy required to raise 1 g of water 1°C) Calorie = 1000 calories (kilocalorie) Human at rest = 1550 calories burned/day 2) Building blocks to construct complex molecules 3) Molecules to assist in metabolic reactions Nutrient Classifications: Nutrient Classifications: 1) Carbohydrates: 3) Proteins: • Energy source (~ 46% for humans) • Energy source (~ 16% for humans) Body cells burn glucose (some exclusively) Urea: Byproduct of protein breakdown • Energy storage (short-term) : Glycogen (liver / muscles) • Provide building materials (amino acids) • Obtained via animal products (e.g. muscle) and plants (starch) Essential amino acids: Can not be synthesized by 2) Lipids: body (9 / 20 amino acids) • Energy source (~ 38% for humans) 4) Minerals (Elements / Inorganic molecules - Table 34.3): • Energy storage (long-term) : Fats • Structural material (e.g. calcium, iron, iodine) 1 pound = 3600 Calories (Carbs = 1600 Calories / pound) Hydrophobic; no excess water storage • Assist in physiological functions (e.g. sodium, potassium, calcium) •Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc are also called electrolytes • Provide building materials (e.g. phospholipids, cholesterol) Electrolytes Nutrient Classifications: • Required to maintain 5) Vitamins (Organic compounds - diverse group) : • Water-soluble: Cleared from body (urine) certain functions Vitamin C = Maintenance -
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ROBERT C
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ROBERT C. OH, CPT, MC, USA, U.S. Army Health Clinic, Darmstadt, Germany DAVID L. BROWN, MAJ, MC, USA, Madigan Army Medical Center, Fort Lewis, Washington Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is a common cause of macrocytic anemia and has been implicated in a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders. The role of B12 deficiency O A patient informa- in hyperhomocysteinemia and the promotion of atherosclerosis is only now being tion handout on vita- min B12 deficiency, explored. Diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency is typically based on measurement of written by the authors serum vitamin B12 levels; however, about 50 percent of patients with subclinical dis- of this article, is pro- ease have normal B12 levels. A more sensitive method of screening for vitamin B12 defi- vided on page 993. ciency is measurement of serum methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels, which are increased early in vitamin B12 deficiency. Use of the Schilling test for detection of pernicious anemia has been supplanted for the most part by serologic testing for pari- etal cell and intrinsic factor antibodies. Contrary to prevailing medical practice, studies show that supplementation with oral vitamin B12 is a safe and effective treatment for the B12 deficiency state. Even when intrinsic factor is not present to aid in the absorp- tion of vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia) or in other diseases that affect the usual absorption sites in the terminal ileum, oral therapy remains effective. (Am Fam Physi- cian 2003;67:979-86,993-4. Copyright© 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians.) itamin B12 (cobalamin) plays manifestations (Table 1).It is a common cause an important role in DNA of macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia and, in synthesis and neurologic func- advanced cases, pancytopenia. -
Hydroxocobalamin for Injection) for Intravenous Infusion Alternative Therapies, If Available, in Patients with Known Anaphylactic Initial U.S
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION -------------------------------CONTRAINDICATIONS----------------------------- These highlights do not include all the information needed to use None (4) CYANOKIT safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for CYANOKIT. ------------------------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS----------------------- Risk of Anaphylaxis and Other Hypersensitivity Reactions: Consider CYANOKIT® (hydroxocobalamin for injection) for intravenous infusion alternative therapies, if available, in patients with known anaphylactic Initial U.S. Approval: 1975 reactions to hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin. (5.2) Risk of Renal Injury: Acute renal failure with acute tubular necrosis, renal ----------------------------RECENT MAJOR CHANGES-------------------------- impairment and urine calcium oxalate crystals have been reported Warnings and Precautions, Risk of Renal Injury (5.3) 12/2018 following CYANOKIT therapy. Monitor renal function for 7 days Warnings and Precautions, Use of Blood Cyanide Assay (5.7) 12/2018 following CYANOKIT therapy. (5.3) Risk of Increased Blood Pressure: Substantial increases in blood pressure ----------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE--------------------------- may occur following CYANOKIT therapy. Monitor blood pressure during CYANOKIT is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide treatment. (5.4) poisoning. (1) -------------------------------ADVERSE REACTIONS------------------------------ ------------------------DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION---------------------- Most common -
Adult BLS Standing Orders • Ensure EMS Provider Safety, Consider HAZMAT Activation
Imperial County Public Health Department Emergency Medical Services Agency Policy/Procedure/Protocol Manual Treatment Protocols Date: 07/01/2021 Poisoning/Intoxication/Envenomation - Adult Policy #9160A Adult BLS Standing Orders • Ensure EMS provider safety, consider HAZMAT activation. Recognize, Notify, Isolate • Universal Patient Protocol • Do not approach patient or location if scene safety is in question • Obtain accurate history of incident: o Name of product or substance o Quantity ingested, and/or duration of exposure o Time elapsed since exposure o If safe and accessible, bring medications or bottles to hospital • Move victim(s) to safe environment • Externally decontaminate - PRN • Continuously monitor ECG, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and capnography (if ALS present) PRN • Give oxygen and provide airway support per Airway Policy • Contact Poison Control Center as needed 1 (800) 222-1222 Suspected Opioid Overdose with Respirations <12 RPM • If possible, avoid the use of a supraglottic device prior to the administration of naloxone • Administer naloxone 0.1 mg/kg, max of 2 mg IN. May repeat up to three (3) times, q5min • May assist family/friends on-scene with administration of patient’s own naloxone • NOTE - Use with caution in opioid dependent pain management patients • Assess vitals, with specific attention to respiratory rate and respiratory drive • Note pupil exam • Note drug paraphernalia or medication bottles near patient Suspected Stimulant Overdose with Sudden Hypoventilation, Oxygen Desaturation, or Apnea • High flow