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Iodine Oxoacids in Atmospheric Aerosol Formation – from Chamber Simulations to Field Observations

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Iodine Oxoacids in Atmospheric Aerosol Formation – from Chamber Simulations to Field Observations REPORT SERIES IN AEROSOL SCIENCE No. 239 (2021) IODINE OXOACIDS IN ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL FORMATION – FROM CHAMBER SIMULATIONS TO FIELD OBSERVATIONS XU-CHENG HE （何旭成） Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Academic dissertation To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Science of the University of Helsinki, for public criticism in Exactum auditorium CK112, Pietari Kalmin Katu 5, on August 23rd, 2021, at 14 o'clock. Helsinki 2021 Author’s Address Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics P.O. box 64 FI-00140 University of Helsinki [email protected] Supervisors Academician, Professor Markku Kulmala, Ph.D. Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics University of Helsinki Associate Professor Mikko Sipilä, Ph.D. Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics University of Helsinki Assistant Professor Matti Petteri Rissanen, Ph.D. Aerosol Physics Laboratory Tampere University Lecturer Theo Kurtén, Ph.D. Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki Reviewers Research Professor Hannele Hakola, Ph.D. Air Quality Group Finnish Meteorological Institute Assistant Professor Julia Schmale, Ph.D. Extreme Environments Research Laboratory École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne Opponent Professor Gordon McFiggans, Ph.D. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Manchester ISBN 978-952-7276-59-4 (printed version) ISSN 0784-3496 Helsinki 2021 Unigrafia Oy ISBN 978-952-7276-60-0 (pdf version) http://www.atm.helsinki.fi FAAR Helsinki 2021 Acknowledgements The work for this thesis was carried out at the Division of Atmospheric Sciences at the Department of Physics and later at the Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki. I thank the heads of the department and the university for providing me with the state-of-art working facilities. I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis pre-examiners, Prof. Hannele Hakola and Dr. Julia Schmale, for taking time to review this thesis and for providing prompt reply. I’m also grateful to Prof. Gordon McFiggans for being my opponent. I would like to share my deepest gratitude to my Custos, Acad. Prof. Markku Kulmala for accepting me into his research group which essentially changed my career. He once told me that the strength of the education in INAR is that students are allowed to speak what they believe. Indeed, he has been receptive toward my opinions, and allowed me to share them openly. He has always supported my projects and been open to my proposals and plans, despite he was not always positive toward them. “People shall make their own mistakes”, he once said to me. It’s exactly these mistakes from which I learned the most. My research would not have been possible without his open-minded education and leadership, and the best possible resources he and his group provided. I wish to express my sincere appreciation for Professor Jasper Kirkby. Like all other children, I dreamed to be a scientist since I was young. Knowing him for almost five years, I realize that he was the imagined scientist in my childhood brain and is my lifetime role model in terms of scientific pursuit. His enthusiasm and persistence in science have overcome time and border. The CLOUD project, led by him, was the most important project in my doctoral studies. It was where I learned the most effectively in past years. He has always been replying to my questions in detail, even if it means writing extensive emails, and he has always responded to my requests both in terms of science and in terms of ways to communicate with people. “Shut up when you get what you want” was certainly one of the sentence I kept reminding myself. Without doubt, his contribution in the experiments, idea formulation, writing and presentation of my research was enormous and his advice in effective communication and academic ethics were beneficial. During my doctoral studies, I received great support from senior researchers and my advisors. I thank Dr. Mikko Sipilä for his pioneering work in iodic acid particle formation which essentially formed the base of my follow-up research. I also thank him for the guidance in my master’s studies and for offering me the first job in my life (as a research assistant). I still remember the moment when he told me that we should continue the contract after my summer intern (2016) and let me participate the CLOUD project. I thank Dr. Matti Rissanen for helping me get started with mass spectrometry and gas kinetic experiments. His sophistication in chemistry and high standard in experiments have influenced me a lot and I wish to continue them in my future research. He has been more than just a supervisor to me but also a dear friend. I enjoyed the time spent with him and Dr. Siddharth Iyer when we were together, from Helsinki to Réunion island. I thank Dr. Theo Kurtén and Siddharth for teaching me the basics of quantum chemical calculations. It gave me the chance to combine laboratory experiments with theoretical calculations. Pursuing a consistency in experiment and theory has been the central task in my research and I also wish to continue that in the future. Theo, from whom I benefited a lot, has always been responsive to my requests and active in reviewing my research work. Prof. Douglas Worsnop is acknowledged for his scientific and emotional support throughout my studies. He was always the one who saved me from the breakdowns in CLOUD and highlighted the importance of my research even when there was not much attention on it. He was also the one who tried to bridge me with Prof. Rainer Volkamer, with whom we finally reached a semi-consistent opinion on iodine oxoacid particle formation. I also thank Rainer for acting as the tiger who chased me (the wild deer) and drove me running. The experiments and results would not have sparked without his consistent opposition in ideas and useful suggestions in experiments. I’ll also take this chance to thank my dear colleagues in INAR and CLOUD. I thank Chao, Nina, Olga and Fede for the guidance in analyzing mass spectrometric data at the beginning of my doctoral studies. I thank Jiali, Birte, Henning, Mario, Martin, Wiebke and others for their accompany in difficult times at CLOUD. I thank Yonghong, Qiaozhi, Sainan, Juan, Putian and others for their help both in science and life (especially for feeding me authentic Chinese dishes). I also thank Prof. Aijun Ding and Dr. Wei Nie for keeping me in NJU and Prof. Yongchun Liu for keeping me in BUCT during COVID-19. I thank Lubna for her emotional support throughout my studies in Helsinki. I also learned a lot from her in how to communicate with people. I spent the most time with Mingyi at CLOUD discussing questions in science and beyond science. It was always a pleasure to find and spend time with a similar mind. Jun is acknowledged for his consistent help in my doctoral studies. We have spent hundreds of hours in the laboratory, days at CLOUD and months in field experiments. My journey in atmospheric iodine research would have been lonely without his accompany. Apart from science, I have spent precious time with Mao, Lu and Jinfeng on the road, from the theaters in London to the jacaranda in Lisbon. Although our careers have separated us apart into different continents, I wish we will continue our journey in the future. I truly enjoyed my time spent with my dear colleagues and friends. My doctoral study would not have been such a pleasure without them. Finally, I’d like to thank my grandmother, who has passed away two years ago, for her caring and love. I regret very much that I did not have an opportunity to let her see my graduation and that I was only able to see her the last time through a cell phone. I thank my father for bringing me up and for providing me the best possible resources that he had. He is a very special Chinese father – he has never forced me to do anything but allowed me to make my own decision since I was 15. Because of these, I was able to come to Finland and enjoy my journey in science. To my father (写给爸爸): 我想谢谢你一个人把我抚养长大。虽然我们家的条件并不宽裕，但是我现在回过头来想，好像除 了特别小的时候，我也并没有感觉到过物质上有什么欠缺，这跟你的努力是分不开的。你也从来 没对我的学业有过分的要求，即使是初三的时候因为沉迷电脑游戏而导致中考考砸只能去普高后， 你也只是鼓励我不要放弃。不管是高中去哪里上，大学选什么专业，去哪里留学以及以后我想去 哪里工作，你都尊重我自己的选择，也从来不催婚，不逼我去相亲。你对我唯二的要求好像是活 着并且健康（可能还有好好念书），这也是我对你唯二的祝福。 In Beijing, Xu-Cheng He (何旭成) Iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol formation – from chamber simulations to field observations Xu-Cheng He University of Helsinki, 2021 Abstract New particle formation is estimated to contribute to around half of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the atmosphere which in turn have a cooling effect on Earth’s surface. Only a few gas species, including sulfuric acid, oxidized organic vapors and iodine species, are confirmed to contribute to new particle formation, which converts gases to aerosol particles. While new particle formation from sulfuric acid (with water or bases, such as ammonia and amines) is recognized globally, new particle formation solely induced by pure organic vapors only occurs under special conditions. Least is known about the coverage of iodine particle formation processes in the atmosphere. Iodine species have widely been measured in marine and polar environments. However, most ambient measurements concentrated on molecular iodine (I2), iodine monoxide (IO), iodine dioxide (OIO) and organic iodine precursors. These measurements constrained the effect of iodine species in catalytic ozone loss processes, but far from enough to understand the particle formation processes. In this thesis, I utilized a bromide chemical ionization method to nearly comprehensively measure inorganic iodine species, including I2, iodine oxides and oxoacids.
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